INDEX

❏ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
❏ INTRODUCTION
❏ AIM
❏ APPARATUS
❏ THEORY
❏ PROCEDURE
❏ OBSERVATIONS
❏ CALCULATIONS
❏ RESULT
❏ CONCLUSION
❏ PRECAUTIONS
❏ SOURCES OF ERROR
❏ BIBLIOGRAPHY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of any taste would be
incomplete,without mentioning the names of those
persons who helped to make it possible.i take this
opportunity to express my gratitude in few words and
respect to all those who really showered constructive
feedbacks and suggestions during the design and
implementation of this project and project report.
It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep
sense of gratitude to my physics teacher,Mrs Shaila for
her valuable support,constant help and guidance at
each and every stage without which this project would
not have come forth.
I also register my sense of gratitude to the physics
lab assistant Mrs Sheebha for her guidance to correct
my derailed thoughts,to complete this project
successfully.
I would also like to thank my teammates for their
support and assistance during the course of this project.

Thank you all!

 INTRODUCTION

When a beam of light traveling in one transparent

medium falls on another transparent media,a part of
light gets reflected back and rest of the light enters into
other medium with a change in its path.
Refraction of light is the phenomenon of change in
the path of light,when it goes from medium to
another.this is due to a change in velocity of light in
going from one medium to another.
Laws of refraction:

★ The incident ray,refracted ray and the normal at

the point of incidence,all lie in the same plane.

★ For a given pair of media and for a given

wavelength,ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the
sine of angle of refraction is a constant.
Sin i/Sin r=n21
Where ‘n21’ is the refractive index of the second
medium with respect to the first medium.

If first medium is air or vacuum,then n21 is

called absolute refractive index of the second
medium or simple refractive index.

Absolute refractive index is the ratio of the

speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the
medium.
nb=c/vb
Where ‘c’ is the speed of light in vacuum,
‘Vb’ is the speed of light in medium b,
‘Nb’ is refractive index of medium b.

PROJECT OVERVIEW

❏ AIM
❏ APPARATUS REQUIRED
❏ THEORY
❏ PROCEDURE
❏ OBSERVATION
❏ CONCLUSION
❏ PRECAUTIONS
❏ SOURCES OF ERROR
AIM :