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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
It provides an overview of the work done in this chapter, and offers guidance on
study and research the problem, applied methodology, main findings and
contribution to knowledge. Chapter consists of several sub-sections, which include
the context and rationale for the research, goals and objectives, a review of the work
and structure of the thesis.

1.2 Context of the study

After the industrial revolution and the discovery of oil in the world oil industry has
become the main supplier of energy in the world. The world economy is heavily
dependent on oil. It is believed that a strong, productive and efficient oil industry is of
vital importance for economic and social success. Frank et al. (2016: p. 1190 of the
original text) argue that "oil and gas industry is one of the most economically
important sectors of the economy for the society." They said that the oil industry
makes a significant contribution to every economy; at the moment, in 2008, the
largest source of energy was the US oil industry, about 62% of total energy
consumption in the US (38% of oil and 24% natural gas). In the UK in 2012, the
share of the oil industry accounted for 73% of total primary energy supply of the
country and 11.2 bln. Pounds of corporate taxes (Economic Report on Oil and Gas
2012). The oil industry has contributed to the economy not only directly, but also
indirectly, due to the large number of employees in the supply chain (Keane and
Prasad, 1996).
Despite the obvious commercial benefits associated with the oil industry, there are
some problems. George et al. Stated that "despite the fact that the oil and gas
industry is the backbone of global economic progress, it is known to damage the
environment, destroys habitat and adversely affects the livelihoods of communities
living in the vicinity of the surgical site." The amount of carbon emitted by the oil
industry, is too large to maintain the environment: according to reports, over the past
50 years it has increased three times, for example, in connection with the growth in
oil demand from industry and transport. The oil industry has been criticized by
researchers, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the ecologists for its high
impact on the environment, health and safety problems and environmental damage,
which is mainly due to the lack of effective management of sustainable development
processes and to reduce its negative consequences. They believe that the
approaches and sustainable development of the system are crucial to improve the
efficiency of oil operations, reduction in carbon emissions and an increase in social,
economic and environmental benefits. According to Fuchs (2007), progress in the
field of engineering and technology has increased the efficiency of oil production and
sales, but for quite a long time been neglected sustainability. which is mainly due to
the lack of effective management of sustainable development processes and to
reduce its negative consequences. They believe that the approaches and
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sustainable development of the system are crucial to improve the efficiency of oil
operations, reduction in carbon emissions and an increase in social, economic and
environmental benefits. According to Fuchs (2007), progress in the field of
engineering and technology has increased the efficiency of oil production and sales,
but for quite a long time been neglected sustainability. which is mainly due to the
lack of effective management of sustainable development processes and to reduce
its negative consequences. They believe that the approaches and sustainable
development of the system are crucial to improve the efficiency of oil operations,
reduction in carbon emissions and an increase in social, economic and
environmental benefits. According to Fuchs (2007), progress in the field of
engineering and technology has increased the efficiency of oil production and sales,
but for quite a long time been neglected sustainability.
However, recent studies suggest that the "oil and gas companies are aware of the
environmental consequences of their activities and because consumers are placing
increasing market requirements for environmental safety and sustainability" (Frank et
al, 2016:. 1192 p.). This means that the oil companies have begun to implement
sustainable development programs and approaches to solve their problems of
sustainable development. Omer (2008) adds that with increasing concern of the
international community and organizations such as the United Nations (in particular
the United Nations Environment Program) and governments, many international oil
companies as a response to implemented approaches and practices of sustainable
development. Some of these approaches - is the environmental management
system, such as the ISO 4001 and EcoManagement and Audit Scheme (EMAS)
(Anifowose et al 2016;. Iraldo et al 2009.). Other companies have created their own
programs for sustainable development, in which publishes the results of its activities
in the annual report on sustainable development. These companies also have
adopted a variety of approaches from internationally recognized systems to improve
the efficiency of its operations.
There is evidence that in the developing and less developed countries, many of them
moved to the concept of reducing the impact on the environment, which causes the
industry, and is still pleased to put the profit is much higher environmental issues.
Many developing countries, especially in the Middle East, have made little progress
in the area of sustainable development when it comes to the oil industry. The
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has developed standards that ensure sustainable
development in the oil-rich regions of the country, and even to implement ISO 4001
in many organizations, it is undoubtedly a big step forward. However, many
organizations in the country have not yet recognized and embraced the concept of
sustainable development.
In addition, he explained that oil and gas companies "are accused of" green washing
"in their marketing campaigns and corporate reports, and expressed concern about
their policies and practices of sustainable development. Decrease in profit led to the
fact that some oil and gas giants have drastically reduced their costs
vysokokapitalnye on renewable energy sources by focusing on investment with a
high-impact technologies such as biofuels and cleaner methods use fossil fuels,
which are far from " green. "This is true for many developing countries with weak
environmental regulations, including Zambia.

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As for Zambia, in the opinion of the author, the oil companies are slowly introducing
modern concepts and approaches in the field of sustainable development. The
author also added that in the literature on sustainable development in general and
Zambia Zambian oil companies in particular, a little research. In fact, these studies
focus on just the prospects for renewable energy. According to the author, the
Zambian economy is largely dependent on the oil industry revenues, which make up
about 95% of export earnings, 80% of GDP and 99% of government revenue. In
Zambia, the highest income level is achieved by the oil sector with the smallest
populations in Africa. This demonstrates the importance of the oil industry in Zambia.
However, according to some scholars, such as Emodi and Boo (2015) Zambia is a
developing country, which has recently experienced a negative experience in
connection with a series of events during which the country's development process
has been difficult. Zambia has witnessed wars, sanctions, invasion and instability
that continues to this day. Zambia gained independence in 1951, but it is not fully
used their wealth, since almost two decades ago, the United Nations sanctioned this
decision, which affected the development of the country. In connection with these
issues in the near past and future of the Zambian government was trying to develop
the economy of the country, and the biggest asset in this respect is the oil industry.
Mindful of the sanctions, the Zambian Government has focused on the economic
benefits and profitability of the oil industry and ignored its environmental component
and a portion, relating to sustainability. On the other hand, Busnayna and Woodall
argued that "since 2003, after the lifting of UN sanctions, economic reform in Zambia
has made considerable progress, and the country is making every effort to
reintegrate into the international business community." However, despite the recent
economic developments, Zambia oil sector stability is still ignored. The government
has not used the considerable financial resources of the country for the national
infrastructure and the economy, not to introduce modern systems and technology to
enhance the stability of the oil sector. According to the index of environmental
performance for 2014 Zambia ranks 120th out of 178 countries (EPI, 2014), which
constitutes a serious environmental degradation in the country. Given that the main
branch of industry in Zambia is the oil industry, this indicates that the major
environmental problems caused by oil operations. The author states that the main
problems of stability in Zambia are related to environmental pollution, emissions from
fossil fuels, flaring and other chemical waste. He added that the oil sector in Zambia
suffers from various infrastructural damage, lack of technology and external political
factors.
Other researchers argue that the main problems with the Zambian oil companies
linked to people, namely the lack of effective management, negative staff attitudes to
the environment and the low level of awareness about sustainable development. It is
obvious that there is a clear gap in the knowledge and application of approaches to
sustainable development in the Zambian oil companies, compared with international
oil companies in the developed world. In the current literature focuses more on the
use of renewable energy sources in Zambia than in sustainable development
organizations (for example, Bora, Dubey, 2015; Ahmad, 2014). The aim of this study
is to develop a sustainability management system,
Recently there has been a growing interest in research in the field of sustainable
development. The author argues that the history of sustainable development is new
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and dates back to the 1970s. Wittgenstein (1953) argues that "value" is defined by
the words of the language used. It can have full meaning, any value or be empty;
therefore, to explain the word, it makes sense to evaluate its history and
background. In the existing literature are different definitions of the term
"sustainability", and many scientists have taken different approaches to its value.
The term "sustainability", which literally means "the ability to" "support", is now a
matter of serious concern and appear to be clearly interpreted by many scholars and
practitioners.
In general, sustainable development is called ecology. The word "eco" means ....
"Eco-friendly" or "sensitive". Ecology is defined by the Oxford Dictionary (2014) as
"the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms with each other and
with their physical environment", while the resistance comes from the Latin word
"sustinere" - which means to maintain. Many other synonyms that like to keep,
maintain and store, also show a clear distinction between words, while some of them
complement each other. The author stated that the ongoing debate about what can
be called sustinere-eco, which literally means to keep the environment or maintain it.
Adams (2006) stated that the term "sustainable development" is not so new and has
its roots in the history of the conference, held 30 years ago.
It is alleged that the resistance began with the United Nations Conference on the
Human Environment, as a key issue at the time was poverty. In a meaningful
statement of the former Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi asserted that "poverty -
is the worst pollution". This statement has changed the understanding of the concept
of sustainable development researcher. The social dimension of sustainable
development has become as important as the environmental and economic aspects.
The term "ecological development" was formulated at the first meeting as an attempt
to develop environmental protection. The concept of sustainability was first
mentioned at the Conference on Science and Technology for Human Development
(World Council of Churches, 1974 ) And was a response to the concerns of
developing countries about the hardship and poverty; the main theme of both
conferences was poverty. In the 1980s, the term appeared in the World
Conservation Strategy, "sustainable development".
It was in 1987, the concept of sustainability and sustainable development became
widely known after the release of the United Nations Brundtland report. This
determines
Sustainability as "development that meets the needs of the present generation
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"
(World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987: p 8.). In 1992, the
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, business leaders and
government agencies increasingly recognize the need to ensure sustainability. Since
then, research in the field of sustainable development have been aimed at improving
the assessment and understanding of organizations, companies and individuals, the
effect of economic activity on the environment and society as a whole (Daily, et al.
1994). Nevertheless, practitioners and researchers in the field have different
perceptions of the concept of sustainability and sustainable development. Some
scientists consider sustainable development an oxymoron as development seems to
be associated with environmental degradation. Some say that sustainable
development is reduced, and it is used to hide the continuous destruction of the
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natural world. According to Serageldin and Grootaerta, the economy itself is a
subsystem of human society, which in itself is a subsystem of the biosphere (the
totality of life on Earth). In addition, none of the subsystem can not go beyond the
total capacity of the system. Other economically argued that sustainable
development is too cautious and watchful for the future, which has a negative impact
on economic growth because of the extreme concern over the depletion of natural
resources.
Sustainable development is also defined as "development that improves the quality
of human life while living within the carrying capacity of ecosystems support." The
author considers the definition of the Brundtland report as a general and vague. He
argues that this concept brings people together, but it does not help them in making
decisions about the goals, so sustainable development, according to him, does not
mean anything. According to Dresdner, sustainable development - is "a controversial
concept."
Researchers participating in the appendix of the report of the Brundtland definition
and discussion of sustainable development, argue that the disagreement with the
wording does not mean that it is meaningless. Deviation opinions, discussed above,
it shows the complexity of the concept and demonstrates that the concept of
sustainability formulated clearly. Thus, this study has come to the conclusion that a
clear and common understanding of the concept of sustainability does not exist, but
there is a separate and overlapping theme of strengthening the economy and the
preservation of the biosphere and the human race. The stability of the oil industry is
seen as a separate concept, different from the others.
Since the development of the concept of sustainable development have been
implemented various initiatives in the field of sustainable development, aimed at
improving the sustainability of individual organizations (Whiteman and Cooper, 2000;
Savitz and Weber, 2006). In theory, the concept of sustainable development consists
of three interrelated pillars: the environment, the economy and society (Katrinli et al
2017; Karunasena et al 2016; Galpin et al in 2015...). This means that in order for an
organization to be sustainable in fact, it must demonstrate exceptional
environmental, economic and social results. In the context of supply chain
management company Song et al. defined sustainable development as "strategic,
seamless integration and the achievement of social,
The theory of "triple bottom line" was developed Elkington, who recommends that
the only way to be truly sustainable is the simultaneous and continuous to achieve a
balance of social, environmental and economic objectives so as to improve
competitiveness and ensure long-term vitality, as well as to consider the
consequences for future generations . In addition, sustainable development means
not only minimizing the environmental impact, but also a more rational management
of strategic, operational and organizational issues of the enterprise ... "Alvarez et al..
(2017: v. 3890) argue that the concept of the" triple bottom line " "provides a new
framework for the management of sustainable projects, and its main goal is the
simultaneous improvement of economic,
There are three concepts. Social stability (CO), which can be reached through
systematic community participation and strong civil society. The most important
considerations are the "moral capital" such as diversity, sodostrastie, a sense of
community, humanity, love, patience, honesty, etc.
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Economic resistance (environmental resistance)Which is the effective use of the
available assets of the enterprise, so that growth and profitability can go overtime.
Wise et al. Argued that the economic component of sustainability is associated with
"recovery, and his focus is often focused on creating income to revitalize and support
the economy." Weiss et al. Also stated that "economic indicators are the driving force
of change and development. Economic development in the broadest sense, it means
not only generate revenues in the cities, but also the manner in which this
development is creating new cultural, social and employment opportunities."
Environmental sustainability (EI) inmainly it is to improve the well-being and social
stability of the people by providing raw materials to protect and minimize the risks
associated with human activities, in order to reduce the impact on humanity
(Serageldin et al, 1994). In other words, environmental sustainability means
"preserving natural capital".
Despite the fact that these studies are aimed at addressing all the issues of
sustainable development in the oil sector in Zambia, in which more attention is paid
to the ecological side of sustainability. Economic and social aspects in the present
study does not address fully the need to ensure the specific nature of the study.
Seuring et al. (2008:. P 1545) presented a more complete perspective on
sustainability and sustainable management identified in the context of operations
management as "the management of material and information flows, as well as
cooperation between the companies in the supply chain, taking into account the
goals of the three pillars of sustainable development, ie economic, environmental
and social requirements and needs of stakeholders. " Within the framework of
sustainable supply chain environmental and social criteria should be respected
members of the supply chain in order to remain within it, and it is expected that the
competitiveness will be maintained at the expense of customer satisfaction and
compliance with the relevant economic criteria. "
This definition is not only emphasizes the importance of the integration of the three
pillars of sustainable development, but also proves that the success of the
organization efforts in the field of sustainable development depends on the
participation of key stakeholders and the satisfaction of needs, desires and
expectations of customers.
Factors such as continuous improvement, organizational culture, personal and
institutional responsibility, seen as vital for the success of the organization and the
important changes in the approach and development (Kuipers et al., 2014). Kamal,
et al. (2014) argue that a culture of continuous improvement is important for the
development of organizations and so oil companies need to implement a culture of
continuous improvement in all of its systems and operations to maximize the
benefits. Kongsvik, et al. (2015) recognizes that oil companies in Zambia have
problems with organizational culture and responsibility towards the environment.
This research project considers the continuous improvement culture and personal
and organizational accountability as a very important factors,
The oil industry is highly polluting industries, and in accordance with the
recommendations of the International Forum of the oil industry exploration and
production (Forum for exploration and production) and the UN Environment Program
(UNEP), various models of sustainable development have been developed. These
models were mostly taken from the
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The theory of "triple bottom line", designed Elkington, argues that the basic thinking
of sustainable development has become a three-dimensional idea, ie, the
environment, society and economy. They manifested themselves in different ways,
as "pillars", as concentric circles or as overlapping circles.
IUCN Program, implemented in 2005, used an overlapping circular pattern to
establish that these three goals should be better integrated with actions to reform the
balance between aspects of sustainability.

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Figure 1.1: sustainable development model (source: Todorov and Marinov, 2009)
Currently, there are many models of sustainable development: quantitative models and
Marinova Todorova, (2) physical models, (3) the conceptual model and (4)
standardizing model. These models are described in more detail in the literature review
chapters. Each of these models has its own advantages and disadvantages, for
example, quantitative models have been criticized for the fact that they are ill-equipped
to provide a holistic perspective, and taking into account local and global perspective, or
the recognition of the need for stakeholder involvement (Waheed et al. 2011). The most
disturbing lack of conceptual models is their inability to manage change and uncertainty.
There is no doubt that the current model of sustainable development have significant
advantages and caused numerous debates with politicians, but there is a gap in the
presence of your own flexible models in selected industries. For a moment, the oil
industry, which is a very important sector for the global economy, lacks effective
systematic approach to sustainability. Todorov and Marinova (2011) criticized the oil
companies for their "inefficiency in the field of sustainable development", the other as
Krishnaray (2015), argue that many oil companies are using common systems, such as
the Environmental Management System and Scheme of Environmental Management
and Audit Scheme (EMAS ). Others still claim to have its own approach to addressing
sustainability issues, such as.
Adams (2006) emphasizes that, despite the achievements of the past three decades,
the existing model of sustainable development is clearly inadequate. He adds that a key
challenge for sustainable development concepts is not that the values they represent,
are wrong, and that they are "overworked and tired" in their current form, because they
too are free to implement effective changes.
According to him, the efforts made in this direction, outdated, and as a result, we need
to introduce new and improved technology.
Many other researchers agree with Adams (2006) and criticized existing models and the
concept of sustainable development in the sense that they are too optimistic and the
common, and believe that there is a significant need for the creation of models and
systems to address specific issues of sustainable development. Their effectiveness
varies depending on factors such as the introduction of the driving forces, the level of
awareness of sustainable development and the commitment of top management. In the

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case of Zambia Elhuni organizations and Ahmed (2014) argue that in Zambia there is a
massive lack of implementation of approaches for sustainable development and quality
in organizations. Despite the fact that the quality issues were devoted considerable
research (ie, Lean, TQM and ISO 9001), less attention was paid to the low level of use
of sustainable development practices and environmental management systems.
1.3 Synthesis of the current literature on sustainable development
Panadzhiotakopulos et al. (2015) argue that in recent years, more attention should be
paid to the sustainable development of individual organizations. They argue that there is
a gap in the literature regarding the ability to implement the principles of sustainable
development at all levels of the organization. In assessing the sustainability of existing
standards, such as ISO 26000, ISO 14001 and ISO 14044, they came to the conclusion
that each standard can be considered as a separate level control and an integrated
approach to the management of sustainable development. Other studies have focused
on the need to develop models that can integrate corporate social responsibility with the
existing management system and should be more focused on the stakeholders
(Ranänge and Zobel, 2014; Maas and Reniers, 2014).
Lozano (2012) argues that corporate leaders and employees play a vital role in
sustainable development, in which a variety of voluntary approaches, tools, initiatives
and standards designed to help corporations to attract sustainable development have
been developed. However, he noted the lack of clarity in the definition of how these
initiatives affect the different elements of the overall system of the company, ie
operation, management, strategy, communication, etc., and how they contribute to the
realization of sustainable development. A study conducted by Lee (2015), during which
studied the question of the extent to which Korean companies use energy efficiency in
industrial production has been established,
In an extensive literature review conducted by Engert et al (2016) to study the
integration of sustainable development in strategic management, they found that the
non-compliance and non-participation of stakeholders, as well as lack of organizational
learning and knowledge management are among the main barriers to integration
sustainable development in strategic management. On the other hand, some
researchers have discussed the importance of laws, regulations and regulatory
framework in the context of the integration of sustainable development as the
company's source of pressure in order to push them to the corporate sustainability
(Gond et al, 2012;. Van Bommel, 2011; Schaltegger , 2011).
In addition, Abdulrahman al. (2015) considered one of Egypt's recent initiatives to
improve the sustainability related to the recovery of flare gas at oil and gas plants in
Egypt, and found that the technological, administrative and operational considerations
have limited the effectiveness of the new project for utilization of flare gas. insufficient
internal capabilities and experience of the operating personnel have been named
among the obstacles identified, as well as dependence on low-quality equipment. In
another study by George et al. (2016) to determine the barriers and factors that
contribute to the integration of sustainable development in the performance
management system of oil and gas companies, it was found that such barriers include
the lack of key performance indicators and minimal involvement of stakeholders, and

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the lack of a culture of innovation for sustainable development. As for the factors of
capacity, the study showed that the expansion of sustainable development planning and
the commitment of senior management, as well as stakeholder participation and
feedback are critical to the successful integration of sustainable development issues
into corporate strategies.
Similarly, Saeed et al. (2016) evaluated the practice of sustainable development in the
energy sector in Iraq and found that Iraq is suffering from an unprecedented increase in
the volume of greenhouse gas emissions and that the government does not take any
efforts to integrate sustainable development practices in this sector. Dubey et al. (2015)
argue that leadership plays an important role in the integration of the overall quality
management systems in the organization to achieve better environmental performance.
Having a clear strategy for sustainable development was seen by White (2009) as a
necessary condition for the stability of the overall improvement in all organizations.
Stability was also seen in connection with supply chain management (e.g., Wilhelm et
al, 2016;. Seuring and Gold, 2013; Meixell and Luoma, 2015). These studies support
the need to develop appropriate performance indicators, stakeholder involvement and
partnership standards with suppliers to successfully integrate the principles of
sustainability in the supply chain management strategy.
Corporate Sustainability Management - this is another concept which was introduced by
researchers and which has been described as easy to understand but hard to
implement (Ameer and Othman, 2012; Kiron et al, 2012.). It is dedicated to "how
sustainability issues are addressed in practice." The funded organizations, they usually
form part of the corporate competitive strategy. One of the important points here is the
advantage of being detected by the Board in the implementation of the strategy of
sustainable development, namely the above strategic reason for the development and
implementation of specific strategies for sustainable development "(Baumgartner and
Rauter, 2017: v. 82). The basic assumption of corporate fitness management (CSM )
lies in the fact that in order for organizations to survive in the long term,
However, its scope is limited. . For example, Vnouchkova et al (2014) point out that the
successful integration of UCM in the organization of a number of factors must be
considered, including: degree of interest of shareholders to involve management in
addressing social and environmental issues, corporate culture, stakeholder
engagement and organizational, as well as individual factors.
sustainability culture also has another area discussed by scientists in this field, in which
they emphasize that the existence of a culture of sustainable development is vital for
building a strong corporate sustainability (Linnenluecke and Griffiths, 2010; Robinson
and Boulle, 2012; Arevalo et al,. 2011; Aris et al, 2016;. Busch, 2016). Initiatives
needed to create a culture of sustainable development can be summarized as follows:
the integration of vision and strategy of the organization with the involvement and
participation of employees in the planning process, the creation of a learning
organization, enabling continuous improvement and forming inspiring and proactive
leadership in the management of sustainable development. This argument is confirmed
Matinaro and Liu (2017: p. 3186), who stated that "there are many reasons, preventing
the strategic sustainable development. These reasons include poor leadership,

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entrenched cultures, outdated technology and poor logistics. " sustainability culture
requires "radical, systemic changes in values and beliefs, patterns of social behavior
and multi-level governance regimes and leadership." Therefore, in the current literature
on the management of sustainable development there is a need for reliable and
comprehensive sustainability management system that takes into account

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organizational, environmental and human factors on the basis of empirical data
collection, which was the aim of the present study.
In a study conducted Esquer-Peralta et al (2008), a study was conducted by various
experts perception holistic systemic approach to environmental, social and economic
elements. The study showed that the control useful for the sustainable development of
the system, but does not provide a basis for the integration of sustainable development
practices into one system.
Thus, in the oil and gas sector is not integrated and holistic approach to the
management of sustainable development, and the existing EMS systems can not fully
ensure the stability, according Panadzhiotakopulos and others. As for the situation in
Zambia, it has not been any research aimed at understanding the practice sustainable
development in the oil sector.
Problems in the Zambian oil companies are different from those of other international oil
companies, but they have not been fully studied, and therefore was not designed for
their integrated system solutions and improve the current practice of sustainable
development. Problems include all kinds of practices, starting with the creation of the
system and to training people correct its application to extract the maximum benefit.
Thus, this study aims to fill this gap in the literature on sustainable development.
Key arguments:
1. The oil industry makes a significant contribution to every economy, it affects
every person, especially where he lives or works. sustainable development governance
is essential for the creation of "green", effective and dynamic economy and society. Oil
industry also contributes most to the emissions and other environmental degradation.
Therefore, the effective management of sustainable development is crucial to any
society, economy and environment.
2. The integration of sustainable development principles, taking into account the
environmental, economic and social factors that are extremely important for the success
of the oil industry.
3. The culture of continuous improvement is crucial for the implementation of
approaches for sustainable development in any organization. This facilitates the
introduction of any approach to development (an approach to environmental
management approach to improve the quality and system of sustainable development)
in any organization.
4. In many countries, it is necessary not only to implement these systems, but also
to teach them the use of employees and all other stakeholders. Many countries and
organizations have implemented good systems for sustainable development, but the
stakeholders have not been trained, which led to poor results.
5. Sustainability control during many professional and empirical studies have found
the effective approach to ensure stability in which environmental resistance is
recognized as one of the major factors contributing to the reduction of emissions and
the UNEP requirements. Many researchers emphasize the importance of sustainable
development management systems for the oil companies, which can be adapted to
specific organizational situations.

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6. Despite numerous studies in the field of sustainable development, both in
literature and in practice there is little specifically concerned with the Zambian oil
industry, and the sustainability and environmental management systems are limited.
Despite the fact that the existing approaches are criticized as insufficient and limited,
they can not be replaced as the best replacement does not exist yet.
• Existing approaches such as EMS ISO 4001 and EMAS, are common and are
not specific to the oil companies.
• No effective identification of problems and obstacles to the implementation of
new approaches.
• There is no systematic approach to the introduction of new concepts of
sustainable development.
• Lack of will to work on this concept by the higher authorities.
• Poor awareness of sustainability in developing countries.
• Inadequate training and continuous professional development.

1.4 Goals, objectives and research questions

1.4.1. purpose
The aim of this study is to develop a sustainability management system (SMS) for the
oil companies in Zambia. critical studies will be conducted to identify and then to
minimize the impact on the environment and the obstacles to the implementation of
SMS, allowing for more stability.
1.4.2. Objectives of the study
To achieve the purpose of the study in the study addressed the following tasks:
1. A critical review of the literature on the concept of sustainability, environmental
sustainability and environmental management systems for the oil industry.
2. Empirically examine the situation in the field of sustainable development in the oil
sector in Zambia to identify and assess the relevant issues and environmental risks. 3.
Identify and analyze the critical success factors and obstacles in the way of
implementation of approaches for sustainable development and environmental
management systems in the oil and gas industry in Zambia.
4. Explore the extent to which sustainable development practices in the oil and gas
industry in Zambia by using quantitative and qualitative approaches and case studies.
5. The development of sustainability management system (SMS) for the oil
companies operating in the oil and gas industry in Zambia.
6. Evaluation and validation developed by CMS and the establishment of its
implementation guide.

1.4.3 Research Questions

The study was aimed at finding answers to three basic questions:
Q1. what problems and challenges in the field of sustainable development related to oil
operations in Zambia, and what are the main implications for environmental
sustainability in the oil industry in Zambia?

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Q2. whatobstacles to implementation of approaches for sustainable development and
environmental management systems in the Zambian oil companies and whether there
are examples of generally recognized best practices that can be shared?
Q3. How sustainability issues and challenges identified in the first quarter, as well as the
obstacles and success factors identified in the second quarter, can be solved in an
innovative stability control system to improve current practices? In addition, how to
implement a new SMS in order to maximize performance and reduce environmental
impact?
1.5 Rationale for the study:
1.5.1 The theoretical justification (scientific importance):
Goodland (2008) argues that Zambia is not enough research on sustainability, but the
country has the potential to become an environmentally sustainable nation. In Zambia,
there is no published literature on the management of sustainable development in the
oil sector. In previous studies on Zambia, focusing on environmental aspects of
sustainable development in the manufacturing industry, transport and food sectors
(Emhemad et al, 2014; Maatugh, 2016; Abogrean and Bindra, 2015; Saad, 2016). Thus,
the theoretical basis of this study stems from the fact that previous studies have not
been conducted to study the problems faced by the oil companies in Zambia in the
implementation of sustainable development practices. Thus, this research will make a
significant contribution to the scientific literature, especially in the context of developing
countries and, in particular, the oil industry.
As part of this research studies have been conducted at various levels, which helped
researchers to get feedback from stakeholders in the oil industry and to complement the
literature (from the point of view of the Zambian perspective). As explained above, at
the start of the study in Zambia was conducted scientific research in the field of
implementation of sustainable development principles, and it certainly was the rationale
for the study. The study included not only social studies, but also included as part of the
research methodology. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and environmental impact
assessment was part of the study, and the results will give future researchers some
basis for their research in the Middle East. 1.5.2 Practical Study (societal relevance):
And exploration and production of oil pose a significant risk to the environment (Kharaka
and Dorsey, 2005). In Zambia, the country's main source of income is the petroleum
industry (Mohamed et al., 2009). Therefore, based on our own practical experience of
researchers in the oil sector in Zambia, it is necessary to create a reliable system to
ensure to minimize the impact on the environment. This emphasizes the need to
examine this issue in their natural habitat. Thus, the practical justification for this study
stems from the fact that it is based on the case studies to explore and study the
problems faced by the oil Zambia industry in terms of industry experts and decision
makers of the country, along with the use of methodological approaches to obtain
scientific data .
Environmental sustainability is one of the Millennium Development Goals of the United
Nations Millennium Declaration. All countries should increase their environmental
sustainability. Thus, the focus of the present study is given to ensure that the oil sector
Zambia integrated approach to rational nature, aimed at reducing the environmental

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consequences such as the reduction of harmful emissions and economic benefits. In
addition, the focus of research on important issues related to the economy of Zambia,
as the growth and development of the national economy are dependent on immediate
and sustainable improvements in its oil and gas industry.

1.6 Organization of the successive chapters

Chapters 1-3 are devoted to the existing knowledge and information using a variety of
literature, such as books, e-books, magazine articles, professional and government
websites, etc., to provide a solid foundation for this study. The heads of the literature
review also identified gaps in knowledge and define the context of this study, in other
words, in the first chapters, devoted to secondary research, it was presented the
research methodology that was used to achieve the research objectives. Subsequent
chapters are devoted to primary research, which are presented and discussed the
results of each stage. This paves the way for the development of the model SMS, and
also presents the main findings and recommendations of the study in the concluding
chapter. Chapter 5 presents the results of a qualitative study, in Zambia, using
semistructured interviews. Chapter 6 presents the results of a quantitative approach
based on the survey, which was distributed among workers of oil and gas sector to
understand their problems, and awareness of the problems faced by the oil and gas
industry in Zambia in terms of sustainability and environmental management. Chapter 7
shows the results of the environmental impact (EIA). EIA can be described as a
procedure aimed at assessing, analyzing and reporting on all the potential effects of any
new project, process or development on the environment. which was distributed to the
oil and gas sector workers to understand their problems, and awareness of the
problems faced by the oil and gas industry in Zambia in terms of sustainability and
environmental management. Chapter 7 shows the results of the environmental impact
(EIA). EIA can be described as a procedure aimed at assessing, analyzing and
reporting on all the potential effects of any new project, process or development on the
environment. which was distributed to the oil and gas sector workers to understand their
problems, and awareness of the problems faced by the oil and gas industry in Zambia in
terms of sustainability and environmental management. Chapter 7 shows the results of
the environmental impact (EIA). EIA can be described as a procedure aimed at
assessing, analyzing and reporting on all the potential effects of any new project,
process or development on the environment.
To further examine the issues related to environmental management and sustainable
development in Zambia, an EIA was carried out to evaluate the different types of impact
in Zambia in order to be able to identify the sources of these impacts and propose
mitigation measures. Chapter 9 shows the results of life cycle assessment (LCA) held in
Zambia. LCA study was designed to determine the best course of action to minimize the
impact on the environment in the process of crude oil. Chapter 10 is a control system of
sustainable development, developed as part of this study. The chapter presented and

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discussed in detail the process that was adopted for the development of the proposed
system, as well as detail the various components of the system. sustainable
development management in the oil and gas industry requires a systematic approach
aimed at the integration of political, technological, organizational and individual factors.
Next, in this chapter provides a detailed explanation of the advantages of a developed
system and its application in the Zambia with existing barriers and challenges. It also
presents the results of the validation study conducted in order to verify the usefulness
and suitability of the proposed model in the context of SMS Zambia. Chapter 10
presents the conclusions of the study and discusses study objectives were achieved
there. The chapter also lists specific recommendations for Zambian politicians and
discusses the limitations of studies and ideas for future research.
1.9 Chapter Summary
The purpose of this chapter - to provide a summary of general theses. It outlines the
formulation of the problem, as well as the goals, objectives and research questions. It
also gives the structure of the thesis.

Chapter 2 Literature review

2.1. introduction
The exact meaning of this concept and the concept of sustainable development in the
context of sustainable development is not a new topic, but the researchers are working
hard to find it in a variety of subject areas. In this chapter, the term "stability", and how to
interpret different scientists. Initially, the chapter provides an overview of the history and
definition of the concept of sustainable development. It will discuss the evolution of
sustainable development and the debate over its definition, and then will be held a brief
overview of models of sustainable development. This chapter concludes with the
elaboration of a clear understanding of the definition of sustainability in a particular area
of research.

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Environmental degradation has become a serious problem in recent decades, and we
need to move towards sustainable development, in order to save the planet from
ourselves. There are various problems that only exacerbate the situation. Climate
change and global warming, the risks increase significantly (Hall et al 2017:. Starik, and
Kanashiro, 2013). Buoys and de Villiers called the risk of climate change all the risks
associated with "change in fuel prices and the associated changing assessment of the
generating equipment, the direct cost of carbon emissions, the unexpected benefits of
renewable energy, social pressure and the response of consumers, competitive risks
and investment opportunities in new renewable generation. "
The oil industry has been criticized as one of the world's largest sources of carbon
emissions and the main obstacle to the achievement of sustainable development. For
example, despite considerable economic contribution of the oil industry in the UK GDP
and its use to supply 75% of the primary energy source country (Total Energy, 2014), it
accounts for about 133.9 Mill. Tonnes of carbon, which is about 28.8 % CO2 emissions
UK.
In Zambia, the oil industry is the most important sector in the country and provides more
than 90% of government revenue. It accounts for 61.69 Mill. Tonnes of carbon, which is
higher than any other source. The oil industry is driven by economics and originates
from an economic point of view. Practitioners in the field of sustainable development,
researchers are exploring ways to achieve sustainability in other sectors in order to
reduce dependence on oil products in energy production. They focus on renewable
energy sources and technologies, however, a significant amount of emissions into the
environment falls on oil and gas companies, which can not be easily ignored.
Although it is known that renewable energy sources are rising, the oil industry is still the
largest supplier of energy and is unlikely to be replaced by other industries in the near
future (SESR, 2006 and Mohamed et al., 2012). In the market there is a change in the
field of energy substitution, such as solar energy, air, etc., but the main focus of our
energy use is oil. Therefore, any industrial undertaking and management measures are
essential for the solution and ensure the sustainability of oil operations, which can help
save our planet.
2.2. Background Sustainable Development
Wittgenstein (1953) stated that "value" is determined by how the language is used. He
said that the meaning of the word depends on how it is used and how it will interpret the
recipient. The word can have full meaning, any value or be empty, therefore, to explain
the word, it makes sense to evaluate its history and background, because the definition
of the word is vital to understand it. In order to understand the true meaning of the word
"resistance" and find the perfect definition of this word, you must first discuss the history
and context of the word.
The term "stability" has different definitions in the existing literature, making it difficult to
clearly define the total. Many researchers and scientists have taken different
approaches to the understanding of the concept of sustainability, depending on the
subject matter with which it is associated. According to Van Zon (2002), only in the
second half of the 20th century, the term "sustainable" and "sustainability" first
appeared in the Oxford English Dictionary. Van Tson said that other languages used by

17 | P Agag
other equivalent terms, such as "long" and "durable" in French, "nahaltigkeyt", which
literally means "duration" in German and "durzaamhayd and duurzaam" in Dutch .
Stability refers to the ability to maintain the stability and capacity of practitioners as well
as academics in the field to identify and interpret sustainability in many different ways.
In the early stages of use of the term "green" is always contacted with the term "green",
which means "green" or "sensitivity", an abbreviation which is reproduced below.
"Ecology. According to the Oxford Dictionary (2014), the environment is defined as" a
branch of biology that deals with the relationship of organisms with each other and with
their physical environment at a given time. "Hodge, more particularly defined resistance
as" preservation within the visible indefinite the future of certain necessary and
desirable characteristics of both the ecosystem and the human subsystems inside. "The
Latin word" sustinere ", which means sustainable development, is the root word of
sustainable development. it has a lot rugih synonyms, such as to maintain, support and
maintain. According to Mensah et al (2012), the term "sustinere-eco" is a lot of debate
when it comes to holding or preserving the environment.
Adams (2006) argues that the term "sustainable development" is a new and can be
traced on the results of the conference, held 30 years ago. It is alleged that the
resistance began with the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,
when poverty was a key issue at the time. Thoughtful statement to change our
understanding of sustainable development, was made Prime Minister Indira.
Gandhi, who is called the "poverty - the worst pollution". Use of the word "pollution" was
the main cause of all these events, and was the basis for the creation of the United
Nations Program for Environment (UNEP) in Kenya (Dresner, 2008). The term
"ecological development" was first formulated at the first meeting as an attempt to
develop environmental protection.
The term "sustainable development" first appeared on a view of human development of
the Conference on Science and Technology in the early 1970s (World Council of
Churches, 1974). It was a reaction to the objections of the developing countries with
regard to the environment, who believe that in some parts of the world should pay more
attention to people suffering from deprivation and poverty. The main theme of both
conferences was poverty. It was in the 1980s, gradually introduced the term as part of a
global environmental protection strategy "sustainable development". was born in 1987,
the concept of sustainability, when the United Nations published the Brundtland Report.
It defined sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the
present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs" (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987, p. 8 of the
original text). Although the definition of sustainable development in the Brundtland
popular, universally recognized and generally accepted definition does not exist. Pearce
et al., (1989) in his book "The project of green economy" refers to 23 the definition and
Merkott (1997) reviewed the list and merged 57 different definitions of sustainable
development, which makes it very confusing even for people working in the same
subject area. Pezzi (1992) archives sixty definitions! In 1992, business leaders and
government agencies increasingly recognize the need to ensure stability on the United
Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Table (2.1) shows the

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basic historic landmark sustainable development, provided in the form
Table 2.1 Main significant stages of sustainable development
Year Event and description
1946 Implementation of sustainable agriculture
1949 The first conference of the United Nations: For the first time was
mentioned the issue of socio-economic development through the
proper management of natural resources, in order to avoid depletion.
1968 The inclusion of environmental issues in the global consciousness and
agenda: UN Economic and Social Council has included environmental
issues in its core agenda.
1972 The first Earth Summit: In Stockholm hosted the United Nations
Conference on the Human Environment, which adopted the
Declaration, which was first mentioned the problem of climate change.
1983 Establishment of the Brundtland Commission: Resolution entitled
"Environmental Outlook for 2000 and Beyond" was adopted by the UN
General Assembly.
1987 Brundtland report was published: First, the report highlights the issues
of sustainable development.
1990 World Climate Conference: Heralding the urgent need for international
protection of the environment.
1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development:
requests to different countries to agree to the framework of the
UNFCCC.
1997 The Kyoto Protocol entered into force: The agenda included the
reduction of carbon emissions by at least 5% from 1990 levels in the
period 2008-2012.
2009 UN climate summit: aware of the need to support the growing
temperature at r2 1C, but was unable to provide protocols for this.
2010 United Nations Conference on Climate Change Cancun Latin America
threaten withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol, if the developed
countries will not be required to demonstrate a greater commitment to
the Kyoto Protocol.
2011 UN Climate Conference, Durban, South Africa, 28 November - 11
December 2011, was designed to develop a new treaty to limit carbon
emissions. At the conference, all countries agreed to legally binding
agreement, which will be prepared in 2015 and will come into force in
2020. Progress was also made in the establishment of the Green
Climate Fund (GCF).

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Sustainability research is aimed at improving the awareness and understanding of
organizations, companies and individuals, the effect of economic activity on the
environment and society as a whole (Daily, et al. 1994). However, practitioners and
researchers in the field have different perceptions of the concept of sustainability and
sustainable development. Some scientists consider sustainable development as an
oxymoron, since the development seems to be associated with environmental
degradation. Some say that sustainable development, as a concept, used to hide the
continuous destruction of the natural world. Others, such as Missimer et al. Claim that
the "resistance, thus eliminating a systematic means of degradation mechanisms
essential aspects both environmental and social systems."
According to Serageldin and Grootaerta (2000) and Porritt (2007), the economy itself is
a subsystem of human society, which is a subsystem of the biosphere (all life on earth)
and no subsystem can not expand beyond the capabilities of the entire system. The
other from an economic point of view argue that sustainable development is too
cautious and affects economic growth because of the extreme concern over the
depletion of natural resources (Dresner, 2008). This caused a debate among
researchers from different fields.
Some economists consider the consumption of Earth's capital as income.
Sustainable development is also defined as "not falling equity" by David Pierce, where
the earth is regarded as a natural capital (Dresner, 2008: p 76.). Sustainable
development is also defined as "development that improves the quality of life of people
living within the assimilative capacity of supporting ecosystems" (Hill and Bowen, 1997),
specific organization "Caring doe the Earth". Despite the fact that Adams considers
inaccurate definition of the Brundtland report, he said that it ingeniously two vital issues
are addressed: environmental degradation and economic growth. He challenged that
definition of sustainability is general and vague, which is confirmed by many other
researchers and scientists. This concept brings people together, but does not help them
to make decisions about the order, so sustainable development, seems ultimately
means nothing. According to Dresner, Michael Jacobs also argues that sustainable
development is "a controversial notion."
Definition of sustainable development given by the British Government, is reflected in
this quote: "Our strategy for sustainable development aims to enable all people
throughout the world to satisfy their basic needs and to obtain a better quality of life
without compromising the quality of life of future generations." Discussion of the
definition of sustainable development shows that disagreement does not mean that it is
meaningless. There is a reasonable consensus on the fact that sustainable
development must take into account ethical, reputable and ethical requirements to meet
the needs of those who are alive now, without limiting the ability of future generations in
this regard. Deviation opinions, discussed above, it shows the complexity of the concept
and demonstrates that the concept of sustainability formulated clearly.
However, the explanations and importance, such as those that have been given in the
Brundtland report and the Government of Great Britain, cause as many questions as
there are answers. At the moment, we are talking about someone's life? How can we
distinguish between wants and needs? It is only for us living in the developed world?

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Unfortunately, the answers to these questions are not clear. In addition, despite the fact
that the stability of both the subject matter is complex and insidious subjective question,
the overwhelming question is how, in practice, to be achieved sustainability? This
question requires a study of the conditions that must be met, and that is the definition of
a qualified and designed here. The next section will be discussed in the definition of
sustainability and develop a context-sensitive definition - a definition 2.3. What is
sustainable development?
In order to move forward in this study, it is important to agree on a definition of literature.
Thiele, (2013), argues that sustainable development is one of the least important and
most frequently used words in the English language. She believes that it would be more
clear if the practice of sustainability was more measurable and effective. the term
"resistance" is difficult to achieve a common understanding of the limited discussion on
the definition in the current literature.
Whenever we hear or read about the stability of our attention is distracted by
environmental issues, because the resistance is always mentioned in the context of the
environment, but in fact it is not. To be truly sustainable, an organization or project
should do more than just preserve nature and protect natural resources. In fact, she
also must meet and maintain the economic needs. Parallel to this, it has to meet social
needs and ensure equality in the relationship. . Seneschal and others explained that
stability "depends on three dimensions: the social dimension, which is concerned about
the welfare of people, the ecological (or environmental) aspects related to the health of
the planet, and the financial aspect,
The term "sustainable development" was used to describe the phenomena of
sustainable development in which economic aspects were added to the same
environmental and social aspects, presented and represented in the Brundtland Report
in the "Sustainable development".
1987. In addition, Agenda XXI century with "sustainable development" in theas a global
object was the declaration signed at the United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development in 1992, which was attended by more than 170 countries. Many saw
the declaration as another milestone in the field of sustainable development. However,
the agenda for the XXI century has not been accompanied by a broad cooperation of
UN member states, so missed an opportunity to further ensure that the stability was one
of the key priorities of state policy.
Another problem with the understanding of the subject of stability is that the terms
"sustainability" and "sustainable development" are used interchangeably. The problem
lies in the ambiguity of the phrase "sustainable development". Some may think that the
term "development" means "growth," but he has a much broader focus than just the
economy, and is intended to include "quality of life" and the needs in the welfare
(Pearce et al, 1989). Selmes (2005) agree with Thiele, (2013), and argues that there is
a significant need for greater clarity on the sustainability of environmental management
and other disciplines. clarity necessary due to the risk of confusion, but more serious is
the inability to communicate effectively and understand the issues of sustainability,
which in turn damages the ability to act decisively (Boron and Murray, 2004). Thus, in

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order to work properly in the field, we really need to understand the difference between
these two terms.
Definition of sustainable development given by the United Nations, has been criticized
by Taylor (2002), in which he argued that the definition of the future needs of future
generations is a difficult task due to differences in perception and values that they can
have on people today. In addition, Taylor pointed out that the needs of various
developed and developing countries are perceived differently. However, it can be
argued that the definition of the United Nations provides a better understanding of two
important areas related to sustainable development, namely: the need to raise
awareness about the impact of economic growth on the environment and the fight
against poverty in the society.
Conceptual model for the three interrelated sectors related to sustainable development,
was proposed by Barton, which shows the relationship between the economy, society
and the environment, as shown in Figure 2.1. They argue that to achieve sustainable
development is necessary to maintain a reasonable level of equilibrium between these
three areas. According to Boron & Murray (2004), sustainable development is defined
as "a system to meet the needs in a manner that can go on forever, but the state of
stability is the result of sustainable development achieved in the whole world." In the
definitions clarify that term stability - is a general result, and sustainable development
describes the functionality of this result and realized in a more local and specific scale
(e.g., the organization or country). It is similar to the definition of Brundtland, which
defined sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present
generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs."
The pace of environmental degradation as a result of economic growth and
development are growing rapidly, as described in the literature. Developing countries
are also witnessing a certain degree of development associated with the transformation
of the earth, because in those countries there is a growing industrialization. The author
claimed that the consumption of resources as a raw material is high, and it underscores
the growing, which entails considerable risks for the environment. Lang et al (2012)
have confirmed the need to maintain a balance between the economy, the environment
and humanity, in which it is difficult to support the many organizations, governments and
the world at large. This may mean that global efforts that are reported through the UN
and other leading organizations in both developed and developing countries, Developed
and implemented various sustainable development initiatives to enhance sustainable
development organizations (Whiteman and Cooper, 2000; Savitz and Weber, 2006). In
theory, the concept of sustainability includes three interrelated pillars: environment,
economy and society. This means that in order for an organization to be truly
sustainable, it must demonstrate exceptional environmental, economic and social
indicators. Elkington developed the theory of "triple bottom line", which recommends
that the only way to become truly sustainable was the simultaneous and continuous to
achieve a balance of social, environmental and economic objectives so as to improve
competitiveness and ensure long-term viability. Besides,

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The reasons for the lack of a clear definition of the concept of "sustainability", which
refers to the organization.
Goodland and Daly (1996) explain this by saying that "the criminals are afraid to
pinpoint the concept of environmental sustainability, because they know that it will
change their behavior." They argue that for a clear definition of sustainability is
important to separate and distinguish the environment, society and economy for
sustainability. In other words, sociologists task - to define the concept of social
sustainability, and economists - to define the concept of economic sustainability and
environmental.
"Environmental sustainability".
The three different concepts. Social sustainability (CS) is achieved through the
systematic involvement of communities and a strong civil society. The author described
the social sustainability as "a positive state in the community and a process that can
ensure its achievement." Goodland and Daly, (1996, p. 1003) have argued that social
sustainability emphasizes "moral capital" such as diversity, soda, a sense of community,
humanity, love, patience, honesty, etc. The researcher identified eight social problems,
which are usually solved countries in their efforts to ensure social stability, namely
"health, participation, safety, security, accessibility, education, identity and employment
opportunities."
Economic sustainability (environmental sustainability) refers to "the maintenance of
capital." Economic stability includes utilizing different assets of enterprise effectively, to
allow it to continue to operate profitable too time .
Environmental sustainability (EU) aims to improve human well-being and social stability
by protecting the sources of raw materials used for human needs, and ensure not to
exceed the scavengers of human waste, in order to prevent harm to the person. In other
words, environmental sustainability means "preserving natural capital".
In the 20th century we were the first to see our planet from space.
He did not look as if it is dominated by a model of human activity, but more like a model
of small balls, surrounded by clouds and dominate the oceans, soil and forests. People
were not able to enter the activity in this model, which affects our ecosystem and
changes them. Some of these actions and changes pose a threat to life. This new
reality should be implemented and effectively managed because it is impossible to get
rid of (Morelli, 2011).
With regard to the sustainability concept (EI), the Goodland (1995) discussed the history
of the issue of the stability and pointed out its importance. He tried to define the EP,
separating it from the social and economic sustainability. He said that sustainable
development (SD) should include ecological, economic and social sustainability, and
use it for sustainable development. Goodland defines sustainability as "the preservation
of natural capital." By this definition, it confirms that the EP is a natural-scientific
concept that follows biophysical laws. It also defines the ES and SS are all related and
connected to the ES. Morelli (2011) agrees with the definitions of Goodland and
confirms their validity. In this study, these definitions are not repeated,
The above discussion shows that the term "environment" is largely associated with the
relationship between man and the ecosystem, and describes them. It is shown that the

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terms "sustainability" and "sustainable development" has undergone a revolution over
the past three decades. Many scientists and organizations have offered several
definitions for a clear definition and interpretation of the term 'sustainability', and society
can achieve sustainable development. These studies are aimed at improving the
environmental sustainability of the oil sector in Zambia. In other words, it addresses the
question of how the Zambian oil companies would be more efficient, environmentally
friendly, resource-saving, produce fewer emissions and manage waste efficiently.
Besides, Human impact is still considered in this study due to the fact that it represents
a major part of the problem and at the same time is a solution. This study examines the
definition of stability given by Brundtland, to be grounded.
2.4 Models of Sustainable Development concept of sustainable development as a
concept has a wide range of coverage and covers much more than just environmental
issues. To make the issue more manageable, as discussed in Goodland (1995), the
topic is often differentiated by economic, social and environmental fields. All three areas
are interlinked so well that it's hard to imagine a significant progress in any one area of
sustainable development without taking into account other. Indeed, the requirement that
all three domains have been duly taken into account, is central to the approach of "triple
bottom line" (TBL), which is the basic theory of this concept.
2.4.1. Triple overlapping circular model of sustainable development:
The concept of sustainability is often portrayed in a beautiful form in the form of three
interconnected circles of social, economic and environmental objectives (Mebratu,
1998). Model intersection circles looks like a Venn diagram (a mathematical concept
which shows the common things in two sets in the framework of overlapping circles),
and implies that the achievement of social, economic and environmental objectives
would provide "true" resistance at the point of intersection of these three characteristics
(circles) (we can see it in Figure 2.1 as the S).

Figure 2.1: Three overlapping circular model of sustainable development

In a region that overlaps, it is assumed that all three areas will ultimately have to be
met, but that does not mean that all the efforts to ensure stability must be balanced
between the three regions. This model does not repeat the fact that the economic
sphere is totally dependent on the other two and therefore is somewhat vague.
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Economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development of the
most fundamental is the environmental issue, which it makes sense to reflect in this
diagram.
It supports the natural environment society and economy. In other words, the
environment can exist without human society and the economy, and the economy and
society can not exist without the environmental resources, which undoubtedly makes
the environment the most important field in this theory. Economic advantage must be
based on sustainable activities, which operates within the framework of society and
nature. In addition, the economic mechanisms should encourage sustainable activities,
which will then provide a stable economy. In fact, it is believed that the integration of
environmental sustainability in the organization's strategic management has a positive
effect on their economic sustainability. Wagner claimed that "the integration of
environmental issues has a positive effect on economic performance and, therefore, In
today's world, people tend to consider themselves emancipated from the natural
environment, or controls it. People think that they can control nature, but it is not so,
because in reality they are controlled by Mother Nature. This perception is useless,
since it difficult to identify problems, but this kind of thinking, perhaps encouraged by the
model of intersecting circles. Moreover, the interpretation of these three areas as the
need the same attention, encourages thinking about the practicality of continuing
tradeoffs that arise directly out of business dilemmas. Unfortunately, this model
assumes that the economy can exist independently of society and the environment, that
the part of the economic circle, which does not interfere with the public and
environmental community has to exist. This large discrepancy leads us to the next,
2.4.2. sustainability model with three nested dependencies:
Also called concentric circle model of sustainability, it is considered more accurate than
the previous model.

Figure 2.2: stability model with three embedded dependencies (

This model suggests that all depend on each other, ie, All three factors are independent
of each other. As regards this model, the economy is dependent on the society, and this
means that the money can be withdrawn from society, and other places to get them
there. Society depends on the environment, which means that the money also depends
on the environment.

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2.4.3. A tool for sustainable development with three steps: a stool with three legs
model takes into account three aspects that are necessary in order for humanity to
enjoy a high quality of life. It also states that the quality of life can not be achieved if
one of the three measures is low. However, the metaphor divides the economic,
environmental and social components that make up the essence of the concept of
sustainable development.

Figure 2.3: Three-step tool for sustainable development

From Figure 2.3 shows that the chair is not a potent metaphor that explains why the
model is not very widely used for definitions and explanations of stability.

2.4.4. A model of sustainable development Levett's Model of Sustainability:

Figure 2.4: sustainable development model Levett's Model of Sustainability

Model similar to Figure 2.4 corresponds to the model presented by Reid in the debate,
"Limits to Growth". Chart, which uses Reed is actually going on in the sense that it is a
26 | P Agag
thermodynamically closed system. Because "the economy" - a company design, you
can go even further. Lettt does exactly this point and override model 3 intersecting
circles concentric circles or "Russian dolls", "Economy" - is not an end in itself or a force
of nature. It is a social construction. It only works because human societies have
created institutions and introduced those assumptions, expectations, and behaviors that
make it so. "
Levett model is fundamentally different from the intersection of model circles.
Regardless of whether the model includes intersecting circles of the balance between
social, economic and environmental goals, or something completely different, a model
of concentric circles helps to demonstrate unequivocally that the economy is "inside"
of society, and that society must live within the environment. 2.5. Categorization of
models of sustainable development:
Todorov and Marinova (2009) divide the model of sustainable development into five
categories:
• Model visualization scenic
• quantitative models
• physical models
• conceptual models
• standardization of models

2.5.1. Graphical visualization models:

Three overlapping circles model (economic, social and environmental), presented in the
form of pillars, Venn diagrams or embedded circles, are classified as model beautiful
visualization. Todorov and Marinova (2009) criticize them, because they are limited in
information, but complement them in terms of a wider audience reach.
2.5.2. Quantitative models:
Boulanger and Brescia argue that quantitative models include "macroeconomic models,
optimization models, system dynamic models and general equilibrium models
calculated." This area of the models has been extensively studied, with the result that
has been developed with a wide range of models, the most common of which are
economic models. These models have been criticized due to the fact that they lack a
holistic approach to address local and global issues and recognizes the need for
stakeholder participation.
2.5.3. Physical models:
Physical models of sustainability limited component of the environment. For example,
they are used for urban development and energy efficiency (Levings, 2004), and
toxicity, as well as for the implementation of environmental engineering. These models
are very specific and measurable, but they are time-limited period. They use a
participating methodology, which covers only parts of the sustainable development of
the system and, therefore, serves a limited purpose.
2.5.4. Conceptual models:
Conceptual models are more general and theoretical. Models belonging to this category
is very broad, and relate to society. They draw attention to global environmental
problems such as global warming and weather changes. Some of these models date
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back to 1981, when the Club of Rome (Meadows et al., 1971) worked on the
consequences of the use of nuclear energy (Turco et al., 1983) and the depletion of the
ozone layer to global warming and climate change. These models seem to be more
politically oriented and similar to other categories have their pros and cons. These
models have allowed to draw the attention of the general public / raise awareness of
environmental issues and initiated a series of political and environmental strategies.
However, they do not have real concrete solutions to the sustainability crisis.
Theoretical models make it difficult to control uncertainty and, as a result, give rise to
different opinions about their effectiveness. An example is the so-called denial of
climate change.
2.5.5. Standardized models:
The last category of sustainable development models are "standardized model." One
such example includes: sustainability indicators. The United Nations introduced the 96
sustainability indicators (United Nations, 2007). Standardized models usually cover
specific activities, such as sustainable consumption and tools for measuring the
sustainability of (Hamilton, et al., 1997). Other models include the ecological footprint
and national happiness.
These models and metrics help you measure the effectiveness of the system (Bell &
Morse, 2008), they can take into account the very specific local-global perception and
the process of their development may be involved. Todorov and Marinova (2009) argue
that although these models attempt to measure the stability or instability, we have a lot
of other features that, in our opinion, perfectly match the current situation. . Meadows et
al, (1972), it is said, and cited in the Meadows (2000): "We can learn at least as much of
the stability of turning away from the numbers and seeing how the soil is washed off
with streams, forests are cut down, the climate is changing, scent of urban air, place on
earth is too contaminated for life or too desperate for security, and how randomly the
desert in our lives. Someday we may appear to measure these figures glaring signs of
instability. Meanwhile, we can recognize what we already know. "
The adoption of this problem requires a new approach to sustainable development, as
stated Todorov & Marinova (2009); They said that we need to focus on the process
rather than on the outer part of and results. In this regard, the author agrees with
Todorov and Marinova (2009), but this does not mean that the author considers all of
the above models irrelevant; They are useful tools and make recommendations to
improve the stability at different levels and situations. Ultimately, however, we need a
system that takes into account the processes and activities in order to better guide the
sustainable development; This model can be used in all kinds of environmental
protection and industries.
2.6. Triple bottom line: The important phenomenon
As explained in the previous sections, three overlapping circular model of stability are
also called "triple bottom line". Triple final figure called "brilliant and ambitious
metaphor" (Henriques, 2007, p. 26), the concept was invented Elkington (Elkington,
1997). This term was not introduced until the 1990s, but is now well known in the
environment. TBL has been extensively studied over the last decade, as discussed.
Elkington (1997) indicates that TBL integrate economic and social aspects of an

28 | P Agag
environmental agenda. The stability problem is very well explained by TBL, because it is
associated not only with the environment but also the economic and social sectors of
society. Using economic, social and environmental performance, TBL provides
organizations with the opportunity to assess the results of their activities in accordance
with the reports. It is alleged that TBL is a practical basis, or the system stability. Many
researchers believe that if an organization wants to develop a system of sustainable
development, it must follow the TBL. Thus, it can be argued that a consistent and
balanced focus on the social, economic and environmental aspects of the agenda
provided LBT,
These three lines are explained below:
2.6.1. Economic / monetary line
The impact of business practices on the organization of the economic system is
determined by the economic component of the concept of the "triple bottom line", ie,
profit and loss system. The economy is seen as one of the subsystems of sustainable
development, which will help the organization to survive, to sustain future generations
and to achieve success in business in the future. In other words, there is a correlation
between the growth of the organization, the general economic growth of the countries
and the structure of TBL. This relationship is confirmed by the fact that the focus is on
the economic value of the organization within a larger system (Sarkis and Dhavale,
2015). It is important to keep track of profits and losses of the system from an economic
point of view, to ensure the sustainability of the organization.
2.6.2. social line
Doing useful and fair business practices in terms of human resources of the
organization - this is something that belongs to the social line TBL. Elkington (Elkington,
1997) believes that the social benefits to be achieved not only directly to human
resources associated with the organization, but also a wider range of people. For
example, organizations must ensure that their employees and workers receive fair
wages and work in a healthy and safe environment. Organizations should focus on
helping the local population as part of their social responsibilities. Moulay et al. Stated
that social sustainability is "development and growth, suitable for a harmonious
evolution of civil society."
They contribute to an enabling environment for greater sharing of different cultural and
social groups by maintaining the ability to present and future generations to create a
healthy and liveable communities".
Throughout its history, many companies are faced with a number of problems
associated with the integration of their social responsibility to the broader goals of the
organization. For example, as reported by Dhiman (Dhiman, 2008), during the 2002
elections, civil society has voted against the creation of Home Depot in the Gulf of
California, as it was thought to have a negative impact on residents. Thus, as noted in
the Geol (2010), the social element is very important to address the issues associated
with the involvement of local communities, relations with employees and human
resources.
2.6.3. protect the environment Line:

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Conservation of natural resources for future generations is a key aspect of the
environmental line TBL. In other words, it focuses on the need to protect the
environment through the efficient use of energy resources. It also pays great attention to
the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and environmental footprint. This is due
to the fact that environmental initiatives affect the stability of the organization, as is the
case with the social line.
A study conducted by Kearney (2009), examined 99 organizations focused on
sustainable development in 18 industries, in terms of their impact on the environment
and how it is related to organizational performance. analysis of the number of branches
was conducted, including retail, travel, automotive, chemical industry, food industry and
technology. The main question was whether the company will be able to withstand the
economic downturn, if they use sustainable practices. All the selected organizations
have been included in the Dow Jones index. the three-month and six-month phase
analysis was performed. The study found that organizations using methods aimed at
protecting the environment and social well-being of stakeholders, able to outperform
their peers financially. As explained by Kearney (2009), the financial results were
associated with a reduction in operating expenses and an increase in the revenues from
innovative eco-friendly products.
A study conducted Hidayati (2011), was aimed at understanding the extent to which
TBL approach is used in the implementation of corporate social responsibility programs.
Ho and Taylor (2007) used a quantitative approach to the reporting of TBL in which
assessed how economic, social and environmental issues are reflected in the reporting
organizations.
2.7. Efforts in the field of sustainable development undertaken by various
countries:
Various environmental agencies and the government are putting pressure on the
countries and organizations that they work in the field of sustainable development in
accordance with international standards. All developing and developed countries have
begun to work on the system that will reduce carbon emissions, and also began to work
on the economic and social pillars of sustainable development (Galal and Abdul
Moneim, 2016).
Developed countries such as Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Switzerland, more than
fifty years leading industrialized operation and cut down rain forests and a lot of trees in
all their countries, which leads to a significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions.
However, developing countries such as Brazil, India, Pakistan and China, just beginning
to take shape in industrialized countries and is not considered to contribute significantly
to the accumulation of greenhouse gases. Due to the industrial growth of these
countries have now begun to accumulate gases in the environment that causes
concern. . In this regard, the UNFCCC has introduced restrictions on greenhouse gas
emissions in developed countries, while developing countries do not impose any binding
obligation, but they were encouraged to gain access to better technologies to reduce
their emissions. After the industrial revolution in the developing countries, they are also
imposed obligations and rules. .
2.7.1. Efforts Switzerland:

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After the international institutions charged with Switzerland is that it does too little to
prevent the erosion of the rain forests and damage to the environment, Switzerland has
become the first country to officially begin work on sustainability. It works in all three
areas identified earlier, namely: environmental, social and economic. Almost all
standards and policies that are currently in force, were first introduced in Switzerland.
All industries operating in Switzerland are obliged to operate in accordance with a
specific set of rules in relation to environmental, economic and social sustainability, so
that the country follow the rules of the United Nations agencies and partners (Theurillat
and Crevoisier, 2014).
2.7.2. The efforts made by the United States of America:
United States responsible for ensuring that sustainability is the highest virtue of their
position in the world. They should not only strive to ensure sustainability in their own
country, but also to ensure that it is done and other countries (Lynch and Mosbah,
2017). According to Huang and Wang, (2013), the United States did a very good job
with this responsibility. They not only make efforts in their own country, but also
investing heavily in other countries to ensure stability in their countries. Their support
was both technical and financial.
2.7.3. The efforts made by other European countries:
Countries such as Germany, UK, France, Spain and Portugal, are also working on all
three components of sustainable development. They have contributed to many systems
and standards for sustainable development, which is currently used worldwide.
Countries such as Britain and France, have also provided financial assistance to
developing countries to enable them to accelerate the adoption of best practices.
2.8. Environmental sustainability
Goodland, (1995) argues that the definition of environmental sustainability should be left
to environmentalists, economists and sociologists to define social sustainability. He
described sustainability as the protection of raw materials and resources required to
meet the needs of the people. It implies that people should not produce more waste
than can process environment, and that people should take into account the
consumption and to pay special attention to issues of sustainability. Bracho (2000)
stated that numerous concerns arising in connection with global warming, increase the
attention paid to environmental sustainability. Among these serious consequences
include, among others, various weather changes, floods, higher temperatures, drought
and famine, which will lead, in particular,

Survey methodology

4.1 Introduction
This project and methodology used for its leader, offers a detailed overview of the philosophical
assumptions on which the research objectives are built. It explains the suitability of realism
paradigm used in the study.
The chapter begins with an overview of various philosophical assumptions and continues the
research methodology chosen for this project. It also critically evaluated the factors used in the
selection methodology, and emphasizes the relationship between the methodology and research

31 | P Agag
purposes. Discussion and critical assessment, included in the chapter, should ensure that a
reasonable, appropriate and reliable research methodology throughout the project. This would
justify the use of the methods of this study, as well as the validity and reliability of interviews,
case studies, EIA, the LCA and the questionnaire.
The entire research process describes in detail the plans, strategies and methods of research,
supported by the rationale of choice.
4.2 Management of sustainable development as a field of study
It is important to choose the correct methodology for the implementation of the research project.
It is vitally important to use a range of methods to ensure that the issues, goals and objectives of
the research project have been achieved, resulting in a reliable and valid conclusions (Yin, 1994).
The acquired knowledge are of different types, descriptive or research. In the Goodland (1995)
emphasizes that the management of environmental sustainability is a fairly new concept in
studies in which the study is conducted. The researcher points out that methodological pluralism,
based on numerous methodological and philosophical paradigms used in research in the field of
sustainable development governance. In this regard, it was noted that the overall strategy
developed on the basis of social and natural sciences, which are used in research in the field of
environmental management. In other words, using quantitative and qualitative data collection
methods.
It was developed a large number of recognized methods of research that can contribute to the
expansion of knowledge. Thus, it is important to understand the philosophy, which is based on
the methodology and on which they are based. However philosophical bases can not be used
alone to check the availability and practicality particular study plan, but to select a method
suitable for certain studies, important aspects of applied research.
4.3 Research paradigm and theoretical assumptions
The paradigm of the research described in such a way as to guide the structure of the study and
presentation of the results of the study. Bryman and Bell (2011) noted that the social and natural
sciences, several paradigms have been developed. Knight and Ruddock (2009), that the
management of environmental sustainability based on both the social and the natural sciences, it
is claimed. Goodland, (1995) points out that the environmental resistance can be considered as a
discipline based on the natural sciences, and thus positivism.
Definition of positivism, this researcher, says: "The subject is based on the natural sciences, so
that positivism". Positivism is defined as "an epistemological position, advocating for the use of
natural science methods to the study of social reality and beyond" (Bryman and Bell, 2011 p.
15). Positivism prefers all knowledge of Knight and Turnbull (2008), relating to the observations
of the verification forms and methodologically grounded in a scientific experiment. However,
the human factor has to do with research in the field of environmental sustainability, since it
includes both nature and man.
Before considering the place of research in the framework of research paradigms, it is important
to understand the ontological and epistemological assumptions of the study and a comparison
between positivism and interpretativizmom. Theory research is influenced by the ontology and
epistemology of the study. Ontology - it is the nature of reality, which epistemology - is the
relationship between the researcher and the reality. The author notes that objectivism and
constructivism are the extremes of the ontological position of the study. Objectivist research
concern the independence of the social phenomena of social actors, while the constructivism -

32 | P Agag
this is when social phenomena are studied by social actors. This means that a social phenomenon
is in a constant state of revision. Consequently,
Epistemology is associated with knowledge of a particular discipline. Epistemology studies also
divided into positivism and interpretation, similar to the ontological paradigm. The author
believes that researchers should base their research on a clear ontological and epistemological
position to be able to say that their contribution to knowledge can be claimed. Positivism
believes that there is a single research question, objective and external reality, regardless of the
opinion of the investigator. Positivists use a structured and controlled approach to the study, the
researcher in this context divorced from the study participants. Positivists using quantitative
studies as a central method, as adhere specifically structured methods.
The author considers two types of paradigms: quantitative and qualitative. Other attitude
distinguishes between two types of paradigms: positivism and interpretativizm. Others, however,
are divided into four paradigms, namely a radical humanist, radical, structuralism, interpretive
and functionalist.
Main paradigms are:
• Quantitative paradigm, which is also known as a positivist, traditional, empirical
paradigm. Quantitative paradigm aims to develop understanding, which contributes to the
development of the theory and predicts better predict, explain and interpret certain phenomena. •
The qualitative paradigm, which is also known as a naturalist and constructivist. This paradigm
is based on information obtained from the human attitudes and opinions.
Although these differences are heuristic devices rarely real research demonstrate all the ideal
characteristics of any paradigm. Thus, the control object in the field of sustainable development
requires the use of multiple paradigms. This is due to the fact that the management of sustainable
development is not limited to the facts.
(Technical issues related to products and processes, environmental performance and impact), as
well as the views of the participants (ie, management commitment, organizational politics and
culture).
In the context of this study, the use of multiparadigmality important because environmental
sustainability management (field of study) is considered as a natural science (ie positivism and
quantitative strategy), but is also highly dependent on the opinions, behavior, attitudes and
management members. Contrasting epistemology of positivism is the interpretation. Interpreters
believe that reality is relative and plural. In particular, human activity - is that, instead of this
paradigm, rather than the forces that influence it. It uses qualitative methods such as interviews
and observation, for an understanding of human activity. The following table shows the
differences between the two positions according epistemological Easterby-Smith et al.
(2008).
Table 4.1: Opposing proposals positivism and interpretation
Positivism interpretation of positivism

Observer Independent - is part of the observed person's interests Should be is

relevant The main driving forces of science explanations It is necessary to show
a causal link aspiration improve overall picture
understanding of the situation

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 Research Hypotheses and kollegirovanie rich database of ideas occurs through
deduction.
concept must be functional must include interested parties, so that
they can be measured in terms of prospects.
analysis Sections They should be reduced to May, including in the following cases
The most simple terms "All" situation Generalization The statistical
probability Theoretical abstraction by sample required a large number of selected
cases small number of cases selected randomly for specific reasons

Assumptions of qualitative and quantitative paradigms are based on different ontological and
epistemological tactics. This argument is directed at a limited discussion of the ontological
interaction (indicating the metaphysical nature of existence) and epistemological (indicating the
method or theory of knowledge base) concepts. Ontology refers to the notion of reality.
ontology divided into two main streams:
• Objectivist ontology: aware of the social phenomena and their importance as a stand
independent of the investigator;
• Constructivist ontology: It is concluded that social phenomena are created through social
interaction and are in a constant state of revision.
There is another type of ontological, which is a set of realities that exist in any given situation.
The author proposes to use this multi-faceted reality as a suitable approach for reaching
sustainable development management sphere. Subsequently, the ontological question is, what is
real, quantitative researchers consider reality as an objective, which can be implemented and
measured quantitatively and objectively with the help of one or more of the available methods,
such as questionnaires, interviews or case studies. Thus, for the management of sustainable
development of the rational attitude of the participants (ie their opinion) raises questions, which
have no analogues in the natural sciences.
In this respect, the reality in part personal, subjective and numerous, according to the study
participants. For example, the most important question concerning the integration of sustainable
development governance in the oil industry, is the prediction of human behavior and tactics in
relation to the environmental values, which can not only be specified from a scientific point of
view. Epistemology refers to what should be regarded as a satisfactory knowledge (Knight and
Ruddock, 2009). According to Knight and Ruddock (2009), modern epistemology is divided into
the following areas:
• Empiricism, when any faith can be considered as knowledge, if and only if it is based on
the aggregate of the actual or possible experience.

34 | P Agag
• Rationalism, in contrast to the empirical knowledge, often after the experience.
sustainable development management as an object of study does not reflect all the ideal
characteristics of any paradigm (positivistic "quantitative" and interpreting "quality"). This is
due to the fact that the management of sustainability as an area based on environmental science
and at the same time is strongly influenced by the social sciences. In other words, the CM is not
limited to the facts (quantitative environmental performance and impact, technical issues and
production processes), but also includes the perception of the participants (ie, leadership
commitment, organizational politics and culture). Therefore, the author considers it appropriate
to take a more realistic position as appropriate ontological approach to expand the scope of
sustainable development governance. With regard to the epistemological considerations, It is
important to note that the ontological and epistemological questions are not limited to research
approaches, as well as based on the type of method (s) of data collection. Philosophical
assumptions also affect the selected methods. Recker and Niehaves (2008), for example, argue
that the interview method of research can be used as in the positivist, and the interpretive
approach. It is alleged that the case studies have the same authenticity in both approaches.
Despite the fact that positivism and interpretivism are opposing sets of philosophies about the
nature and understanding of knowledge, in both, epistemologies interviews and case study
methods could be used. This is due to the flexibility of these methods. For example, from an
interpretivist stand, in order to understand the complex nature of a topic, semi-structured
interviews are used so that the social context and natural settings are taken into consideration. In
contrast, positivism uses interviews to measure a participant's perception about pre-defined
factors as well as exploring the association between paradigms. The qualitative approach is also
used when conducting an exploratory approach (especially in the identification and exploration
of human related issues such as employee perception, opinions, attitudes and factors in the use of
sustainability approaches in petroleum industry). For the purpose of this thesis, interpretivism
will be used to guide this study.
Developing a conceptual sustainability management system for petroleum companies to enhance
the environmental sustainability performance is at the very core of this research. In order to
develop the system, a detailed understanding of the existing environmental sustainability related
issues (management and organisation culture) are investigated and understood. Furthermore,
there is a need to investigate and understand the management and employee perception and
attitudes regarding sustainability in general and sustainability approaches in particular. Thus, it is
to "understand human behaviour", qualitative research approach is deemed suitable for this kind
of research.
On the other hand, the development of the sustainability management system require an
understanding of all sustainability related issues, and a major part of these issues is related to
technical engineering, product and process problems which need more of an empiricist technical
procedure and tools to assess and quantify the environmental problems. Furthermore, it is
essential in developing the SMS to use quantitative environmental tools to quantify and estimate
the scale of environmental issues from an engineering and technical stand. Thus, the major part
of this research is classified under the banner of positivism.
In addition, when investigating sustainability related issues from the human perspective, it is
necessary to measure the participant's perceptions and attitudes using quantitative methods. As
highlighted above and based on the aim and objectives of this study, it could be assumed that this
study is suitably situated mostly within Interpretivism and certain aspects of the research will be
35 | P Agag
following the positivism approach. It is deemed an excellent practice to use a mix method
approach (quantitative and qualitative) to strengthen the research findings and follow inductive
approach.
4.4 Research Design
Choosing a robust and precise research methodology is an important academic practice when
conducting a research project. The methodology is defined as "a way of thinking about studying
social reality" (Strauss and Corbin, 1998). In other words, the methodology is the means by
which the research aim and objectives can be successfully achieved and results authenticated
(Fellow and Liu, 2008). The research design is explained by Bryman and Bell, as "a framework
for collection and analysis of data". Mensah, (2013) states that the purpose of designing the
research is characterised into two categories:
 The research aim and objectives;
 The type of contribution the research proposes to make to the body of knowledge.
4.4.1 Methodological Approach
In order to accomplish the objectives, this section describes the research methodology. Creswell,
(1994) states that the research methodology is the whole process of a study. Collis and Husey
(2003) claim that the methodology governs the entire approach to research. The methodology
covers the philosophical assumptions and values that lead to the rationale of the study and
criteria the researcher relies on for analysing and interpreting data and findings. The research
methodology works as a control standard in determining the level of evidence and data needed to
create knowledge. Creswell, (1994) provides three methodological approaches discussed below:
a) Deductive quantitative research approach. This relies on deductive approaches of testing
defined hypothesises in a cause and effect flow. Normally, the deductive approach includes
predefined selection of what data to use. It relies on quantitative research methods.
b) Inductive qualitative research approach. This follows the inductive research logic, from
the general to the specific and comprises qualitative analysis, which is tested inductively. Certain
aspects are influenced by intuition. The approach uses qualitative research methods.
c) Triangulation, which is also called the mixed method approach. It is the utilisation of the
deductive research logic (quantitative methodology) to support, authenticate and corroborate the
inductive research logic and vice-versa (Mingers and Gill, 1997)
In the context of this research project, the third research approach, the triangulation, is viewed as
suitable. The research process begins purely from an inductive qualitative research stand point
then moves to a more quantitative inductive approach. The study is categorised under both
descriptive and explorative research from the point of view of the kind of knowledge the
research determines.
The study also uses quantitative methods for certain objectives. It comes under the descriptive
banner since it explains and addresses practical industrial and management problems related to
petroleum sustainability practices (initially started from theory and literature). Consequently, the
study described the existing problems (Reality).
The research is also explorative, from the logic that it largely explores existing sustainability and
environmental management practices and approaches to develop an innovative and specific
Sustainability Management System (SMS) for Zambian petroleum companies. Hence, this study
involves "explorative research".

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4.5 Research Strategy
The research strategy is the broad general orientation considered in conducting research. The
strategy of the research usually indicates the methodology and the mixture of techniques used to
investigate a precise situation. Research strategy is established based on the research
philosophical assumptions and paradigms accepted by the researcher and deemed suitable for
knowledge enquiry relevant to the research study. The strategy for data collection is categorised
in two different classifications, namely: qualitative and quantitative approaches. The following
Table 4.2 displays the differences between these strategies.
Table 4.2: Difference between quantitative and qualitative

Quantitative Qualitative

Numbers Words
Opinion of Opinion of participants researcher
Researcher distant Researcher near
Theory testing Theory emergent
Static Process
Structured Unstructured Generalisation
Contextual understanding
Hard, reliable data Rich, deep data
Macro Micro
Behaviour Meaning
Artificial settings Natural settings

In its place, Hunter and Kelly (2008) offered a meaningful classification among the strategies
and relevant methods as shown in figure 4.1.

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 Detached

Survey
Research
Case -based
Lab experiment reasoning

Positivist Constructivis
Grounded Theory
Field experiment
Case studies

Interviews

Action Research

Figure 4.1: Research strategy (Hunter and Kelly, 2008 p. 87)

The nature of this research recommends that the strategy to be implemented is the triangulation,
qualitative and quantitative strategies with more dominance for the qualitative strategy,
constructivist and post-positivist approaches. Nevertheless, the quantitative strategy is applicable
to certain sections of the study methodology to authenticate and confirm results as deemed
appropriate.
The study uses methodological triangulation as it also contains quantitative research. The
triangulation research is deemed appropriate due to the nature of the research goals. The research
begins with purely deductive qualitative approach. The literature review Chapter identified a
research gap. It then moved onto an explorative field work in a form of a case study and
semistructured interviews. These illustrate from the participants (Zambian petroleum sector
employees) the real problems in place. It fully relies on the deductive research logic because the
variables and issues identified are contextual, intangible and associated with the participant's
attitude, awareness, opinion and the organisation management and culture. After beginning as a
deductive study,
The triangulation approach has been widely complimented by research methods scholars as it
allows researchers to tackle the research question from various relevant angles and having more
than one investigative perspective. Many research studies owe their validity and existence to the
methodological triangulation approach. Triangulation is also well-regarded because it can offer
the best of the both worlds. In-depth, natural and contextualised understandings of qualitative
research linked with more efficient, specific and persuasive power of quantitative research the
author describes four types of triangulation;
• Methodological triangulation: this is the mixed method approach, which compromises
the use of both qualitative data and quantitative data.
• Triangulation of theories: using theories from one discipline to be applied to describe
phenomenon in another discipline.

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• Data triangulation: this is concerned with collecting data from multiple different sources
in different times.
• Researcher triangulation, which is concerned with different investigators researching the
same phenomena separately and comparing the findings.
In the context of this study, the research uses methodological triangulation. This approach uses
quantitative and qualitative approaches in the same study. Creswell, (1994) argues that there are
three models for joint triangulated designs which are:
• Two-phase design approach. The researcher conducts clearly separate approaches in two
distinct phases.
• Dominant-less dominant design approach. The researcher conducts the research using a
single dominant paradigm with one minor component of the research drawn from the paradigm.
• The mixed-methods design. This approach uses the highest mix of methods among
paradigms at various methodological steps of the design.
In this study, a multi paradigm is utilised with a mixed method of dominant and less dominant
design approach (ie qualitative and quantitative (less dominant). Maxwell (1994 p 21) states that
the main goal of qualitative research is to address practical issues. It is beneficial in: (1)
producing findings and theories, which are experientially reliable and comprehensible; (2)
providing in depth and detailed findings and analysis by investigating attitudes, feelings and
behaviour, therefore works well with complex data; and (3) appealing in collaborative research
with researchers or participants. Therefore, this research study, like numerous other exploration
studies, is implemented dominantly using the qualitative strategy with some use of quantitative
strategy. Easterby-Smith et al.,(2008) point out that embracing a qualitative methodology is
associated with applied research that aims to investigate a precise problem, which is the case of
this study.
Qualitative research scholars have suggested numerous data collection strategies to be utilised
and classified on the type of analysis they imply. The author provide various qualitative data
collection approaches which include: (1) action research, surveys, experiments, (6) ethnography,
grounded theory, and categorises them into: survey, history and (f) case study. The qualitative
methods are discussed further in the following sections.
Similarity, quantitative research strategies and methods according to Yin, (2009) and Yoshikawa,
et al ,. (2008) include: interviews, (3) observational research, (4) documentary research,
(5)experimentation. This approach pursues the factors of social phenomena with little
consideration of the individual subjective state. Consequently, the positivist approach improves
the objective logical reasoning in examining the research problem. The quantitative strategy used
is further detailed in the following sections.
4.5.1 Qualitative Strategy
The research ontological and epistemological assumptions were reviewed and it was concluded
that the main research approach for this study is the mixed method approach (methodological
triangulation) with higher dominance for the qualitative interpretivist approach. Thus, this
section discusses the considerations of qualitative strategy used for this study.
In simple terms, the central principle of this study is to investigate and explore sustainability
related issues, impacts and barriers in order to create a sustainability system to solve the issues
and enhance the sustainability performance. This idea has little support in the literature. For that,
the research project adapts a two-phase design approach, beginning with the qualitative

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approach. Qualitative research is defined as "any type of research that produces findings not
arrived at by statistical procedures or other means of quantification". The qualitative research
focuses on what "real life" is like as it concentrates on naturally happening, ordinary events in
natural setting. The qualitative methodology has its own merits and strengths and is not just an
opposing method to the quantitative strategy.
The key strength of the qualitative strategy is gained from its inductive reasoning approach as it
focuses on people or situations. The qualitative inductive approach is investigative and
explorative in nature concerning the attitudes and behaviours of the participants and the issues.
This study is a perfect example, which focuses on a specific problem within the petroleum
industry (ie environmental sustainability management). This viewpoint of this study is contrary
to the traditional methodologies regarding environmental sustainability management. The latter
is based on numerical and statistical procedures, maybe due to the assumption that all
environmental sustainability issues are the same and only quantifiable.
Research studies concerning these environmental sustainability are mostly quantitative, thus do
not allow policy makers and managers to understand their social reality. Invention is the
principal goal of qualitative research while understanding can be described with the results of
this type of research as highlighted by the point out that being qualitative is what distinguishes
explorative research. Hence, this is also very convenient for this study.
It is important to note that the focal point of this study is understanding the natural reality in the
context of environmental sustainability management. Thus, the experiences and the viewpoint of
participants (employees) are essential to the understanding of the issue wholly. Maxwell argues
the key objectives of the qualitative strategy are to understand the meaning and specific context
within which the participant acts and behaves. In addition, qualitative research helps understands
the process by which events and actions take place and aids the development of causal
explanations. Quantitative scholars focus more the relationship between two variables or factors
and to what extent each variable affects the other. On the other hand,
It is claimed by that qualitative research has fullness and holism with a good ability of exposing
complexity which offers "thick descriptions "that are put in a real context. This is very consistent
with this study in which an integrated sustainability management system developed to reduce the
environmental impacts and encourage organisations to adopt sustainability practices in Zambia,
also affects the sustainability picture more globally. As a result, qualitative research was deemed
suitable for adoption and its implementation is discussed below.
4.5.1.1 Implementing Qualitative Research
There are six key stages in conducting qualitative research as recommended by the researcher.
These stages are also supported by Strauss and Corbin (1998) and were referred to as a grounded
theory. Grounded theory is "theory that was derived from data, systematically gathered and
analysed through the research process".

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 (o . General Questio
n Research n
(2) . Selecting relevant site (s) and subject

(3) . Data collection

(fib). Collection of further
ve
(fou. Interpretation of Data
r)

(fiv. Conceptual and theoretical work

e) (fia). Tighter specification of the
ve
(6) Writing up findings / conclusions research question (s)

Figure 4.2: Qualitative research implementation

4.5.1.2 Limitations of Qualitative Research

There are numerous limitations of the qualitative strategy mainly put forward by opposing
positivists (quantitative researchers). A list of these criticisms are provided by Bryman and Bell,
too subjective, (2) hard to replicate, (3) lack of transparency, (4) difficult to generalise findings.
provided an overview of the limitations that are associated with the qualitative research
approach, as did. Strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research are highlighted in Table 4.3.

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