94

Calcuu
(2)

(ii)

(iii) (iv)

-2 2

(v)

4.3 LIMIT OF A FUNCTION:

We have studied about functions in last section. Limit of a functionis
an important concept in mathematics especially in calculus and analysis
It tells us about behaviour of function near a particular point. Suppose
we want to known behaviour of function f (x) given by f (x) = x2 + 1 near
1. If we consider values close to 1 i.e. 0.9, 1.9, 1.99, 1.999etc then we have
For x < 1
x 0.99 0.999 0.9999
0.9
1.998001 1.998001
1.81 1.9801
 Functionsand Graphs 95

For x > 1
x 1.1 1.02 1.05 1.005 1.006
2.21 2.0404 2.1025 2.010025 2.016064
Also graph of f is
8
6
4
2
x
.3 -2 -1
.2 1 2 3
.4
-6
.8
Fig. 4.1
From graph we see that as x gets close to 1 f, (x) approaches 2.
Informally,a function has a limit L at a point p if f (x) is close to L
wheneverx approaches p. In other words, f (x) becomecloser and closer
toL as x moves closer and closer to P. It is denoted by lim f (x) = L

Examples:
(1) If f is the identity function i.e. f (x) = x V x e R then for any k e R,
lim f (x) = k.

(2) If f is constant function i.e. f (x) = c V x e R where c e R is a

constant then lim f (x) = C.

(3)

x20
It is the unit step function, as x -9 (), f (x) has no limits as the graph of
f has jump at x = 0.
For x < Of (x) tends to O, for x > O f (x) tends to 1
This function has no single limit.
96

Fig. 4.2
Theorem 1:
Limits of plynomial can be found by substitution.
If p(x) = + + anxnthen
n
tim p (x) = p (a) = a,)+ ata + .... + an a .

lheorem 2: if theIjrrct
Limits of Rational function can be found by substitution,
polynomials
of the denominator is not zero i.e. If P (x) and Q (x) are
Q (u) Othen

Methods for Finding Limits:

(a) Cancelling common factor.
Example:

Here we substitute x = 1 as it will make denominator (L

However if we cancel comrnon factor

nrn lim lim (x

(b) Creating and canceling a common factor.

Example:
 97
and Graphs
functions
= 9 then enumerator and denominator
both
factor to cancel, but can create one by
me
i.e.
conjugation
(6-3) (TX+3)
x-

1 1 1 1
lim x-9 = lim = 3+3
TX+3
of limit:
Uniqueness
Whenwe discussed limit of sequence we proved it is unique.
we now show limit is unique.
Similarly
Theorem 3:
Letf be a real valued function defined on D R. Let p e D.
lim
If f(x)exists then it is unique x —Y
p.
Proof:
lim
(i) Supposepossible f(x) = m and
lim
f(x)= n. with m n

Bydefinition, V >03 > 0 such that

Ix—pl < 51• < ..(1)

Similarly3 > 0 such that

If(x) —n I < —
2 ...(2)
Let = min {61,
ö2)
. (1)and (2)hold
simultaneously for this
i.e. Ix—pl < 6 •
If(x) —ml < i and |(5(x) —n I <
Consider I m—nl
= m —f(x) + f(x) —n I
 tvsouv I m

fot limits ot' functions at a point.

EXERCISE

find

ANSWERS
vs
S DEFINITION OF UNUT:
Supp«e f is a real valued function and p, e R. We say that f (s)
approaches t. as x approachesp if for every e 0. 3 8 > O such that
IN—pl f
write it as lim f (x) = L

Note:
Value of limit does not depend on value of f (p).
 99
and Graphs
functions

Vx p)
x
o P+ö pp -6

Fig. 4.3
of limit using e 6
Examples
Illustration 3:
Prove lim (3x + 2) = 5

Solution:

Ix—pl < I f (x) —Ll <

Bydefinition, V e > 03 6 > 0 such that

Nowwe have to find 6 working backwards.

Soconsider If (x) —Ll < e

13x-31 < e
43
Hencewe can take b = e/ 3
Sothat0< Ix—ll < e/ 3

= 13x+2-51

<3e/3
 Cak%

5 .51
5-
4
3
2

o x
2
2 7

Fib 4.4
Illustration 4:
If f (x) = k constantfunction then lim f (x) = k.

Solution:
Let > O.To find 6 such thatO< I x—pl < If (x) —
Working backwards.
Consider If (x) —Ll

Any positive number for 6 can be used.

Illustration 5:
If f (x) = x i.e. identify function then lim f (k) = p.

Solution:
Let e > O.To find 6 such that0< |x —pl < 64 If (x) —Ll < e.
If (x) —Ll gives

6 = € will work here.

Illustration 6:
lim (x2 —5) = 11
 Graphs 101
Functionsand

Solution:
such that I x —41 < 6 > If (x) —Ll < e
For > 0 to find 6 > 0
11, f (x) =
Herep = 4, L =
ConsiderIf (x) —L I
- 11
= Ix2— 161

41 x —41< e/ I x +41
Choose 6 — I X +41

Ase :. 6>0
Illustration 7:
lim sin x = sin p.

Solution:
Toprove0< |x —pl < 64 If (x) —Ll < e
HereL = sin p, f (x) = sin x
ConsiderIf (x) —L
= Isin x —sin p I

2 cos • sin
2 2
= 2 cos sin
2 2

2 I cos 01 s 1

2 • sin 0 < 0 when 0 is very small

• Here
6
In above
exa
finddelta
algebraically for given. epsilons The procedure is as

—L I < e to get an open interval (a, b) around p on

for all x p
102 Calculus

Step 2: Find a value b > 0 that places the interval (p -- b, p + b)

centered at p in (a, b). Then the inequality If (x) L! < e will hold in this
interval
Example:
For the limit lim x, + 1 = 6 find b that works for e = 0.01

Solution:
To find b such that V x | x —51< | (x + 1) —61 < e
(a) Solve the inequality
I (x + 1) —61< e (= 0.01)
Ix-51 <0.01
—-0.01 < x-5 < 0.01 Ixl<a

—5—0.01 < x < 5 + 0.01

4.49 < x < 5.01
Open interval is (4.49,5.01)
So that the inequality holds for all x
(x 5)
(b) To find b > 0 such that

i.e. 4—6 < x k 4+6

To choose 6 such that
(4 - b, 4 + b) (4.49, 5.01)
Choose 6 = 0.01
(4 - 0.01, 4 + 0.01) = (3.39,
4.01)
c (4.49, 5.01)
<0.01
If (x)-Ll < 0.01
Illustration 8:

Solution:
Let e > OTo find ö such that
I x —AIS I < | f (x) —21< e
Consider I f (x) —21
 Graphs 103
Functionsand
-1
Illustration 9:
Find 6 given
lim e = 0.1

Solution:
To find 6 such that

(a) Solve the inequality

IV-a-Il <e

<O.I+I
< 1.1
40.81 <X+I < 1.21
1.21
—-0.19 0.21
open interval is (—0.19, 0.21)
(b) To find 6 > 0 such that
Ixl<6
i.e. —6 < x < 6
i.e. 6, 8) (-0.19, 0.21)
Choose 6 = 0.18
. (-0.18, 0.18)
Illustration 10:
1

Solution:
i.e. To find 6 such that
1 1
= 0.05

(a) Solve the inequality

104
Calculus
11 < 0.05

—0.05< ¯ -
11 <0.05
1
—0.05 < — < — + 0.05

0.25-0.05 < 0.25 + 0.05

0.2 < - <0.3

213
10 < 10
10 10

10

Interval is ,5
(b) To find 6 > Osuch that
1
Ix 41 5)

Choose ö = 3 (or even < 2)

11 13

1 1
(If we take = 4, 4 - ¯15 1
4 +7 — 4.25)
Hence we cannot choose 4)

4.5 ALGEBRAOF LIMITS

Theorem 4:
Let f, g be real valued functions and p e R. Suppose
lim f (x) = L
and lim g (x) = M. Then we have the following rules:

(1) Sum rule: lim [ f (x) + g (x)) = L + M.

 functionsand Graphs 105
(2) Difference rule: lim f (x) —g (x)) =

(3) Product rule: lim [f (x) . g (x)l = L.M

(4) Constant Multiple rule: lim (u f (x)) = 01. L where e R.

constant.

(5) Quotient rule: lim

(6) Powerrule: lim [f for m, n e Z provided Lm/ne R.

Proof:
lim lim
Given f(x) = L and g(x) = M
By definition for e > 0 361, >0
Such that I x —pl < öl If(x) —Ll < e
...(1)
and Ix—pl < 62 <e
Let = min 62)
both the result in (1) are true
Simultaneously for this ö and V e > 0 i.e. Ix —pI < ö
(i) Sum rule: To prove:
lim

Consider I (f(x) + g(x)) -- (L + M) I

<3+9=6
lim
Bydefinition
(ii) Difference rule: Similar to (i)
(iii) Product rule: To prove lim
Consider I f(x) g(x) —LM)
= If(x) g(x) Lg(X) + g(x) L- LM I
 106

lim
g(x) exists, g(x) is bounded.
. 3 m GIRsucht that I M Vx
as < lg(x) —Ml <
21Ll
and <e > < 2m
substituting we have
I f(x) g(x) —LM I < m+
2m 21Ll ILI=e

(iv) Constant multiple rule:

lim
To prove: (ccf(x))
Consider I a (f(x) ala I
= I ot (f(x) —L) I

as < e, V e > 0 < —— also

lctl

a f(x) = ala
(v) Quotient rule:
lim L
To prove:x p g(x) = M

Consider
M f(x) —Lg(x)
M.g(x)
M f(x) -ML + ML - Lg(x)
M.g(x)

M.g(x)
ILI
IMI lg(x) I
 and Graphs
Functions 107

g(x)
Asdiscussedin (iii) I m Vx.

AlsoIf(x) —Ll < | f(x) —Ll <

2

and Ig(x) —M < 21Ll

wehave goo - M < 2 +7

x-i p g(x) ¯ M
Illustration 11:
Find the limits:
x2 + 2x
lim

Solution:
Usingabove rules.
lim x2 + 2x lim x2+ 2 limx
lim x2+5 2 (rule 5 and 1)
5
lim + lim

12 +2 (1) 1 +2 3 1
12+5
(rule 2 and 6)

28-3

eorem 5:
Sandwich theorem: Also known as squeeze theorem it is used to find
limitof a
funct
areknown ion by comparison with two other functions whose limits
or can be easily computed. It is stated as follows:
Supposef, g, h
x in some are real valued functions such that f (x) S g (x) h (x)
open
supposealso interval containing p, except possibly at x = p itself.
lim lim h(x) = L then lim g(x) = L.
Proof:

Given: him him

ros
Calculi<

I.et e 3 St 0 that Vs

Also 3 S: 0 stRh that

S min {St,S:)
Ix- pl < S (l) and (2)ate simultaneously true.
lim
To prove: x p six) = L

Now for thisO< IN—pl < S

Consider (x) g(x) h(x)

but (1) fix) —< e

lim

Example:

Consider x: sin

Suppose we have to find lim x: sin— we know that— 1 S sin— I

——xasx:sin— S x:.
lim lim
By Smdwich theorem.

Illustration 12:
(1) lim (—x2+5x—2)
= - (2>2+5 (2) -2
 109
and Graphs
Functions
4 4

x2—25
= lim
(3) lim

1 1
= 5+5 = 10
u4-1
= lim

(5) lim

= lim
(Fi-2) (Fi+2)

= lim

+2=2+2-4
(6) If2-x2S g (x) S 2 cos x V x then find lim g (x)

Solution:
Usingsandwich theorem:
lim

lim 2 cos x = 2 lim cos x = 2 (cos 0) = 2

lim g (x) = 2.

(7) lim + cos x

Solution:
-1 S cos x S
1 Vx
 110
Calc
. 3x -1 3x + cos x S3x + 1
Divide by 2x —7 > 0 ( we consider x to be large)
3x—1 3x + cosx 3x + 1
2x-7
3x + cos x
lim 2x-7 S lim 28-7 lim 2x
-7
3x-1 - lim 3
but lim 2x-7 -e 2x-7
By squeeze theorem
3x + cosx 3
lim
X 00
2 sinx —5 x
(8) lim
X 00
Solution:
1 sinx 1 Vx
:. —2S 2 sinx S 2
—2 -- 5x 2 sinx 5x 2 —5x
Divide by 3x + 1
—2 —5x 2 sinx —5x 2— 5x
(as x 00,3x + 1 is positive)
3X+1
-2-5x = lim 2-5x -5
But lim 3x+1 3
X 00
By squeeze theorem
2 sinx 5x
lim

Limits of composite functions:

Theorem 6:
If lim f (x) = Land lim g (y) = g (L) then

lim (g of) (x) = g Clim f

Example:
lim sin (x

Let f (x) = x —x2

 Graphs 111
functionsand

g (x) = sin x
lim f (x) = 0

Also lim sin 0

lim sin (x —x2) = sin (lim x —x2)

= sin 0 = 0

EXERCISE 4.3
6 definition.
(1) Evaluatethe limits for the following functions using e
(a) f (x) = 3 + 2x at p = 3

at p = 2

at p = 5
at p = 1

1
(e) at p = 1
(2) Find ö algebraically.
(a) f (x) = *-5, L = 11,
1
(b) f (x) (m/2) + b, m > 0, p = i'

4, p = 23, e = 1
1
, - , 4, €=0.05
(3) Find limits of composite functions:
(a) lim cos (x2 + It)

(b) lim et2+2t+I

(c) lim sin (p —sin p).

ANSWERS 4.3
(b) 1/4, (c)di, (d) 4,
(2) (a)
0.12 (b)c/m (c) 39 (d) 2/3
112
Calculus
4.6 ONE SIDED LIMITS AND NON EXISTENCE OF
LIMIT:
In this section we are going to extend the concept of
limit to tw
types:
(1) One sided limit i.e. as the direction from which x approaches
which can be left hand and right hand side.
(2) Infinite limits for describing behaviour of functions whose
values
become arbitrarily large.
One-sided Limits:
In last section we saw limit of a function f (x) as x —sp.Nowxcan
approach p from two sides as shown below i.e. from left side.

p
x

Fig. 4.5
limit.
Or right side. In this case we say that f (x) has one-sided
Example:
x

(x) is 1 whereas
As x approaches O from right, limit of f
approaches 0 from left, limit is 1.

approaches L asx
(1) Right hand Limit: we say that f (x)
such that
from right hand side if V e > 0 3 6 > 0
O< (x—p) < 6 — If (x) —Ll < €
Ix-pl
{ only one side is considered hence p

It is denoted by lim (x) = L. roaches

app
L as x
approaches
(2) Left hand Limit: We say that f (x) that
> 0 such
from left hand side if V € > 0, 3 6

(p—x) < 6 4 If (x) —Ll < e

{Here Ix—pl
It is denoted by lim f (x) = L
 functionsand Graphs
113
Wenow have following theorem which gives relation between
one
sidedand two-sided limit.
Theorem 7:
A function f (x) has a limit as x —+p iff it has left hand and right-hand
limitsand these one-sided limits are equal.
i.e. lim f (x) = L iff lim f (x) = L and lim f (x) = L

Note:
If both left-hand and right-hand limit exist but are not equal to L then
lim f (x) does not exist.

Illustration 13:
1 —x2 1
2
Solution:
lim
lim f (x) = x +1 f (x) = 2

lim
lim f (x) = 2

lim f (x) = lim f (x)

lim f (x) = 2
x -91
Illustration 14:

Solution:

=2
lim f (x) = x +2 f

lim
lim

lim
lim f (x) =

Jim f (x) does not exist.