1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Whiteboard markers have been around since the 1960s. Hundreds of thousands of people

are using whiteboards every day to communicate, create and innovate. Whiteboard markers are

essential especially at school and especially to the teachers. Whiteboards are much clearer that

blackboards because of the white background, texts written by the darker color markers on the

whiteboard look natural to the eye and are highly contrastive, as opposed to the green, brown, or

black backgrounds of the old school boards. Whiteboard marker uses an erasable ink, an ink that

adheres to the writing surface without binding or being absorbed by it, for temporary writing in

the whiteboard and others. Most whiteboard marker inks have short life spans and it fades too

fast, the marker runs out before the teachers noticed, it is really a hassle for the teachers.

Whiteboard Inks have been one of the essential tools for teachers, without ink teachers

will have a hard time demonstrating or writing anything on the whiteboard. A bottle of a

whiteboard marker ink is quite expensive in the market, users tend to spend at least 100 pesos per

bottle. If a bottle contains 100 ml then an average user could use up at least 20 mL per day, so a

bottle for 5 days. A study stated that some commercial inks can harm the environment and can

cause all sorts of health issues because of the chemical named isopropanol, this is a solvent

chemical. Inhaling the fumes of commercially based whiteboard markers containing this

chemical can cause all sorts of health issues.

This study aims to produce an alternative whiteboard marker ink using charcoal as its

main product which the researcher can use to make a tar then use it as an ingredient in making an
 2

ink. This way the researchers can create an alternative ink which the teachers can use when they

ran out of ink and process in making the alternative ink is DIY which means the teachers can do

it themselves and practice being resourceful and at the same time they can save money.

Theoretical Framework

Ink Theory: (C. A. Mirkin et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 32. S.H. Hong, J. Zhu, C. A.

Mirkin, Science 1999, 286, 523..)

During the early development of DPN, the first type of “ink” used patterned self-

assembled monolayers (SAMs) onto a gold surface. Currently, several “ink-substrate”

combinations have been developed for patterning. DPN mainly utilizes inks that are made of

small organic molecules, organic and biological polymers, colloidal particles, or metals ions.

This technology is able to use many different types of ink to create patterns on a variety of

surfaces ranging from metals to insulators and even “to pattern on top of functional monolayers

absorbed on a variety of surfaces.”

High-resolution patterning has mostly been witnessed to be in the range of 100 nm;

however, in a few instances such as with alkane thiol inks on single-crystal gold surfaces the

resolution has been improved to around 15 nm, which is roughly the size of a single biological

macromolecule. Because of this possibility, scientists are eager to develop more extremely high-

resolution techniques so that more research can be done on biological processes from the

molecular to cellular level. In order to develop even higher-resolution inking, researchers suspect

that DPN will require the use of high aspect ratio atomic force microscope (AFM) tips like

carbon nanotubes.
 3

Another possibility is to combine DPN with another scanning-probe lithography

technique so that the benefits of both can be utilized. Understanding the process by which the ink

is transferred from the tip of the AFM to the surface allows for further development and

improvement of DPN. Technically named “tip-substrate molecular transport,” this process has

many parameters that influence it. Just a few include the chemical makeup and purity of the ink

and surface, the shape of the tip, the distribution of ink on the tip, and the temperature at which

the experiment is performed.

Two other important factors that greatly affect the quality with which the DPN is able to

transfer ink to a surface are the humidity of the surroundings and the water solubility of the ink.

Moisture will gather on the tip of the AFM (called the “water meniscus"), which is essential to

the DPN process. In order to keep a constant layer of water, which is especially important for

scientific experiments, the experiment must be carried out within a humidity-controlled box so

that a change in the concentration of water will not affect the results. However, it is also

important to note that the effect that temperature and humidity has on DPN molecular transfer

depends on the specific chemical properties of the ink used.

The researchers have chosen this theory as our guide in conducting this study, it states the

different kind of materials in making an ink. Some of them are organic. It also states that the

scientist are developing even a higher-resolution ink which the researchers can relate it to the

study and in order for them to create or produce a high-resolution whiteboard marker ink.
 4

Theoretical study of absorption on activated carbon from a supercritical fluid by the SLD-
ESD approach: (Xiaoning Yang, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA)

The simplified local density (SLD) theory is combined with the Eliott, Suresh, Donohue

(ESD) equation of state to model adsorption of solutes from supercritical carbon dioxide onto

activated carbon. The model is fit to adsorption isotherms of toluene + CO2 and benzene + CO2

over wide temperature and pressure ranges by adjusting only two temperature-independent

parameters for each binary. We present a systematic analysis of adsorption characteristics for

finite and infinite dilution conditions in supercritical CO2 by selecting the toluene/CO2 as a

model system. Competitive adsorption between solvent and solute is investigated. The effects of

temperature, pressure, bulk solute concentration, and the adsorbent structure size on the

adsorption behavior are presented. (Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science,

Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Received 6 March 2004, Revised 8

August 2005, Accepted 26 August 2005)

This theory relates to the study because an activated carbon is a charcoal in its pure form.

This theory explains how activated charcoal will react when being adsorb by a solvent or a

solute. This will give a lot of information to the researchers because the researchers will add a

solvent to the charcoal which is the isopropyl in order to make it erasable and used engine oil to

make it thicker.
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Conceptual Framework

The researcher will construct the following figure to represent the relationship among the

variables used in the current study.

Input Process Output

 Characteristic profile of Primary data  Effective

the respondents: whiteboard marker
- Survey
- Experiment ink
-Age
Secondary Data
-Gender
-Internet
-Department
Analysis of Data
 Advantages and
Disadvantages of - Slovin’s Formula
using charcoal as an - Central Tendency
alternative ink for - Frequency Count
whiteboard marker  Pounding
 Feasibility of charcoal  Powdering
 Dissolution
as an alternative
 Testing the
whiteboard ink
effectiveness of
 charcoal as an
whiteboard marker
alternative whiteboard ink
marker ink make
consumers save
money

Figure 1: Operational Framework

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Research Hypotheses

Ho: Charcoal cannot be used as a primary ingredient of an alternative whiteboard marker ink.

Ha: Charcoal can be used as a primary ingredient of an alternative whiteboard marker ink.

Ho: There is no relationship in using the charcoal as an alternative whiteboard marker

Ha: There is a relationship in using the charcoal as an alternative whiteboard marker

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Whiteboard is an everyday tool in STI College Ormoc and for them to write on the

whiteboard one must have a whiteboard marker. This study aims to prove the effectiveness of

charcoal as an alternative whiteboard ink and help the consumer save money and practice being

resourceful.

1. What are the demographic profile of all the STI College Ormoc Teachers in terms of the

following:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Gender;

1.3 Department?

2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using charcoal as an alternative ink for

whiteboard marker?

3. Is there a relationship of using charcoal as an alternative whiteboard marker?

4. Does using charcoal as an alternative whiteboard marker ink make consumers save

money?
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Definition of terms

Charcoal- Is a black solid burnt wood which is the key ingredient of making an ink

Whiteboard – a white surface used as a medium for writing

Whiteboard marker – a marker used for writing on whiteboard

Ink – Is a fluid that is used for marker in order to write or draw something

Tar – is a black sticky fluid use for making ink

Used Engine oil – A type of oil that was used in lubricating motorcycle or car engine

Isopropyl Alcohol/Alcohol – is a type of solvent or substance used as a release agent due to its

fast evaporation

Pounding – is the striking or hitting the charcoal in order for it to break down into pieces

Powdering – crushing the small pieces of charcoal into powder

Alternative – Creating a new way to create a product with using only available materials such as

charcoal
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to practice resourcefulness and to give importance to the things that they

usually don’t use that could be useful as an alternative source of ink. This study will be

beneficial to:

 Teachers

The teachers will have an alternative source of whiteboard marker ink and they will be

able to save money and solve their problem of running out of ink during discussion.

 Students

Students will be able to write their ideas or thoughts on the board without worrying of

running out of ink or buying one because they can now create the ink itself

 Entrepreneurs

This study may help them on developing a source of income by using this method or it

will give them some insights or ideas on developing a much more sustaining alternative

whiteboard marker ink.

 Future Researchers

For those researchers who are pursuing this research or studying it further may this

research serve as a guide and give them motivation to do more research in the future.
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SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research study will only focus on the production of ink out of charcoal. This study

limits its coverage to the STI College Ormoc only. This study is delimited to STI College Ormoc

teachers and its main purpose is to create an alternative whiteboard marker ink which the

teachers or consumers can easily make using charcoal as the main ingredient and not spending so

much money in buying a bottle of whiteboard marker ink. The research data will be based on the

effectiveness of alternative ink and how the respondents will rate their effectiveness.
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Chapter II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

After the in depth search done by the researchers, this chapter includes the related

literatures and past studies regarding this study. This chapter presents the idea that the

researchers based while making this study.

Charcoal

Is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by removing water and other volatile

constituents from animal and plant materials. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis—

the heating of wood or other organic materials in the absence of oxygen. This process is called

charcoal burning. The finished charcoal consists largely of carbon.

Whiteboard

Also known by the terms marker board, dry-erase board, wipe board, dry-wipe board, and

pen-board is a glossy, usually white surface for nonpermanent markings. Whiteboards are

analogous to blackboards, but with a smoother surface allowing rapid marking and erasing of

markings on their surface. The popularity of whiteboards increased rapidly in the mid-1990s and

they have become a fixture in many offices, meeting rooms, school classrooms, and other work

environments

Whiteboard marker

Uses an erasable ink, made to be used on a slick (or matte-finished), non-porous writing

surface, for temporary writing with overhead projectors, whiteboards, and the like. They are

designed so that the user is able to easily erase the marks using either a damp cloth, tissue,
 11

handkerchief, baby wipe, or other easily cleaned or disposable items. Generally, people use

fabrics to do so, but others use items like paper, clothing items, some even use their bare hands

to wipe it clear. The erasable ink does not contain the toxic chemical compounds xylene and/or

toluene as have been used in permanent markers, being less of a risk to being used as a

recreational drug.

Ink

Is a liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes and is used to color a surface to

produce an image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing or writing with a pen, brush, or quill.

Thicker inks, in paste form, are used extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing. Ink can

be a complex medium, composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizes,

surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescents, and other materials. The components of inks serve

many purposes; the ink's carrier, colorants, and other additives affect the flow and thickness of

the ink and its dry appearance.

Tar and pitch

Tar and pitch, viscous, dark-brown to black substances obtained by the destructive

distillation of coal, wood, petroleum, peat, and certain other organic materials. The heating or

partial burning of wood to make charcoal yields tar as a byproduct and is an ancient method for

the production of both tar and pitch. Coal tar is a residue in the manufacture of coal gas and

coke.

Sorts of Chemicals found on markers

SD Alcohol-40
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Specially denatured (SD) alcohol-40 is actually a form of ethyl alcohol, also known as

ethanol. This is the same type of alcohol that is used in alcoholic beverages and it can also be

found in a range of other products, like cosmetics and household cleaners. When used in non-

food products, the ethanol is denatured (which refers to the addition of a chemical) so that it

doesn’t taste very nice and people don’t want to taste it.

Isopropanol

Also known as isopropyl alcohol (IPA), this is a solvent chemical, which means that it

can dissolve other substances and can be mixed with other solvents with ease. Isopropanol is

actually found in a number of other household products, including cleaners and glue, and it is

known for being highly flammable. Inhaling the fumes of whiteboard markers containing this

chemical can cause all sorts of health issues.

Resin

These chemicals are generally derived from plants and will appear sticky or solid in their

natural state. As the resin is alcohol-soluble, it will dissolve when it comes into contact with the

other chemicals in the markers, allowing it to mix with the pigment and flow through the pen

with ease. Once the resin is exposed to air, the alcohol evaporates and it begins to return to its

natural state.

Engine oil

Is any of various substances comprising base oils enhanced with particularly antiwear

additive plus detergents, dispersants and, for multi-grade oils viscosity index improvers. Motor

oil is used for lubrication of internal combustion engines. The main function of motor oil is to

reduce friction and wear on moving parts and to clean the engine from sludge (one of the
 13

functions of dispersants) and varnish (detergents). It also neutralizes acids that originate from

fuel and from oxidation of the lubricant (detergents), improves sealing of piston rings, and cools

the engine by carrying heat away from moving parts

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Chapter III

Methodology

This chapter presents the method that the researchers used in order to gather the data or

information needed.

Research design

True experimental research design was used in the study because it is taught to be the

most accurate type of experimental research and best in establishing cause and effect of a

phenomenon which is essential in this study. The researchers used quantitative approaches to

assess the opinion of the respondents regarding the study.

Experimental research is one of the founding quantitative research methods, it is designed

to manipulate or control the variable that affects the study. To have enough data to support the

study, the researchers need to carry out experiments to discover the facts. True experimental

research can help the researchers gather a lot of data that would help in improving the study.

Population

The researchers conducted a survey within the bounds of STI College Ormoc, and the

researchers have chosen the teachers of STI College Ormoc to be the respondents because they

are the ones who used whiteboard marker the most which makes them as the top priority

respondents in this study of alternative whiteboard marker ink. The researcher’s surveyed 20

teachers out of 38 teachers which make 53 percent of the total population.

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Table 1

Distribution of the Respondents

Department Total Number of Percentage

Population Respondents
General 20 15 75%

Education

Information 6 3 15%

Technology

Tourism 6 1 5%

Hotel 6 1 5%

Management

Total: 38 20 100%

All in all there are 38 teachers at STI College of Ormoc but the researchers only asked 20

teachers to answer the given questionnaire. The majority of the respondents belong to the GE

department which is 75 percent of 15 respondents and 15 percent of 3 to the IT department and

remaining 10 percent of 2 respondents which is the least is the tourism and hotel management

department.

Sampling Method

The researchers used a probability sampling method which is random sampling. In this

method, each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected as participants of

the study to prevent biased results. The researchers wrote down the names of all the teachers in

STI College Ormoc and put it in a bowl, and then randomly pick out names from the bowl and

made them as the participants of the research.

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Data Collection Procedure

The researchers listed down the names of the randomly picked teachers and asked them

to participate in the study after they agree to participate in the study the researchers gave them

consent forms to provide the participant sufficient detailed information on the study and make a

voluntary and rational decision to participate. The researchers gave the participants a survey

questionnaire and have them answer it in private or with privacy.

Statistical Treatment of Data

Slovin’s Formula- Is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population size (N) and a

margin of error (e). - it's a random sampling technique formula to estimate sampling size.

Central Tendency - Central tendency is a descriptive summary of a dataset through a single value

that reflects the center of the data distribution. Along with the variability (dispersion) of a

dataset, central tendency is a branch of descriptive statistics.

The central tendency is one of the most quintessential concepts in statistics. Although it

does not provide information regarding the individual values in the dataset, it delivers a

comprehensive summary of the whole dataset.

Frequency Count- tabulation of how many times is a certain variables occurs within a

calculation.
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Chapter IV

Results and Discussion

This chapter discusses the results of the survey conducted by the researchers with the

help of tables and a brief explanation. After discussing the data collected by conducting a survey,

the results of the trials in making the whiteboard marker ink will also be presented with the help

of a table and a brief explanation.

Table 2

Frequency of Respondents per Age

Age Number of Respondents Percentage (%)

20-30 15 75%

31-40 1 5%

41-50 4 20%

Total: 20 100%

This table presents the age of the respondents. The 15 respondents who belong on ages

20-30 got the highest frequency which is 75 percent. The only one respondent of age 31-50 got

the lowest frequency which is only 5 percent and the rest 20 percent of 4 respondents who

belong to the ages of 41-50.

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Table 3

Frequency of Teachers per Gender

Gender Number of Respondents Percentage (%)

Female 13 65%

Male 7 35%

Total: 20 100%

13 Female respondents got the high percentage of 65% and the rest 35 percent are in 7

male respondents.

Table 4

Usage of Whiteboard Marker

Question Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never Total

Do you use 8 3 6 3 0 20

whiteboard marker

every day?

Percentage: 40% 15% 30% 15% 0 100%

Have you ever ran 2 3 12 1 2 20

out of ink during

class?

Percentage: 10% 15% 60% 5% 10% 100%

How often do you 0 3 5 4 8 20

buy whiteboard
 19

marker/whiteboard

marker ink?

Percentage: 0% 15% 25% 20% 40% 100%

All 20 teachers that we conducted a survey have used whiteboard marker and 8 of them

used always which is 40%, 3 respondents for often which is 15%, 6 respondents for sometimes

which is 30%, and 3 respondents for rarely which is 15. 10% of the respondents responded

always, 15% responded often, 60% responded sometimes, 5% responded rarely, and 10%

responded never. 0% of the respondents responded always, 15% responded often, 25%

responded sometimes, 20% responded rarely, and 40% responded never.

Table 5

Whiteboard Marker ink cost

Question Yes No Total

Do you find whiteboard 11 9 20

marker ink expensive?

Percentage 55% 45% 100%

In this table, 55% of the respondents answered Yes and 45% of the respondents answered

No which the results answered whiteboard marker ink is expensive.

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Table 6

First Trial

Ingredients Amount Outcome

Isopropyl Alcohol 60 ml Watery ink

Charcoal 60 grams

On the first trial, the researchers used 60 ml of isopropyl alcohol and 60 grams of

powdered charcoal. The researchers strained the mixture with a piece of cloth but the result is

ineffective, the ink is watery that it cannot stick to the whiteboard. The ink is only effective on

paper but not on the whiteboard

Table 7

Second Trial

Ingredients Amount Outcome

Isopropyl Alcohol 50 mL Color grey ink

Charcoal 60 grams

Engine oil 20 mL
 21

On the second trial, the researchers added another solution which is the engine oil. 60 ml

of isopropyl, 60 ml of engine oil, and 60 grams of charcoal. The engine oil thickens the ink a bit

which showed a color grey ink. But this is not enough to be compared to the commercial ink.

Table 8

Third Trial

Ingredients Amount Outcome

Isopropyl Alcohol 30 mL Effective whiteboard ink

Charcoal 60 grams

Engine oil 50 mL

In the last trial, the researchers used the accurate measure of the ingredients, 30 ml of

isopropyl, 60 grams of charcoal, and 50 ml of engine oil. The researchers lessen the use of

isopropyl to make it much clearer and the result was satisfying because it is as effective as the

commercial whiteboard marker ink.

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Chapter V

Summary of Findings

The objective of this study is to use charcoal as the main ingredient for making a

whiteboard marker ink. Based on the experiment that the researchers conducted which has 3

trials, trial 1 was not effective as a whiteboard marker ink due to its low in viscosity because of

the lack of engine oil/oil as one of its solvent. Trial 2 made some progress because it can now

write on the whiteboard but fails on the color because the ink is not that black and it cannot last

long on the whiteboard. Trial 3 was a huge improvement because of its high in viscosity because

there is more engine oil than isopropyl alcohol so it can stick or last long on the whiteboard, the

color was dark and has the same color as the commercial whiteboard marker.

The possibility of using charcoal as the main ingredient of making a whiteboard marker is

not as consistent as the commercial one but can have improvements and innovations. The small

particles of charcoal and the viscosity of it after it was turned into liquid was the main problem

that the researchers encounter but after several trials, the researchers successfully made an ink

that can be used in writing on the whiteboard.

 23

Conclusion

The researchers have concluded that it is possible to make a whiteboard marker ink out of

charcoal but it is not as consistent as the commercial ink, but still, the researchers have created

an effective ink. Therefore, the researchers accepted the alternative hypothesis which states that

charcoal can be used as a primary ingredient of an alternative whiteboard marker ink. Also, there

is a relationship in using charcoal as an ingredient in making whiteboard marker ink

Recommendation

The researchers recommend improving the consistency of using charcoal as a primary

ingredient of an alternative whiteboard marker ink so that it will be good as the commercial

whiteboard ink. The researchers also recommend creating innovation that can make the ink more

effective and much more efficient

 24

References

C. A. Mirkin et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 32. S.H. Hong, J. Zhu, C. A. Mirkin,

Science 1999, 286, 523..

Xiaoning Yang, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan

State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

Websites:

https://prezi.com/a-lr6uzuektn/feasibility-of-charcoal-as-an-alternative-for-whiteboard-

marker-ink/?fbclid=IwAR3nfkjBt_tCs_aN-

mApjUQURQ0Cl48IAghXaYqAnsKAgYLqoLOBu0CAUlk

https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/chemistry/organic/tar-and-

pitch?fbclid=IwAR0YyVu5PIQJSfXdVrD25_7V_P6MaZ5v3tpOjsyzOfoL8Jekbj

zvpLrPpD0

https://www.academia.edu/23219857/Charcoal_as_a_Primary_Agent_For_An_Alternativ

e_Printer_Ink?fbclid=IwAR3CkqILGU24RWiMa_luA_68X28yRHfvj8QqQbVN

FIcWbMFyuPz1uMIEJ9M

http://www.whiteboardsrus.com.au/what-sorts-of-chemicals-are-in-whiteboard-

markers/?fbclid=IwAR28Y7_idIC9ZrmOhyyIP9CbbUfVaQd6wLSZY4QYENpS

bIYw69wBH2hjgo

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation?fbclid=IwAR1WYS7IOTDnOhsE-

RhsrQZ9ZRb9cdln2YiAZdiUpW4NPipn_4ZeWkR2yXw

https://studymoose.com/alcohol-with-charcoal-as-substitute-to-pentel-

essay?fbclid=IwAR2OJII7iq0qd7gfgYmM6sgB3Iyd_7ezv6Rxz5pW1ZpPzPdU0z

DdVIL-LvM
 25

https://studymoose.com/alcohol-with-charcoal-as-substitute-to-pentel-

essay?fbclid=IwAR3bY-rPq8d8iW1FVAL7E-WvFtxmNxiilJOpFD2ycti-

2uHJaWHyQ1LzxX0

https://whiteboardmarkers.blogspot.com/2012/02/is-xylene-

harmful.html?m=1&fbclid=IwAR2ClQoh9BeB1nG2ssAx5xsvWASnwDgHDdA

NvdUCr91jQuhKQw2NpHMKDnI

http://www.madehow.com/Volume-

3/Marker.html?fbclid=IwAR0oU8FZHgBFCw04TtL6l8RN4Px9ULp2zrc55Z9Hz

m4co-KrLjY7JCSLwRA

https://www.academia.edu/23219857/Charcoal_as_a_Primary_Agent_For_An_Alternativ

e_Printer_Ink?fbclid=IwAR1UJy7qZ_3z162nEwfWafHpGckBiQxVxsr2jFIYMF

vz0euhbtKk9ST_zmA

https://www.reddit.com/r/fountainpens/comments/1rou43/how_long_does_a_bottle_of_in

k_last_you_how_about/
 26

Appendix A

Consent Form
 27

Appendix B

Survey Questionnaire
 28

Appendix C

Procedure

Materials:

Isopropyl
Mortar
Alcohol

Strainer Charcoal

Used Engine
Oil
 29

Procedure

First Trial:

Step 1: Put the charcoal in the mortar and use the pestle to pound and pulverize the charcoal

Step 2: Strain the powdered charcoal to get rid of the big particles enough to have 60 grams

Step 3: Measure 60 mL of isopropyl alcohol

 30

Step 4: Mix it with the charcoal

Step 5: Strain the mixture to remove small particles of charcoal

Outcome: Black ink but the viscosity is low which

makes it incapable of writing in whiteboard

 31

Second Trial:

Repeat step 1 and step 2

Step 3: Measure 60 mL of isopropyl alcohol

Step 4: Measure 60 mL engine oil

Step 5: Mix the isopropyl and used engine oil to the

charcoal

Step 6: Strain the mixture to remove the remaining charcoal particles

 32

Outcome: The viscosity was improved can write on the

whiteboard but cannot last long

Third Trial:

Repeat Step 1 and Step 2

Step 3: Measure 30mL of isopropyl alcohol

Step 4: Measure 50 mL engine oil

 33

Step 5: Mix the isopropyl and used engine oil with charcoal

Step 6: Strain the mixture to remove the remaining particles of the charcoal

Outcome: Dark ink, viscosity is right and can last long on whiteboard
 34

Appendix E

Formula

𝑁 𝑁
𝑛= (1+𝑁𝑒 2 )
𝑒= √
𝑛(1+𝑁)

38 38
= (1+38(0.2207214279)2 )
𝑒= √
20(1+38)

= 20 = 0.2207214279
 35

Appendix D

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Jason Abanes

Address: Poblacion, Kananga, Leyte

Birthdate: October 26, 2000

Birthplace: Ormoc City

Experience during the experiment:

My experience when we surveyed was easy because the teachers can easily be found, all

of them are in the faculty room. We surveyed a lot of teachers so it’s difficult because it’s the

first time that we asked for a teacher to be our respondent. During our survey lots of teachers are

asking about our study and we can’t help it but to feel shy.
 36

Name: Kent Xyrhyl C. Bartolabac

Address: San Juan, Ormoc City

Birthdate: April 8, 2002

Birthplace: Ormoc City

Experience during the experiment:

My contribution in this study is that, I conducted the survey with the other researchers.

My experience during the survey is that, I feel like all the teachers that we asked to be part of our

research are very difficult to reach out. Some teachers were making fun with our survey while

the others took it very seriously.

 37

Name: Alexander I. Catacutan

Address: Brgy. Punta, Ormoc City

Birthdate: February 2, 2001

Birthplace: Ormoc City

Experience during the experiment:

My experience during the experiment was very stressful, as the leader of the group I’m

the one who kept the group intact and assigned them their respective task. I didn’t expect to

encounter troubles during the experiment especially when making the ink because the first trial

didn’t meet our expectation but that’s why we conduct experiments and for the third trial we

successfully created our whiteboard marker ink.

My contribution to this study is that I’m the one who facilitated the making of the

whiteboard marker ink and also I constructed some parts of the paperwork in this study.
 38

Name: Maegan Grace Mahilum

Address: Bantigue, Ormoc City

Birthdate:February 6, 2001

Birthplace: Ormoc City

Experience during the experiment:

While the researchers are constructing the product I helped them gather the materials

needed. It was so hard because there are some changes in the materials needed so we have to find

those materials quickly in order to finish our product.

 39

Name: Earl Matthew Maquimot

Address: Barangay Luna, Ormoc City

Birthdate: November 11, 2001

Birthplace: Ormoc City

Experience during the experiment:

My contribution in this study is that I have conducted the survey with the other

researchers. During the survey, it was so hard to reach out every teacher in the faculty room

because some teachers are busy. I read the results of our survey and some teachers took our

survey seriously and some were not.

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Name: Earl CJ Mata

Address: Barangay San Pablo, Ormoc City

Birthdate: September 6, 2001

Birthplace: Ormoc City

Experience during the experiment:

My experience during the experiment was exhausting because we are having a hard time

collecting or gathering the data. Also, in making the product it was hard because at first it was

ineffective but with our perseverance we have achieved an effective product which can help

other people.
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Name: Kisha Kyle D. Samson

Address: Purok 5, Linao, Ormoc City

Birthdate: October 4, 2002

Birthplace: Ormoc City

Experience during the experiment:

During the experiment, I have observed that it’s hard to collect or gather the information

needed. Also, I didn’t expect that, on our first trial our ink failed. Instead of giving up we tried

our very best as the researchers to come up with an idea to make it effective.

My contribution in this study is that I helped our leader in making this study. Where, I

constructed some parts of the paper. Also, I helped in making the product.