Construction and Bling Materials 26 (2019) 83-93 oo ELSEVIER Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Construction and Building Materials journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat = The performance of hot-recycling asphalt binder containing crumb rubber modified asphalt based on physiochemical and rheological ax measurements Tian Chen®, Tao Ma”, Xiaoming Huang®, Yongsheng Guan’, Zhixiang Zhang”, Fanlong Tang” school of ansportatonSouheest Univers, 2 Span. Nang 270055 China panes Snood Enering Tectogy Reser Instat Co LID. Nj 21180, Cine HIGHLIGHTS + Crumb rubber modified asphalt binder (CRM) could be applied for hot recycling. ‘the process of aged asphale mixed with CRM is almost pysical blending, ‘The optimal proportion of CRM and aged asphalt was 1:1 Av the extremely low-temperature, CRM and RA were both recommended. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT ‘The stabilized crumb rubber modified asphalt is gaining attention from the researchers because of is ‘excellent road performance and the enviranmental-fiendly characteristic. Traditionally, the high temperature performance of the hot-recycling asphalt binder was improved by adding low-viscosity recycling agent. In this paper. the stabilized crumb rubber modified asphalt was studied to investigate its improvement on physiochemical and theological properties ofthe hot-recycling asphalt binder, espe ally high-temperature performance compared with traditional low-viscosity recycling agent. Three Are oy Received 2 Api 2019 Received in revised form 9 uly 2019 ‘Accepted 20 Jay 2019 eS types of phat wth dierent ingedens were Investigated ints paper: (1 asphalt inde contains [Recycling agent fi aged asphalt and crumb rubber modified asphalt; (2) asphalt binder contains aged asphalt and recycling, Feeley gens (2) ssphale inde contin aged asphalt crumb rubber modified spat an reycling agents Mpa phir ‘he mati asphalt aged asphalt and stabiied crumb ruber modifi spat was et the contol pa peromance zroup. The piyiocemicl popes were evaated by Founer Transform Infared Spectescopy (FTIR), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Moreover, te reo ‘ogy experiments such as Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) and Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) were car- ried out to assess the practical performance ofthe three types of asphalt binder. In conclusion itcould be found that the mixing condition of cferent ingredient in the asphalt binder was mainly caused by phys ical mixing. Asphalt binder contains crumb rubber modified asphalt and aged asphalt was recommended ‘considering the high and low-temperature performance. The optimal proportion was: 50% crumb rubber ‘modified asphalt and 50% aged asphalt considering the economic benefts and rheological behaviors. In remely low-temperature environment, the high and low performance of crumb rubber modified phalt and recycling agents in hot-recyclng field stil needs more investigation. '© 2018 Elsevier Le. All rights reserved 1. Introduction Crumb rubber, as a type of modified agent in matrix asphalt ‘made from waste rubber tires, has played an important role in the improvements of heat and cold resistance as well as elasticity, * Coresponding author. mal odes sts00se.edn (TM naps: doior/0.1016)conbuitamat201807253, (950-0518/0 2019 Elsevier Ud Al rights reserve {1-4). Ie can also reduce noise pollution and improve the driving, experience [2.5]. The crumb rubber modified (CRM) asphalt has bbeen widely utilized as pavement materials and its properties thas been investigated in the last decades [6]. Inthe microstructure fof crumb rubber modified asphalt, the structure of crumb rubber particles determines the performance of crumb rubber modified asphalt [7], During the swelling of crumb rubber particles in asphalt, some absorb the light component of asphalt or dissolutero 1. Ghent a /Consiction ad uling Mater 226 (2019) 83-83, the main components into the asphalt, and others act as elastic f- lers [8-10], Due to the interactions between crumb rubber parti- ‘les and matrix asphalt, crumb rubber modified asphalt has the excellent aging resistance performance [5,11~13}, and crumb rub- ber has been selected as a modifier to improve anti-aging proper- ties. Therefore, crumb rubber modified asphalt has the potential to be utilized in the hot-recycling field ‘When examining the production of hot-recyeled asphalt mix- ture in the plant, it could be found that there are a large number ‘of recycled asphalt particles coated with aged asphalt. At present, the general method is to add a type of recycling agent (RA) which is of great importance in the anti-aging property by soft~ ‘ening aged asphalt [14]. When recycling agents are used, the per~ ‘manent deformation resistance decrease, which is the largest shortcoming. To improve that, the traditional method of recycling technology needs to be changed. Previous research [15] has indi- cated that the CRM has better high-temperature performance than the matrix asphalt on different percentages of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP), Since the CRM does not reduce the rut= ting resistance at high temperature, the CRM can be used instead ‘of recycling agent for hot-recycling technology. Morcover, the utilization of the CRM is one of the most promising ways to mit- igate the negative impact on environment and society exert by the waste tires [16]. Specifically, it would be cost-efficient in reconstruction and extension projects and reduce the cost of pavement maintenance. In the past decade, Xizo et al. (17| has investigated the influ- fences of crumb rubber size and types on performance of reclaimed asphalt pavement mixtures. Wang et al. [18] has stud- ies the microstructure of rubberized recycled hot mix asphalt mixture by X-ray CT scanning technology. However, these researches have not involved the aspects of asphalt binder and hardly paid attention to the comparison of crumb rubber modi- fied asphalt and recycling agents in the application of pavement recycling technologies. Moreover, no standard test_ procedure has been found to evaluate the effect of the CRM andjor the RA in the asphalt binder. In addition, the conventional methods are insufficient in characterizing the micromechanics of different types of asphalt binder, especially the crumb rubber modified asphalt, Therefore, it is necessary for the researcher to focus on the comparison of CRM and RA in physicochemical and rheologi- ‘al properties. The aging process of the asphalt binder leads to fraction transformations of functional groups and the changes in molec- ular size from small to large (19). Therefore, according to the ‘aging mechanisms |20) of asphalt binder, two physiochemical indicators were chosen, absorbance of specific functional groups ‘and molecular weight distribution, tested by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gel Permeation Chromatogra- phy (GPC), respectively. The changes in the binder microstruc- ture were observed using the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) the nano-scale adhesion was measured as well. All the results ‘were evaluated for the comparison of aged asphalt before and after adding crumb rubber modified asphalt and recycling agents “The theological properties such as dynamic shear theology and bending beam rheological characteristics of diferent types of hot- recycling asphalt binder were evaluated and compared. Above all, the objective of this paper was to investigate the impact of stabi- lized crumb rubber modified asphalt and recycling agent on phys- lochemical and theological characteristics of aged asphalt binder. Finally, the research conducted a rational assessment of stabilized ‘crumb rubber modified asphalt and recycling agent for hot recy- cling asphalt binders and proposed optimized proportion of an applicable rejuvenator. 2. Materials In this study, #70 asphalt (PG64-22) was used as the matrix asphalt while #7080 referred tothe stabilized erumb rubber mod- iffed asphalt. The percentage of crumb rubber in 30 mesh size i 20%, blended with matrix asphalt. The stale crumb rubber asphale twas obtained by a special manufacturing technique to make the rubber particles dissolved in the asphalt sufcently 15). To reach the evenness requirements ofthe AFM test, if any redundant rub ber particles were extracted before sample preparation. The matrix asphalt was kept in a rolling thin film oven (RTFO) for 12.5 h at 185°C to simulate a thermo-oxidative aging process, followed by ASTM D2872-12 [21] to reach the equivalent aging degree of 1 years (22). The recycling agent named RA1O0 was a kind of| low-viscosity aromatic ol also known as rubber filled i and far fara extracted ol, which was a by-product of aromatie hydeocar- bon obtained! by Solvent extraction. The testing materials were prepared by stirng for 1h without any shear action at 170°C. ‘Those composites were tested by means of chemical microscopic and rheological experiments. Matrix, aged and stabilized crumb ruber modified asphalt was set asthe control group. 3. Laboratory tests, ‘The tests fell into two categories: physicochemical experiments and theological tests. Three replications were tested in all the ‘experiments without having large variations. 1. The physicochemical evaluation for diferent types of asphalt binder 3.11. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy It was tested by the Nicolet iS50 FT-IR. Firstly, a kind of tested. asphalt was dissolved in dichloromethane to compound 5 wt% Solution. Then, a KBr sample was made as a blank background [2|, given a drop of the prepared solution on the top. Aiter that, the KBr sample was put under a mercury lamp to accelerate the volatilization of dichloromethane. Finally, the asphalt film was scanned 120 times by FTIR to achieve data stability. 3.12. Gel permeation chromatography Gel Permeation Chromatography (PL-GPC220) was adopted to investigate the status of diferent components of the asphalt binder at the molecular level. The columns were PLgel5ym Mixed-C (7.5 mm % 300 mm) with a quite low exclusion range of less than 200000. The columns were kept at a constant temperature of ‘40°C throughout the whole test ina column oven, Tetrahydrofuran, (THE) was chosen as the mobile phase flowing at a rate of 1 mi ‘min, and its solution concentration was 2:mgiml. Before experi- ‘ments, the testing materials were filtrated by a membrane with a pore size of 0.2 um in order to make sure that no large rubber par- ticles existed in the liquor before put into the injection module. Each sample was prepared with volume of 50 land tested within 30 min alter preparation to assure complete dispersion of asphalt in solvent and to prevent any aging that may occur to the diluted asphalt sample. Specific test procedures were in accordance with, the references (10.20) 3.1.3, Atomic force microscopy ‘AFM is a scanning probe microscopy technique with a very high resolution [23,24]. The surface was probed by the laser tracking cantilever with a sharp tip during the test, and the attractive oF repulsive force was measured, Atomic Force Microscopy (Product1. Chen eta Constracion and Bling Meters 226 (2018) 83-93 ‘Model-Dimension Icon) was applied to investigate the surface sta- tus of the asphalt binders. “The heat-cast method [25] was designed to prepare forthe sam- ples in four steps. At first, certain type of asphalt binder should be heated to a state of liquid. Then, a drop of that was dripped at the center ofthe glass. It had to be put in a drying oven at 150°C for bout 10 min to reach a flat surface according to the strict require- ‘ments on preparing the AFM sample. Finally, it was taken out from the drying oven and cooled down to room temperature. 2.2 The rheological evaluation for different types of asphalt binder Taking temperature into consideration, the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) experiments and the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) experiments were adopted to assess the deformation resis- tance at high temperatures and thermal cracking resistance at low temperatures of different types of asphalt binder. AL frst, the strain sweep tests were conducted at the tempera tures of 46 °C, 70°C and 88°C to determine a rational strain value i the linear viscoelasticity range. Then, temperature sweep tests, ‘were implemented. The parameters of the strain, laading speed and frequency, were set as. 10%, 10 rad/s. and approximately 159 Hz, respectively. The thickness of the specimens was 2 mm. It should be mentioned that the DSR experiment was applied to aged asphalt with different proportions of the CRM. while the aged asphalt with RA was measured in the previous research [14]. Bend- ing Beam Rheometer (CANNON, USA) was adopted to investigate the low temperature of asphalt binder so that the creep stifiness and the m-value could be determined. During the procedure, the experimental load had to remain constant at 980mN +50 mN, and the testing temperature was 6 °C. At ~6°C, the change of ‘rable 1 harcore bands in aspha (29-25-28) Band positon (om) Sue signee 150-1000 Substtton region of benzcne Fine 1030 SH stretching 1300 CoH bending ieation of - (CH) 1670 (©C and C=C (conjugate) stretching 2 C-Hsymmearc stretching vibration of (CH 2500 (C-Hasymmetrcsteching vibration o (CH, - 2838.50 CH suetching wbration a = (CH) 030 02s om ous Absorbance 010 os 0 sto 100 15002000 a5 asphalt binder in creep stiffness was little. In order to analyze the characteristics in an extremely low environment, tests were replicated at 18°C. 4. Results and discussion 4.1, FOR ‘The bonding characteristics of the tested materials can be ‘observed based on the assignations and positions of main bands |[23,26-28}, as shown in Table 1. There were two absorbance peaks at 3016 em ' and 2838 em * corresponding to the C — H stretching vibration of ~CH,—in Fig. 1. As to the FITR spectra of matrix asphalt, a weak absorbance peak existed at 1670.m_ which rep- resented the existence of conjugated double bond C=C in the ben- zene ring skeleton and carbonyl bond C=C. Furthermore, at the ‘wavenumber of around 1300cm ' and 1050a a0 >a ae >408 > ca me 2 26 26% 26% a0 ne ne1. Chen eta Constracion and Bling Meters 226 (2018) 83-93 1 075 070 qos 060 “. oss 030 04s 040 035 030 IglgG*/sin6(Pa) 22253 25h 255256 gtk Fig. 13. The quantative analysis of matrix aged and CRM. 09 20? 2°S) feyeamemsteen] Bost wees Bow os cS 222M ass 2582866 werk Fig 14. The quantitative analysis of ferent proportions of CRM in aued asphalt see CRM RNa RAL Ra Diet Asphalt Binders Fig. 15, The [OT] values of aeren types of asphalt bine phase angle. Asa result, the value [GTS] was a quantitative index with a similar meaning as the phase angle, which could reflect the ratio of elasticity and viscosity of different types of asphalt binder. ‘The rutting factor (G/sind) was developed by the SHRP in the 1990s and was mainly used as an index in performance evaluation at high temperatures [35-37]. A ctiterion is G"/sind > 1 kPa (38 The rutting factor (G"/sind) of different types of asphalt binder at different temperatures as show in Table 5. When the temperature ‘was greater than 76°C, matrix asphalt did not meet the criterion; ‘when the temperature was around 88°C, aged asphalt and aged asphalt with 30% percent of the CRM did not satisfy the require- ‘ment. In conclusion, according to rutting factors and the relevant criterion, 30% percentage of the CRM with aged asphalt was not recommended for high-temperature requirements, RA was commonly composed of light oils [14], its rutting resis- tance was extremely lower than that of the CRM orland aged asphalt. According to the high-temperature performance, the (CRM was recommended as a rejuvenator in place oftve RA consid- ering the high deformation resistance performance, the proportion ff the CRM should not be less than 30%. In terms of the cost- benefits, 50% CRM with aged asphalt is proposed without compro- ‘mising the high-temperature performance. 45. BOR According to the previous research [38,39], there were several, criterions on the stiffness modulus and m-value in the BBR tests. Creep stifiness should be smaller than 300 MPa and the m-value should be larger than 0.30. The small creep stiffness or the large ‘m-value would lead to the better low-temperature performance, As shown in Fig. 16 and Fig. 17, bars represent creep stifness, bu owe : ow gx a Fo ow ° oe ore “Types rasp Fie 16, rcp siness and m-ales tested at -6°C ‘ables The rutting factor of erent asphalt binders 2 ferent temperatures. Rotting ator sinvPa___Mai asphalt Ass asphalt——_—CRME CR Aga CRM Aged SSR AT 25°C 77460 1038 2585 194900 018 103.056 sc Hho 58904 p30 Saaz sosra ar10 8 ane 2307 twos 7282 23 2a95 oe a7 13916 oo 1697 a3 13.102 m0 1017 7485 807 nue ‘5042 1. Ghent a /Consiction ad uling Mater 226 (2019) 83-83, 5 210] a E10 ae E vo a é CRMinged SSI SSH SHON 5 a ‘Types of asta binder Fig. 17. Crepes and m aves tested at 18°C hile the line isthe trend of the m-value, In general, both the CRM and the RA have a great performance at low temperature. From Fig. 16, it could be figured out that at relatively low temperature (-6°C).all types of asphalt binder could meet the requirements. In order to investigate the performance of asphalt binder in the adverse environment, the BBR test at a lower temperature (18°C) was carried out (Fie. 17). The control groups dosage was 50% CRM ‘with 50% aged asphalt, which would result in the optimal high- temperature performance. When without RA, 50% CRM mixed with 50% aged asphalt could only satisfy the m-value requirement. ‘When adding different percentages of RA, it was showed that the ‘combination of CRM and the RA in the asphalt binder could signi icantly enhance the cracking resistance at low temperature. As the percentage of the RA rises, the low-temperature performance would be better. If stricter requirements for asphalt binder at extremely low temperature were required, the asphalt binder with CRM and the RA would be recommended. The dosage of the RA should depend ‘on the specific conditions under low temperatures. Moreover, the ‘deformation resistance of the blends of the CRM and the RA in asphalt binder should also be tested. 5. Conclusions ‘This paper focused on the impact of stabilized crumb rubber ‘modified asphalt and recycling agent on chemical, microscopic ‘and sheological characteristics of aged asphalt binder. The research, ‘conducted a rational assessment of stabilized crumb rubber mod- ified asphalt and recycling agent for hot recycling asphalt binders and recommended a better rejuvenator and optimal proportion ‘The following conclusions were drawn from the physicochemical and rheological properties of the tested materials: (1) The results of chemical experiments such as FTIR and GPC revealed that the aged asphalt and stabilized crumb rubber ‘modified asphalt were mainly physically blended. After mix- ing, absorbance of specific functional groups was changed slightly and no other functional groups were observed. The ‘molecular weight distribution of aged asphalt with the (CRM or the RA was improved slightly but did not return to the status of matrix asphalt (2) The nanoscale adhesion force obtained by the AFM tests indicated that both the CRM and the RA exerted a significant impact on the promotion of adhesion strength at the nanos- ‘ale. The AFM images also demonstrated the mixing status ‘fall the recycled asphalt binders tends to be physical. (3) The aged asphalt with CRM has the excellent performance both at high temperatures and relatively low temperatures, while the aged asphalt with RA showed worse performance in rutting resistance owing to its ligt components. Further- ‘more, the asphalt binder with CRM and aged asphalt may not meet the requirements at extremely low temperatures. Therefore, the recycling agents were required to meet the requirements of thermal cracking resistance, The optimal dosage was 50% CRM with 50% aged asphalt considering both economic benefits and rheological performance. In conclusion, based on the research on chemical, microscopic ‘experiments and rheological behaviors, the CRM mixed with aged asphalt has better performance than the RA. The CRM is preferably recommended to replace the RA in hot recycling asphalt mixture. However, it cannot be denied that the RA is indispensable in the application of recycling asphalt binders, especially at low temper~ ‘atures. In the future, depending on the comprehensive pavement performance, the combined applications of the CRM and the RA ‘will have a broad prospect as they could meet road requirements for extreme climatic conditions Declaration of Competing Interest ‘The authors declare no conflict of interest. ‘Acknowledgments ‘The study is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. $1378006), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20161421 and BK20140109), Huoyingdong Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China (No, 141076), International Science and Technology Support Pro- ject of fiangsu Province (822017011), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2242015R30027), and Scientific Research Foundation of Graduate School of Southeast University cvayyi843). 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