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622 Lecture 3 Two Integrator Active RC Filters and Mason PDF
622 Lecture 3 Two Integrator Active RC Filters and Mason PDF
622 Lecture 3 Two Integrator Active RC Filters and Mason PDF
o 2
KQ
1 o1
o
Family 1a
o 2
o1
1
s KQ
2
o 2
KQ
1 o1
o 2
1 o
s KQ
Family 1b
KQ o1 o 2
D(s) 1
s s2
s 2D (s) s 2 K Q s o1 o2 ; S BW
K Q 1
2
All loops must be negative. 0
S 1 3
o1
Topology using two lossy integrators
o 2
K Q1 KQ2
1 o1
1
s 1
s
o 2
o1
1 1
s K Q1 s KQ2
s2D(s) s2 (K Q1 K Q2 )s (o1 o 2 K Q1 K Q2 )
o
o2 o1 o 2 K Q1 K Q2 BW K Q1 K Q 2
Q
K Q1 K Q1 1
KQ 1
SBW KQ
; SBW
1 BW 1 K Q1 K Q 2 KQ2
1
K Q1
o2 o1 1
S o 2
o1 o1 o 2 K Q1 K Q 2 K Q1 K Q 2
1
o1 o 2
5
Self-Loop two integrator loop
o1 o 2 o2 (K Q2 BW )K Q2
o 2
1 o1
1
s
1
s K Qo1
s
Family 3 Self-Loop
ZQ
ZC1
ZK Vo 2
o Vo 3
Vo1 Zo 2
Z1'
Z1
An example.
Modify all the impedances connected
Vo1 k Vo1
to the output under consideration.
1
ZC1 k ZC1 k C1 C1 / k
SC1 SC1 / k
Note that the voltages V02 and V03 were not modified
7
VOLTAGE SWING SCALING
A good filter design approach requires to have a proper voltage swing
at a frequency range for all internal and output nodes of the filter.
C1 C2
RK R1'
Vo 3
o o
Vi Vo1 Vo 2 R o
2
1
R o1 C1 1
1 1
R QC2
R K C1 1 R o 2 C2
o 1
s o o 1
s o
Vin Vo1 Vo 2 Vo 3
1 1 R
s 2D(s) s 2 s 1'
R QC2 R o1 R o 2 C1C2 R1
1 1 2 1 1
1 s s
Vo1 R K C1s R Q C 2s R k C1 R Q C 2
H1 (s)
Vin D(s) 1 1
s2 s
R Q C 2 R o1 R o 2 C1C 2 8
Vo 2
H 2 (s) H1(s)
Vin
1
Vo3 R K C1R o 2 C2
H3 (s)
Vin S2 S 1
R QC2 R o1 R o 2 C1C2
H3 ( jo ) K
1
R K C1R o 2 C2 RQ Q
H3 ( jo ) K 2
o R K C1R o 2 o o R K C1R o 2 C2
R QC2
Q
K
0R K C1
1 1
o
R o1 C1 R oC2
RQ 1 R1
Thus RK ; o2
KC1R o 2 o R o1 R o 2 C1C2 R1' 9
1 1 R QC2
1
j j
R K C1 R QC2 R K C1 R QC2
o o
H1 ( jo )
o jo
j
R QC2
2
R QC2 2 1 RQ 1
H1 ( jo ) 0 1
R K C1o R QC2 R K C1 Q2
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
3
o 1 Q K2
4
10
THEN
1 1 1 1
o ; o 1
R QC2 Q 3 R o1 C1 R o C2
4
C1 C2 1
5
R K 2.5 R o1 R o 2 1
2
RQ 5
5 1 1
H1( jo ) 1 10
2.5 1 25
TO VERIFY
2
H3 ( jo ) 10
1
5
11
We want to make
Hi ( jo ) H3 ( jo )
1
Vo1 Vo1
5
C1 5C1
1 1 R
& R11 & 1 R '
SC1 SC15 5 R1 1
'
5
Before scaling
1 Vo3
Vo1 Vi ( ) ; Vo 2 Vo1
SR K C1 SR o1 C1
After
1 1 Vo3 1
Vo1 Vi ( ) ( ) ; Vo 2 Vo1 .
SR K C1 5 SR o1 C1 5
K
X ( s)
Vo ( s ) s
(2)
Vi ( s ) o 1 o2
1 X ( s)
Q s s
13
Both numerator and denominator by X(s)/s2. Thus (2) can be split into
o X ( s) X ( s)
X ( s ) Vi ( s ) o2 2
(3a)
Q s s
X ( s)
Vo ( s ) K (3b)
s
14
Remember that each integrator has its time-constant . We
can associate more than one time-constant with each integrator.
o
o / Q
K
o X(s) o
S
Vi V02 (s)
I
K1 2
Vo(s)
15
This two-integrator biquad consists of
16
Second-Order Filter Structures
-K V2 V3
1/s 1/s
V1 V4
o
I1 I2
-o/Q
-o
V4 K o
H ( s)
V1 s 2 o s 2
o
Q
17
Zero implementation by addition of outputs technique
Vo
1 z Z
Qz
-K o
S
1 1
V1
V2 s s
-o/Q
-o
Vo ( s 2 (z / Q) s z o ) K
H ( s)
V1 s 2 (o / Q) s o2 18
Feed-Forward Zeros Implementation
z
K
Qz
KZ o
Vi S 1/s S 1/s S Vo
I1 I2
o/Qo o
Vo s 2 ( z / Qz ) s z 0
H ( s) K 2 Why H(s) is not correct?
V1 s (o / Qo ) s o2
19
Tow-Thomas Biquad
K o1
KQ
V1 K LP K K o2 Vo 2
o 1/ s
Vo1
1/ s o
K BPP
(s K Q )( K o2 K BPP K BPN ) K LP K o2
H 2 ( s)
s 2 K Q s KK o1K o 2
20
Feedforward Tow-Thomas (TT) Biquad Circuit
R1 R3
C1 R8
2 3
C2
R4 6
R7 4
A1 11 R2 5
+ A
+2 A3
+
R6
1
R5
V1
Observe that the regular TT Biquad does not implement a
highpass output
21
Description of the Parameters for the Tow-Thomas Filter
General Transfer Function 1 1 R6 R6 1
s 2
R
Ts 8 R 1C9 R 4 C9 R 7 R 7 R 3R 5C9 C10
R6 1 R8 1
s 2 s
R 1C9 R 7 R 3R 2 C9C10
where
R8 R6
2p , 2z
R 7 R 2 R 3C9 C10 R 3R 5 R 7 C9 C10
R 8C9 R 6 C9 1 R6
Q p R1 , Qz
R 2 R 3R 7 C10 R 3R 5 R 7 C10 1
R R 4 7
R
and
R8 R 4R 7
H HP , for R1 , R5
R6 R6
R 1R 8
H BP , for R5, R6
R 4R 7
R2
H LP , for R4, R6
R5
For the bandstop (notch)
R8 R 4R 7 R R
H notch , for R1 , R5 6 2
R6 R6 R8
22
Design Equations for the Tow-Thomas Filter
Let
R3 R
R 2 a 2R 3
R7 R8 R'
C1 C 2 C
1 1 R6
p ,
aRC C R 5 RR '
R1 R6 1 R
Qp , Qz 6 '
aR R 5 RR ' R1 R 4 R
R' R 4R '
H HP , for R1 R 4 H HP , R 5
R6 R6
R1
H HP , for R5,R6
R4
a 2R
H LP , for R4,R6
R5
R' R 4R ' a 2 RR 6
H notch , for R1 , R5
R6 R6 R'
23
PSPICE Input file of Tow Thomas Filter
24
Tow - Thomas Biquad
** Description of the passive components
r1 2 3 1596698
r2 11 5 100000
r3 6 2 100000
r4 2 1 1596698
r7 3 4 100000
r8 4 11 100000
c1 2 3 9.7491D-11
c2 5 6 9.7491D-11
* Description of Op Amps
E1 3 0 0 2 2D5
E2 11 0 0 4 2D5
E3 6 0 0 5 2D5
*
VIN 1 0 AC 1
*
.AC LIN 100 6000 20000
.PLOT AC VDB(11) VP(11)
.PROBE
.END
25
RX R03
R3 RQ C2
C1
R01
Vi
R2 R02
-+ -+ -+ VLP
Vi +- +- +-
VLP
R2 R02
R3 C1
RQ
C2
R03
RX
26
Kerwin-Huelsman-Newcomb Biquad Circuit
R6
C7
2 3
C8
R5 6
R1 4
12 A1 11 R2 5
V1 + V2 A2
1 + A3
R3 R4 V3 + V4
R9
27
Simple Design Equations for the KHN Filter
Let
2
R4 R5 b R6 R
R1 R2 R '
C7 C8 C
1
p
bR ' C
1 R / R3 R / R9
Qp
1 1/ b2 b
1 1/ b2
| H HP |
1 R3 / R R 3 / R9
| H BP | R ,
R3
| H LP | R
R5 ,
28
KHN Biquad Design Procedure
1. Assume that wp, Qp, and H=K are the design specifications.
* A rule of thumb for choosing R’ and R is to make them proportional to 10fp , when
Qp > 10, or else make R’ and R proportional to fp. Then C should be made
proportional to 1/R’ p .
29
For the BP case:
R
R3
H BP
R
R9
bQ p 1 1 / b 2 1 H BP
For the LP case:
R3 Q bR
Hp LP
bR
R9
1 b2 Q p b Q p H LP
30
Example Design a bandpass modified KHN filter having a gain
of HBP =3, QP = 20, and o = 2p x 103r/s.
Procedure
1. Let us choose R=10 kW, C=0/01 mF, and R’=11.254 kW; that is
R1= R2 = 11.254kW and R4 = R5 = 10kW.
b 1 1.414207
R C p
'
31
3. The expression for R6 R; then R6 5kW
b2
and
R
R9
1 H
bQ p 1 1 / b 2
BP
260 W
K1s 2 K 2s K 3
H(s)
s
s 2 o 2p
Q
Particular conventional cases are:
Lowpass i.e., K1 K 2 0
Bandpass i.e., K1 K 3 0
Highpass i.e., K 2 K3 0
(Notch) Band-Elimination i.e., K2 0
o
Allpass i.e., K1 1, K 2 and K 3 o2
Q
One interesting case used for amplitude equalization is the “equalizer” sometimes referred
to as Bump (DIP) Equalizer. In this case, K1 1 K 3 o2 and K 2 k o .
Q
Specific structures have different properties. Some structures have enough degrees of
freedom to allow them to change independentlyo , Q (or BW) and a particular gain H ( p )
wherep is a particular frequency, i.e., p 0, o , for the LP, BP and HP cases.
Furthermore, some structures have the property to have constant Q or BW while varying
f o. We will illustrate later, by examples, some of the structures with such properties.
Properties of Second-Order Systems in the time domain
o
s2 s o2 (s ) 2 2 s 2 2s o2
Q
1
where o , o 1
2Q 4Q 2
N(s)
sin t M() sin[ t ()]
t
s 2 s o o2
Q
M() o
BW
M max Q
M max
Q 10 N ( j )
N ( s)
2
M( )
s s o 2
2 2
Q
o
s ( o2 2 ) 2 o
j Q
o
Only two measurements are necessary to fix the position of the complex poles. The
measurement of the frequency of peaking determines the magnitude of the poles,o ,
and the measurement of the 3-dB bandwidth determineso / Q.
Second-Order Low-Pass Networks
H
T(s)
s 2 s o o2
Q
Since H is merely a magnitude scale factor, let H o2 .
o2 1
T(s)
o 2
s s
2
o s 1
2 s
Q Q 1
o o
8
Q 10
H1( w )
H2( w )
6
MagnitudeH3( w )
H4( w ) 5
H5( w )
4
H6( w )
H7( w )
3
2
2
1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
o
w
0
1 o
0.5
2
3
arg( H1( w ) ) 1
5
arg( H2( w ) )
p
arg( H3( w ) ) 1.5
Phase
arg( H4( w ) ) 2
arg( H5( w ) )
2
arg( H6( w ) )
Magnitude and phase of
arg( H7( w ) )
o2
2.5
p s 2 s o o2
3
3.5
Q
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
w
The Second-Order Band-Pass Function
The second-order band-pass function has one zero at the origin and another
at infinity: T(s)
Hs
o
s2 s o2
Q
To normalize the peak value of the magnitude function to unity, let H (o / Q) :
o 1 s
s
Q Q o
T(s)
2
j.
w
s 2 s o o2 s s 1
Q 1
Q
H7( w ) Q
o o
w
j.
2
w 1
Q
Q 0.5
1
2
Q 10 o
M 1.5
1
a
0.8
2
1 P 1
3
g
H1( w ) arg( H1( w ) )
h Q 0.5 5
H2( w ) arg( H2( w ) )
n
H3( w )
0.6
2
arg( H3( w ) )
0.5
Magnitude
i
H4( w )
a
arg( H4( w ) ) 0
t
H5( w )
H6( w )
0.4 3 s
arg( H5( w ) )
2p
1 Im N
and t 2
t1 Constant BW
Im Im
Re
j Constant Q
o
o Re Re
2Q
Im
Constant o
o
Re
POLE-ZERO LOCI
In practical implementations besides the general specifications
(o , Q, H(p ) ) other particular specifications are imposed which
are application dependent. Among them are silicon area, dynamic
range, power supply rejection ratio, power consumption, tolerance,
accuracy, and sensitivity. This last parameter is often used as a
figure of merit. i.e.,
p x
p
Sx
x p
The above definition is usually referred as normalized sensitivity (1)
due to the (x/p) factor. x and p are the variable of the network
(i.e. R, C, ) and the variable under consideration g m
(i.e., o , Q, H(p ) )
The General Input-Output Gain Mason Formula
We can reduce complicated block diagrams to canonical form, from which the control ratio is easily written:
Vout G
Vin 1 GH
It is possible to simplify signal flow graphs in a manner similar to that of block diagram reduction. But it is also possible,
and much less time-consuming, to write down the input-output relationship by inspection from the original signal flow graph.
This can be accomplished using the formula presented below. This formula can also be applied directly to block diagrams,
but the signal flow graph representation is easier to read - especially when the block diagram is very complicated.
Signal Flow Graphs
Let us denote the ratio of the input variable to the output variable by T. For linear feedback control systems, T=Vout/Vin.
For the general signal flow graph presented in preceding paragraphs Vout is the output and Vin is the input.
The general formula for and signal flow graph is
Pi i
T i
where Pi = the ith forward path gain
Pjk =
jth possible product of k non-touching loop gains
1 (1) k 1 Pjk
k j
1 Pj1 Pj2 Pj3
j j j
= 1 - (sum of all loop gains) + (sum of all gain-products of 2 non-touching loops) - (sum of all gain-
products of 3 non-touching loops + …
i = evaluated with all loops touching Pieliminated.
Two loops, paths, or a loop and a path are said to be non-touching if they have no nodes in common.
is called the signal flow graph determinant or characteristic function, since is0the system characteristic
equation.
Examples
Let us determine the control ratio Vout/Vin and the canonical block diagram of the feedback
control system shown below:
G3
Vin
Vout
G1 G4 G2
H1
H2
G3
H1
H2
1 / R1 1 / sC1 1/ R 2 1 / sC2 1
V1 I1 V2 I2 V3 V3
ECEN 622 (ESS)
Example of use of Mason Rule in a 3rd Orders State-Variable (observable) Filter
Vi
bo b1 b2 b3
-a2
-a1
-ao
bo b1 b2
2 b3
3 b3s3 b2s2 b1s bo
H1 s s s s 3
a 2 a1 a o
1 2 3 s a 2 s 2
a1s a o
s s s
51
Vi
bo b1 b2 b3
B1 B2
S 1/s S 1/s S 1/s S Vo
-a2
-a1
-ao
C/b3
Rb3
Rb1
C C C
Rbo
Vin RB1
RB2
Vo
Ra2
Ra1
Rao -1
53