Glycolysis

01

BY: GROUP 4 (BIOLOGY)

 AEROBIC
02
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
GROUP 4 (HANNAH)
 Cellular respiration
is the process of breaking sugar into a form
that the cell can use as energy. This happens
03 in all forms of life. Cellular respiration takes
in food and uses it to create ATP, a chemical
which the cell uses for energy. Usually, this
process uses oxygen, and is called aerobic
respiration.
There are two types cellular
respiration:
·Aerobic 04

·Anaerobic
 For better understanding, note that the
organisms can be classified as aerobes,
facultative anaerobes, and obligate anaerobes.
05

Aerobes are organisms which cannot survive

in oxygen-free environments
 Some prokaryotes, called obligate anaerobes
are completely unable to survive in an
environment because they lack enzymes that
break down harmful substance found in it,
06 such as catalase and superoxide dismutase.
Others are called facultative anaerobes, which
can thrive in either kind of environment.
Human muscle cells are facultative anaerobes;
thus, even if already low on oxygen after an
intense exercise, muscle cells still work.
Aerobic respiration occurs only in the
presence of oxygen; while anaerobic
respiration takes place even without oxygen.
Most heterotrophs, being aerobes, require
07
aerobic respiration to transform energy.
Organisms that thrive in low-oxygen
environment utilize anaerobic respiration to
break down their fuels.
 Examples of such are some
prokaryotes, like bacteria and
archaea. Facultative anaerobes
08
can produce ATP by either aerobic
or anaerobic respiration,
depending on the availability of
oxygen
 Aerobic cellular respiration, which
begins with glucose and oxygen,
yields, not onlu ATPs but also carbon
dioxide and water. It can be
summarized into the following
equation.
 EQUATION:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
PROCESS OF AEROBIC
CELL RESPIRATION
Glycolysis literally means
"breaking down of sugar" from
the word glyco, meaning sugar,
and lysis, meaning "splitting up."
GLYCOLYSIS, THEREFORE, IS A METABOLIC
PATHWAY THAT INVOLVES SYSTEMATIC
BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE TO PRODUCE
ENERGY AND TAKES PLACE IN THE
CYTOPLASM. IN OVERVIEW, GLYCOLYSIS
REVOLVES AROUND BREAKING DOWN
GLUCOSE INTO TWO MOLECULES OF
PYRUVATE(IONIZED FORM OF PYRUVIC
ACID), WITH THE HELP OF OTHER
INTERMEDIATE MOLECULES
 Glycolysis occurs in two
phases-- ENERGY
INVESTMENT and ENERGY
PAYOFF phases--and
subdivid into ten (10) steps.
 Pha 1: EN Y
IN T TP A
01 Enzymes Involved ( Hexokinase)

Using ATP & an enzyme

called hexokinase, a
phospate is added to
glucose, thereby
producing glucose-6-
phospate. ADP is released.
02 The glucose-6-phospate is
rearranged into fructose-6-
phospate by phospoglucose
isomerase

Enzyme Involved:
phospoglucose isomerase
(PI)
03 Using ATP, phospofructokinase, and
magnesium as a cofactor the second
molecule of phospate is added to
fructose-6phospate, having it converted
to fructose-1, 6-biphospate.

Enzyme Involved: phospofructokinase &

magnesium as a cofactor
04 Frusctose-1,6-biphospate reacts
with aldolase and splits into two
three--cabon intermediates,
dehydroxyacetone phospate (DHAP)
and glyceraldehyde-3-phospate
(G3P)

Enzyme Involved: aldolase

05 Interconversion occurs between
DHAP and G3P with the help of
triphosphate isomerase (TIM). this
converts DHAP into G3P

Enzyme Involved: triphosphate

isomerase (TIM)
PHASE 2: ENERGY

PAYOFF PHASE
 The second phase of glycolysis
begins with a redox reaction. A
chemical reaction wherein
electroms are transferred from one
reactant to another. This is how
cells tap energy from fuels to
oxygen. To understand better the
energy payoff phase, let us discuss
redox reactions first.
When an atom is oxidized, it loses one
or more electrons, resulting in an
increase in the atom's oxidation
number. When this happens, another at
gains the lost electron (reduction),
thereby decreasing its oxidation
number. Redox reactions are coupled
reactions because when one molecule is
oxidized, the other one must be reduced
and vice versa.
06 A redox reaction occurs. G3P is oxidized by the
coenzyme nicotinamide adenine nucleotide
(NAD+), while the latter is reduced to NADH.
G3Ps then become two separate chains of 1,3-
bisphoglycerate. Because of the energy released
by the reaction, a phospate group attaches itself
to the substrate.

Enzyme Involved: glyceraldehyde-3-phospate

dehydrogenase (GAPDH)
07 1, 3 bisphoglycerate and a molecule of ADP
undergo substrate-level phosphorylation with
the help of the enzyme phospgoglycerate
kinase (PGK). This phosphorylation yields two
molecules of ATP--one from each substrate. 1, 3
bisphoglycerate is then converted into 3-
phosphoglycerate.

Enzyme Involved: phosphoglycerate kinase

(PGK)
08 An enzyme phosphoglycerate
mutase (PGM), catalyzes the
rearrangement of the phospate
group in 3-phosphoglycerate
producing 2-phosphoglycerate.

Enzyme Involved: phosphoglycerate

mutase (PGM)
09 The enzyme enolase catalyzes the
conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Since
enolase removes the water from the
former, this reaction yields water as
by-product.

Enzyme Involved: enolase

10
with the help of pyruvate kinase, PEP and an
undergo substrate-level phosphorylation,
which yields two molecules of pyruvate
(C3H3O3) and two molecules of ATP
Enzyme Involved: pyruvate kinase
To summarize the production of ATP in
glycolysis, the net reaction can be translated
into:
C6H12O6 + 2PI + 2NAD --> 2C3H3O3 + 2ATP +
2NADH
THANK YOU ! 13