Definition of the Arts - Transportation must function with reasonable ease As the realization in external form of a true idea,
ealization in external form of a true idea, and is traced
“Art is not what you see, but what you make others see”
Edgar De gas
“Art is your emotions flowing in a river of your imagination.”
Devin
“Art is the heart of our souls” Franz Limuel Garcia
Characteristics of Art
It includes shapes, lines, values, color, space, size,
smell, texture and etc.
Functions of Art
Emotions, moods and feelings are also communicated
through arts.
Subject of Arts
It refers to any person, object, scene, or events
represented in a work of art.
Functions of the Art
Physical Functions
Art that has a physical function usually relates to items that can
be used for a practical purpose because of their physical
structure, despite their artistic appeal.
1. Form and function
- The function of an object is generally determined in
the basic form that it takes.
2. Architecture
- The design of the building is determined primarily by
its operational function.
- The design of the building takes is also adapted to
the climate of the region.
3. Community Planning
- It involves the efficient organization of buildings,
roads, and spaces so that they meet the physical
and aesthetic needs of the community.
Community planning takes into consideration the
assignment of areas for proper land use. These are:
1. Residential District
- Special areas are assigned for residential purposes.
2. Industrial and Commercial areas
- These are located usually near the source of raw
materials.
3. Civic Centers
- It is a municipal building or building complex, often
publicly financed, with space for conventions, sports
events, and theatrical entertainment.
4. Parks, Plaza and Mall
- The needs for a balance between man-made
structures and natural areas, is answered in the
design of plazas and malls.
5. Streets and Roads
and rapidity from one area to another.
What ARTS fulfill?
• According to Frank, (2013) Artist use art to express their
inner feelings which could be termed as an attempt to
achieve their personal goal. But art work also has a
public utility which is categorized into six functions which
provides arts a social and cultural perspective.
What are the Six functions that arts fulfills?
• Delight
• Commentary
• Worship
• Commemoration
• Persuasion
• Self-expression
Delight
Art is a source of pleasure for masses.
Commentary
Art has been used as a form of communication and
information sharing.
Worship
Artist may use their creativity in arts to enhance the
learning and teachings of different religions.
Commemoration
Art may also be used to serve historical purposes.
Persuasion
Art may be used to influence the opinion, likes and
dislikes of people.
Self-expression
Work of art in the form of self-expression of the inner
feelings of an artist.
Philosophical of the Arts
PLATO
Art imitates reality, by focusing on mere appearances; art
distracts us from the truth and appeals to socially destructive
emotions. It provides no real knowledge and undermines
personal and social well-being.
The work of the artisan is to copy or imitate the idea, eternal,
immutable, for one thing. The artist proceeds by imitation but also
what copy is the sensible thing is to say an already imperfect
reproduction of the idea. Instead of approaching the truth, it
increases the distance that separates her.
ARISTOTLE
back to that natural love of imitation which characterizes humans,
and to the pleasure which we feel in recognizing likeness.
Art does not imitate particular rather it identifies universal idea
and values.
OTHER VIEW OF ART
Romanticism: Art expresses or evoke feelings: it embodies the
creativity of reality by expressing emotions.
1. Plato
Art is an imitation for Plato, the work of the artisan is to copy or
imitate the idea, eternal, immutable, for one thing.
The artist proceeds by imitation but also what copy is the sensible
thing is to say an already imperfect reproduction of the Idea.
Instead of approaching the truth, it increases the distance that
separates her.
2. Immanuel Kant
The Judgement of Taste: Kant, is the art of reflective judgment
opposing the ruling factor.
The latter is used in scientific discourse and is to apply concepts
(universal) prior to singular objects.
Reflective Judgement (eg, “How beautiful”) may instead assume
universality. The beautiful is disinterested (the utility and fun do
not take part) it pleases universally without a concept (universal
subjective) well, it’s a finality without end (it shows in order, a
plan, but does nothing beyond itself)
3. George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
The Science of Art: Hegel criticizes Kant for having retained a
subjective point of view on art.
But a science of art is possible in that art is a production of the
spirit (Geist), it is not unlike the individual consciousness.
The science of art is historical, because the idea of art unfolds
itself in history until the modern era that marks the end of art.
4. Eugene Delacroix and Charles Baudelaire
The powers of the
imagination: Delacroix and Baudelaire asserts the primacy of the
imagination (constructive) in art.
The primary subject of art is not nature but the artist himself, the
depths of his soul, emotions, etc.
5. Friedrich Nietzsche
The artist as a work of art: For Nietzsche, the aesthetic
categories are metaphysical categories.
The figure of Dionysus, which is essential to tragedy, is what is
terrifying to disproportionate in nature.
Nature, only an artistic vision can support and embellish, is the
power of metamorphosis, becoming, creation and destruction.
The artist, one man (or superman) is the one that truly manages
to order the chaos of impulses that inhabit it. Aesthetics is an
“Applied Physiology”.
6. Walter Benjamin
Art and technology: The question of the future of art in an age
where technology acquires a dominant position is essential.
Benjamin shows as well as the reproducibility of art
(photography, for example), they tend to lose their aura, their
sacred nature.
7. Martin Heidegger
The work of art and the tool: For Heidegger the traditional
conception of the natural thing, the tool and the work of art as
composed of matter and form comes from human activity in
manufacturing which a material is worked to fit a function, and
thus becomes a tool.
But daily use tools mask their being, their truth because the tool
is effective only in strict as it is forgotten. The work of art is what
reveals the being of the tool, membership in a human world and
a primitive nature (the Earth).
The Subject of the Art
WHAT IS A SUBJECT
To a majority of people, the appeal of most works of art lies in the
representation of familiar objects.
Their enjoyment of painting, sculpture and literature comes not
from their perception of
the meaning but from the satisfaction they get out of recognizing
the subject or understanding the narrative content
The subject of art refers to any person, object,scene or event
described or represented in a work of art. Representational or
Objective
What is a Subject?
Arts that have subject (eg Painting, Sculpture, Graphic Arts,
Literature and Theatre Arts)
Non-Representational or Non-Objective
Arts that do not have subject.
Music, Architecture and many of the Functional Arts – Program
Music – musical compositions which have subject
They do not present descriptions, stories, or references
What is a Subject?
to identifiable objects or symbols. Rather they, appeal directly to
the senses primarily because of the satisfying organization of
their sensuous and expressive elements.
Many contemporary painters have turned
away from representational to non-objective painting. They have
shifted their attention to the work of art as an object in itself, an
exciting combination of shapes and colors that
fulfills an aesthetic need without having to represent images or
tell a story.
Many modern paintings are like this making them more difficult
to comprehend.
Ways of Representing Subject
1.Realism
○ The accurate, detailed, unembelished depiction of
nature or contemporary life.
Types of Realism
Social Realism - socio-political conditions.
Magic Realism - adding magical elements of the image.
Hyper Realis m - righ resolution photograph
2.Abstraction/ism
○ The artist selects and renders the objects with their
shapes, colors and positions altered.
Abstractionism Style
-Cubism
-Neo-Plasticism
-Abstrac-Expressionism
3.Distortion
○ It could also mean twisting, stretching or deforming the
natural shape of the object.
Distortion Techniques
Reversal - reflections and mirror image.
Displacement - relocating and transposing object.
Fragmentation - cutting pieces of images.
Exaggeration - enlarging some parts of the image.
Repeti tion - repeating an art element.
4.Surrealism
○ Dreamlike scenes that show an irrational arrangement
of objects.
The Artist and his Choice of Subject
• Practically everything under the sun is raw material for the artist
to draw his subject from.
• Most, if not all, of the visual arts are representations of what
artist thought and felt about the world they lived in. Or they are
representations of things and the artists imagined or dream
about.
• Whatever subjects an artist chooses, his choice involves some
personal statement.
• Things that affect an artist choice of subject.
 Medium
 Time in which he lives and or the patronage he gets.
 Developments in Science and Technology
• The value of a work of art does not depend on the artist’s choice
of subject. It does not mean that the more profound the subject,
the greater the work of art. Rather, the worth of any
representational work of art depends upon the way the subject
has been presented.
• How a work of art is to be appreciated and assessed, it has
been agreed has more to do with the way in which its subject or
theme is presented than with what is presented.
Kinds of Subject
Landscapes, Seascapes and Cityscapes
Artists have always been fascinated with their physical
environment.
- Fernando Amorsolo, is well known for
having romanticized Philippine landscapes.
Philippine landscapes.
Modern painters seem to be attracted to scenes in cities. Vicente
Manansala, Arturo Luz and Mauro Malang Santos are some who
have done Cityscapes
Barung-Barong by: Vicente Manansala
Still Life
These are groups of inanimate objects arranged in an indoor
setting (flower and fruit arrangements, dishes food, pots and
pans, musical instruments and music sheets).
Today, focus is on the exciting arrangement and combinations of
the object’s shapes and colors.
Animals
They have been represented by artists from almost every age
and place. In fact, the earliest known paintings are
representations of animals on the walls of caves.
The carabao has been a favorite subject of Filipino artists.
The Maranaws have an animal form of sarimanokas their
proudest prestige symbol.
Animals have been used as symbols in conventional religious art.
The dove stands for the Holy Spirit in representations of the
Trinity
The fish and lamb are symbols of Christ
The phoenix is the symbol of Resurrection
The peacock is the symbol of Immortality through Christ
Portraits
People have always been intrigued by the human face as an
index of the owner’s character. As an instrument of expression,
it is capable of showing a variety of moods and feelings. a variety
of moods and feelings.
It is a realistic likeness of a person in sculpture, painting, drawing
or print but it need to be a photographic likeness. A great portrait
is a product of a selective process, the artist highlighting certain
features and de-emphasizing others.
Figures
The sculptor’s chief subject has traditionally been the human
body, nude or clothed. The body’s form, structure and flexibility
offer the artist a big challenge to depict it in a variety of ways,
ranging from the idealistic as in the a variety of ways, ranging
from the idealistic as in the classical Greek sculptures to the most
abstract. –The grace and ideal proportions of the human form
were captured in religious sculpture by the ancient Greeks.
Everyday Life
Artists have always shown a deep concern about life around
them
Genre Paintings –representations of rice threshers, cockfighters,
candle vendors, street musicians and children at play.
History and Legend
History consists of verifiable facts, legends of unverifiable ones,
although many of them are often accepted as true because
tradition has held them so far. Insofar as ancient past is
concerned, it is difficult to tell how much of what we know now is
history and how much is legend–While many works may not be
consciously done historical records, certain information about
history can be pieced from them.
Religion and Mythology
Art has always been a handmaiden of Religion. Most of the
world’s religions have used the arts to aid in worship, to instruct,
to inspire feelings of devotion and to impress and convert
nonbelievers. devotion and to impress and convert nonbelievers.
Dreams and Fantasies
Dreams are usually vague and illogical. Artists especially the
surrealists have tried to depict dreams as well as the grotesque
terrors and apprehensions that lurk in the depths of the
subconscious.
A dream may be lifelike situation.
No limits can be imposed on an artist’s imagination.
SOURCES OF SUBJECT
NATURE
Nature as landscape has been the common subject of the art
after the animals and people and their activities. It has been
the most common inspiration and subject matter of the art.
For as long as there has been art, artists have been enthused
by nature. Apart from providing endless inspiration, many of the
mediums that artists use to create their masterpieces such as
wood, charcoal, clay, graphite, and water are all products from
nature.
Oscar-Claude Monet (1840-1926)
is a famous French painter and one of the founders of the
Impressionism movement along with his friends Renoir, Sisley
and Bazille.
Monet rejected the traditional approach to landscape painting
and instead of copying old masters he had been learning from
his friends and the nature itself. Monet observed variations of
color and light caused by the daily or seasonal changes.
Claude Monet was born on November 14, 1840 on the fifth floor
of 45 rue Laffitte,in the ninth arrondissement of Paris. He was
the second son Claude Adolphe Monet and Louise-Justine
Aubree. On the first of April 1851, Monet entered the Le Havre
secondary school of the arts. He became known locally for this
charcoal caricatures, which he would sell for ten to twenty
francs. Monet also undertook his first drawing lessons from
Jacques-Francois Ochard, a former student of Jacques-Louis
David. On the beaches of Normandy in about 1856/1857 he
meet fellow artist Eugéne Boudin who became his mentor and
taught him to use oil paints. Boudin taught Monet "en plein air"
(outdoor) techniques for painting.
Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto
was one of the most important artists in the history of painting in
the Philippines. Amorsolo was a portraitist and painter of rural
Philippine landscapes. He is popularly known for his
craftsmanship and mastery in the use of light.
He is the Philippines' first National Artist in Painting (1972), the
so-called "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art”, HISTORY.
All kind of arts are conditioned by historical period in which it is
created
Rulers like to have themselves and the great deeds of their time
perpetuated consequently, statues and paintings of the great
are found in each civilization.
His famous works are Afternoon meal of the rice workers, 1951,
oil on canvas. Won first prize at the New York World's Fair, and
planting arts
HISTORY
The history of art is often told as a chronology
of masterpieces created during each civilization. It can thus be
framed as a story of high culture, epitomized by the Wonders of
the World. On the other hand, vernacular art expressions can
also be integrated into art historical narratives, referred to
as folk arts or craft. The more closely that an art historian
engages with these latter forms of low culture, the more likely it
is that they will identify their work as examining visual
culture or material culture, or as contributing to fields related to
art history, such as anthropology or archaeology. In the latter
cases art objects may be referred to as archeological artifacts.
Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze
was a German American history painter best known for his
painting Washington Crossing the Delaware. He is associated
with the Düsseldorf school of painting. The painting is about the
commemorates General George Washington during his
famous crossing of the Delaware River with the Continental
Army on the night of December 25–26, 1776, during
the American Revolutionary War. That action was the first move
in a surprise attack against the German Hessian allied
mercenary forces at Trenton, New Jersey, in the Battle of
Trenton on the morning of December 26.
Carlos V. Francisco, also known as Botong Francisco
is muralist. Which means they paint directly on wall. He was
born on November 4, 1912 at Angono Rizal, Philippines. He is
known for his works such as The Blood Compact, First Mass at
Limasawa, Rizal’s Martyrdom and Bonifacio mural.
GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY
It is one of the most important sources of the art
Arts from Greek and roman mythology are well known that they
count as a definite part of oyr inheritance.
During the Renaissance period, poets, painters and sculptors
drew largely from Greek and Roman sources of subjects.
Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino or Raphael
was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance.
Raphael has done several paintings which focus on women.
Triumph of Galatea is one that demonstrates this High
Renaissance painter's immense skill.
This fresco was designed to be placed in Rome's Villa
Farnesina. Agostino Chigi owned Villa Farnesina and was one
of the richest people of that time.
Raphael's Triumph of Galatea is based on Greek mythology.
Galatea was part of a love triangle of sorts. She had fallen in
love with a shepherd by the name of Acis. This made
Polyphemus jealous and he used a huge pillar to kill his rival.
This fresco is part of a series but the entire series was never
finished.
JUDEO-CHRISTIAN TRADITION
is a concept that has played a shifting role in the construction of
American religious identity since the eve of World War II.
Originally invented to designate connections between Judaism
and Christianity in antiquity, “Judeo-Christian” began to be used
to signify the common religious inheritance of the West by left-
wing authors in the 1920’s a time when “Christian” had become
a political code word for fascism and anti-Semitism.
Sacred Oriental Texts
Some sacred texts form the cornerstone of a religion, instilling
law, character and spirituality in its people; some are narratives
of historical figures in the faith.
A text might be viewed as the unchanging “Word of God;” other
texts are revised and expanded by later generations.
Christian Sacred Texts
The Bible- Christianity combines the Jewish Old Testament with
the New Testament to form the Christian Bible, which followers
refer to as the Holy Scriptures. There are many noncanonical
texts in the Christian religion as well. Protestants believe in the
preeminence of the Holy Scriptures, as the Reformation was a
return to the early days of Christianity prior to the policies and
creeds developed by the Catholic Church hierarchy.
Hinduism Sacred Texts
The Vedas, or “Books of Knowledge,”- are the foremost sacred
texts in Hinduism. These books, written from around 1200 BCE
to 100 CE, began with four Vedas, or mantras: Rig Veda, Sama
Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda. These expanded over
time to include Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads.
Islam Sacred Texts
The Quran- is considered the word of God, and as a result,
many people feel that the only way to experience the text in its
full form is to read it in the original Arabic. Of course, if this isn’t
a viable option, there are plenty of interpretations available in
other languages.
The Quran and the Hadith are the two major texts of Islam. The
Hadith, of lesser importance than the Quran, means “narrative”
or “report,” and collects the sayings and deeds of Muhammad
and his followers.
Judaism Sacred Texts
Tanach- Judaism is the oldest of the Abrahamic religions, and
its primary sacred text is the Tanach, or the Jewish Bible, which
is composed of the Pentateuch (Torah), the Prophets (Nevi'im)
and the Writings (Ketuvim). Tanach is an acronym for these
three books.
Buddhist Sacred Texts:
The Sutras- here are also several noncanonical Buddhist texts
that provide supplementary teachings, rules of conduct and
commentary on transitional states after death. They believe in
the 8-fold path and 4 nobles’ truth.
WORKS OF ARTS
1. Mona Lisa – Leonardo da Vinci- The most famous artwork
and painting in the world is the main attraction of the Louvre
museum in Paris, where it is seen by six million people every
year! Leonardo da Vinci painted it from the year 1503 or 1504
until shortly before he died in 1519.
2. The Last Supper – Leonardo da Vinci- This world-famous
painting is not shown in a museum, but rather covers the back
wall of the dining hall at Santa Maria delle Grazie monastery in
Milan, Italy. It was painted by the most famous artist of all time,
Leonardo da Vinci in the late 15th-century. The painting depicts
the scene of The Last Supper of Jesus with his
disciples. Seeing this masterpiece in the small monastery is
truly one of the best attractions Milan has to offer.
3. David Statue – Michelangelo- David is a masterpiece of
Renaissance sculpture created between 1501 and 1504, by the
Italian artist Michelangelo. It is a 5.17-meter (17.0 ft) marble
statue of a standing male nude. The statue represents the
Biblical hero David. The statue is located in the Accademia
Gallery in Florence since 1873.
4. The Creation of Adam – Michelangelo.- Located on the
ceiling of The Sistine Chapel in Vatican City, Rome. The
Creation of Adam was painted by Michelangelo between 1508
and 1512 and it is just one of nine scenes from the book of
Genesis that are painted on the center of the ceiling of the
chapel
5. The Thinker – Auguste Rodin- This bronze sculpture shows a
nude male figure at about life-size sitting on a rock with his chin
resting on one hand as though deep in thought and is often
used as an image to represent philosophy. There are about 28
full-size castings, in which the figure is about 186 cm (73 in)
high, though not all were made during Rodin’s lifetime and
under his supervision. Rodin first conceived the figure as part of
another work in 1880, but the first of the familiar monumental
bronze appeared in 1904
WAYS OF PRESENTING ART SUBJECTS
The Subjects of Art
What is a subject of art?
The subject of art is the matter to be described or to be
portrayed by the artist. This may refer to any person, object,
scene or
Methods of Presenting Art Subjects
Realism. It often refers to the artistic movement, which began
in France in the 1850s. The popularity of realism grew with the
introduction of photography - a new visual source that created a
desire for people to produce things that look “objectively real”.
Undistorted by personal bias, realism believed in the ideology of
objective reality and revolted against exaggerated
emotionalism. Simply speaking, it is a method of portraying an
art subject according to the objective reality. It depicts what the
eyes can see, what the ear can hear, what the sense faculty
may receive. Example was the painting of Zeuxis, 5th century
painter. The subject of his painting was a grape. When he
unveiled his painting of grapes, they appeared so real, luscious
and inviting that the birds flew down from the sky to peck at
them.
Abstraction. Its etymology is derived from Latin “abstractus
"drawn away," or Latin past participle “abstrahere:” from ab(s)-
"away" + trahere "draw," which means "withdrawn or separated
from material objects or practical matters." It is totally the
opposite of realism.
In abstract art, the artist does not show the subject at all as an
objectively reality, but only his idea, or his feeling about it
(exaggerated emotionalism). It is all about what the artists feel
and what mood they might want to portray. Abstract art is all
shapes, no real-life images, scenery, or objects
Example is the painting of Constantin Brancusi’s “Bird in
Space.” He was so impressed by the grace of a bird in flight, by
the sweep of its body as it flew through the air. His sculptural
work does not look like a bird for it is supposed to convey an
impression of a bird’s grace and speed.
Constantin Brancusi’s Bird in Space
Forms of Abstraction:
Distortion. This is clearly manifested when the subject is in
misshapen condition, or the regular shape is twisted out. It is a
form os emphasizing detail to the point that something is no
longer “correctly” depicted. Example is Pablo Picasso’s The
Old Guitarist. See how the left shoulder is hitched up so high
and the other shoulder barely exists; how spidery his hands are;
and how his head is twisted around unnaturally. Another is
Henry Moore’s sculptural works and the ancient Egyptian
paintings and sculptural works are good examples of this kind.
Pablo Picasso’s “The Old Guitarist” Henry Moore’s
“Distortion”
Elongation. It refers to that which is being lengthened, a
protraction or an extension.
El Greco "Christ Crucified," a sculpture by Giambologna from
around 1588, an elegant but somewhat formulaic work in which
the elongated body of Christ seems to float almost birdlike off
the cross, is an example of this.

Mangling. This may not be a commonly used way of presenting
an abstract subject, but there are few artists who show subject
or objects which are cut, lacerated, mutilated, torn, hacked or
disfigured.
Cubism. It began in the early 1900s when artists such as
Georges Braque (French) and Pablo Picasso (Spanish) began
painting in such a way that was far removed from traditional art
styles. The Cubists tried to create a new way of seeing things in
art. Many of their subjects, be they people or landscapes, were
represented as combinations of basic geometric shapes -
sometimes showing multiple viewpoints of a particular image.
Cubist pictures are therefore often described as looking like
pieces of fractured glass.
Abstract Expressionism. Abstract Expressionism is a modern
art movement that flowered in America after the Second World
War and held sway until the dawn of Pop Art in the 1960's. With
this movement New York replaced Paris as the center of the art
world.
In a painting, the artists applied paint rapidly, and with force to
their huge canvases in an effort to show feelings and emotions,
painting gesturally, non-geometrically, sometimes applying
paint with large brushes, sometimes dripping or even throwing it
into the canvas.
Abstract Expressionism was influenced by the Existentialist
philosophy, which emphasized the importance of the act of
creating, not of the finished object. What matters for the artist
are the qualities of the paint itself and the act of painting itself.
Jackson Pollock “Convergence” Jackson Pollock
“Autumn Rhythm”
SYMBOLISM. A symbol is a visible sign of something invisible
such as an idea or quality. Symbolism systematically uses
symbols to concentrate or intensify meaning, making the work
of art more subjective (rather than objective) and conventional.
For example, a flag is a symbol of a country and it depicts the
value of nationalism; a lion to represent courage and a lamb to
represent meekness. The logos and emblems of business
firms and the coat of arms of bishops are also examples of
symbolism.
Lucerne’s Lion Monument, a famous masterpiece of the early
19th century, is dedicated to the memory of the heroic fight and
final defeat of the Swiss Guards in Paris in 1792. In the
Philippines, we have the “Spolarium” of Juan Luna. The
painting shows fallen gladiators being dragged to an unseen
pile of corpses in a chamber beneath the Roman arena. It
expresses his anger over the abuses and cruelties of the
colonial rule of the Spanish authorities over the people of his
native country. The sculpture in the EDSA Shrine depicts the
brave-ness and courage of the Filipinos against the tyrant
dictator, Ferdinand Marcos.
FAUVISM. It is derived from the French “les fauves,” which
means “the wild beasts.” It is an artistic movement of the last
part of the 19th century which emphasized spontaneity and use
of extremely bright colors. To a fauvist, for example, a tree
trunk need not be brown. It could be bright red, purple or any
other color.
Henri Matisse, French artist, was known for his use of colour
and his fluid, brilliant and original draughtsmanship. As a
draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but principally as a
painter, Matisse is one of the best-known artists of the 20th
century. He was initially labeled as a Fauve (wild beast).
DADAISM. The term “dada” is a French word, which means a
“hobby-horse.” A hobby-horse is a child’s toy consisting of a
wooden horse mounted on a stick. With this etymology, we
could say that Dadaism is system of art which is per se
“nonsensical.” Some would say it is not an art because it
strives to have no meaning at all.
It started as a Post World War cultural movement against the
barbarism of the war. It is a reaction to what they believed were
outworn traditions in art, and the evils they saw in society. It
tried to shock and provoke the public with outrageous pieces of
writing, poetry recitals and art exhibitions.
Duchamps’ Fake Urinal Turned into
Fountain
FUTURISM. Futurism came into being with the appearance of
a manifesto published by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
on the front page of the February 20, 1909, issue of Le Figaro.
It was the very first manifesto of this kind.
Marinetti summed up the major principles of the Futurists. He
and others espoused a love of speed, technology and violence.
Futurism was presented as a modernist movement celebrating
the technological, future era. The car, the plane, the industrial
town were representing the motion in modern life and the
technological triumph of man over nature.
Donald Davis “Shaped Space Colony” Klaus Burgle
“Retro Futurismus”
SURREALISM. It is an offshoot or a child of dada. It is also
known as “super realism,” which revolves on the method of
making ordinary things look extraordinary. It focuses on real
things found in the imagination or fantasy or it has realistic
subjects that are found in the unconscious mind; depicting
dreamlike images of the inner mind.
Two Types of Surrealism
Veristic Surrealism. It allowed the images of the subconscious
to be undisturbed so that the meaning could be understood
through analysis. They follow images of the subconscious until
consciousness could understand the meaning. Examples:
Rene Magritte would show a nighttime sky, then a daytime
foreground, or Salvador Dali would melt clocks to show how
unreal how time and space were; slice of a cheese with a face
on it.
Automatism or Abstract Surrealism. Images of the
subconscious should not be burdened by meaning, so they are
represented in an abstract form. It is focused more on feelings
and less analytical. Proponents: Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud.
Surrealistic Techniques:
Scale – changing an object’s scale, or relative size. Example:
ordinary small size of glass to a big extraordinary size.
Levitation – Floating objects that don’t normally float. Example:
Stone Floating
Juxtaposition – Joining two images together in impossible
combinations. Example: Car running and on top of it is a horse
running with a man riding.
Dislocation – Taking an object form its usual environment and
placing it in an unfamiliar one. Example: a face wrapped by a
piece of cloth; an electric burner inside the car.
Transparency – Making objects transparent that are not
transparent.
Transformation – Changing objects in unusual way.
8. IMPRESSIONISM. It is also sometimes referred to as optical
realism due to its interest in the actual viewing experience,
including such things as the effect of color, light and movement
on the appearance of the objects depicted in the artworks.
Impressionism focused on directly describing the visual
sensations derived from nature. Devotees of Impressionism
were not concerned with the actual depiction of the objects they
painted. Instead they were concerned with the visual
impressions aroused by those objects.
The Impressionists created one of the most important artistic
movements of the nineteenth century and it got its start in
France. The theme of the Impressionism movement teaches,
“the human eye is a marvelous instrument”. The worldwide
impact of Impressionism was large and lasting.
Claude Monet is widely recognized as the father of the
Impressionist movement, and his work Impression: Sunrise is
widely recognized as the first work of this new movement.
Fascination with color, light and movement formed the
core of the
Impressionism movement.
UNIT 3: ART AND ARTISAN: PRODUCTION, PROCESS,
MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUE
MEDIUM OF ARTS
In art, "medium" refers to the substance the artist uses to create
a piece of artwork.
"Medium" as a Type of Art
A broad use of the word medium is used to describe a specific
type of art. For instance, painting is a medium, printmaking is a
medium, and sculpture is a medium. Essentially, every category
of artwork is its own medium.
"Medium" as an Artistic Material
Building off the type of art, medium can also be used to
describe a particular artistic material. This is how artists
describe the specific materials that they work with to create a
piece of art.
The possible combinations of paint and support are endless, so
you will see many variations of this. Artists choose the materials
they enjoy working with or those that work best for a particular
piece of work.
This use of the word medium applies to all types of artwork as
well. Sculptors, for instance, may use metal, wood, clay,
bronze, or marble for their medium. Printmakers may use words
like woodcut, linocut, etching, engraving, and lithography to
describe their medium. Artists who use multiple media in a
single piece of art typically call it "mixed media," which is
common for techniques like a collage.
"Medium" as a Pigment Additive
The word medium is also used when referring to the substance
which binds a pigment to create a paint.
The actual medium used is dependent on the type of paint. For
instance, linseed oil is a common medium for oil paints and egg
yolks are a common medium for tempera paints.At the same
time, artists can use a medium to manipulate the paint.
ARTIST AND ARTISAN
Artist
Artists and artisans fill different roles in the art arena. Artists
work in the fine arts, including painting, illustration and
sculpture. Artisans are craftsmen who work in textiles, pottery,
glass and other areas. These two artistic careers are compared
below with some salary and education information.
Artists and artisans articulate a vision through their art or craft.
Fine artists work with paint, watercolor, pen and ink, or
illustrations, while artisans craft work like jewelry, glasswork,
pottery or other functional products. Artists focus on creating
aesthetically pleasing works, while artisans' work focuses on
accessorizing and functionality more than aesthetics. The work
of artists tends to be shown in museums or galleries, while
artisans sell their crafts at fairs and shops.
All fine artists first learn to sketch, and begin with a pencil and
sketchpad to work with an idea on paper. Artists transfer their
visions to canvases or other medium, and this may mean
working in oil, watercolor or pastels. Sculptors take their
sketches and create 3D products from clay, marble or other
material. Illustrators might work for a publishing or animation
company, or create original comic books. All artists' work aims
to create an overall reaction from a viewer.
Art medium refers to the art materials or artist supplies used to
create a work of art.
ARTISANS
Artisans keyword
Optimistic
Playful
Impulsive
Adaptable
Persuasive
Excited
Daring
Tactical
Exciting
Artisans share the following core characteristics;
Tend to be...
Fun-loving, optimistic, realistic and focused
Pride them selves..
On being unconventional, bold and spontaneous
They make...
Playfulmates, creative parents, troubleshooting leaders and
dream of mastering action skills.
Artisans are the temperament with a natural ability to excel in
any of the arts, not only the fine arts such as painting and
sculpting, or the performing arts such as music, theater, and
dance, but also the athletic, military, political, mechanical, and
industrial arts, as well as the "art of the deal" in business.
Artisans are most at home in the real world of solid objects that
can be made and manipulated, and of real-life events that can
be experienced in the here and now. Artisans have
exceptionally keen senses, and love working with their hands.
They seem right at home with tools, instruments, and vehicles
of all kinds, and their actions are usually aimed at getting them
where they want to go, and as quickly as possible. Thus
Artisans will strike off boldly down roads that others might
consider risky or impossible, doing whatever it takes, rules or
no rules, to accomplish their goals. This devil-may-care attitude
also gives the Artisans a winning way with people, and they are
often irresistibly charming with family, friends, and co-workers.
Artisans need to be free to do what they wish, when they wish.
They resist being tied or bound or confined or obligated; they
would rather not wait, or save, or store, or live for tomorrow. In
the Artisan view, today must be enjoyed, for tomorrow never
comes.
There are many Artisans, perhaps 30 to 35 percent of the
population, which is good, because they create much of the
beauty, grace, fun, and excitement the rest of us enjoy in life.
There are four types of Artisans
Although all Artisans share core characteristics, not all of them
are the same. In Keirsey's observations, he noted that there
were four kinds of Artisans. They are: the Artisan Promoter
(ESTP), Artisan Crafter (ISTP), Artisan Performer (ESFP), and
Artisan Composer (ISFP).
Promoters live with a theatrical flourish which makes even the
most routine events seem exciting. Not that they waste much
time on routine events. In work and in play, Promoters demand
new activities and new challenges. Bold and daring at heart,
and ever-optimistic that things will go their way, Promoters will
take tremendous risks to get what they want, and seem
exhilarated by walking close to the edge of disaster.
Crafters are most clearly seen in their masterful operation of
tools, equipment, machines, and instruments of all kinds. Most
of us use tools in some capacity, of course, but Crafters (as
much as ten percent of the population) are the true masters of
tool work, with an innate ability to command tools and to
become expert at all the crafts requiring tool skills. Even from
an early age they are drawn to tools as if to a magnet -- tools
fall into their hands demanding use, and they must work with
them. Crafters are hard to get to know.
Performers have the special ability, even among the Artisans, to
delight those around them with their warmth, their good humor,
and with their often extraordinary skills in music, comedy, and
drama. Whether on the job, with friends, or with their families,
Performers are exciting and full of fun, and their great social
interest lies in stimulating those around them to take a break
from work and worry, to lighten up and enjoy life.
Composers are in tune with their senses, and so have a sure
grasp of what belongs, and what doesn't belong, in all kinds of
works of art. While the other Artisans are skilled with people,
tools, and entertainment, Composers have an exceptional
ability to work with subtle differences in color, tone, texture,
aroma, and flavor. Although Composers often put long, lonely
hours into their artistry, they are just as impulsive as the other
Artisans
FAMOUS ARTISANS IN THE PHILIPPINES
WYN WYN ONG
Wynn Wynn Ong has a strong passion for crafting
artistic, beautiful, and exquisite jewelry and accessories. And it
doesn’t come as a surprise that the world soon took notice. Not
your ordinary jeweller, Wynn Wynn insists on creating one-of-a-
kind pieces that can’t be found elsewhere, using a very wide
range of materials – from precious metals and stones to shells.
Wynn Wynn’s hand for unique craftsmanship may have been
inspired by her love for Filipino craft and art, and perhaps also
with her exposure to international culture and art, being raised
in Vienna and Manila, and having had the privilege to travel.
Early in her age, she harnessed her talent, creating handmade
accessories as gifts to family and friends.
Wilfredo Layug: Master of ‘estofado,’ ‘encarna’
Wilfredo Layug, 57, elevated ecclesiastical art in Barangay Sta.
Ursula and the rest of Betis by introducing estofado, a tedious
painting and gilding process on wooden sculptures, and
polychromado (painting the face of a religious figure or
encarna).
He applied the techniques as the high point of his
apprenticeship under Jose Antonio Navarro Arteaga in Seville,
Spain, since 2003.
“Layug is a master not only in sculpturing but in painting. He’s
done these in a very realistic way, very artistic. Talagang No. 1
in the country in the arena of ecclesiastical art. A side from
[being a] sculptor, he really has the eye for coloring, especially
in the handling of gold and silver,” said National Artist for
Sculpture Napoleon Abueva.
According to Layug, estofado requires a lot of patience and
meticulousness because the wood is “covered by layers of paint
that start from putting a primer up to the gilding method.”
Antigong tekniko (antique technique) is his other term for this
trend.
From afar, estofado gives off the impression
MEDIUM, TECHNIQUE AND APPROACH
(VISUAL ARTS, AUDITORY AND COMBINED)
Mediums of the visual art
Sculpture Is a branch of the visual art that operates in three
dimensions:
Durable sculpture processes used in carving, modelling. In
stone, metal, ceramics, and wood and other materials but same
modernism, shift in sculpture process led to an almost complete
freedom materials and process.
The Artist and His Medium
A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as
carving assembled by welding or modeling and molded or cast.
Began in Ancient Greece its widely seen as producing great
masterpiece in the classical period during the Middle Ages,
Gothic sculpture represented the agonies and passions of the
Christian faith.
Stone
Stone is the hard and brittle substance formed from minerals
and earth material
Granular and dull in appearance is a finished product
It is usually used for gravestone in cemeteries
It includes sandstone, granite, basalt, marble and limestone.
Jade
Is a special stone that is believed to promote wisdom, balance
and peace
This pre-historic sign of calm and peace is unique, strong piece
of tool that encourages our consciousness to increase at a
higher level
The ancient people from the East of China have known all the
healing properties of jade for hundreds of year.
Ivory
Is from the main parts of tusk of elephants, is the hard-white
substance used to make carving, billiard balls art of
manufacturing products and image of saints.
The word ivory ultimately derives from the Ancient Egyptian
through the Latin ebor-or ebur.
Metals
Included any class of elementary substance such as gold, silver
or copper which are crystalline solid and characterized by
capacity, utility, conductivity and peculiar luster when freshly
fractured.
They can be shaped or deformed into:
Aluminum
Brass night
Bronze
Copper
Gold and Silver
Lead
Plaster
The term plaster can refer to gymsum plaster also known as
plaster of Paris
It composed of line, sand and water.
Plaster is manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with
water to form a paste when used.
It is a building material used to applied on walls and ceilings
that allowed for hard and dry.
The medium used extensively in making, manikins, models,
molds, architectural, decoration, and other indoor sculpture.
Clay
Is a natural earth material that is plastic when wet, due to the
water content and become hard, brittle, and non-plastic upon
drying or firing
It consists essentially of hydrated silicates of aluminum and it
used for making bricks and ceramics
Earth wave commonly referred to as terra cotta or “baked
earth”.
It has been used during the earth times; most oriented sculpture
come in the form of terra cotta.
Glass
Is a medium that is hard, brittle, non-crystalline, more or less
transparent substance produced by fusion, usually consisting of
mutually dissolved silica and silicates and contains soda and
lime.
It can be molded in various color and shape
It has used to make beautiful but fragile figurines.
Wood
Is easier to carve than any other mediums available because it
can be subjected into variety of treatment.
It’s lighter and softer to carve despite having greater tensile
strength than stone hence, it can be used in long pieces without
breaking.
Architecture
Art of design is a building and supervising its construction
Is producing shelter to serve as protection of men in carrying
out his activities- work, recreation and sleep
To fulfil mans need
One of the primary purposes of architecture is to fulfill man’s
need which are:
Physical need
Shelter which must have necessities and comfort
Emotional need
Endowed with rich beauty and interest
Intellectual need
A building for science, education, government, etc.
Psychological need
For recognition and response
Factors in the choice and use of architectural materials
1. Structural Property
Workability with tools as construction materials
2. Physical Property capable of resisting water, acid, fire or wear. Resin bonded duration but having some relationship within set scale, rhythmic
Use of materials for aesthetic purposes plywood’s are strong, light and durable plastic materials. structure and mode. A sweet music, a sweet sound.
3. Weakness of the material 4. Concrete Materials RHYTHM – beat of the music; flow of musical movement with
Rotting This material is becoming more and more favored among recurrent accents (stress/emphasis on a note).
Corrosion due to moisture architectural building materials because of their availability, DYNAMICS – refers to the force or percussive effects, degree
Discolorization durability, and flexibility. Concrete has high strength, and a of loudness and softness.
Solar radiation surface and texture capable of contributing to the aesthetic HARMONY – simultaneous sounding of two or more pitches;
Fungus growth quality of a building. Masonry finishes such as washout finishes the vertical aspect of musical structure. It produced a pleasing
Susceptibility to infection by wood-boring, weevils, termites and utilize cement mortar mixed with pebble stones, broken glass sound.
other pests. and synthetic stones. These materials are smooth, hard, TEMPO – rate or speed of a composition or section of the
4. Longevity of the material permanent, light, transparent, or opaque and durable. music.
Lifespan of the materials TEXTURE – number of tone one is expected to apprehend
5. Other inherent properties Classification: Indigenous material simultaneously.
Weight These materials are found in the locality and are widely COLOR – refers to the result of the difference in timbre or
Water resistance used in architecture. Some of the indigenous materials are: quality in a variety of voices and instruments.
Heat resistance Sawali – this material comes from outer covering of bamboo STYLE – the composer or singer’s way of doing his part.
Acoustic values poles. It is woven into mats and ideal for cement backing.
Availability Coco Coir- this by product of coconut is used to minimize the Music is an art and culture is reflected in art. The more music a
Economy use of cement as sandwich panels for insulation. person knows, the more cultured he becomes.
Material used in architecture are classified into three: Bagasse- this is a sugar cane waste used for insulation or Basically, music deals with sound. The medium of music are
Materials found in nature cement backing the sound produced by man (vocal music) and the sound
Materials manufactured or made by man Abaca – this is a fiber material obtained from leafstalk of a produced by an instrument (instrumental music).
Indigenous materials banana plant. Most of these materials are found in Bicol.
Classification: Materials in Nature Bamboo – It has low degree of elasticity, low concrete THE VOCAL MUSIC
Stones adhesion, and wide variable moisture content. It is very helpful
Wood in architectural forms and designs, mainly as reinforcement to It is the oldest and natural form of music. Voice is produced by
Materials manufactured by man concrete. the vibrations of the vocal chords in the voice box.
1. Ceramic Materials Palm Frond Stem – this material is often used for non-structural RESONATORS:
An inorganic, non-metallic materials made from panels, walls, screens and bases of houses Lungs
compounds of a metal and a non-metal. Ceramic materials may Mud bricks – made of a mixture of loam, mud, sand, and water Esophagus
be crystalline or partly crystalline. They are formed by the action mixed with a binding, material such as rice husks or straw. Head
of heat and subsequent cooling. Ceramic materials tend to be MEDIUM OF AUDITORY Mouth Cavities
strong, stiff, brittle, chemically inert, and non-conductors of heat Are those whose medium can be heard and which are
and electricity, but their properties vary widely. For example, expressed in time. CORRECT POSITION OF THE BODY
porcelain is widely used to make electrical insulators, but some MUSIC Head and mouth will enable the air to vibrate freely.
ceramic compounds are superconductors. Music came from Greek “µouoƖἠ” (mousike) which means art of CORRECT POSTURE
2. Metals the muses. Standing correctly, one foot forward, if seated keep you back
Metal is a material that is typically hard, opaque, shiny, and has The creation, performance, significance and even the definition away from the chair in a rising position.
good electrical and thermal conductivity. The common metals of music vary according to culture and social context. CORRECT BREATHING
used in architecture are bronze, wrought iron, copper, chrome- Within the arts, music may be classified as a performing art, a The quality and volume depends on the breathing.
nickel-steel, aluminum, concrete materials and plastics. fine art and auditory art. It may also divide among art music and Diaphragmatic breathing is advisable.
3. Plastics folk music. CORRECT PLACEMENT OF THE VOICE
Plastics opened up new architectural forms and designs due to Music is an art form whose medium is sound and silence. Its To develop good tone quality, never force out the voice to
its versatility. Plastics may be sowed, cut, bend drilled and common elements are pitch (which governs melody and prevent throating singing, Project the voice upward towards the
treated. They can also be molded, cast, extruded and laminated harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter head to produce a good tonal quality.
depending upon their composition or use. Cast plastics may and articulation), dynamics and the sonic qualities of timbre and CORRECT DICTION
come as sheets, rods, strips, cylinders and cones and can be texture. It includes correct pronunciation, clean enunciation and distinct
used for walls, ceilings and doors. Strips of the materials can be ELEMENTS OF MUSIC articulation.
bent into table legs, chai backs or light reflectors. They are MELODY – the succession of single tones, varying in pitch and CORRECT INTERPRETATION
To interpret the song properly, the vocalist should make the Musical Instruments are the second medium in music.
message clear as it is sung. Forms of Instrumental Music are classified into:
VOICE CLASSIFICATION SONATA – a long composition for solo instrument consisting of
Voice differs considerably according to timbre (quality) large sections called movements. An example is “Sonata in C
and range. As to timbre they are classified into: women’s voices Major by Wolfgang Mozart”.
and men’s voices. SUITE – a series of musical pieces that tells a story. Example is
the “Nutcracker Suite” composed by Peter Tchaikowsky.
WOMEN’S VOICES: SYMPHONY – an elaborate musical composition for full
SOPRANO – tone is lighter in character, less somber and orchestra, typically in four movements at least one of which is
frequently more flexible. traditionally in sonata form. Ludwig Van Beethoven is famous
for his symphony.
Coloratura Soprano – highest and lightest of all voices. CONCERTO – a musical composition for a solo instrument or
Mezzo-Soprano – it is medium high in tonal quality. instrument accompanied by an orchestra. Some of the greatest
Lyric Soprano – is less high and flute-like. concerto musicians were Johann Sebastian Bach and Vivaldi.
CHAMBER MUSIC – written for two solo instruments (violins
ALTO OR CONTRALTO – the tone is richer and fuller. and flute) and basso continuo (low strings and keyboard) and
usually in several movements. Chamber music is classified into:
MEN’S VOICES Sonata da camara (chamber sonata) –
TENOR – the highest type in men’s voice. Sonata da chiesa (church sonata) –
BARITONE – the voice is between tenor and bass. THE DIFFERENT MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
BASS – lowest and deepest voice quality. Musical Instruments have always been a source of wonder to
CLASSIFICATION OF VOCAL MUSIC both the player and the listener.
LONG VOCAL FORMS MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS ARE OF THREE MAIN TYPES
OPERA – drama set to music with action, costume and STRING INSTRUMENTS – instruments which are bowed or
scenery. string instruments.
CANTATA – a story told in music; no action. WIND INSTRUMENTS – instruments which are blown or
ORATORIO – a form of dramatic music is also consisting of an brasses and the woodwinds.
overture, recitatives and ensembles based on biblical stories. PERCUSSION – instruments which are struck or percussion
MORO-MORO – a Philippine drama set to music that depicts instruments.
Christian and non-Christian conflicts. PROPERTIES OF MUSICAL SOUNDS
ZARZUELA – a Philippine drama set to music that is similar to PITCH – the highest or lowness of a tone in a musical scale.
opera. DURATION – the length of time over which vibration is
maintained, tones are not only high or low but also short or
SHORT VOCAL FORMS long.
FOLK SONGS VOLUME – refers to force or percussive effects as a result of
ART SONGS which tone strikes us being loud or soft. Forte means loud;
KUNDIMAN piano means soft.
BALITAW TIMBRE OR TONE COLOR – this is the individual quality of the
DONZA-HABANERA sound produced by other instruments.
ANTHEM LITERATURE
MOTET Literature is from Latin “litterae” (PI) which means letters. The
MADRIGAL term literature literally means “things made from letter.
BALLAD Literature is the art of written work.
CHORALE Literature is commonly classified as having two major forms –
ROUND/CANNON fiction and non- fiction and two major techniques – poetry and
AREA prose.
FICTION - is the form of any narrative or informative work that
THE INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC deals in part or in whole with information or events that are not
factual but rather imaginary and theoretical that is invented by
the author.
NON-FICTION – is the form of any narrative, account or other
communicative work whose assertions and description are
understood to be factual. This presentation may be accurate or
not that is it can give either a true or false account of the subject
in question however, it is generally assumed that authors of
such accounts believe them to be truthful at the time of their
composition or at least pose them to their audience as
historically or empirically true.
ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
EMOTIONAL IMPACT
It is attained when the reader reached a point of emotionally
moved after reading a certain article or piece of literature.
Emotion is being targeted because psychologically speaking it
goes down to the human side of the person having been
touched or related him with what he read.
EXAMPLE: DESIDERATA BY MAX ERMAN (1927)
INTELLECTUAL IMPACT
This elements aims to give knowledge, information and
reminder to the reader on certain things he has forgotten.
Speeches on important event, books, newspapers and
magazines.
HUMANISTIC VALUE
This is attained when a literary work aims for the betterment of
a certain individual by having a deeper and wider perspective
and invitation for an introspection.
The aim of this element is to give a lesson or impart a moral
value to the reader.
EXAMPLE: PARABLE OF THE SOWER (MATTHEW 13:3-9)
PROSE
Prose is ordinary language that people use in writing such as
poetry, stories, editorials, books and etc.
The ordinary language of men in speaking or writing; language
not cast in poetical measure or rhythm; contradistinguished
from verse or metrical composition.
The word prose is derived from the Latin word “prosa” meaning
straightforward.
ELEMENTS OF PROSE
THEME – the overall idea of what is the story all about.
SETTING – refers to the place and time.
PLOT – arrangement of events in the story.
Introduction
Conflict
Climax
Falling action
Resolution
TYPES OF PLOT
Circular – flashback
Linear – foreshadowing
In medias res – in the middle of the things.
CHARACTERS – actors and actresses.
CONFLICT – man vs. man, man vs. nature, man vs. society
and man vs. himself.
POINT OF VIEW – 1ST person, 3rd person.
TYPES OF PROSE
SHORT STORY – is a prose narrative of limited length.
Short stories may contain description, dialogue or commentary.
The most crucial features is that they have a compact
concentrated narrative with detailed character drawing.
ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY
Setting – refers to the time and place that the events in the
story take place.
Conflict – refers to the tension, the fight or the struggle between
the various characters or forces in the story.
NOVEL – is a prose narrative on large scale.
The novel defies accurate definition both because it includes so
many different types and possibilities and because of the
essential but unfixable elements of length.
ELEMENTS OF A NOVEL
Themed – underlying comment or idea about life.
Plot – the pattern of related incidents or episodes.
Characterization – authors development of characters.
Setting – place and time.
Style – the unique way in which an author writes.
Literal and Figurative Language – the author’s use of language.
FABLE – is a short allegorical tale conveying a moral or a
principle of behavior.
The characters are usually animals talking like human beings
but keeping their animal traits.
Often the moral is appended in a form of a proverb. The fable
itself might be called an acted-out proverb.
PARABLE – is a brief narrative (especially in the Bible)
designed to illustrate a religious truth or teach a lesson.
TALE – is a story that sets forth strange and wonderful events
in more or less bare summary without detailed character
drawing.
FAIRY TALE – is a short story in which there occur some
supernatural or magical events.
The characters who are neither individualized nor localized are
often not even given names being called merely “ a king “ , “ a
queen “, or “ a princess “ , or “ a poor farmer”.
Fairy tales are about fortunes and misfortunes of a hero or
heroine who having experienced adventures of more or less
supernatural kind, lives happily ever after.
Magic, charms, disguise and spells are some of the major
ingredients of such stories.
The fairy tale always has a happy ending, virtue is rewarded.
ESSAY – a piece of writing which is often written from an
authors’ personal point of view.
TYPES OF ESSAY
FORMAL – the formal essay is a serious written discussion
through which a writer conveys a viewpoint on a designated
subject. The purpose of the formal essay is to write about a
significant subject by focusing on the ideas.
INFORMAL – the informal essay is a lighter approach to a
selection of writing on topical ideas or issues. The purpose of
an informal essay is to engage and involve the reader by writing
in a casual, entertaining manner about a subject. The informal
essay such as an article or personal discussion of a subject
may be light-hearted or serious in tone. The content tends to
address a topical or contemporary issue often personal.
Characteristic
Informal Essay
Formal Essay
Author’s Viewpoint
Usually uses first person; Directly addresses the reader
Usually uses third-person pronoun
Subject/Content: Sources of Evidence
Frequently drawn from life of the writer and everyday events
More commonly drawn from shared historical events or
literature or other forms of knowledge
Tone
Frequently more personal and subjective; may be ironic,
amusing, thoughtful, angry or serious; conversational and
casual
Tends to be removed from the subject and appears to be
objective; tends to hold emotions in check and express
concerns through strong arguments and powerful rhetorical
devices; academic and often instructional.
Structure
Appears to be more loosely structured.
Follow a fairly rigid structure that focuses on the development of
one clear argument at a time to support a clearly stated thesis.
Location of Thesis
May appear anywhere in the essay; may not be explicitly
stated.
Usually stated explicitly, generally located in the first or second
paragraph of the Essay.
Vocabulary
Everyday words; slang and colloquialisms; contractions; uses
“you” and “I”
Technical words according to subject; no slang or contractions;
avoids “you” and “I”
Purpose
Entertainment; gentle reflection
Provokes thought and sometimes action
BIOGRAPHY – a detailed description or account of someone’s
life. It entails more than basic facts (education, work,
relationships and death), a biography also portrays a subject
experience of these events.
NEWS – a report of daily events in society, government or a
science and industry.
PLAY – a piece of created work presented on stage. It is
usually divided into acts.
LEGENDS – a traditional or undocumented story about famous
people, commonly religious in character and frequently posing
problems of authenticity.
ANECDOTE – a short and amusing or interesting account
which may depict a real incident or person.
POETRY
Poetry is piece of literature written by a poet in meter or verse
expressing various emotions which are expressed by the use of
variety of techniques including metaphors, similes and
onomatopoeia.
The art of apprehending and interpreting ideas by the faculty of
imagination; the art of idealizing in thought and in expression.
The emphasis on the aesthetics of language and the use of
techniques such as repetition, meter and rhyme are what are
commonly used to distinguish poetry from prose.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF POETRY
RHYTHM – music made by the statements of the poem which
includes the syllables in the lines.
METER – basic structural make-up of the poem.
STANZA – defined as a smaller unit or group of lines or a
paragraph in a poem. A particular stanza has a specific meter,
rhyme scheme and etc.
RHYME – the last words or sounds of the lines match with each
other in some form.
RHYME SCHEME – the pattern of rhyme.
ALLITERATION – also used in several poems for sound effect.
SIMILE – method of comparison using the words “like” or “as”.
METAPHOR – method of comparison where the words “like” or
“as” are not used.
THEME – what the poem is all about.
SYMBOLISM – often poems will convey ideas and thoughts
using symbol. A symbol can stand for many things at one time
and leads the reader out of a systematic and structured method
of looking at things.
IMAGERY – used by the poet for readers to create an image in
their imagination. Imagery appeals to all the five senses.
DENOTATION/CONNOTATION – denotation is the actual
meaning of a word derived from the dictionary. Connotation is
the related or allied meaning of a word.
MEANING AND IDEA – the experience it expresses.
BASIC TYPES OF POETRY
LYRIC POETRY – does not attempt to tell a story but instead is
of a more personal nature. Poems in this genre tend to be
shorter, melodic and contemplative.
SIMPLE LYRIC – this embraces a wide variety of poems and is
characterized by subjectivity, imagination, melody and emotion.
SONG – a short lyric poem which has a specific melodious
quality and is intended to be sung and can be set easily to
music. It can either be religious or secular.
SONNET – poem of fourteen lines following a set rhyme
scheme and logical structure.
ELERGY – a mournful, melancholy or plaintive poem,
especially a lament for the dead or a funeral song.
ODE – a type of lyrical verse. A classic code is structured in
three major parts: the strophe, the antistrophe and the epode.
HAIKU – popular form of unrhymed Japanese poetry which
evolved in the 17th century from the hokku or opening verse of
a renku.
SOLILOQUY – dramatic monologue that gives the illusion of
being a series of unspoken reflections.
VERSE DRAMA AND DRAMATIC VERSE – any drama written
as verse to be spoken; another possible general term is poetic
drama.
NARRATIVE POETRY – a genre of poetry that tells a story.
BALLAD – a form of verse often a narrative set to music.
METRICAL ROMANCE – a narrative poem which is written in
verse and can be classified either as a ballad or a metrical
romance.
EPIC – a genre of poetry and a major form of narrative
literature. This genre is often defined as lengthy poems
concerning events of a heroic or important nature to the culture
of the time.
Art manager
 sometimes called art directors, works for art galleries, ad
agencies, motion picture companies, graphic design
firms, ad agencies, publishing organizations some are
self-employed.
 Since art managers are responsible for overseeing the
art aspect of a production, they should be able to lead a
team, work well under pressure and think outside the
box.
Duties
An art manager oversees art projects that appear in books,
cartoons, classifieds, blogs, brochures, books advertisements
the design development that usually appear in motion pictures,
magazines or newspapers, websites and professional journals,
among others.
 They decide how to present photographs, animations,
graphics and other artwork to target audience.
 The art manager performs research, analyzes target
markets and considers the artistic requirements of
clients. Most art managers are also the ones who hire,
train and supervise artists, animators or cartoonists,
illustrators, photographers, graphic designers or other
employees within the department
 They also show proper work etiquette and professional
approach on all challenges to encourage the artists,
illustrator and designers in new and upcoming projects
that would seem to intimidate them.
Education and Training Requirements
 To become an art manager, one must obtain a
bachelor’s degree in fine arts or a related field. Some
employers prefer candidates with a master’s degree in
fine arts or business administration.
 Useful courses in this field include art history,
advertising, behavioral psychology, animation,
computer-assisted design, photography, graphic design,
printing, personnel management, sales, advertising,
marketing, and mass communications.
 Art managers usually begin their careers are designers,
illustrators or other types of artists and gain first-hand
industry experience. After several years of working, they
are promoted into this managerial position.
Knowledge and Skills Requirements
 To become a successful art manager, one must possess
excellent conceptual skills, effective written and verbal
communication skills, management expertise and
leadership skills, multi-tasking and organizational skills,
problem-solving and analytical skills as well as good
people skills to be able to handle a team of highly
individualistic employees.
 Being an art manager takes a lot of patience, keen
perception and a sound mind to enlighten the art
manager in all decision making.
Working Conditions
 Typically an Art manager spend a lot of time inside the
office, he renders 40 to 50 long hours, 5 to 6 days a
week, especially when they have projects. Maintaining a
comfortable working zone for the benefit of all the artists,
designers and illustrators that the art manager is
overseeing using his excellent people skills is well
expected from him.
Curator
A curator (from Latin: cura, meaning "to take care") is a manager
or overseer. Traditionally, a curator or keeper of a cultural
heritage institution (e.g., gallery, museum, library, or archive) is
a content specialist charged with an institution's collections and
involved with the interpretation of heritage material.
Typical employers of curators
 National museums/galleries
 Local authority museums/galleries
 Independent museums/galleries
 Heritage centres
Key skills for exhibition officers Elton John: Damien Hirst, Picasso, Francis Bacon, Andy Warhol,
Jean-Michel Basquiat, Matisse
 Teamworking skills
 Time and project management skills Leonardo DiCaprio has decided to invest his millions into the art
 Organisational skills industry, he has been spotted at a various amount of Galleries,
 Communication skills and Art auction houses.
 Interpersonal skills
COLLECTOR
 Genuine interest in art and culture
 Administrative skills  Collector: is the person who loves certain pieces of
 IT skills art/paintings and collect art not necessary to sell later but
 Creativity the chance is there.
 Ability to manage volunteers and budgets.
He is also called an art lover with possibility of having a personal
5 famous and Influential Curators Shaping the Art World project in mind for his/her collection in the future, such as having
Today own museum or use/rent the collection for films/movies and TV
shows etc.
1. Hans Ulrich Obrist
Collectors:
2. Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev
Know the famous art collectors throughout History
3. Okwui Enwezor
Catherine the Great – one of the best known Russian art
collectors
4. Catherine Morris
Catherine the Great enjoyed a significant reputation as a
5. Massimiliano Gioni respected patron. She would be immortalized in her role of
establishing The Hermitage Museum, which began as
Known curators in the Philippines: Catherine’s personal art collections. She herself wrote many
pieces of literature, including comedies, fiction, and memoirs and
1. FEDERICO DE VERA would go on to patronize great writers like Voltaire and Diderot.
2. PATRICK FLORES John Soane – The British art collections
3. RAYMUNDO ALBANO Sir John Soane was the son of a bricklayer who would become
a professor of architecture at the Royal Academy in Britain. He
BUYER worked on a variety of buildings, such as the old Bank of
England, the Dulwich Picture Gallery and what he would be most
 An art buyer is an individual who discovers and purchase famous for: Sir John Soane’s Museum. This building, which is
art works for a client to suit in accordance with their taste. free to the public, houses many drawings and models of Soane’s
Based on his professional knowledge in art, he evaluates work, as well as the valuable art collections that he built during
the quality and worth of the piece of art with monetary
his lifetime.
suitability.
There are medieval objects including various architectural
Celebrities and Some artists whose works they have purchased fragments (from the Old Palace of Westminster) and even
, examples of 18th-century Chinese ceramics. These art
collections represent a vast and valuable example of various
Steve Martin: Picasso, Georgia O’Keefe, Roy Lichtenstein cultures’ art.
Steven Spielberg: Norman Rockwell Modern Collectors:
CHOI SEUNG-HYUN, SOUTH KOREA
Why him? Seung-hyun
His art collection includes works by Nam June Paik, Kim Whan-
ki and Lee Ufan. He also co-curated an exhibition at Singapore’s
ArtScience Museum and curated a contemporary art auction for
Sotheby’s, which the auction house called #TTTOP.
WILLIAM ZHAO, HONG KONG
After a decade in banking, William threw in the towel in 2003 to
focus on his greatest passion: art. The critic, curator and collector
now owns more than 300 works, including pieces by Georg
Baselitz, Joseph Beuys and Carol Rama.
William began collecting in earnest after falling in love with—and
buying—a drawing by Picasso.
Local Collector:
Robbie Antonio
The first is the Manila home, which also serves as a museum for
his ever expanding art collection, with works by the likes of
Damien Hirst, Francis Bacon, and Jeff Koons.
Robbie Antonio calls the second project Obsession: a series of
portraits of himself by some of the world’s top contemporary
artists, including Julian Schnabel, Marilyn Minter, David Salle,
Zhang Huan, members of the Bruce High Quality Foundation,
and Takashi Murakami.
Art dealer
An art dealer is a person or company that buys and sells works
of art. Art dealers' professional associations serve to set high
standards for accreditation or membership and to support art
exhibitions and shows.
H o w t o B e c o m e a n Ar t D e a l e r ?
 An art dealer is a highly-specialized business person; an
individual with an extensive passion for and knowledge of
the multi-dimensional world of art.
Step 1: Earn a Degree
Art dealers must have a deep understanding of the work they are
buying and selling. Many pursue a bachelor's degree in art
history to prepare for this career; some seek a master's degree
or Ph.D.
Step 2: Choose a Specialization
Many art dealers specialize in a particular art form, such as
sculpture, or work from a designated period.
Step 3: Find an Entry-Level Position
Most art dealers do not start out in high-level gallery positions.
Instead, they begin working in entry-level positions for galleries,
museums or auction houses.
Step 4: Make Contacts
Early in their careers, art dealers should make connections in the
art community. They might network with artists and collectors,
meet contacts through social events or expand their circles by
working in more than one museum, gallery or auction house.
Step 5: Advance in the Field
Art dealers must establish their reputation and gain clientele to
move up in the field.
Step 6: Get a Job
While the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) doesn't collect
employment and wage information specifically for art dealers, the
BLS does offer employment and wage details for closely related
job titles, such as curator and gallery director.
Art Dealer: Salary, Duties, Outlook and Requirements
Salary Information for an Art Dealer
According to the BLS, wholesale buyers earned an average
annual salary of $59,270 in May 2015, while retail salespeople
earned an average of $26,340 the same year. The amount of
money earned by dealers relies largely on the location,
education, and experience of the individual.
As of Sep 7, 2019, the average annual pay for an Art Dealer
in the United States is $56,538 a year.
As of Sep 7, 2019, the average monthly pay for the Art Dealer
jobs category in the United States is $4,712 a month.
As of Sep 7, 2019, the average weekly pay for the Art Dealer
jobs category in the United States is $1,087 a week.
As of Sep 7, 2019, the average hourly pay for the Art Dealer
jobs category in the United States is $27 an hour.
Job Duties for an Art Dealer
Art dealers are hired by art galleries to bring in various types of
pieces, such as paintings and sculptures, from a myriad of artists.
Job Outlook for an Art Dealer
Art dealers are mainly sought by businesses and stores that sell
old antique items and artists. Art dealers must be wary of the
economy and current trends because exquisite and rare pieces
of art can be expensive.
Job Requirements for an Art Dealer
Art dealers typically must have completed a bachelor's degree
program in an art-related major, such as art history.
 Degree: Bachelor of Arts; Master's degree.
List of Famous Art Dealers
 Judy Goffman Cutler is an American art dealer, co-
founder of the National Museum of American Illustration,
and founder and Executive Director of the American
Illustrators Gallery, NYC.
 Arnold "Arne" Glimcher is an American art dealer, film
producer and director. He is the founder of The Pace
Gallery and is widely known as one of the art world's
most powerful dealers.
 Jeffrey Harold Loria is an American art dealer, and the
owner of the Miami Marlins.
 Francis Lenn Taylor was an American art dealer and
father of the actress Elizabeth Taylor.
 Nigel Palin Greenwood was an art dealer.
 Lawrence Gilbert "Larry" Gagosian is an American art
dealer who owns the Gagosian Gallery chain of art
galleries.
 William Seguier was a British art dealer, painter, and
official functionary in the art world. He was the first
Keeper of the National Gallery, London.
 Robert Fraser was a noted London art dealer of the
1960s and beyond
 Anthony d'Offay is a British art dealer, collector and
curator.
 Serge Sorokko is an American art dealer, publisher and
owner of the Serge Sorokko Gallery in San Francisco.
 Leo Castelli was an Italian-American art dealer.
 Heinz Berggruen was a German art dealer and collector
who founded the Berggruen Museum in Berlin,
Germany.
 Thomas E. Ammann was a leading Swiss art dealer in
Impressionist and Twentieth Century Art and major
collector of Post-war and Contemporary Art.
 Gabrielle Pizzi was an Australian art dealer who
promoted Aboriginal art from the Western Desert from
the early 1980s.
 Theodorus "Theo" van Gogh was a Dutch art dealer.
GAMABA NATIONAL ARTISTS
 Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Awards (GAMABA)
Is an award that recognizes the folk and Indigenous
artists of the Philippines who has remained true to their
traditions.
 In April 1992, the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Awards
was institutionalized through Republic Act.. No. 7355,
administered by the National Commission for Culture
and the Arts (NCAA) through Gawad sa Manlilikha ng
Bayan Committee.
UWANG AHADAS
 An expertise in playing the indigenous instrument called
kwintangan kayu
MAGDALENA GAMAYO
 Her expertise dwell in weaving high-quality Ilocos’ textile
called Abel.
 a master weaver who not only weaves traditional Ilocano
textile but also designs new patterns.
EDUARDO MUTOC
 Metal smith
  Kapampangan  Her favorite pattern was the binuwaya (crocodile)  Artists who, through the content and form of their works,
 Apalit Pampanga  She continued weaving until her death in 2009 have contributed in building a Filipino sense of nationhood
 Creating religious and secular art in silver, bronze and MASINOINTARAY  Artists who have pioneered in a mode of creative expression
wood  He was a chanter and musician or style, thus earning distinction and making an impact on
LANG DULAY  He was awarded in 1993, passed away in 2013. succeeding generations of artists
 Textile weaver  A member of the Pala’wan tribe  Artists who have created a substantial and significant body
 Her art tells the stories of the Tboli people living near  He was a master of the basal, a gong music ensemble of work and/or consistently displayed excellence in the
Lake Sebu in South Cotabato. played during rice cooking (tambilaw) and sharing practice of their art form thus enriching artistic expression or
(tinapay) rituals style
SAMAON SULAIMAN  He performed the kulilal Artists who enjoy broad acceptance through:
DARHATASAWABI - prestigious national and/or international recognition,
 Musician such as the Gawad CCP Para sa Sining, CCP Thirteen
 She was a textile weaver
 Mamasa Pano, Magundanao Artists Award and NCCA Alab ng Haraya
 She was awarded in 2004.
 Master in playing the kutyapi - critical acclaim and/or reviews of their works
 She passed away in 2005.
AHA AMINA APPI - critical acclaim and/or reviews of their works
 She was lead young women towards making a living out
 Mat weaver
of her craft.
 Sama Tandubas, Tawi-Tawi 1. Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero – he was a Filipino play write,
 The Parang, Sulu-based textile weaver’s primary
 The mat weaving is one of the treasured traditions of the director, teacher and theater artist. He wrote 100 plays,
creation was the headpiece pis siyabit.
Sama People 41 of which have been published. His unpublished plays
TEOFILO GARCIA
FEDERICOCABALLERO have either been broadcast over the radio or staged in
 He was a gourd hatmaker
 He was born in Calinog, Iloilo various parts of the Philippines. One of his play is titled “
 He was Awarded in 2012
 He is a chanter and educator Forsaken house”
 He continues to experiment and work on new designs.
 He was awarded in 2000. - 1997
 He was able to introduce the tabungaw plant as a good
 He best known for his expertise in the Sugidanon and sturdy material for functional, elegant, and protective GAMABA AWARD
 Documenting 10 Panay-Bukidnon epics in an extinct hats.
language with close ties to Kinaray-a.  He produces everything he needs planting and In April 1992, the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan or the National
GINAWBILOG harvesting the gourds, splitting and refining rattan for the Living Treasures Award was institutionalized through Republic
 He was from Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro lining, and weaving nito and bamboo Act No. 7355. Tasked with the administration and implementation
 He was a poet ALONZO SACLAG of the Award is the National Commission for Culture and the Arts
 He was awarded in 1993 and passed away in 2003  He was a traditional dancer and musician (NCCA),
 He was known for writing ambahan (a metaphoric poem  He was awarded in 2000.
comprising seven-syllable lines) First awarded in 1993 to three outstanding artists in music and
 He mastered local musical instruments, along with
 The poems, often recited with music at social gatherings poetry, the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan has its roots in the
dance patterns associated with rituals.
and used to convey messages among the Hanunuo 1988 National Folk Artists Award organized by the Rotary Club
 His efforts have included formal education, reaching
Mangyan of Makati-Ayala.
radio stations, and the formation of the Kalinga Budong
Dance Troupe. As envisioned under R.A. 7355, “Manlilikha ng Bayan” shall
SALINTAMONON
mean a citizen engaged in any traditional art uniquely Filipino
 She was a textile weaver CRITERIA FOR THE ORDER OF NATIONAL ARTISTS whose distinctive skills have reached such a high level of
 Living artists who are Filipino citizens at the time of
 She was awarded in 1998. technical and artistic excellence and have been passed on to and
nomination, as well as those who died after the
 She was 12 when she began learning to weave the widely practiced by the present generation in his/her community
establishment of the award in 1972 but were Filipino citizens with the same degree of technical and artistic competence.
inabal, a traditional Bagobo textile
at the time of their death
How Does One Become a Manlilikha ng Bayan?
To become a “Manlilikha ng Bayan”, the candidate must possess
the following qualifications:
a. He/she is an inhabitant of an indigenous/traditional cultural
community anywhere in the Philippines that has preserved
indigenous customs, beliefs, rituals and traditions and/or has
syncretized whatever external elements that have influenced it.
b. He/she must have engaged in a folk art tradition that has been
in existence and documented for at least fifty (50) years.
c. He/she must have consistently performed or produced over a
significant period, works of superior and distinctive quality.
d. He/she must possess a mastery of tools and materials needed
by the art, and must have an established reputation in the art as
master and maker of works of extraordinary technical quality.
e. He/she must have passed on and/or will pass on to other
members of the community their skills in the folk art for which the
community is traditionally known.
A traditional artist who possesses all the qualities of a Manlilikha
ng Bayan candidate, but due to age or infirmity has left him/her
incapable of teaching further his/her craft, may still be recognized
if:
a. He/she had created a significant body of works and/or has
consistently displayed excellence in the practice of his/her art,
thus achieving important contributions for its development.
b. He/she has been instrumental in the revitalization of his/her
community’s artistic tradition.
c. a. He/she has passed on to the other members of the
community skills in the folk art for which the community is
traditionally known.
d. His/her community has recognized him/her as master and
teacher of his/her craft.
Categories
The Award shall be given in each, but not limited to the following
categories of traditional folk arts, viz.: folk architecture, maritime
transport, weaving, carving, performing arts, literature, graphic
and plastic arts, ornament, textile or fiber art, pottery and other
artistic expressions of traditional culture. Consideration shall be
given to geographical distribution and balance of artistic
categories.
What are the incentives received by the awardee?
A Manlilikha ng Bayan awardee receives a specially designed
gold medallion, an initial grant of P100,000 and P10,000 monthly
stipend for life.
Ad Hoc Panel of Experts
The Ad Hoc Panel of Experts shall then constitute an Ad Hoc
Screening Committee who shall recommend nominees for the
award to an Ad Hoc Panel of Reviewers.
The Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan Committee shall submit to
the NCCA the recommendations of the Ad Hoc Panel of
Reviewers for appropriate action.
The names of the awardees approved by the NCCA Board shall
be submitted to the President of the Philippines for proclamation
National Artist in the Philippines
National Artist in Visual Arts
1. Abdulmari Asia Imao – is a filipino painter and sculptor.
A Tausug, Imao in the first moro to receive the
recognition. His famous work is the Indigenous ukkli,
sarimanok.
- Date of award 2006
- Visual Arts
2. Federicio Aguilar Alcuaz – A Filipino painter who
exhibited extensively internationally whose work earned
him recognition both in the Philippines and abroad. He
was titled National Artist for visual arts, painting,
sculpture and mix media. His artwork are the Reveries
of love, Panoramic view of Manila and Still life with
landscape.
- 2009
- Visual Arts
3. Jose T. Joya – A Filipino abstract artist and a National
artist of Philippine awardee. Joya was a print maker,
painter, mixed media artist and a former dean of
University of the Philippines college of fine arts. His
known artwork is Hills of Nikko, Space Transfiguration,
and Torogan.
- 2003
- Visual Arts
National Artist in Theater
2. Severino Montano – He was considered as one of the
Titans of Philippine theater. He was a playwright,
director, actor and theater organizer with an output of
one novel, 150 poems and 50 plays in his 65-year
lifetime.
- 2001
- Theater
- 
3. Daisy H. Avellana – She was a Filipino stage actress
and theater director. She was honored as Ntional Artist
of the Philippines for theater and films
- 1999
- Theater
National Artist in Cinema & Broadcasting Arts
1. Eddie S. Romero - He was a film director, film producer
and screenwriter . he used the screen name “ Enrique
Moreno”
- 2003
- Cinema & Broadcasting
National Artist in Landscape Archtecture
1. Archt. Ildefonso P. Santos Jr. – popularly known
simply as “IP Santos”. A filipino architect who was known
for being the “ Father of Philippine Landscape
Architecture”. He was recognized as a national artist of
the Philippines in the field of architecture.
- 2006
- Landscape Architecture
National Artist in Historical Literature
1. Carlos Quirino – he was a biographer and historian and
cultural administrator, has a distinction of having written
one of the earliest biographies of Jose Rizal titled “ The
Great Malayan”. And his other work is the “Philippine
Category 1320-1899, Domingo Franco Patriot and
Martyr of the Philippine Revolution.
- 1997
- Historical Literature
NATIONAL ARTIST IN PAINTING
1. Fernando Cueto Amorsolo
 Became National Artist on
 May 30, 1892 – April 24, 1972
 Although born in the nation’s capital, Amorsolo would spend
most of his childhood in the small town setting
of Daet in Camarines Norte where his love for the simple
rural life would become the foundation for his artistic output
for which he is most well-known.
 Amorsolo displayed an affinity for the rural landscape, a
reflection of his own small world.
Subjects: Philippine genre and historical, nudes, society
portraits
2. Carlos V. Francisco
 Became National Artist on June 12, 1973
 November 4, 1914 – March 31, 1969
 Subjects: Historical Pieces
 Popularly known as Botong, was a muralist from Angono,
Rizal.
 He was one of the first Filipino modernists along with Galo
Ocampo
 and Victorio C. Edades who broke away from Fernando
Amorsolo's romanticism of Philippine scenes.
3. Victorio C. Edades
 Became National Artist on 1976
 December 13, 1895 - March 7, 1985
 Subjects: Painting distorted human figures in rough, bold
impasto strokes, and standing tall and singular in his
advocacy and practice of what he believes is the
creative art.
 Co-founder of the Mindanao Ethno-culture Foundation that
focused on the indigenous culture and heritage of
Mindanao.
 He was the "Father of Modern Philippine Art."
NATIONAL ARTIST IN LITERATURE
1. Amado V. Hernandez
 Became National Artist on 1973
 September 13, 1903 - March 24, 1970
 While being a reporter, columnist and editor of several
newspaper and magazines including Watawat, Mabuhay,
Pilipino, Makabayan and Sampaguita, he also honed his
poetic craft.
 After World War II, he became a member of the Philippine
Newspaper Guild and his writings increasingly dealt with the
plight of the peasants and laborers.
2. Jose Garcia Villa
 Became National Artist on1973
 August 5, 1908 – February 7, 1997
 Jose Garcia Villa is considered as one of the finest
contemporary poets regardless of race or language.
 Villa, who lived in Singalong, Manila, introduced the
reversed consonance rime scheme, including the comma
poems that made full use of the punctuation mark in an
innovative, poetic way. The first of his poems “Have Come,
Am Here” received critical recognition when it appeared in
New York in 1942 that, soon enough, honors and
fellowships were heaped on him: Guggenheim, Bollingen,
the American Academy of Arts and Letters Awards. He used
Doveglion (Dove, Eagle, Lion) as pen name, the very
characters he attributed to himself, and the same ones
explored by
3. Nick Joaquin
 Became National Artist on 1946
 May 4, 1917 - 29, 2004
 Filipino novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, and biographer
whose works present the diverse heritage of the Filipino
people.
 He was well known as a historian of the brief Golden Age of
Spain in the Philippines, as a writer of short stories suffused
with folk Roman Catholicism, as a playwright, and as a
novelist.
NATIONAL ARTIST IN CINEMA
1. Gerardo De Leon
 Became National Artist on 1982
 September 12, 1913 – July 25, 1981
 He was a director and actor, known for Noli me
tángere (1961), Huwag Mo Akong Limutin (1960) and El
filibusterismo (1962).
 The only director in the Philippines to have won the FAMAS
Award for Best Director three consecutive times: in 1960,
1961 and 1962.
2. Lino Brocka
 Became National Artist on 1997
 April 7, 1939 – May 22, 1991
 Films rich in realism and social commentary.
 Lino Brocka is a Philippine director who gained attention in
the international film community for his films about the
Marcos dictatorship. He's is most famous for the film Insiang
which was well received in Cannes.
3. Fernando Poe Jr.
 Became National Artist on 2006
 August 20, 1939 – December 14, 2004
 Known as "Da King", or "FPJ", Poe had an enormous
following as the star of films such as Muslim Magnum 357;
Shout for Justice; and Walls of Hell.
NATIONAL ARTIST IN MUSIC
1. Honorata “ Atang” Dela Rama
 Became National Artist on 1987
 January 11, 1905 – July 11, 1901
 At the age of 15, de la Rama starred in the sarsuela (a
musical play) Dalagang Bukid, where she became known
for singing Nabasag na Banga. She became the first actress
in the first Tagalog film when she played the same role in
the film version of the sarsuela.
 De la Rama was the producer and the writer of plays such
as Anak ni Eva and Bulaklak ng Kabundukan. For her
achievements and contributions to the art form, she was
hailed Queen of the Kundiman and of the Sarsuela in 1979.
2. Antonio Buenaventura
 Became National Artist on 1988
 May 4, 1904 – January 25, 1996
 Buenaventura composed songs, compositions, for solo
instruments as well as symphonic and orchestral works
based on the folksongs of various Philippine ethnic groups.
 He was also a conductor and restored the Philippine Army
Band to its former prestige as one of the finest military bands
in the world making it “the only band that can sound like a
symphony orchestra”.
3. Lucio San Pedro
 Became National Artist on 1991
 February 11, 1913 – March 31, 2002
 Ugoy sa Duyan and Lahing Kayumanggi
NATIONAL ARTIST IN LITERATURE
1. Leonardo V. Locsin
 Became National Artist 1990
 August 15, 1928 -
 Filipino architect, artist, and interior designer, known for his
use of concrete, floating volume and simplistic design in his
various projects.
2. Jose Maia Zaragosa
 Became National Artist on 2014
 December 6, 1912 – November 26, 1994
 He designed some of the most famous religious structures
in the Philippines such as the Santo Domingo Church and
Convent and the Pink Sisters Convent, both in Quezon City;
the Union Church of Manila (a Protestant church) and St.
John Bosco Parish Church on Arnaiz Avenue (Pasay Road)
in Makati; and the Shrine of Our Lady of the Miraculous
Medal in Posadas Village, Muntinlupa City.
3. Pablo S. Antonio
 Became National Artist on 1976
 January 25, 1901 – June 14, 1975
 Between 1938 and 1950, he designed several buildings on
the university campus in the Art Deco style.
 The FEU campus is considered as the largest ensemble of
surviving Art Deco architecture in Manila, and in 2005, it
received an Honorable Mention citation from
the UNESCO for the body’s 2005 Asia-Pacific Heritage
Awards for Culture Heritage Conservation.
NATIONAL ARTIST IN DANCE
1. Leonor Orosa Goquingco
 Became National Artist on 1976
 July 24, 1917 – July 15, 2005
 Dubbed the “Trailblazer”, “Mother of Philippine Theatre
Dance” and “Dean of Filipino Performing Arts Critics”.
 Leonor Orosa Goquingco, pioneer Filipino choreographer in
balletic folkloric and Asian styles, produced for over 50
 years highly original, first of a kind choreographies, mostly
to her own storylines.
2. Ramon Obusan
 Became National Artist on 2006
 June 16, 1938 – December 21, 2006
 A dancer, choreographer, stage designer and artistic
director. He achieved phenomenal success in Philippine
dance and cultural work.
 He was also acknowledged as a researcher, archivist and
documentary filmmaker who broadened and deepened the
Filipino understanding of his own cultural life and
expressions.
ELEMENTS OF ARTS
The visual components of color, form, line, shape, space, texture,
and value.
Line an element of art defined by a point moving in space. Line
may be two-or three-dimensional, descriptive, implied, or
abstract.
Shape- an element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited
to height and width.
Form- an element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses
volume; includes height, width and depth (as in a cube, a sphere,
a pyramid, or a cylinder). Form may also be free flowing.
Value- the lightness or darkness of tones or colors. White is the
lightest value; black is the darkest. The value halfway
Between these extremes is called middle gray.
Space -an element of art by which positive and negative areas
are defined or a sense of depth achieved in a work of art .
Color- an element of art made up of three properties: hue,
value,and intensity.
• Hue: name of color
• Value: hue’s lightness and darkness (a color’s value changes
when white or black is added)
• Intensity: quality of brightness and purity (high intensity= color
is strong and bright; low intensity color is faint and dull)
Texture- an element of art that refers to the way things feel, or
look as if they might feel if touched.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
1. Emphasis - Say you’re creating a poster for a concert.
You should ask yourself: what is the first piece of
information my audience needs to know? Is it the band?
Or the concert venue? What about the day and the cost
of attending?
Make a mental outline. Let your brain organize
the information and then lay out your design in a way that
communicates that order. If the band’s name is the most
essential information, place it in the center or make it the
biggest element on the poster. Or you could put it in the
strongest, boldest type. Learn about color theory and
use strong color combinations to make the band name
popo Like writing without an outline or building without a
blueprint, if you start your composition without a clear
idea of what you’re trying to communicate, your design
will not succeed.
2. Balance and Alignment - Never forget that every
element you place on a page has a weight. The weight
can come from color, size, or texture. Just like you
wouldn’t put all your furniture in one corner of a room,
you can’t crowd all your heavy elements in one area of
your composition. Without balance, your audience will
feel as if their eye is sliding off the page.
Symmetrical design creates balance through
equally weighted elements aligned on either side of a
center line. On the other hand, asymmetrical design
uses opposite weights (like contrasting one large
element with several smaller elements) to create a
composition that is not even, but still has equilibrium.
Symmetrical designs are always pleasing, if not
occasionally boring. Asymmetrical designs are bolder
and can bring real visual interest and movement (more
on that later!) to your composition
3. Contrast - Contrast is what people mean when they say
a design “pops.” It comes away from the page and sticks
in your memory. Contrast creates space and difference
between elements in your design. Your background
needs to be significantly different from the color of your
elements so they work harmoniously together and are
readable. If you plan to work with type, understanding
contrast is incredibly essential because it means the
weight and size of your type are balanced.
How will your audience know what is most
important if everything is in bold? As you seek out
examples of really strong, effective design, you’ll notice
most designs only feature one or two typefaces. That’s
because contrast can be effectively achieved with two
strong fonts (or even one strong typeface in different
weights). As you add fonts, you dilute and confuse the
purpose of your design.
4. Repetition - If you limit yourself to two strong typefaces
or three strong colors, you’ll soon find you’ll have to
repeat some things. That’s ok! It’s often said that
repetition unifies and strengthens a design. If only one
thing on your band poster is in blue italic sans-serif, it
can read like an error.
If three things are in blue italic sans-serif, you’ve
created a motif and are back in control of your design.
Repetition can be important beyond one printed product.
Current packaging design is heavily embracing beautiful
illustrated patterns. Anyone thinking about a startup
knows one of the first things you need is a strong logo to
feature on your website, business cards, social media
and more. Brand identity? Another term for repetition.
What constitutes the “basic” principles of design is
certainly up for debate. But understanding and
implementing the principles covered above is vital to the
success of any design project.
5. Proportion - is the visual size and weight of elements in
a composition and how they relate to each other. It often
helps to approach your design in sections, instead of as
a whole.
Grouping related items can give them
importance at a smaller size—think of a box at the
bottom of your poster for ticket information or a sidebar
on a website for a search bar. Proportion can be
achieved only if all elements of your design are well-
sized and thoughtfully placed. Once you master
alignment, balance, and contrast, proportion should
emerge organically.
6. Movement - is controlling the elements in a composition
so that the eye is led to move from one to the next and
the information is properly communicated to your
audience. Movement creates the story or the narrative of
your work: a band is playing, it’s at this location, it’s at
this time, here’s how you get tickets. The elements
above—especially balance, alignment, and contrast—
 will work towards that goal, but without proper
movement, your design will be DOA.
7. White Space - All of the other elements deal with what
you add to your design. White space (or negative space)
is the only one that specifically deals with what you don’t
add. White space is exactly that—the empty page
around the elements in your composition. For beginning
designers it can be a perilous zone. Often simply giving
a composition more room to breathe can upgrade it from
mediocre to successful.
White space isn’t sitting there doing nothing—it’s
creating hierarchy and organization. Our brains naturally
associate ample white space around an element with
importance and luxury. It’s telling our eyes that objects
in one region are grouped separately from objects
elsewhere.
Even more exciting, it can communicate an
entirely different image or idea from your main design
that will reward your audience for engaging with it. The
logo above uses active negative space to communicate
multiple ideas in one fun, creative design.
THE RYLE OF THIRDS
ART HISTORY
AESTHETICS
 A set of principle concerned with nature and appreciation
of beauty, especially art.
 The branch of philosophy that deals with the principles
of beauty and artistic taste.
 Aesthetics and esthetics, the word is derived from the
Ancient Greek aisthetikos meaning “esthetic, sensitive,
sentient, pertaining, to sense perception which in turn
was derived from aisthanomai, meaning “I perceive, feel,
sense”.
1. PRE- COLONIAL ART PERIOD (6185 BC – 1520 AD)
 Age of Horticulture/ Neolithic Period 96185-
4,400BC)
 Metal Age (3190 – 190 BC)
 Iron Age (200 BC – 1000 BC)
 Local Communities are being established and art
starts to go beyond mere craft, i.e. stone weapons
or jewelry but starts to have decorative elements,
meaning and context
2. Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) Espinosa Ranch Site,
Cagayan 16000-8000 BC
The proof of earliest mans presence was
recovered from a ranch site in Cagayan Province- two
flake tools dated about .9 million years, the oldest man-
made object associated with the fossils of a
proboscidean, a prehistoric elephant. Other flake tools
are recovered in Tabon Caves, Palawan and some stone
tools in Bolobok Cave, Sanga Sanga in Tawi-Tawi.
 Shell Bracelets and Pendants (Neolithic)
The oldest known ornaments made from cone
shells were found in the early 1960’s in the grave of an
adult male in Duyong Cave in Palawan.
 Agono Petroglyphs
Are oldest known work art in the Philippines
located in the Province of Rizal. There are 127 human
and animal figures engraved on the rock wall.
IMPORTANT ART WORKS
 Lingling-o (2000 BC – 1000 AD)
 Manunggul Jar
 Maitum Jar (190 BC – 500 BC)
Pre- Colonial Art Forms
 Pre- Colonial traditional art have religious symbols,
every day activity such as fishing, farming etc., or a
specific decorative art pattern to the community.
 It has either the influence of local religion (animistic) or
Islamic based
 There is also an exchange of art aesthetics and art
processes with Chinese and other Asian countries who
frequents a trader with our indigenous groups.
Other Pre-Colonial Art
 Pottery
 Weaving
 Tattoo
 Jewelry
 Carving
 Metal Crafts
3. Spanish Colonial Art Period (1521- 1898)
 Introduced formal Painting, Sculpture and
Architecture which was inspired by Byzantine,
Gothic, Baroque and Rococo art styles.
 Most art works are Religious (Catholic) based
 Art works bear the Philippine themed décor
Spanish Art Aesthetics as Adopted by Filipino Artist
 Byzantine Painting Style: Attributed to Maitre a la
Ratiere, Battle of Marignano, 1515
 Filipino Interpretation:Esteban Villanueva, Basi
Revolt, 1821 (1 to 14 paintings)
 Byzantine frescoes 11th-12th century Church of
PanayiaPhorviotissa Cyprus
 Langit, Lupa at Impierno Josef Luciano Dans ca.
1850
 Baroque Aesthetics: Cathedral Church of Saint Mary
in Murcia, Spain
 Filipino interpretation: Miagao Church also known as
the Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Parish Church
Miagao, Iloilo, Philippines
 Rococo Aesthetic
 Gothic Aesthetics
Uprising of the Philippine Artist
 In the formation of the elite Filipino class, the illustrado,
paved way for the rich locals to study abroad, amore
“academic” and western approach has been learned,
 The Filipino Classicism is formed that borrows the Neo-
Classicism, Romanticism and even a hint of
Impressionism
The Father of Filipino Painting Damian Domingo
 First Filipino to paint his face, the first Self- Portrait in the
Philippines
 Founder of Academia de Dibujo y Pintura, the first school
of drawing in the Philippines ((1821)
 One of the known artists of the decorative art illustrations
tipos del pais watercolor paintings that depict local
costumes.
Juan Luna y Novicio First of Internationally Renowned Artist
 Juan Luna wass Filipino painter, sculptor and a political
activist of the Philippine Revolution during the late 19 th
century.
 His spolarium won the gold medal in the 1884 Madrid
Exposition of Fine Arts
Felix Resurrection Hidalgo
 One of the greatest Filipino Painters along with fellow
painter Juan Luna in the 19th century
 His work has a touch of Romanticism and aesthetics of
the Neo-Classicism
Two Filipino Art Styles developed during the Spanish Period
Miniaturismo
 Art style that pays attention to the embroidery and
texture of the costume.
Letras y Figuras
Art style that fuses letters with figures in every day
activity amidst a common background. Usually used in painting
a patron’s full name.
4. American Colonial Art Period (1898- 1946)
 The American brought in Education and Value
Formation, with both Following the: “American way
of life” (Alice Guillermo, SiningBiswal, 1994, p.4)
 Art Illustration, Advertising and Commercial Design
gained popularity and incorporated in Fina arts.
 Painting themes still largely favored Genres
Paintings, Landscapes and Still life; Portraits are
reserved for high ranking officials with a more
academic approach to make the subject more
formaL
Popular Art Styles during the Philippine Colonial American
Period
Neoclassicism in Architecture The white House
 Neoclassicism in Philippine Architecture
 Art Deco in Architecture Chrysler Building
 Art Deco in Philippine Architecture Metropolitan Theater
 Art Nouveau in Architecture Old England Building built in
Art Nouveau style. Musee des instruments de musique-
Bruxelles
 Art Nouveau in Philippine Architecture Uy- Chaco
Building
Notable Artist:
Fabian Dela Rosa
The brightest name in Philippine painting after Luna and certainly
the leading Master of Genre in the first quarter of the century
Fernando Amorsolo
A portraitist and painter of rural landscapes. He is best known for
his craftsmanship and mastery in the use of light.
Guillermo Tolentino
The National Artist Awards for Sculpture in 1973
He is considered as the Father of Philippine Arts because of his
great works like the famous “Bonifacio Monument” symbolizing
Filipino cry for freedom and “the Oblation” in UP signifying
academic freedom.
5. Post-Colonial Period (1946- 1986) Contemporary
Period (1986 to Present)
Philippine Modern Art (1946- 1970)
 The study of determining what is Philippine
Contemporary Art Period is still being determined since
the word has been used loosely used even during the
American Colonial Period.
 Philippine Post-Modern Art (1970- 1980s)
 The support of the Philippine Government for the arts via
the creation of the Cultural Center of the Philippines
during 1969, gave the venue for all artists to experiment
and explore different art medium tying closely to the Post
Modern Art Period of the west with Pop art, Installation
Art, Performance Art, dominating the scene.
 Philippine Contemporary Art (1980s to Present)
 It was on the on -set of the sudden rise of personal
computers and new technology created a new art
medium for the arts and human expression.
GENRES OF MUSIC
MUSIC - an art of sound in time that expresses ideas and
emotions in significant forms through the elements of rhythm,
melody, harmony, and color. The science or art of ordering tones
or sounds in succession, in combination, and in temporal
relationships to produce a composition having unity and
continuity
GENRE- a category of artistic, musical, or literary composition
characterized by a particular style, form, or content a style,
especially in the arts, that involves a particular set of
characteristics:
1. ROCK
It can be said that rock music is the most popular genre of
music in the history of mankind.
The umbrella term 'rock' is used to describe a large
variety of musical styles. The origins of this stupendously
popular style lie in a fusion of two other popular genres --
Blues and Country, along with significant elements of jazz.
Along with the influences from the two styles, rock and roll
was typified by extensive use of the snare drum. The 'rock
and roll' movement of the mid-1950s revolutionized the
music scene in the West, with the proponents of this
innovative and flamboyant style shaping the trends in racism,
fashion and lifestyle. Rock and roll -- especially Glam Rock -
- artists' garish costumes were famous, and in the racially
inflamed 1950s, rock and roll provided an avenue for the
appreciation of popular music without segregation. The
success of the Rock and Roll movement is personified in the
everlasting fame of 'the King', Elvis.
Notable bands:
International
The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Byrds, The Yardbirds,
Led Zeppelin, Aerosmith,
Local
Kamikazee, Eraserheads, Parokyani Edgar and Silent
Sanctuary
2. JAZZ
Jazz developed among the black community of the
Southern US. This can be called a 'classical version' of blues
music. The African influence on this indigenous American
style of music can be seen in the emphasis on improvisation
and a combination of different but simultaneously played
rhythms, which is very unusual in the Western tradition of
music.
Jazz is often performed by ensembles (although
single artists can play as well), with importance laid on their
ability to play off each other, and improvise ex tempore. The
improvisational style of jazz links it to Indian classical music,
which also values improvisation over repetition of set
melodies.
Noted Performers:
Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, Frank Sinatra, John Coltrane
3. CLASICAL
The classical music of Europe is (along with the
much older Indian classical music) one of the oldest surviving
styles in modern music. In direct contrast to its Indian
counterpart and the Western style of jazz, European
classical music values tradition and set renditions of
melodies, without much scope for improvisation.
music can be of several forms: Symphony, Sonata,
Concerto, Suite, Cantata, Oratorio etc. These are either
played on instruments such as a piano or a violin or sung.
Western classical music is categorized by period:
Medieval, Renaissance,Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and
Modern. The cutoffs of the periods aren't strictly defined, but
the convention is clear; The Medieval period ran till the early
15th century, Renaissance till the 1600s, Baroque till mid-
1700s, Classical till the early 1800s, Romantic till the 1900s,
when it gave way to the Modern. Western classical music
really came into its own in the baroque and classical periods,
 graced by masters such as Vivaldi, Bach, Mozart and
Beethoven.
Although classical music is often derided as 'boring',
especially by the younger audience, it shouldn't be forgotten
that it is one of the oldest and most respected genres in world
music.
Notable Composers:
Ludvig van Beethoven, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann
Sebastian Bach, Frederic Chopin,
4. BLUES
Like jazz music, the blues genre originated from
African Americans' worksongs, and was built around the
premise of simple lyrics sung in a simple tune. The simple,
plain structuring of a blues song is open to innovations and
improvisations; this has led to the emergence of several
completely different styles, such as rock music. Since the
blues genre was ingrained in local calls and worksongs, the
subgenres of blues music are often named after places.
Blues music was primarily played unplugged (with
acoustic instruments). However, this began to change in the
1940s, and the entry of electric instruments -- thanks to
artists such as Muddy Waters -- revolutionized blues music.
Although many blues artists chose electric instruments, both
electric and acoustic renditions of blues music are popular
today. Jump blues, an energetic, fast type of blues music, is
considered to be the precursor of rock and R&B music.
Notable Performers:
Robert Johnson, Muddy Waters, Robert Nighthawk, Bessie
Smith, "Blind" Lemon Jefferson, T-Bone Walker,
5. COUNTRY
Like blues music, country music emerged from folk
songs of the Southern USA in the early 1920s. Immigrants in
the Appalachian Mountains area, who had brought along
instruments from their own countries.
GENRES OF DANCE WALANG NAKALAGAY
WHAT IS THE RULE OF THIRDS?
The rule of thirds involves mentally dividing up your
image using 2 horizontal lines and 2 vertical lines, as shown
below. You then position the important elements in your scene
along those lines, or at the points where they meet.
The idea is that an off-center composition is more pleasing to the
eye and looks more natural than one where the subject is placed
right in the middle of the frame. It also encourages you to make
creative use of negative space, the empty areas around your
subject.
HOW TO USE THE RULE OF THIRDS?
When framing a photo, imagine the scene divided up as
above. Think about what elements of the photo are most USING EDITING SOFTWARE
important and try to position them at or near the lines and You can easily apply the rule of thirds to existing photos
intersections of the grid. They don't have to be perfectly lined up by cropping them. This allows you to reposition the important
as long as they're close. subjects in your image, moving them into more pleasing
positions.
You may need to move around to get the best composition. This
forces you to think more carefully about the shot and is a good To help you, software like Photoshop and Lightroom
habit to get into whether you're using the rule of thirds or not. have built-in "crop guide overlays" which include a rule of thirds
option. This place a rule of thirds grid on top of your image as
To help you out, some cameras have a setting which overlays a you crop it, allowing you to get your positioning spot on.
rule of thirds grid onto your photo. This removes all guesswork
and helps you get your positioning even more accurate. BREAKING THE RULE
As with all rules (at least in photography), the rule of
EXAMPLES: thirds doesn't apply in every situation, and sometimes breaking it
The rule of thirds is very versatile and can be used on can result in a much more eye-catching, interesting photo.
any subject. Below is some example of it being used effectively Experiment and test out different compositions even if they go
in different types of shots. against any "rules" you've learned.
In landscape shots, it's common to position the horizon along the However, learn to use the rule of thirds effectively before you try
center of the frame, but this can give the photo a "split in two" to break it - that way you can be sure you're doing so in order to
feel. Instead, place it along one of the horizontal lines. get a better composition, rather than just for the sake of it.
Try to include another interesting object, such as the tree in the
photo above, and position it according to the rule of thirds. This
provides an "anchor", a natural focal point for the scene.
It's a good idea to position people off to one side of the
frame. This provides some "breathing space", shows the
subject's environment, and stops the photo from looking like a
mugshot.
We are naturally drawn to people's eyes. Place them at one of
the intersections on the rule of thirds grid to give the shot a clear
focal point.
Here the main subject has been placed at one of the
intersections, and also along one a vertical line. The twig roughly
follows the top horizontal line. The empty space at the bottom left
provides balance and prevents the picture from feeling
overcrowded.
Vertical subjects such as this lighthouse can split a photo
in two, in much the same way as a horizon can do horizontally.
To avoid this, position them off-centre in your composition.
When photographing moving subjects, position them as
normal, but also pay attention to the direction they're moving. As
a general rule you should leave more space in front of them than
behind, to show where they're going.