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B ltH)I(EHEPHOM )_(EJIE

VIBRATION PROBLEMS IN ENGINEERING

Fourth Edition

S. TIMOSHENKO

Professor Emeritus of Engineering Mechanics Stanford University

D. H. YOUNG

Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering Stanford University

W. WEAVER, JR.

Professor of Structural Engineering Stanford University

JOHN WILEY & SONS

New York· Chichester> Brisbane' Toronto' Singapore

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15 sneapn 1984 c. MocK8a

* Timoshenko S. P. Vibration problems in engineering. New York, D. Van Nostrand Co. Inc., Constable and Co., 1928. 351 p. (orry6JIHKOBaH nepesoa THMOllIeHKO C. n. TeopH5I KOJIe6aHHH B HH)I{eHepHOM ,1\eJIe. M. - JI.: OHTI1, 1931. 344 c.; H3,1\. 2-e; 1932; H3,1\. 3-e, 1934).

** Timoshenko S. P. Vibration proclcms in engineering. 2nd ed.-N. Y .. ; Van Nastrand Co., Ins., Constab Ie and Co., 1937, I X, 470 p.

*** Timoshenko S. Po, Young D. H. Vibration problems in engineering. 3rd ed. -- N. Y.: Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1955, IX, 468 p. (orrYOJIHKOBaH nepeBO,1\ THMollleHKo C. n. TeopH5I KOJIeOaHHH B HH)I{eHepHOM ,1\eJIe. - M.: <DH3MaTrH3, 1959, 439 c.). (Cx. T8K)I{e Timoshenko S. P., Young D. H. Advanced dynamics. - N. Y.: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1948, XII, 400 p.).

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B 1905 r., xorna B03pac1' O,ll.HOrO U3 aB1'opOB He ,ll.OC1'UraJI U rona,

C. D. TUMOllIeHKO YlKe orry6JIUKOBaJI B xcypnane «l-13BeC1'U5l CaHK1'-De- 1'ep6yprcKoro rrOJIU1'eXHUqeCKOrO UHC1'U1'Y1'a» CBOIO nepayio HayqHYIO CTa1'blO «K sonpocy 0 5lBJIeHU5lX peaonaaca B aanax». B HeH paccaarpuBaJIC5l BaJI rrOC1'05lHHOrO ,ll.UaMe1'pa C YKperrJIeHHbIMU na KOHll,aX ,ll.UCKaMU U rrOKa3bIBaJIOCb, KaK C rrououu-to Me1'O,ll.a PeJIe5l MOlKHO rrpU6JIUlKeHHO yxecrs BJIU51HUe pacnpeneneanon MaCCbI BaJIa na nepnon CB060,ll.HbIX KPY1'UJIbHbIX KOJIe6aHuH. B crarse raroxe YKa3bIBaJIOCb, q1'O aHaJIOrUqHbIM 06pa30M MOlKHO BbIqUCJIU1'b nepnon OCHOBHbIX KOJIe6aHUH BaJIa, necymero HeCKOJIbKO (60JIee nsyx) ,ll.UCKOB. 31'0 6bIJI nepnsni CJIyqaH rrpUMeHeHU51 Me1'O,ll.a PeJIe5l (P3JIe51) B UHlKeHepHOH 3 anaxe , U OH lKe noJIOlKUJI HaqaJIO UCCJIe,ll.OBaHUIO rrp06JIeM KOJIe6aHUH B 1'eXHUKe. 113 ,nOH C1'a1'bU BU,ll.HO, KaKoe 60JIblliOe BJIU51HUe OKa3aJIa KHura JIop,ll.a PeJIe5l «Teopna 3BYKa» na nocnenytoume pa601'bI C. D. TUMollIeHKo, rrOCB5lmenasre reopnn KOJIe6aHuH.

Korna nporp. C. D. TUMollIeHKo B 1922 r. npnexan B AMepuKY, OH cnaxana nocrynan na pa601'Y B crrell,UaJIU3UpoBaBllIYIOC5l B 06JIaC1'U KOJIe6aHUH KOMrraHUIO «BaH6peHlliH CrrellIU3JIU1'U» B r. <l>UJIa,ll.eJIbcpuu. 31'a He60JIbllIa5l cpupMa 3aHUMaJIaCb B OCHOBHOM U3r01'OBJIeHUeM U C6bITOM 6aJIaHCUpOBOqHbIX MallIUH. 3,ll.eCb TUMollIeHKo npaoopen rrepBbIH onsrr npaK1'UqeCKOrO UCCJIe,ll.OBaHU5l np06JIeM KOJIe6aHUH B 1'eXHUKe. HaxonJIeHUe onsrra uCCJIe,ll.oBaHU5l npaK1'UqeCKUX aaaas 6bIJIO npO,ll.OJIlKeHO B KOMrraHHH rro rrpoH3BO,ll.C1'BY 3J1eI<TpHqeCKOrO 060pY,ll.OBaHH5l «Bec1'HHrays» B r. Ilnrcoypre. B 31'01' nepnon HM 6bIJIa nanucaua KHHra «KoJIe- 63HH5l B HHlKeHepHOM ,ll.eJIe», orry6J11IKoB3HH35l B 1928 r. 31'a KHHra 6bIJla O,ll.HOH H3 nepnux nonsrrox BOOPYlKH1'b HHlKeHepoB-Mex3HHKoB CHC1'eMa- 1'H3HpoBaHHoH TeopHeH KOJle6aHHH. KHHra CP33Y lKe 3aBOeB3J13 norryJI5IPHOC1'b cpenn npenonasarenen U HHlKeHepoB-rrpaK1'uKoB.

3a 20 JIe1', npouremuae rrOCJIe nuxona rpersero U3,ll.aHH5l KHUrH, p aaJIHqHhIe paaaensr reopnn MeXaHUqeCKUX KOJIe6aHHH rrOJIyqHJIU cymeC1'BeHHoe P33Bu1'ue, rr031'oMY rro1'pe60BaJIOCb npunoxom, 3HaqH1'eJIbHbIe YCHJIU5l, q1'06bI rrpUBeCTU conepacanae KHHru B COO1'Be1'C1'Bue C cospeMeHHbIM COC1'05lHHeM ,ll.aHHOH 06J1aC1'u. C pa3BuTHeM BbIqUCJlHTeJlbHoH TeXHHKU rr05lBUJIaCb B03MOlKHOC1'b nponasecra raxne cnoxcaue pacxeru KOJIe6JIlOmlIXC5l ClICTeM, xoropue 3HaqI-ITeJIbHO rrpeB3011IJIlI ace TO, q1'O Mor JlO 6bITb C,ll.eJl3HO npeoxne. l1crrOJlb30B3H H~ 3BM He 1I3MeH5le1' cpyH,ll.aMeH1'aJIbHbIX npaaunnoa reopua KOJle6aHHH, HO OHO OKa3bIBaeT 3HaqU-

10

teJlbHOe I3JIH5!HlIe na abI60p MeTO,lJ,OB pacxera C TOqKH 3peHHH HX H~\It- 60JIbWeH npHeMJIeMOCTH. B CBH3H C 3THM ueJIeC006pa3HO 06Cy,lJ,HTb CHCTeMbI C ,lJ,ByMH H 60JIbWHM qHCJIOM creneneri CB060,lJ,bI B MaTpHqHOH ¢bpMe, TaK KaK nO,lJ,06HbIH nonxon HaH60JIee y,lJ,06eH npn npHMeHeHHH suqHCJIHTeJIbHOH TeXHHKH. TpeTHH COaBTOp, CneUHaJIHCT no MaTpHqHbIM MeTO,lJ,aM H nporpaMMHpOBaHHIO, 6bIJI npnrnauren C neasro npH,lJ,aHHH KHHre 60JIee coapexennoro BH,lJ,a.

Ilporp. C. O. THMoweHKO yMep 29 MaH 1972 r. B ,lJ,OMe csoeit ,lJ,OqepH B <I>pr B soapacre 93 JIeT. OH He YBH,lJ,eJI nOCJIe,lJ,Hee H3,lJ,aHHe 3TOM: KHHrH, n03TOMY OCTaeTCH HeH3BeCTHbIM, qTO B HeH 6bIJIO 6bI 0,lJ,06peHO HM. Coxpauurs Tpa,lJ,HUHOHHO BbICOKoe KaqeCTBO, HCKJIlOqHTeJIbHYIO npm-araTeJIbHOCTb, a TaK)Ke xapaxrepnsre oc06eHHOCTH, npHCYIUHe MOHorpa<pHHM C. O. THMoweHKO, H B TO »ce BpeMH He OTCTaTb OT HOBbIX ,lJ,OCTH)KeHHM:

B ,lJ,aHHOM: 06JIacTl-1 - see 3TO, pa3YMeeTCH, npe,lJ,CTaBJIHeT C060H HeJIerKYIO sanaay ,lJ,JIH coasropoa. O,lJ,HaKO XOqeTCH Ha,lJ,eHTbCH, qTO aacroauiee, qeTBepToe, H3,lJ,aHHe «I\.OJIe6aHHH B HH)!{eHepHOM nene» 6Y,lJ,eT HMeTb TaKOH )Ke ycnex, KaK H ace npensinyume.

Ilano-Assmo, tum. J(aAU(pOpHUJl A~ X •• SlHf

hPEAHCJ]OBHE I( 4EtBEPtOMY H3AAHUIO

r JIaBHa51 lI.eJIh HaCT05lm.erO H3J].aHH5I - CJ].eJIaTh KHHry TaKOH, qT06hI OHa JIyqIllHM 06pa30M yJ].OBJIeTBOp5lJIa OCHOBHhIM Tpe60BaHH5IM ceronH5IIIlHero J].H5I B sonpocax HCCJIeJ].OBaHHH KOJIe6aHHH. Y CTapeBIllHH MaTepHaJI HCKJIlOqeH, H BMeCTe C TeM nomepxayru H pacunrpenu HaH60- nee nOJIe3HhIe acnexru reopun. I1cnOJIh30BaHa MaTpHqHa51 TeXHHKa H BBeJ].eH MeTOJ]. HOpMaJIbHbIX CPOPM KOJIe6aHHH J].JI5I HCCJIeJ].OBaHH5I J].HHaMHKH. Kposre 'roro, npnaeneasr nporpaausr J].JI5I BhIqHCJIHTeJIbHhIX MaWHH, He06xoJ].HMbIe npu qliCJIeHHbIX peureanax. UeJIb .3TliX H3MeHeHHH cneJIaTh KHHry 60JIee COBpeMeHHOH H B TO )Ke BpeM5I coxpaaars cpYHJ].aMeHTaJIbHhIe nOJIO)KeHH5I H oc06eHHOCTH npensrnyniero H3J].aHH5I.

KHHra npenuaanaxeaa J].JI5I CTYJ].eHTOB CTapWHX KypCOB BTY30B H acnnpauroa, xoropue J].OJI)KHhI XopOWO pa36HpaTbC5I B MaTeMaTHqeCKOM aHaJIH3e, BKJIlOqa51 /J].HcpcpepeHlI.HaJIhHbIe ypaBHeHH5I. Kpoae Toro, HM rroTpe6YIOTC5I 3HaHH5I KypCOB rro CTaTHKe, .3JIeMeHTapHor"I J].HHaMHKe H MexaHHKe MaTepHaJIOB. 4TO xacaercs KypCOB CTpOHTeJIbHOH MexaHHKH H reopnn ynpyrocrn, TO npeJ].BapHTeJIbHOrO 03HaKOMJIeHHH C HHMH J].OCTaTOqHO npn H3yqeHHH reopna KOJIe6aHHl1. OpeJ].rrOJIaraeTC5I, qTO CTYJ].eHT 06JIaJ].aeT HeKOTopbIMH 3HaHHHMH MaTpHqHOH aJIre6phI HJIH J].OCTaTOqHO XopOWO rrOJ].rOTOBJIeH J].JI5I TOro, qT06bI pa306paTbCH B He06xoJ].HMbIX MaTpHqHbIX onepaunax rro XOJ].y qTeHH5I .3TOH KHHrH.

r JI. 1, B KOTOPOH paccMaTpHBalOTC5I JIHHeHHbIe CHCTeMbI C OJ].HOH CTeneasro cB060J].bI, cOJ].ep)KHT HOBbIH MaTepHaJI, OTHOC5Im.HHC5I K nOBeJ].eHHIO CHCTeMbI npn J].eHcTBHH npOH3BOJIbHO pacrrpeneneaaoft HarpY3KH B YCJIOBHHX nepeMem.eHH5I onop, cneKTpaJIbHOH qYBcTBHTeJIbHOCTH H qHCJIeHHbIM peWeHH5IM. OpeJ].cTaBJI5IIOm.He 06m.HH mrrepec H nOJIe3HbIe J].JI5I npaKTHKH TeMbI pacumpenu, npn .3TOM nexoropsre naparparpsr, xacaiom.HeC5I sonpocoa Y3KO cneuaansaoro rrpHJIO)KeHH5I, HCKJIlOqeHbI.

06cY)KJ].eHHe HeJIHHeHHbIX CliCTeM B rJI. 2 reneps BKJIlOqaeT ynpyronxacrnxecxne H paanasnue KycOqHO-JIHHeHHble CPYHKlI.HH, onacuaaioume 3aBHCHMOCTb HarpY3KH OT nepeaeuieaaa, a TaK)Ke HeJIHHeHHO ynpyrne CHCTeMbI. Kpoxe roro, 3J].eCh CHJIhHee, qeM npexcne, aKlI.eHTHpOBaHbI BOnpocu HeycTaHoBHBwHXC5I KOJIe6aHHH H cnexrpansnux xapaxrepacrux. DOJIee roro, 3HaQHTeJIhHO pacumpen naparparp, rrOCB5Im.eHHhIH qHCJIeHHbIM peuieaaax, H reneps OH CTaJI OCHOBHbIM B J].aHHoH rnase.

B rJI. 3 BBOJ].liTC5I MaTpHQHa51 cpopMa npeJ].cTaBJIeHH5I ypaBHeHHH J].BH)KeHH5I KaK B YCHJIH5IX (c yxerox KO.3cpcpHlI.HeHTOB )KeCTKOCTH), TaK H B nepeaeuieaaax (c YQeTOM KO.3CPCPHlI.HeHTOB BJIHHHH5I rroJ].aTJIHBOcTH). OPHBoJ].HMbIe 06cY)KJ].eHH5I CJIY)KaT KaK 6bI MOCTOM J].JI5I nepexona K CHCTeMaM co MHOfHMH CTeneH5IMH caooonu, paccaarpnaaeaua B cJIeJ].YIOm.eH rnane. Kpone roro, ucsepnusaiome 06cY)KJ].eH sonpoc B3aHMoJ].eHcTBHH unepunoausrx CHJI H CHJI T5I)KeCTH C yxeroa ynpyrax CHJI H BJIH5IHHH B5I3- xoro J].eMrrcpHpoBaHH51.

MaTpHqHhle ypasaenas J].BH)KeHHSl, o606m.alOm.He CJIyqaH CHCTeMbI C J].ByMSl CTeneHSlMH cB06oJ].bI aa CHCTeMbI C n CTerreH51MH cB060)!,hI, paccMOTpeHhI B fJI. 4, B KOTOPOH ormcaao HCrrOJIb30BaHHe MeTOJ].a HOpMaJIhHbIX CPOpM KOJIe6aHHH K HCCJIeJ].OBaHHIO J].HHaMl1qeCKHX sana-r, a TaK)Ke no-

12

Ka3aHO npnxenetme ero K pa3JIHlUIbIM sanauaa. ABTOPbI nOJIHOCTblO OTKa- 3aJIHCb OT npescnero sapuanra rJI. 4, 3aMemIB ero cosepureuno HOBbIM MaTepHaJIOM. Paccvorpeaa peaKUHH no HOpMaJIbHbIM cpopMaM KOJIe6aHHH na sanannue uasansnsre YCJIOBH5I, BHeWHHe B03,neHcTBH5I 11 nepeaeineHH5I orrop, BKJIlOlla51 ,nBJI)!{eHl1e KaK a6COJIIOTHO acecrxoro TeJIa 11 KOJIe6aHH5I. oOCJIe,noBaTeJIbHO paccaorpen HTepaUHoHHbIH MeTO,n ,nJI5I onpeneJIeHI151 llaCTOT II CPOPM KOJIe6aHIIH, oopameno BHHMaHl1e na yceseaae CPOPM KOJIe6aHIIii. Oocysxnensr paanasnsre nonxonu ,nJI5I ysera ,neMrrcpIIpOBaHH5I B CIICTeMax co MHorIIMII CTerreH5IMII cB060,nbI, rne ,neMrrcpIIpoBaHIIe rro cpopMaM KOJIe6aHHH 51BJI5IeTC5I caMbIM npocrsnr CJIYllaeM. B aaKJIlOllIITE'JIbHOM naparparpe onncanu llIICJIeHHble peWeHII5I ,nJIH YCTaHoBHBWerOC5I rrOBe,neHII5I CHCTeM C 60JIbWHM llHCJIOM creneaen caooonu npn HaJIIIllIIH ,neMrrcpIIpoBaHH5I, nonaepruyrsra CHJIOBbIM B03,neikTBH5IM B BH,ne KycollHo-rrOCT05lHHbIX HJIH KYCOllHO-JIHHeHHbIx CPYHKUIIH.

rJI. 5, rne paccMaTpIIBalOTC5I KOJIe6aHII5I ynpyrnx TeJI, B CHJIY KJIaCcnnecxoro xapaxrepa MaTepIIaJIa Tpe60BaJIa cavux He60JIbWIIX nepeneJIOK. TeM He MeHee, 60JIee TpeTII ee naparpaooa nOJIHOCTblO nepexoxmoHOBaHbI II ,no6aBJIeHbI HOBbIe, llT06bI BKJIlOlIHTb H3JIO)!{eHHe MeTo,na HOPMaJIbHbIX cpO pM KOJIe6aHHH.

B rrpIlJIO)!{eHHII conepxcarca P5l,n nporpaan ,nJI5I BbIllIICJIlITeJIbHbIX MaWHH, OTHOCmUHHC5I K rJI. 1,2 II 4, B KOTOPbIX HCrrOJIb30BaJIHCb lIIlCJIeHHbIe H MaTpIIllHbIe MeTo,nbI. 3TII rrporpaMMbI COCTaBJIeHbI TpeTbJIM coaaropon BO BpeM5I pa60TbI nan nepenanaauea ':)TOH KHIIrII II IICrrOJIb30- BaHbI npn pemenun MHOrHX npnaepos II aanax. 00 ,nOH npnvnne OHH COCTaBJI5IJIllCb B COOTBeTCTBIIll C I1HTepeCaMII crynenros H MoryT 6bITb HCno.nsaonanu KaK acnoaorarem.aue MaTepllaJIbI npa nporpasoaapoaaana.

XOT5I 6JIaro,napHocTb TeM, KTO nepenexaranaer pyxonucs, 06bIlIHO 3aHIIMaeT nOCJIe,nHee MeCTO nOCJIe npolIIIx 6JIaro,napHocTeH, HM5I M. 3. JIeHHepT 6y,neT Ha3BaHO 3,neCb nepssra aa ee npenannyio H rrOJIHYIO OIlTHMH3Ma nOMOIlJ,b B pariore: B03,nalO raxsce ,nOJI)!{HOe LI.. M. I'epe, KOTOPbIH nponen ornensusre lIaCTH HaCT05lIll,eH KHHrH H cnenan MHoro noJIe3HbIX 3aMelIaHIIH. DOJIbllla51 noxoms II B03MO)!{HOCTb nOJIb30BaTbC5I BbIllllCJIllTeJIbHbIMII MaWIIHaMH 06ecnelIHBaJIHCb IIH)!{eHe_PHO-cTpOllTeJIbHbIM cpaKY JIbTeTOM II rexnnnecxof lllKOJIOH Crearpopncxoro YHIIBepcHrera. 11, HaKOHeu, CBOIO JII060Bb H 6JIaro,napHocTb 51 anpecyio 3HnpHJIY II AJIIICe aa TO, lITO OHll npenocranaaa CBoeMY OTUY OTHOCIITeJIbHYIO cB060,ny ,nJI5I pa60TbI Ha,n pyxonncsro 3TOH KHHrH.

Canma-Kpuc, tum. Kauupopnun Y. YHBep

nPE)1.HCJlOBHE I( nEPBOMY H3,llAHHIO

C YBeJll1qeHHeM pa3MepOB H CKOpOCTeH COBpeMeHHbIX MaWHH CTaHOBHTCH BCe 60JIee Ba)KHbIM npn npOeKTHpOBaHHH HH)I{eHepHbIX KOHCTPYKUHH npOBOJJ.HTb HCCJIeJJ.OBaHHH KOJIeOaHHH, B03HHKm0:UHX B HHX. XOpOWO H3BeCTHO, qTO pennrrs HMeIOI.UHe 60JIbWOe npaxrrrsecxoe saa-reaae np06JIeMbI 6aJIaHCHpOBKH MaWHH, KPYTHJIbHbIX KOJIe6aHHH B BaJIaX H 3y6qaTbIX nepenaxax, KOJIe6aHHH Typ6HHHbIX JIOnaTOK H JJ.IWKOB, BbIoopa OnTHMaJIbHOH qaCTOTbI BpalUeHHH BaJIOB, KOJIe6aHHH )l{eJIe3HOJJ.opO)l{HbIX nOJIOTeH H MOCTOB, BH6paUHH IPYHJJ.aMeHTOB H T. n. MO)l{HO C noMOlUbIO reopnu KOJIe6aHHiL TOJIbKO HCnOJIbaYH sry TeopHIO, MO)l{HO onpeaemm, HaHOOJIee 6JIarOnpHHTHble pasxepu KOHCTPYKUHH, xorna paoosne pe)l{HMbI MaWHHbI OTJJ.aJIeHbI, HaCKOJIbKO 3TO BOaMO)l{HO, OT KPHTHqeCKHX pe)l{HMOB, npn KOTOPbIX MorYT nOHBHTbCH onacnue KOJIe6aHHH.

B JJ.aHHoH KHHre HaJIO)l{eHbI OCHOBbI reopna KOJIe6aHHH H na MHoroqHCJIeHHbIX npauepax noxasaao ee npHJIO)l{eHHe K peurenmo TeXHHqeCKHX a anas , BaHTbIX aaqaCTYIO aa JJ.eHCTBHTeJIbHbIX crrynaes nOHBJIeHHH KOJIe6aHHM B MaWHHax H KOHCTPYKUHHX. Ilpn ee HanHcaHHH aBTOp CJIeJJ.OBaJI KYPCy JIeKUHM no KOJIe6aHHHM, nponarannux HM HH)I{eHepaMMexaHHKaM KOMnaHHH no npOH3BOJJ.CTBY 3JIeKTpHqeCKHX MaWHH «BeCTHHrays» B 1925 r., a TaK)I{e aexoropsnr r JIaBaM ony6JIHKOBaHHoM HM panee KHHrH no reopan ynpyrocrn *.

Kparxoe conepxcaaae KHHfH TaKOBO. fJI. 1 nOCBHlUeHa 06cY)I{JJ.eHHIO rapMOHHqeCKHX KOJIe6aHHH CHCTeM C OJJ.HOH CTeneHbIO cB060JJ.bI. Paccxorpeaa 06lUaH reopas cB060JJ.HbIX H BbIHY)l{JJ.eHHblx KOJIe6aHHH, noxaaano npnaenenae 3TOH reopna K sanaxe 6aJIaHCHpOBKH MaUlHH H KOHCTpYHpoBaHHIO armaparypsr JJ.JIH' perncrpaunn KOJIe6aHHH. Pasorip an TaK)I{e npH6JIH)I{eHHbIM MeTOJJ. PeJIeH JJ.JIH HCCJIeJJ.OBaHHH KOJIe6aHHH 60JIee CJIO)l{HbIX CHCTeM, a TaK)I{e JJ.aHO ero npHJIO)l{eHHe K pacxery KpHTHqeCKHX qaCTOT BpaI.UaIOI.UHXCH BaJIOH nepeaennoro nonepesnoro CeqeHHH.

fJI. 2 cOJJ.ep)I{HT TeopHIO HerapMOHHqeCKHX KOJIe6aHHH CHCTeM C OJJ.HOM CTeneHbIO cB060JJ.bI. 06CY)I{JJ.eHbI npH6JIH)I{eHHbie MeTOJJ.bI HCCJIeJJ.oBaHHH cB060JJ.HbIX H BbIHY)I{JJ.eHHblx KOJIe6aHHH. nOJJ.p06HO pasoripaa qaCTHblH CJIyqaIf, xorna rH6KocTb CHCTeM H3MeHHeTCH BO BpeMeHH, H nOJIY-

* THMOllleHKO C. n. Kype reopna ynpyrocra. 4. I (JleKIJ;HH, npouaraanue B KHeBCKOM nOJlHTeXHHKYMe B 1908-1909 yqe6HOM rony). KHeB: THnOJlHT. «Ilporpecc», 1909. 238 c.; q. I. C06: THn. A. 3. KOJlJlHHCa, 1914. 239 C.; q. II. CTepJKHH H nJlaCTHHKH, 1916. 416 C.; 2-e H3)!.. KHeB: HaYKoBa )!.YMKa, 1972. 507 c.

14

sennsre npa 3TOM pe3YJIbTaTbI npaxeaemr K HCCJIe)l.OBaHHIO KOJIeOaHHH B JIOKOMOTHBaX C KpHBOIlIHnHO-IllaTYHHbIM npHBO)l.OM.

B rJI. 3 paccxorpeaa CHCTeMbI C HeCKOJIbKHMH creneaaxa CBOOO)l.bI.

H3JIO)!{eHbI o6IUafl reopas KOJIe6aHHH TaKHX CHCTeM H ee npnaenenue K peIlIeHHIO CJIe)l.YIOllJ,HX sanan: KOJIe6aHH5J aBTOM06HJIeH, KPYTHJIbHbIe KOJIet'iaHH5J BaJIOB, onpeneneaae xparanecxax traCTOT BpaIUeHH5J BaJIOB, HMelOIUHX OOJIbwe )l.BYX onop, H xoneoaans CHCTeM C axoprnsaropaxa.

B rJI. 4 npuseneaa TeOpH5J KOJIet'iaHHH ynpyrnx TeJI. Paccaorpeau CJIe)l.YIOllJ,He sanana: nponoasaue, KPYTHJIbHbIe H nonepesasre KOJIeOaHH5J CTep)!{HeH H OaJIOK, KOJIeOaHHfl CTep)!{HeH nepeaenaoro -nonepexnoro cesenaa, KOJIeOaHH5J MOCTOB, TYPOHHHbIX JIOnaTOK H xopnycoa CY)l.OB, a raroxe oocyacneaa reopas KOJIeOaHHH TeJI xpyrosoji <pOPMbI - KOJIeu:, MeMopaH, nJIaCTHH H TYPOHHHbIX )l.HCKOB.

B npHJIO)!{eHHH xparxo onacaasr HaHOOJIee aaxorsre BHopopemcTPHpYIOIUHe npnoopsr, xoropsre HCnOJIb3YIOTCfl npn 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHbIX HCCJIe)l.OBaHH5IX KOJIeOaHHH.

ABTOP supaacaer oJIarO)l.apHOCTb npaBJIeHHIO KOMnaHlfH «BecTHHrays» aa npe)l.OCTaBJIeHHe eMY B03MO)!{HOCTH Y)l.eJI5ITb MHoro BpeMeHH nO)l.rOTOBKe PYKonHcH KHHrH, a raxace HCnOJIb30BaTb B KalJeCTBe npaaePOB pa3JIHlJHbIe peansnsre cayxaa B03HHKHOBeHHfl KOJIeOaHHH B MaIlIHHax, xoropsre HCCJIe)l.OBaJIHCb HH)!{eHepaMH 3TOH <pMPMbI. OH ratose nOJIb3yeTC5I oJIarOnpH5ITHbIM caynaex, lJTOObI nodaaronapart, MHOrOlJHCJIeHHbIX )l.PY3eH, nOMoraBIlIHX eMY npn nO)l.rOTOBKe PYKonHcH, ocooeaao ,U. M. JIecCeJIbCa, ,U. OPMOH)l.pOH)l.a H ,U. P. ,UeH-fapTora, xoropue npoxarana pyxonacs H C)l.eJIaJIH MHoro u:eHHbIX 3aMetraHHH.

ABTOP 005I3aH CI>. K. YHJIXapMY aa H3rOTOBJIeHHe PHCYHKOB, a raxzce H3)l.aTeJIbCKOH KOMnaHHH «BaH HOCTP3H)l.» aa BHHMaHHe, C KOTOPbIM ro-

TOBHJIaCb nYOJIHKaU:H5I KHHrH. .

AHH-Ap6op, tum. MUliu2aH

22 MaIL 1928 2. c. Il, THMoweHKO

r JIaBa t

CHCTEMbl C OAHOfi CTEnEHblO CB060Abi

1.1. CB0(0)(HbIE fAPMOHHLJECKHE KOJIE6AHIUI

ECJIH CTaTHqeCKH HarpY)KeHHYIO ynpyryio CHCTeMY runa OaJIKH HJIH BaJIa B03,ll,YIlIHoro BHHTa BbIBeCTH KaKHM-JIHOO cnOCOOOM H3 COCT05lHH5I paBHOBeCH5I, TO BHyTpeHHHe CHJIbI H H3rHOalOrn.lIe MOMeHTbI B ,ll,e¢OpMHpO BaH HOM COCT05lHHH Y)Ke He Oy,ll,yT OOJIee HaXO,ll,HTbC5I B paBHOBeCHH C BHeIllHHMH HarpY3KaMH, H B03HHKHYT KOJIeOaHH5I. B oOrn.eM cnynae ynpyraa CHCTeMa MO)KeT cosepurars KOJIeOaHH5I no pa3JIHqHbIM ¢opMaM HJIH MO,ll,aM. Hanpanep, paCT5IHYTa51 npOBOJIOKa MO)KeT KOJIeOaTbC5I no pa3JIHqHbIM ¢opMaM B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT qHCJIa Y3JIOB, YKJIa,ll,bIBalOrn.HXC5I na ee ,ll,JIHHe. B npocrefuueu cnysae KOH¢Hrypau.HIO KOJIeOJIlOrn.ellC5I CHCTeMbI MO)KHO sanars C noaounao O,ll,HOll xoopnanaru; TaKHe CJIyqaH Ha3bIBalOT cucmeuauu c oouoa cmeneuuo ceotioou.

PaCCMOTpHM CJIyqall (pHC. 1.1, a), xorna rpys BeCOM W (roxaee MacCOll Wig) coennuen C onopoa -repea JIHHellHYIO ynpyryio BHHTOBYIO npy)KHHy. ECJIH CqHTaTb, qTO B03MO)KHO TOJIbKO BepTHKaJIbHOe nepeaeuieaue rpysa W, a Macca npY)KHHbI MaJIa no cpaBHeHHIO C MaCCOll rpysa, TO CHCTeMY MO)KHO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK HMe):Orn.ylO O,ll,HY creneas CBOOO,ll,bI. KOH¢Hrypau.H5I CHCTeMbI oY,ll,eT nOJIHOCTblO onpenenarsca caeuienuea x rpy3a OT paBHOBeCHoro COCTOHHH5I.

KaK TOJIbKO rpys npuxpenaeu K npY)KHHe, OH npaoriperaer CTaTHqeCKOe nepexeutenne

!'leT = Wlk,

(a)

rue k - CHJIa, auauaaromaa y,ll,JIHHeHHe npY)KHHbI, pasnoe e,ll,HHHu.e; OHa Ha3bIBaeTCH JlCeCmKOCmblO npuocutu». ECJIH sec H3MepeH B HblOTOHax (H), a y,ll,JIHHeHHe B MeTpax (M), TO )KeCTKOCTb npY)KHHbI 6Y,ll,eT supaxceaa B HIM. nJIH euumoeoii U,U/lUHaPUtieCKOii npuocunu C nJIOTHO aaMOTaHHbIMH n BHTKaMH, HMelOrn.HMH cpe,ll,HHll ,ll,HaMeTp BHTKa D H ,ll,HaMeTp npOBOJIOKH d, )KeCTKOCTb npY)KHHbI MO)KHO onpenennrs no ¢opMyJIe *

(6)

rne G - MO,ll,YJIb ynpyrocrn npn cnaare MaTepHaJIa npOBOJIOKH.

nYCTb reneps rpys BbIBe,ll,eH H3 nOJIO)KeHHH paBHOBeCH5I H 3aTeM OTnyinen, B pe3YJIbTaTe nero B03HHKalOT KOJIe6aHHH. TaKHe KOJIe6aHHH,

* Timoshenko S., Young D. H. Elements of strength of materials. 5 th ed.

Princeton, N. J.: Van':'Nostrand, 1968, p. 80

16

.lleHCTBYIOlll,He aa rpys aeypaanoaeiuennue CHJIbI nOKa3aHbI na pHC. 1.1, 8. Caaraeaue B rrpasof qaCTH ypaBHeHHH (B), oooauauatoume sec W, COKpalll,aIOTCH; 3TO oaaaxaer, qTO JJ.HcpcpepeHIJ,HaJIbHOe ypannenae )J.BlDI{eUHH JJ.JIH CBo6o)J.HbIX KOJIe6aHHH CHCTeMbI He 3aBHCHT OT rp aanTall,HOHHOro nOJIH. .llJIH npHBO)J.HMbIX

HIDKe paCCY)KJJ.eHHH Ba)KHO nOMHHTb, qTO nepeneuteane x H3MepHeTCH OT nOJIO)KeHHH CTaTHqeCKOrO paBHOBeCHH H qTO OHO CqHTaeTCH nOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIM, xorna HanpaBJIeHO BHH3.

BBO)J.H 0603HaqeHHe

p2 = kglW = gI8c'" ypasnenue (B) MO)KHO npe)J.CTaBHTb B BH)J.e i + p2X = O.

xoropue nOJJ.)J.ep)KHBaIOTCH TOJIbKO ynpyrHMH CHJIaMH npY)KHHbI, Ha3bIBalOTCH ceotioonuuu, IIJIH coticmeennuuu. ECJIH aa nOJIO)KHTeJIbHOe npuaars nepeneuieuae X, HanpaBJIeHHOe BHH3, TO CHJIa, B03HHKaroman npn 3TOM B npY)KHHe, )J.JIH npOH3- BOJIbHOrO nOJIO)KeHHH rpyaa 6YJJ.eT panna W + kx (pHC. 1.1, 6). 3HaH, qTO Macca rpysa pasaa Wig, H 0603HaqaH YCKOpenae d2x/dt2 xepea i, MO)KHO B COOTBeTCTBHH co emopuu 3aTWliOM Huomona nOJIyqHTb upaenenue iieuocenusi

(Wig) i = W - (W + kx).

(B)

K

a)

PHC. I.1

W+KX~

0)

W+KX t

~

d)

(r)

(1.1 )

:3TOMY ypaBHeHHIO MoryT YJJ.OBJIeTBOpHTb peureans B BHJJ.e X = C1 cos pt UJIH X = C2 sin pt, rne C1 H C2 - npOH3BOJIbHbIe nOCTOHHHble. CYMMHpya 3TH xacrasre pemeans, nOJIyqHM oomee peureane ypaBHeHHH (1.1):

X = C1 cos pi + C2 sin pt. (1.2)

BIIJJ.HO, qTO BepTHKaJIbHOe JJ.aBJIeHHe rpyaa W HMeeT KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIH xapaxrep, nOCKOJIbKY CPYHKIJ,HH cos pt H sin pi HBJIHIOTCH nepHo)J.HqeCKHMH, npHHHMalOlll,UMH O)J.HII H Te )Ke 3HaqeHHH sepea HHTepBaJI BpeMeHH r, oTKY)J.a cnenyer

p (,; + t) - pi = 2n. ()J.)

:3roT uHTepBaJI BpeMeHH Ha3bIBaeTCH nep aonoa KOJIe6aHHH. Ero BeJIHqHHa onpe)J.eJIHeTCH H3 ypaBHeHHH (JJ.):

,; = 2nlp. (e)

C yserov 0603HaqeHHH (r) no.nynaea cJIe)J.YIOlll,YIO rpopwyny:

2 l/W 2 1/6;;; ,;=:rtV Tg=:rt g'

(1.3)

17

MOLKHO anners, qTO nepnon KOJIe6aHHH 3aBHCHT OT seca W H LKeCTKOCTH npyLKHHbI k H He 3aBHCHT OT BeJIHqHHbI nepexeuteans. MOLKHO TaKLKe OTMeTHTb, qTO nepnon KOJIe6aHHH nonsenreaaoro rpysa BeCOM W COBnanaer C nepaoaox KOJIe6aHHH npocreaurero MaHTHHKa, )),JIHHa xoroporo pasna CTaTHqeCKOMY nepexeutenmo «SeT' ECJIH 3TO nepeaemeuae MOLKHO onpenenars TeOpeTHqeCKH HJIH 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHO, TO nepnon KOJIe6aHHH 't onpe)),eJIHIOT no tpopay.ne (1.3).

4HCJIO B03BpaTHo-nocTynaTeJIbHbIX )),BHLKeHHH B e)),HHHIIY BpeMeHH (T. e. qHCJIO IIHKJIOB B ceKYH)),Y) Ha3bIBaeTCH «acmomod KOJle6afLUu. Orioaaanas qaCTOTY KOJIe6aHHH xepea f, nOJIyqHM

t=+= :n = 2~ -v k: = 2~ -v 6:T • (1.4)

KOJIe6aTeJIbHOe )),BHLKeHHe, onacsmaeaoe sapaaceaaex (1.2), Ha3bIBaeTCH npocmuu eapMOHU£tecKUM oeuocenue«. ,UJIH onpenenenns nOCTOHHHbIX HHTerpHpoBaHHH C1 H C2 CJIe)),yeT paccaorpers aaxansnae YCJIOBHfI. Dpe)),rrOJIOLKHM, qTO B HaqaJIbHbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH (t = 0) rpys W HMeeT nepeaemenae Xo OT nOJIOLKeHHH paanoaecna, a aaxansaaa CKOPOCTb panna Xo. DO))'CTaBJIHH t = ° B BblpaLKeHJle (1.2), nOJIyqHM

C1 = Xo' (LK)

HaH)),H npoH3Bo)),HYIO BblpaLKeHHH (1.2) no BpeMeHH H nO)),CTaBJIHH t = 0, nOJIyqHM

(3)

Bsrpaacenae, onacstaaromee KOJIe6aTeJIbHOe )),BHLKeHHe rpysa W, nOJIyqaeM noncranoaxon B supaacenae (1.2) 3HaqeHHH nOCTOHHHbIX C1 H C2, qTO naer

x = Xo cos pt + (xo/p) sin pt.

( 1.5)

MOLKHO BH)),eTb, qTO B 3TOM cnyuae KOJIe6aHHe COCTOHT H3 )),ByX sacren: nepsas nponopnacnansna cos pt H 3aBHCHT OT HaqaJIbHOrO nepeneureHHH Xo, a sropaa nponopuaoaansna sin pt H 3aBHCHT OT HaqaJIbHOH CKOPOCTl! xo. KaLK)),YIO H3 3THX xacrea MOLKHO npencramrn, rparpnsecxu, KaK nOKa3aHO na pHC. 1.2, a H 6, B BH)),e 3aBHCHMOCTeH nepeaemeana OT BpeMeHIL DOJIHOe nepeaeutenne x rpyaa W npn KOJIe6aHHflX B nponsBOJIbHbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH t nonyxaea CYMMHpOBaHHeM opnanar )),ByX KpHBbIX B 3TOT MOMeHT BpeMeHH, qTO naer KPHBYIO, nOKa3aHHYlO na pHC. 1.2, 8.

,UpyroH MeTO)), rrpe)),CTaBJIeHHH KOJIe6aHHH OCHOBaH na ncn OJIb30-

BaHHH epauiatouiuxcn eetcmopoe. B03bMeM BeKTOp OP (pHC. 1.3) )),JIHHOH XO, apamaroumacs C nocToHHHOH yrJIOBOH CKOPOCTblO p soxpyr neno))'BHLKHOH TOqKH O. 3Ta CKOPOCTb Ha3bIBaeTCH yeJl080U, HJIH KpYZ080U «acmomoa KOJIe6aHHH. B HaqaJIbHbIH MOMeHT BpeMe'HH (t = 0) sexrop OP connanaer C OCblO x; yrOJI, KOTOPbIH COCTaBJIHeT 3TOT sexrop C OCblO x B MOMeHT BpeMeHH t, pasea pt. DpoeKIIHfI sexropa aa OCb x paana Xo cos pt H rrpe)),CTaBJIHeT C060H nepsoe cnaraevoe supasceaua (1.5).

B351B npyron BeKTOp OQ )1,JIHHOH xo/p, neprreH)1,HKYJIflPHbIH BeKTOpy OP, BH)1,HM, qTO ero npoeKIIHH aa OCb x COOTBeTcTByeT BTOPOMY CJIaraeMoMY

18

Bblpa)!(eIHI5! (1.5). nOJlHOe nepeaeiuenne x rpysa rtpu KOJIeOaII!I5Ix nonyqaeM CYMMHpoBaHHeM npoexuna ua OCb x )J,ByX B3aHMHO nepneH)J,HKYJI5!PHbIX sexropoa OC H OQ, npatuatouurxca C yrJIOBOH CKOPOCTblO p.

K TaKoMY )!{e pe3YJIbTaTY MO)!{HO npmlru, eCJIH BMeCTO BeKTopOB OP H OQ paCCMOTpeTh BeKTOp OR, npe)J,cTaBJIHlOllI.HH CyMMy 3THX BeKTopOB, H B3HTh npoeKUHIO pe3YJIhTHpYIOIlI,ero sexropa na OCh x . .ll.mma sroro sexropa, KaK BH)J,HO H3 pHC. 1.3,

A = -v X6 + ( x; y,

a yro,n Me)K)J,y sexropon H OChlO paseu pt - a, r)J,e

t Xo a= arc g--. f'Xo

B COOTBeTCTBHH C BhlweCKa3aHHhIM sstp axceaae (1.5), 6bITb npe)J,cTaBJIeHO B 3KBHBaJIeHTHOH cpopMe

x = A cos (pt - a),

O'IeBH)J,HO, MO)!{eT

(1.6)

rne A H a, orrpenenaevsre H3 Bhlpa)!{eHHH (H) H (K), HBJIHIOTCH HOBhIMH nOCTOHHHhIMH, 3aBHcHw.HMH OT Ha'IaJIhHbIX YCJIOBHH )J,BH)!{eHHH. BH)J,HO, 'ITO cyMMa )J,ByX npOCTbIX rapMOHH':IeCKHX )J,BH)!{eHHH, 0)J,HO H3 KOTOPhIX rrponopuaonansno cos pt, a npyroe sin pt, raxxce HBJIHeTCH npocrua rapMOHH'IeCKHM )J,BH)!{eHHeM, nponopnaonam.asra cos (pt - a) (CM. pHC. 1.2, 6). MaKCHMaJIhHOe 3Ha'IeHHe A op)J,HHaTbI 3TOH ~KPHBOH, paa-

IIOe)J,JIHHe sexropa OR (CM. pHC. 1.3),

npe)J,cTaBJIHeT C060H MaKCHMaJIbHOe

r t cnemeaae TeJIa npn KOJIeOaHHHx OT nOJIO)!{eHHH paauosecua H OKa3hI" BaeTCH aMnJIHTY)J,oH KOJIe6aHHH.

Bnaronaps yr.ny a Me)!{)J,y )J,ByMH

Bpalll.alOIlI,HMHCH BeKTopaMH OP

o

"[ t

~) PIIC. 1.2

x

R

t

j_ p

PIIC. 1.3

19

~

II OR MaKCIlMaJIbHa51 opnnnara KPIlBOfi na pIlC. 1.2, 8 CMern.eHa OTHOCH -

TeJIbHO MaKCIlMaJIbHOH opnnaaru KPIlBOH, rrOKa3aHHOH na pac. 1.2, a, aa BeJIIlqHHY alp.B 3TOM cay-rae MOJKHO CKa3aTb, qTO pesyxsrupyioutee KOJIe6aHIle, npencraanseaoe KPIlBOH aa puc. 1.2, 8, OTCTaeT OT nepeveuteHH5I, rrpe~CTaBJIHeMOrO KPIlBOH ua pac, 1.2, a; yro.n a Ha3bIBaeTCH pasnocmuo dias, IlJIIi f/Jas08btM YZJlOM 3TIlX ~ByX KOJIe6aHIliL Koopnnaaru x II x l p (CM. puc. 1.3) onpenensnor, KaK ronop 5IT, ¢a30BYIO rrJIOCKOCTb, B KOTOPOH ~BIlJKeHIle orrHCbIBaeTCH C noaouisro apanrarouutxcs BeK-

TOpOB.

PHC. 1.4 Ilpaaep t. Ha CB060.l\1I0 onep ryro

6aJlKY .l\JlHIIOH 3,05 M H C 113rH61!0H :lKeCTKOCTblO 5,86.104 H'M2 ycrauoancn aa auCOTe h = 0,013 M B cpenuex ce'IeHHH npo.nera 6aJlKH r pya BeCOM W = 910 H (pHC. 1.4). Ilpeneoperaa pacnpene.nennoii MaccoH 6aJlKH H CqHTa5l, qTO rpys H riarixa IIOCJle nepnoro conpHKOCHOBeHl151 He OT.l\eJl5lIOTC5I npyr OT npyra IIpH KOJIE6aHH5IX, BblqHCJlHTb qaCTOTY Ii aMnJlHTY.l\Y pe3YJlbTHPYI01Il:I1X CB060.l\HbIX KOJle6aHHH.

Peuienue. TIPH .l\eHCTBHll aarpysxu W, npllJlO:lKeHlIOH B CepeJ1HHe npoaera 6aJlKIi, CTaTllqeCKHH nporH6

o __ Wl3 _ 910.3,053

CT-- 48EI - 48.5,86.104 =9,2.10-3 M.

OTCIO,~a, no cpopMyJIe (1.4) oupeneaaev qaCToTY cB060J\Hb1X KOJIe6aHllii

p I 'Vf! I'V 9,81 3,13

f = 2n: = 2:n: OCT = 2n: 9,2.10 :l= 0,603 =5,19 c-1•

TIPIi onpeneneaaa aMIIJIllTY.l\bl yrrrex, qTO B HaqaJIbHblH MOMeHT npevenn (I = 0), xorna nanaioinaa rpys y.l\aplIeT no 6aJIKe, naxansaoe nepexrcutcune Xo = -OCT' a nanansnaa CKOPOCTb Xo = V2gh.

TIo cpopMYJle (a) naxonna aMnJIllTY.l\Y

A = V (- 6CT)J + 2hOcT =

TIOCKOJIbKY aan.raryna 113Mep5leTC5I OT nOJIO:lKeHIl51 CTaTHqecxoro paBHOBeCIl5l, TO cneziyer OTMeTllTb, qTO nOJIHbIH npom6, 06YCJIOBJIeHHblH nanenneu rpyaa, A + 6CT = 2,72 X X 10-2 M.

Ilpaaep 2. Ha puc, 1.5, a rpys BeCOM W nonsenren na .l\BYX npyaomax C :lKeCTKOCT5IMll kl If k2' COe.l\lfHeHHbIX noCJIepOBaTeJlbHO. H3 pHC. 1.5, 6 TOT:lKe rpya aaxpennen na .l\BYX npyaomax C :lKeCTKOCT5IMH k1 H k2' COe.l\IlHeHHbIX napansensno . ,UJl5I xaxcztoro CJlyq351 H3HTll sseueasennuupo »cecmxocms k CllCTeMbI.

Petuenue. ,UJI5I CJIyq351, npe.l\CTaBJIeHHOrO H3 puc. 1.5, a, K3:lK.l\351 npyscaaa aarpyacena O.l\HllM If TeM :lKe BeCOM W II Y.l\JIllHeHlle K3:lK.l\oii B OT.l\eJIbHOCTll paBHO 01 = Wlk1 II O2 = wlk2• Torna nOJIHOe crarnnecxoe nepexemeaae rpyaa COCT3BllT OCT = 01 + 62 =

~ Wlk1 + Wlk2•

B COOTBeTCTBllll C Bblpa:lKeIllleM (a) :lKeCTKOCTb npY:lKUHbI J\JI5I 9KBllBaJIeHTHOii caCTeMbI 6Y.l\eT k = WI6eT, UJIll

20

a)

6)

Puc. 1.5

a)

6)

Puc. 1.6

TIO,l(CTaBJHIH Hail,l(eHHOe snasenne k B ijJOPMYJlY (1.3), MO)!(HO BhIqUCJlUTh nepncn csooonHhIX KOJle6aHuil.

TIYCTb B cay-rae, ua06pa)!(eHHOM aa puc. 1.5, 6, BemPlHHa S1 - pacTHrHBalOIII.aH CHJla, npanoacenuas K aepxueii npyscnne, S2 - C)!(HMalOIII.aSl CHJla, npHJlO)!(eHHaH K HH)!(Heil npyxome. 06e 3TH CHJlhI 06YCJlOBJleHhI ,l(eilCTBUeM rpysa BeCOM W. 113 yCJIOBHH roro, qTO Ka)!(,l(aSl npyxcaaa ,l(OJl)!(Ha H3MeHSlTh CBOIO ,l(.~HHY na O,l(llllaKOBYIO BeJIH-

qllHY, llMeeM

,UaJIee, e,l(IlHH'IHOe nepeveuienae rpyaa BhI3hIBaeT BOCCTalIaBJIHBalOIII.YIO CHJIY

k = kl + k2' (H)

KOTopaH paaaa 3KBHBaJleHTHOil )KeCTKOCTll rrpY)KllHbI CHCTeMhl. TaKHM 06pasOM, NISI roro qT06hI noaysars EJK6UaaJleHmHYIO scecmsocms npiptcunu. npn napanseseno» coeouHeHUU npYaICUH, rpecycrca TOJIbKO CJIO)!(HTh )KeCTKOCTH Ka)!(,l(oil npyacansr. CIlJlbI, ,l(eilCTBYIOIII;lle aa Ka)!(,l(YIO npyscany, MO)!(HO nonyanrs 113 BbIpa)!(eHIlH (M) Il (II):

S - kl W; S - k2 W.

1 - kl + k2 2 - kl + k2

npHMep 3. <t>epMeHHali KOHCTPYK!J.IlSl COCTOIlT 113 nnarrpopxu BeCOM W = 1,75 X X 10" H, oneproa na xersrpe a6COJIIOTHO xcecrxae BepTIlKaJIbHhIe cToilKIl Il nonxpennenHoii rro Ka)!(,l(OH cropone ,l(BYMlI ,l(llarOHaJIhHhIMIl npeaaapirreasno HarrplI)!(eHHhIMIl CTaJIhHhIMIl rpocaxa (pnc. 1.6, a). Croaxa urapnnpno aaxpenaenu no KOH!J.aM; Ka)!(,l(bIH

,l(llarOHaJIhHhIH TpOC IlMeeT nJIOIII;a,l(h nonepexaoro cexeaaa, paBHYIO (ilV2) X 6,45 X X 10-4 M2, H npenaapareasao narrpaacea 60JIblllilM YCIlJIlleM. Ilpeaeoperaa MaccaMIl acex 3JIeMeHTOB KOHCTPYK!J.IlH, sa IlCKJIlOqeHlleM MaCChI IJJIaTijJopMhI, HaiiTIl nepnon 't CB060,l(HhIX 60KOBhIX KOJIe6aHilii KOHCTPYK!J.IlIl.

Peiuenue. TIPIlJIO)KIlM K nenrpy TSI)KeCTIl rinartpopxu B aanpaanenan OCIl x cuny P (CM. pac, 1.6,6). TIPIl ,l(eiiCTBIlIl 3TOii CIlJIhI IlSMCHCHlle pacrarnnaiomeit CIlJIbI B ziaaro-

HaJIIl AC 6Y,l(eT S ~ V2P/4. CooTBeTcTBYIOrn;ee Y,l\JIIlHeHlle 3TOil nnaroaaaa COCTaBHT

t1 = ~ = V2 P V2 h Ph

FE 4FE - 2FE'

a ziuarouaas BD YKOPOTIlTCli na TY )Ke BeJIHqIlHY. B pesym.rare 3TIlX IlsMeHeHllii ,l\JIIlH aaarouanen B 1l,l(1I 0, qTO nnarrpopaa CMeCTIlTCH na 6 = V2t1. TaKIlM oopaaox, )KeCTKOCTb 3KBHBaJIellTlIOil npyzcaau nanuon KOllCTPYK!J.1l1l ClICTeMhI

6,45.2,11.107

3 05 'c~ 4,46·10' HIM.

,

21

4UTaTeJIlO rrpe,n:OCTaBJIlIeTClI B03MO)KHOCTb noxaaars, 'ITO B ,n:aH-. HOM npaaepe rOpH30HTaJlbHYIO cany P He 06113aTeJlbHO nanpaBJIlITb napaJlJleJlbHO OCH llJlll B npOll3BOJlbHOM H~npaEJleHllll

B ropH30HTaJlbHOH nJlOCKOCTll.

Ilpaaep 4. I1pe,n:noJlO)KHM, 'ITO rpys BeCOM W (puc. 1.7) nonnnxaercs nO,Il,beMHblM MexaHH3MOM II npn ::ITOM OH ,Il,BU' )KeTClI nnepx C nocrommoa CKOPOCTblO xo, a B KalJeCTBe npy)KHHbl CJlY)KHT CTaJlbHOH TpOC. Onpeacnnrt, MaKCUMaJlbllOe aanpsxcenue, sosnnxaiouree B rpoce, xoraa BO BpeMlI ,l(BH)KeHUll aneaanao OCTaHaBJIllBaeTClI 6apa6aH, HaMaTbIBalOll\HH sepxIIHH KOHel~ rpoca. Ilycn, nee rpysa W= 4,54·10"H, 1=18,3 M, nnomazn, nonepesnoro CelJeHUlI rpoca F = 1,61· 10-3 M2,

MOl\YJlb ynpyrocrn rpoca E = 1,05· 1011 H/M2, CKOPOCTb Xo = 0,914 M/C. Becox rpoca MO)KHO npeneopest..

Petuenue. I1pH pannoxepuoa l\BIDKeHIIU nOl\beMIIHKa pacrarnaaiomas CHJla B rpoce W = 4,54.105 H, yannnenae rpoca B JlI060lf MOMellT BpeMell1l OCT = WI/(EF) = 0,0049 M. BJiaroIlapH HalJaJlbHOH CKOPOCTU Xo nO,Il,HUMaeMbIH rpys He OCTa- 1I0BUTCll cpaay, a 6Y,Il,eT KOJle6aTbClI na rpoce. Oronrrsrsaa BpeMlI OT nexoroporo npOU3BOJlbHOrO MOM€IITa, BU,Il,IIM, lJTO ne-

peaemenne nOl\HUMaeMoro rpysa OT nOJlO)KeHUll pannonecns B paccaarpnsaeasrrl MOMeHT BpeMeHH paBHO HyJlIO, rorna KaK CKOPOCTb panna Xo. Ha Bblpa)KeHHlI (1.5) cnenyer, 'ITO aMnJlHTY,Il,a KOJle6aHHll 6Y,Il,eT panna Xo/p, rne p =

= V gioCT = 44,7 c-1, Xo = 0,914 M/c. Torna MaKCllMaJlbHOe yannnenae Tpoca Omax = = 0C,.+ Xo/p = 0,0049 + 0,914/44,7 = 0,0049 + 0,0204 = 0,0253 M, a MaKCllMaJlbHoe nanpaaceaae (Jmax= [4,54.105/(1,61.10-3)1 X (0,0253/44,7)= 1,595·10811a. MO)KHO BH,Il,eTb, 'ITO nnesanaan OCTaHOBKa 6apa6aHa yaennsnaaer nanpnaceuae npnMepHO B 5 pas.

PHC. 1.7

Iloncrannan HaA;'\cHilOe !lHailcllHc }J(ecTKocTll k B ¢opMyJlbj (1.3), nOJlYlJHM

__ 11 175000 -- o V-- --_

T--2n JI 4,46.107.9,81-~n 0,0004-0,126 c.

3A,M4H

1.1.1. BHHToBall UHJlHH,n:pHlJeCKall npY)KUHa (CM. pHC. 1.1) llMeeT ,Il,HaMeTp D = = 2,5· 10-2 M BHTKa no Cpel\llHHOH JlHHUH, ,Il,HaMeTp nposoaoxn d = 2,5· 10-3 M, lJllCJlO 'BHTKOB paBHO 20. MO,Il,YJlb ynpyrocrn MaTepllaJia npOBOJlOKH npn ensure G = 0,84 X .X 1011 Ila, sec nonneuienuoro rpyaa W = 150 H. Onpeneaars nepnon CB060,Il,HbIX KOJle6aHHH.

Omeem: T = 0,64 c.

1.1.2. CB06o,Il,HO onepraa 6aJlKa (pHC. A.1.1.2) HMeeT )KeCTKOCTb npn H3rH6e El = = 9.103 H'M2, I\Jllllla npo.rera Me)KI\Y onopavn 11 = 1,8 M, ,Il,JlHHa KOHCOJlll 12 = 0,9 M.

A 8 rw1
~ • .1
I~ t, ~IE 'L7

PIlC. A.1.1.2 Ilpeneriperas MaccoH 6aJlKIl, HaHTIl lJaCToTY CB060,Il,HbIX KOJle6aHHH rpysa BeCOM tv' = = 3000 H, ycrauoanenaoro na neaaxpenneunun KOHeu KOHCOJIH.

Omeem: t = 6,48 c-1.

22

1.1.3. EaJIKa AB (pHC. A.1.1.3) )KeCTKOCTbIO npn H3rH6e EI = 9· 104 H· M2 onepra KOHIJ;aMH A H B na rrpY)KHHbI. )i(ecTKocTb KalKJI,OH rrpY)KHHbI k = 5,36.104 HIM. Ope-

2,1311

·11°,9111

----I

[WJ 8

1

PIIC. A.1.1.3

aeriperas BeCOM 6aJIKH, Bbl'lHCJIHTb nepnon cBo6oJl,HbIX KOJIe6aHHH rpysa BeCOM W = 5000 H, YCTaHOBJIeHHOrO aa paccrosuau 0,91 M OT KOHIJ;a B.

Omeem: .. = 0,533 c.

1.1.4. Llacrepua C BO,l\OH (pHC. A.1.1.4), BecSII.L\allW = 6.105 H, onapaercs aa xerupe aepraxansaue CTOHKH, naroroeaeunuc H3 rpyo H lKeCTKO aanenanasre rro KOH-

w

PHe. A.1.1.4

nax. Kaacnas CTOHKa IIMeeT )KeCTKOCTb npn 113f116e EI = 6· 106 H· M2. BbI'IIICJIHTb nepnon CBo6o,nHbIX KOJIe6aHHH IJ;HCTepHbI B ropH30HTaJIbHOM HarrpaBJIeHHII. BecOM CToeK MO)KHO npcueopevs.

Omeem: .. = 1,95 c.

1.1.5. OpeJl,rrOJIO)KHM, 'ITO ,l\JIlI CHHlKeHHSI .MaKCHMaJIbHOrO 3Ha'leHHSI ,nHHaMII'Iecxoro nanpaaceaaa, B03HHKaIOLLI:erO B KOHCTPYKIJ;HH H3 npaxepa 1.1.4, Me)K,l\y HH)KHHM KOHIJ;OM rpoca H rrOJl,HIIMaeMbIM rpY30M YCTaHOBJIeHa xoporxas npyscaaa, HMeIOLLI:aSl )KecTKOCTb k = 3,6.· 105 HIM. Onpeneaars MaKCHMaJIbHOe HanPSl)KeHHe, xoropoe B03- HHKHeT B 3TOM cnyxae npa BHe3arrHOH OCTaHOBKe sepxaero KOHIJ;a rpoca, I1crrOJIb30BaTb re )Ke qHCJIOBble ,naHHble, 'ITO H B npaxepe 1.1.4.

Omeem: umax = 50,8· 106 Ila.

1.1.6. B rrOpTaJIbHOH paxe YCTaHOIlJIeHa TlI)KeJIall nayraspoaaa 6aJIKa ,nJIHHOH 6 M II BbICOTOH nonepeuaoro Ce'leHHSI 0,61 M, xoropas )KeCTKO npasapeaa K Jl,ByM OTHOCHTeJIbHO rll6KHM CTOHKaM (pHC. A.I.I.6). Ka)KJI,aSl H3 3THX CToeK H3rOTOBJIeHa 113 lIIBeJIJIepa C rrJIOLLI:a,nbIO nonepesuoro ceseana F = 2,59· 10-3 M2. MIIHIIMaJIbllbIH pa,l\Hyc HllepIJ;HH r = 1,57· 10-2, E = 2,1' 1011 H/M2. BbI'IHCJIHTb nepnon coccrseasax 60KOBbIX KOJIe6aHHH B rrJIOCKOCTH paxu: a) C'IIITall, 'lTO TOqKII A II B nOJIIjOCTbIO aaxpenaeuu:

23

0) npennonaras B TO'IKaX A H B HaJIH'IHe urapnapoa. Ilpe neripe-n, H3rHOOM ,n:BYTaBpoBOH OaJIKH H BeCOM CToeK.

Omeem: 'II = 0,813 C, 't2 = 1,62';:c.

l:
179'IOJ HIN to
c:r
I~ II-
I I
I I
I I l:
I
I 6,IH I ~
..;
I
1
~ >7 ~ >7-
PHC. A.!.!.6 t.t. 7. 'uByxnpO,1JeTHall ncpaapesnas oa.'lKa COCTOHT HS ,n:BYX IlIBeJIJIepOB BbICOTOH 0,152 M (1 = 2·7,24· 10- 6 = 1,45· 10- 5 M4). Ha OaJIKY YCTaHOBJIeH 9JIeKTpo,n:BHraTeJIb

A B ~ C
~ Ai .1. /#;;
L J,05H .. loE 1,5ZN 1,5111 .. I

PHC. A.!.!.7 BeCOM W = 5,45.104 H B cepennuc npoaera Be (pHC. A.!.1.7). Onpeneaars cooCTBeHHYIO 'IaCTOTY CBOOO,n:HbIX BepTHKaJIbHbIX KOJIeoaHHH 9JIeKTpo,n:BHraTeJIll, npeaeoperas BJIHllHHeM seca OaJIKH.

Omeem: f = 5,72 c-I.

1.1.8. HeOOJIblIIOii map Maccoii m npnxpennen B cepeanne K Tyro HaTllHYTOMY TPOCY ,n:JIHHOH 2l (puc. A.1.1.8). Tpoc He conpOTHBJISleTCSI H3fHOY H HMeeT OOJIbIlIOe

PHC. A.!.1.8

rrpe,n:BapHTeJIbHOe HaTSI*eHHe S. COCTaBHTb ,n:H¢¢epeH~HaJIbHOe ypaBHeHHe ,n:BH*eHHll npa MaJIbIX rronepexusrx KOJIeOaHHlIX mapa H noxasars, 'ITO npn rrOCTOllHHOM HaTll*eHHH rpoca paccvarpnsaeaoe ,n:BH*eHHe lIBJIlIeTClI rrpOCTbIM rapMOHH'IeCKHM. 4eMY B 3TOM CJIY'Iae paBeH rrepHO,n: KOJIeOaHHii?

Omeem: 'I = 2n V ml/(2S).

1.t.9. I'pya BeCOM W nonnepacasaerca rpexa rrPY*HHaMH, coe,n:HHeHHbIMH rrOCJIe,n:OBaTeJIbHO nonoono TOMY, KaK coenuaenu ,n:Be rrPY*HHbI na pHC. 1.5, a. Iloxaaars, 'ITO *eCTKOCTb 3KBHBaJIeHTfJOH npyscansr

24

P aCCMOTpHM nOKa3aHHbIH na

pHC. 1.8 ynpyruf BaJI, aepxnaii KOHeu xoroporo 2KeCTKO saxpennea, a K HH2KHeMY npnxpenaea nepnen)l.HKy JI51PHO OCH BaJIa a6COJIIOTHO 2KeCTKHH )l.HCK xpyrosof ¢OpMbI.

Ilonoonaa CHCTeMa Ha3bIBaeTC5I KpymUJlbHblM MaflmHUKOM. ECJIH

)l.HCK nOBepHYTb na MaJIbIH yro.n OTHOCHTeJIbHO OCH BaJIa H 3aTeM OTnYCTHTb, TO KpyT51IUHH MOMeHT, n051BHBIIJHHC51 rrpn 3aKpyqHBaHHlI BaJIa, npnaener ero B )l.BH2KeHHe, 11 B03HHKHYT caooonaue KpymUJlbHble KOJle6aHUfl. Ilpn 3THX KOJIe6aHH5IX MOMeHT, nepenaaaeuua na )].HCK CO CTOPOHbI 3aKpyqeHHoro BaJIa, nponopuaonanea yray 3aKpYQHBaHU51 cP

H scerna )l.eHcTByeT B aanpaane-

HUH, npOTHBOnOJI02KHOM BpaIUeHHIO )].HCKa. TaK, eCJIH sepes I 0603HaQHTb MOMeHm UHepl{UU 8UCKa OTHOCHTeJIbHO OCH BaJIa, xepes ip - yrJIOasre YCKopeHH51 H xepea kR - KpyT51IUHH MOMeHT, OTHeceHHbIH K enunane yr.na nosopora (;)/CecmKocmb npuacun»: npu KpytteHUU), TO )].H¢¢epeHUHaJIbHOe ypasuenae )l.BH2KeHH51 npuaer BH)].

lip = - kHCP.

1.2. KPYtlfJIbHbIE KOJI E6AH lUI

d

p2= k,JI, ypasnenae (a) M02KHO aanacars B BH)].e ip+ p2cp=0.

D

PHC. I.S

(a)

(6)

(l.7)

3TO ypasnenae HMeeT BH)]., aHaJIOmQHbIH ypaBHeHHIO (l.1) 113 npenuztytuero naparparpa, n03TOMY ero penrenne 6Y)l.eM IICKaTb B BH)].e, aHaJIO' mQHOM (l.5), QTO naer

rp = CPo COS pt + (~o/p) sin pi,

( 1.8)

rne CPo 11 CPo - COOTBeTCTBeHHO yraosoe nepeaemeane 11 yrJIOBa51 CKOPOCTb )].IICKa B HaQaJIbHbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHII t = O. Paccyxoias TaK me, KaK 11 B npenunymea naparparpe, H3 supaacenna (1.8) nOJIYQIlM nepnon xpyTHJIbHbIX KOJIe6aHlIH

211: ·V-[-

T=p=2:rt k;;'

aero QaCTOTa

f=-I =_1 VkK

.. 211: [.

(l.9)

(l.10)

25

B c.nyvae sana xpyrosoro nonepennoro cenenna ,lJ,JIIiHOH 1 II ,lJ,II1'IMeTpOM d JlCeCmKOCmb npuocunt» npu KpY4eHUU MO)KHO onpenemrrs no rpopMy.lIe *

(B)

rne G - MO,lJ,Y.lIb ynpyrocrn MaTepIIa.lIa npn C,lJ,BIIre. lJepe3 J 0603Ha'leH uouenm conp omuenenust KpY'leflUiO nonepeunoeo ceuenusi eana, KOTOPbIH:

B cnyxae nonepenaoro Ce'leHH5I xpyronoa CPOpMbI pasen nO.lI5IpHOMY MOMeHTY IIHepUIIH. )l(ecTKocTb rrpY)KHHbI npn xpysemrn kJ<. 06bI'IHO H3- Mep5leTC5I B H ·M/pa,lJ,.

,Ua.lIee, eC.lIH ,lJ,HCK xpyroaon CPOPMbI 51B.lI5IeTC5I O,lJ,HOPO,lJ,HbIM H IIMeeT ,lJ,IIaMeTp D II sec W, TO MOMeHT IIHepUHII

I = WD2/(Sg). (r)

Orrpe,lJ,eJIIIB TaKHM 06pa30M BeJIII'IHHbI kJ<. II I, nepnon II 'IaCTOTY Kpymunsnux tcoserianut: MO)KHO BbI'IHC.lIIITb no cpopMY.lIaM (1.9) II (1.10).

B 60.lIee C.lIO)KHOM cnyxae aana aexpyronoro nonepennoro Ce'leHHH II Te.lIa HerrpaBH.lIbHOH: cpOPMbI Be.lIH'IHHbI kJ<. II I onpenenmor 6o.lIee C.lIO}KHbIM o6pa30M. O,lJ,HaKO, ecnn OTCYTCTBYIOT cpOpMY.lIbI ,lJ,.lI5I BbI'IHC.lIeHH5I 3THX Be.lIII'IHH, TO IIX scerna MO)KHO HaH:TH 3KcrrepIIMeHTa.lIbHbIM nyren. ,U.lI5I roro 'IT06bI KO.lIe6aHHe 6bI.lIO 'IIICTO KPYTII.lIbHbIM, Heo6xo,lJ,HMO COBna,lJ,eHIIe OCII sana C r.lIaBHOfi OCblO reaa, npOXO,lJ,5IIUefi xepes ero uerrrp T5I)KeCTH. O,lJ,HaKO, 'IT06bI BOCnpen5lTCTBOBaTb ,lJ,pyrHM ,lJ,BH)KeHH5IM rena. He06xo,lJ,IIMO BBeCTH OrpaHH'IeHII5I B BII,lJ,e rrO,lJ,IIIIIrrHHKOB. Cnenyer TaK)Ke OTMeTIITb, 'ITO KPYTH.lIbHble KO.lIe6aHH5I MoryT B03HIIKaTb H B TaKIIX CHcrenax, rne OTCYTCTBYIOT KPYTH.lIbHble ,lJ,ecpopMaUHII (CM. npuvep 2 B KOHue sroro naparparpa).

B nocnenyrouiea 06cY)K,lJ,eHHII nonaraea, 'ITO nan na pHC. 1.S IIMeeT rrOCT05lHHOe nonepexaoe ceseaae ,lJ,IIaMeTpoM d. EC.lIII san HMeeT nsa yuacrxa C ,lJ,.lIIIHaMII 11 II 12 II ,lJ,IIaMeTpaMII d1 II d2, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, TO no cpopMY.lIe (B) MO}KHO rrO,lJ,C'IHTaTb COOTBeTCTBYIOIUIIe 3TIIM Y'laCTKaM }KeCTKOCTH kHl H kH2 npn KpY'leHHII. 3aTeM, rrOCKO.lIbKY naa Y'laCTKa sana rrpe,lJ,CTaB.lI5IIOT c060H: rrOC.lIe,lJ,OBaTe.lIbHO coennueansre npY}KHHbI, paooraIOIUHe na xpyseaae, }KeCTKOCTb npY)KHHbI 3KBHBa.lIeHTHOfi CHCTeMbI MO)KHO HafinI II3 supaaceaas (n) npenunymero naparparpa.

C.lIY'Iafi CTyrreH'IaTOrO sana MO)KHO paccxorpers IIHbIM nYTeM. EC.lIII san, GOCT05lIUIIfi II3 ,lJ,ByX Y'laCTKOB, aarpyscea KPYT5IIUIiM MOMeHTOM M, TO rrO.lIHblfi yro.n 3aKpY'llIBaHlI5I aana HaXO,lJ,IIM 1I3 ssrpaacenaa

rp = ~ + ~ = 32Mll + 32Ml2 = 32M (11 + 12~)

khl kH2 ndtG ndiG ndtG d;l •

TaKIIM 06pa30M, BH,lJ,HO, 'ITO yro.n 3aKpY'lliBaHlI5I nana C ,lJ,ByM5I ,lJ,lIaMeTpaMII d1 II d2 paaen yrny 3aKpY'lliBaHlI5I sana C rrOCT05lHHbIM ,lJ,lIaMeTpOM d1 II rrplIBe,lJ,eHHoH ,lJ,.lIIiHOfi L1, onpenenaeaof no rpopvyne

L1 = 11 + 12dt/d~. (n)

* Cx. c. 72 B KH. Timoshenko S., Young D. H. Elements of strength of materials, IJ;IITllpOBaHHoii: B II. 1.1.

26

Ban ,UmIHOH L, II ,UHaMeTpOM d1

HMeeT TY xce CaMYIO )KeCTKOCTb npy- I""':,__----=---+I<E-- . ..::

)KHlIbI, qTO H ,UaHHbIH san C ,UByMH paa-

JlHqHbIMH ,UHaMeTpaMH, H HBJlHeTCH - .

sxeueanenmnusc eanou ,UJlH YKa3aH- 11!-t-¥~~:;:;::;;;~~;:;:::=:;~~~~

Horo cJlyqaH. ""

PaCCMOTpHM reneps cJlyqall aana, _,

OnHpalOIJJ.erOCH na pa60TalOIJJ.He B YCJlOBHHX OTCYTCTBH51 TpeHHH noznuanHHKH II HeCYIJJ.ero na xouuax BpaIJJ.a-

IOIJJ.HeCH BMeCTe C HHM a6COJIlOTHO )KeCTKHe rena (puc. 1.9). CnyqaH npe,UcTaBJIHeT npaKTI1qeCKHH I1HTepec:B TaKOM BII,Ue MO)KHO npencraBI1Tb aan C nponennepou aa O,UHOM KOHue H POTOPOM Typ6HHbI - na ,UPyroM *.

ECJlH ,UBa ,UHCKa 3aKpYTHTb B npoTImOnOJlO)KHbIX HanpaBJleHHHX, a 3aTeM BHe3anHO OTnYCTHTb, TO B03HHKHYT KPYTHJlbHble KOJle6aHHH. 113 npHHUI1na coxpaneans MOMeHTa KO.7IHqeCTBa ,UBH)KeHHH cnenyer, qTO npn TaKHX KOJle6aHHHX ,UHCKH acerna ,UOJl)KHbI BpaIJJ.aTbCH B npornsonoJlO)KHbIX HanpaBJleHHHX. TaKI1M 06pa30M, HMeeTCH nexoropoe npove)KYTOqHOe nonepexaoe cexeaae, pacnO.7IO)KeHHOe B TOqKe P aa OCH aana (CM. pHC. 1.9), xoropoe OCTaeTCH HenO,UBH)KHbIM. 31'0 nonepesnoe cexeHHe Ha3bIBaeTCH Y3.1l08blM ceuenueu. Ero nOJlO)KeHHe onpenenaror H3 C.7Ie,UYIOIJJ.ero co06pa)KeHHH: 06a ,UHCKa ,UO.7I)KHbI HMeTb O,UHH H TOT xce nePHO,U KOJle6aHHH, nOCKOJlbKY B npOTHBHOM cnyxae He 6y,UeT BbInOJlHHTbCH YCJlOBHe, qTO OHH BpaIJJ.aIOTCH B npOTHBOnOJlO)KHbIX HanpaB.7IeHHHX.

OpHMeHHH rpopvyny (l.9) K 06eHM nO,UCHCTeMaM, npHMbIKalOIJJ.HM C ,UBYX CTOPOH K Y3J10BOMY CeqeHHIO, nO.7IyqHM

t b=:j -
a l>'E
r-
~
~ Iz
P ""
Puc. 1.9 VT V--r;: km 11

kill = kR2 HJlH kR2 = 7-; ,

(e)

rne kRl H kR2 HBJlHIOTCH )KeCTKOCTHMH npn xpyseaaa COOTBeTCTBeHHO ,UJlH JleBOH H npasoa qaCTeH nana. I1x BeJlHqHHbI, KaK BH,UBO H3 <P0PMYJlbI (B), 06paTHO nponopunonaasnu ,UJlHHaM COOTBeTCTBYlOlUHX nacrea aana, qTO B COOTBeTCTBHH C COOTHOllIeHHHMH (e) naer alb = Ii II' OOCKOJlbKY cnpaaezonrso a + b = l, TO HMeeM

a = 1121(1I + 12); b = lIi/(I1 + 12), (IK)

OpHMeHHH <P0PMYJlbI (1.9) H (1.10) K JleBOH qaCTH CHCTeMbI, rroJlyqHM

2 VT 2 V 32111/2

T = Jt kRl = Jt nd4G (/1 + 12)

f = _1_ -v nd4G (ft + 12)

2n 32lJ1i2

e nOMOlUblO 3THX <P0PMYJl MO)KHO nO,UCqHTaTb nepuo.a H qaCTOTY KpyTHJlbHbIX KOJle6aHHH, eCJlH H3BeCTHbI pasvepsr aana, MO,UYJlb ynpyrocrn

(1.11)

(1.12)

* 3TO 6blJla cnna H3 causrx paHHHX rrp06J1eM, CTOJlKHYBlllHCb C xoropon HHlKeHepbl 06HapYIKHJlH Heo6xo,n;HMOCTb HCCJle,n;oBaHHlI KPYTH.1hHbIX KOJle6aHHlf.

27

npu C,lJ,BHre G II MOMeHTbI nnepujm Macc ,lJ,HCKOB, 3aKpenJIeHHbIX na KOHuax BaJIa. B npnsenenm,ix paCCYM,lJ,eHH5IX Macca BaJIa He YQllTblBaeTC5I, ee BJIH5IHl1e na nepnon KOJIe6aHHH 6Y,lJ,eT paCCMOTpeHO HHMe B n. 1.4.

KaK BH,lJ,HO H3 COOTIIOWeHHH (M), eCJIH O,lJ,llH H3 ,lJ,ByX BpamalOw.HXCYI ,lJ,HCKOB HMeeT OQeHb 60JIbWOH MOMeHT BHep'UHH MacCbI no cpaBHeHHIO C MOMeH'fOM npyroro ,lJ,HCKa, TO MOMHO nOJIOMHTb, QTO Y3JIOBOe CeQeHHe cosnanaer C nOJIOJKeHHeM 60JIbWerO ,lJ,HCKa, H TaKHM 06pa30M CHCTeMa C ,lJ,ByM5I ,lJ,UCKaMII (CM. puc. 1.9) CBO,lJ,llTC5I K cncreae TOJIhKO C O,lJ,HllM ,lJ,llCKOM.

Ilpaxep 1. ITpe,D.rrOJIOlKHM, 'ITO ,D.Ba ,D.HCKa, YCTaHOBJIeHHble aa KOH~ax BaJIa (CM. pHC. 1.9), HMelOT seca WI = 4,54.103 H, W2 = 9,08.103 H H ,D.HaMeTpbl Dr = 1,27 M, D2 = 1,9 M. ,UJIHHa BaJIa 1 = 3,05 M, ,D.HaMeTp d = 0,1 M, MO,D.YJIb ynpyrocra ero MaTepHaJIa G = 8,4.1010 ITa. Onpcncaars '1acToTY cB060,D.Hb1X KPYTHJIbHblX KOJIe6aHHii:

CHCTeMbI. KaK H3MeHHTClI 3Ta '1aCTOTa, eCJIH aa ,D.JIHHe 1,6 M ,D.HaMeTp BaJIa HSMeHHTb OT 0,1 M ,1(0 0,2 M?

Petuenue. ITO,D.CTaBJIlIlI aanaanue '1HCJIOBble SHa'leHHlI B ¢OpMyJIy (r), onpenenau MOMeHTbI HHep~HH Macc ,D.HCKOB:

1 - 4,54.103.1,27 -- 735 H •• 2· 1-- 8.9,81 --, MC,

9,08.103.1,9

12 = 8.9,81 = 219,8 H·M·C2.

I1crrOJIb3YlI 3TH 3Ha'leHHlI, a raxsce HCXO,D.Hble ,D.aHHble ,D.JIlI BaJIa, lIO ¢opMYJIe (1.12) rrOJIY'IaeM

f = _1_ 1/ n.O,0001.il,4·1010 (73,5 + 219,8) = 11 15 -1

2n JI 32.3,05.73,5.219,8 ' c.

ECJIH ,D.HaMeTp BaJIa YBeJIH'IHTb OT 0, I ,D.O 0,2 M na ,D.JIIIHe 1,6 M, TO ,D.JIIIHa 3KBIIBaJIeHTHOro BaJIa ,D.llaMeTpOM 0, 1MB COOTBeTCTBIIH C ¢OPMYJIOii: (,D.) 6Y,D.eT L1 = 1,45 + + 1,6· 0,1'/0,24 = 1,45 + 0,1 = 1,55 M. ITOCKOJIbKY 3Ta ,D.JIHHa COCTaBJIlIeT lIOJIOBIIHY OT ncpaoaavansnoa ,D.JIUHbI 3 M, a '1aCTOTa 06paTHo nponopunoaaasaa KBa,D.paTHoMY KOPHIO 113 ,D.JIHHbI [CM. ¢OPMYJIy (1.2)], TO rrOJIY'IaeM, 'ITO B peSYJIbTaTe YCHJIeHHlI BaJIa '1aCTOTa YBeJIU'IUBaeTClI B V2 pas.

Ilpaeiep 2. MaxoBHK IIMeeT MaccHBHblH 060,D. BeCOM W H Cpe,D.HHM panaycox R, npuxpennennuf K cryrmue '1eTblpbMlI lIpU3MaTII'IeCKIIMH cnauasra (pIIC. 1.10, a). Hanra nepncn CB060,D.HbIX KPYTIIJIbHbIX KOJIe6aHIlii: 060,D.a OTHOCHTeJIbHO uearpansnoa OCII, npoxonamea sepea TO'lKY 0, npn aneaan HOll OCTaHOBKe CTylIHI.{bI. Maccy cnau He ysarusars II npaarrrs, 'ITO KalK,D.all cnaua IIMeeT ,D.JIHHy R H lKeCTKOCTb npn H3rll6e B.

Peuienue. ITYCTb, KaK lIOKa3aHO sa pHcYHKe, 060,D. lIOBOpa'lHBaeTClI na MaJIblii: yrOJI <po KalK,D.all emma Be,D.eT ce611 KaK 6aJIKa, O,D.IIH KOHe~ KOTOPOii: lKeCTKO saneJIaH B crynnue, a npyroa BbIHYlK,D.eH nepeMeru;aTbClI BMeCTe C 060,D.OM. K aneumexy KOH~Y cnauu npanosceau nonepexaaa CIIJIa Q II HsrIl6alOru;Hii: MOMeHT M (pIIC. 1.10,6). ITplIMeHlIlI IISBeCTHble COOTHoweHlIlI ,D.JIlI lKecTKocTeii: 6aJIKII, rrOJIy'lHM

Q = 12B!:!iR3 - 6B<pIR2; M = 6B!:!iR2 - 4B<pIR.

aJ R

t5 J

PIIC. 1.10

28

(S) (II)

ECJIH o6o,D. C'IIITaTb a6COJIIOTHO lKeCTKIIM, TO xacareasaaa, npoaenennaa K yrrpyroii:

JIIIHIIII B TO'lKe aa BHeWHeM KOH~e cmnnr, ,D.OJIlKHa 6blTb nanpaaneua B,D.OJIb panayca,

TaKHM 06pa30M, nonepeunaa CHJIa Q H H3rH6alOw.HH MOMeHT M CBH3aHbI C yrJIOM nOBOpora (j) npocru» reoaerpnuecxnu COOHlOlIleHHeM t.;::; R(j). flo,n:CTaBJIHH 9TO COOTHOnrenne B 3aBHCHMOCTH (3) H (H), Haii,l\eM

CYMMapHwl MOMeHT, ,l\eHCTBYIOW.HH na 060,l(;

Me = 4QR - 4M = 16B(j)/R.

Torna, OlJeBH,l\HO, )KeCTKOCTb npa KpYlJeHHH B 9TOM c.nyuae kH = Me/(j) = 16B/R.

flO,l(CTaBJIHH 9TO 3HalJeHHe kH B ¢OPMYJIY (1.9) H YlJHTbIBaH, lJTO MOMeHT HHepI.J.HH MaCCbI MaXOBHKa onpenenserca Bblpa)KeHHeM I ;::; W R2/ g, nOJIYlJIlM

V WR3

't=2n 16gB'

3AAA4H

1.2.1. Onpenenars lJaCTOTY KPYTIlJIbHbIX KOJIe6aHIlH ropIl30HTaJIbHOrO CTep)KHlI AB BeCOM W = 18,2 H H ,l(JIHHOH a = 0,51 M, KOTOPblll IlpHKpeIlJIeH B cepenane IlpOJIeTa K BepTHKaJIbHoMY CTaJIbHoMY TPOCY ,l(JIIlHOH 1= 0,51 M Il naaaerpox d = = 3,2.10-3 M. ClJHTaTb, lJTO crepxcem, HBJIHeTClI TOHKIlM, HO a6COJIIOTHO )KeCTKIlM; Maccy rpoca He YlJHTbIBaTb H MO,l(YJIb ynpyrocrn npa ensure B3HTb G = 8,4.1010 Fla.

Omeem: f = 0,781 c-1.

1.2.2. Ha pHC. A.1.2.2 npe,l(CTaBJIeHO YCTPOHCTBO, C noxoiusro xoroporo secsaa Y,l(06HO 9KcnepHMeHTaJIbHO onpenenars MOMeHT aaepunn Macc TeJI HenpaBIlJIbHOH ¢OpMbI. OHO COCTOHT Il3 ,l(BYX rrapaJIJIeJIbHbIX nJiaCTIlH, COe,l(IlHeHHbiX TaKIlM o6pa30M, lJTO BClI CHCTeMa ,l(eHCTByeT KaK a6COJIIOTHO )KeCTKOe TeJIO, xoropoe npacoennneuo K BepTIlKaJIbHOMY CTep)KHIO H BHYTPb xoroporo MO)KeT 6bITb nonemeno npOIl3BOJIbHOH ¢OPMbI TeJIO He60JIblIlHX paaaepos. 0Y,l(YlJIl rrYCTOTeJIbIM (pHC. A.1.1.2, a), 9TOT KPYTHJIbHblH MaHTHIlK

a)

6)

HMeeT Il3MepeHHblii nepnon 'to. Ilpn noueuieuan B 9TO YCTPOHCTBO TeJIa C Il3BeCTHbiM MOMeHTOM auepumt 11 (puc. A.l.2.2, 6), xoropoe naxaaaer KOJIe6aTbClI BMeCTe C MaHTHIlKOM, nepaon KOJIe6aHHH ycrpoacrsa pasea 't1. Korna )Ke B YCTPOHCTBO nonemator TeJIO C HeIl3BeCTHbIM MOMeHTOM uaepuna I (puc. A.l.2.2, e), nepnon KOJIe6aHHH MallTHHKa pasea 't2• HaHTH MOMeHT HHepI.J.HH I nocnenaero TeJIa OTHOCHTeJIbHO OCH apamenaa, T. e. OTHOCHTeJlbHO ocn CTep)KHH.

OTseT: I = I ('t~ - 't1\) 1 ('ti - 'til)

6)

PHC. A.l.2.2

29

1.2.3. TOHKHii npH3MaTH'leCKHii crepscens AB (pHC. A.I.2.3) BeCOM W H ,ll,JlHHOrl I YAeplKHBaeTc5I B ropH30HTaJlbHOM nonoacennn tuapnnpoxt aa KOHeu A H npyxcu-

PIIC. A.1.2.3

noil C lKeCTKOCTbIO k aa xoneu B. Harrrn nepHOJI, KPYTHJlbllbIX Ko.1e6atIHii aJl51 MaJlbIX 3113'IeHHii yr.ronux nepevemeuaf rp CTeplKlI5! B BepnIK3J1bHOii n.'10CKOCTII. M3ccy npylKUHbI He Y'IIITbIB3Tb H C'IHTaTb crepxcem, 36comOTHO lKeCTKUM.

1.2.4. TOHKIlH, HO a6co.'1lOTHO lKecTKuii crepaceus AB (pHC. A.I.2.4) BeCOM W II )I,JlHHOii I 33Kpen.1eH B ropuaonrani.noa nOJIOlKeHHII tuapnapoa aa KOHeu A H Bep-

r
" ~
a JC J

:
Puc. 1\.1.2.4 TIIK3JIbHOii npYlKHHoii B TO'IKe C. ,UJI5I cJIY'Ia51 MaJIbIX aMnJIHTY,ll, KOJIE63HlliI npn nonoporax CTeplKH5! B BepTIlKaJlbHOii nJIOCKOCTH BbI'IIICJIHTb nepnon 't KOJle6aHHii, eCJlH lKeCTKOCTb npylKHHbI paBH5IeTC5I k H Macca ee npeaeopexorao MaJIa.

Omeem: 't = 2n + V 3~g •

1.2.5. Onpe;I,eJIHTb 'IaCTOTbl KPYTl1JlbHbIX K{:)Jle6aHHii aHCKa (puc. A.1.2.5), eCJlH KOHUbl A H B B3JIa lKeCTKO aanenausr. 06e qaCTU B3JIa IIMelOT O,ll,HH II TOT lKe AHaMeTp

I
A ~
-----
I. 1., ~I W

PHC. A.1.2.5
30 d, H0 JlJlIlHbl IlX pa3JIHtiHbI - 11 H 12, MOMeHT IlHepIl,llH MaCCbI JlHCK3 pasea i.

1.2.6. Onpeneaars 3KBHBaJleHTHYJO JlJlHHy Ll npaxoro sana, HMeJOllI.erO Ty )Ke KpyTHJlbHyJO )KeCTKOCTb CV 'ITO H llleiiKH KOJleH'IaTOrO saaa, noxaaanaoro aa pHC. A.1.2.6. TIJle'lH xpasourana CE H DF HMeJOT )KeCTKOCTb npa H3rH6e B. Ilpennoaaraerca, 'ITO nOJllllHnHHKH A H B HMeJOT JlOCTaTO'lHbIii 3a30p, JlonycKaJOllI.Hii CBO- 60JlHOe nonepesnoe nepcaeuienne mex C H D npa xpyxeuan KOJleH'IaTOrO aaaa. Ilancn xpaaoumna EF llMeeT )KeCTKOCTb C2, paJlHyc xp asoumna paaen r,

L 2 Cl C1

Omeem: 1 = a + c;:b + 2 Hr.

-
~ ~ ~ B
- -,
7777 ..".t 7777 C
1-
._ C ~.::' ~ D
7777 7777
-s
'- A

PHC. A.I.2.6

PHC. A.1.2.7

1.2.7. LLBa napaaneasasrx sana AB H CD (pnc, A.1.2.7) saxpenneasr B nonunmHHKax H CB1l3aHbI J\l:)yr C JlpyroM 3y6qaTOll nepenaxen. Ha aueumev KOHIl,e Ka)KJlOrO sana npaxpenaen MaccHBHbIii )I,HCK, H BCli CHCTeMa conepuraer KPYTHJlbHble KOJIe6aHHll. BbI'IHCJlHTb nepaon KOJIe6aHHll, eCJlH H3BeCTHbI caenytomae nannue: I A = I D = = 116 H'M'C-2, 11 = 12 = 1,52 M, d1 = d2 = 7,62.10-3 M, '1/'2 = 1/2, Maccy 3y6qaTbIX KOJIeC II BaJIOB He yuaruaars , MOJlYJIb ynpyrocrn npn CABHre MaTepHaJlOB 060HX BaJIOB G = 8,4.1010 TIa.

Omeem: 't = 0,158 c.

1.2.8. LLJlll Toii )Ke CIlCTeMbI, 'ITO paccxarpaaaaacs B sanaxe 1.2.7, HaiiTIl oemee asrpazceaae )I,JIll JlJIllHbI Ll O)I,HHO'lHOrO 3KBHBaJIeHTHOro BaJIa J\HaMeTpoM d1, H3 KOHIl,ax xoroporo YKpenJIeHbI J\IlCKIl A II D.

Omeem: t; = 11 + (dl/~)4 ('2/'1)2 12,

1.2.9. CTaJIbHOll 060,11 xpyroaon ¢OPMbI BeCOM W II panaycox cpenaea JlllHllH r (pHC. A.1.2.9) npnxpennea K HenoJ\BH)KHOH crynuue panayca '0 C noaoiusio n paaaaJIbHbIX cnau xaxcnas H3 KOTOPbIX HMeeT 3Ha'lHTeJIbHOe npensapareasnoe naraaceaae C CHJlOH So. Onpeneaars nepaon KPYTHJIbHOrO KO' JIe6aHHll ooona, npeJ\nOJIO)KHB, qTO pacrarasaiouiee ycanae B Ka)KJlOll cnane OCTaeTCll HeH3MeHHbIM npn KOJIe6aHHllX. CnHIl,bI uiapaapao saxpertnensr no KOHIl,aM H He conpOTHBJIHIOTCll H3r1l6y.

Omeem: 't = 2n 1 (W, (,- (0) •

V ngSo'o

1.2.10. TIJIaT<jJopMa C paCTll)KKaMH H3 npaMepa 3, n. 1.1 (CM. pac. 1.6), axeer sec W = =1,75.105 H, paaaoaepao pacnpeneneaaua no nJIaT¢opMe. Onpezieaars nepnon KPYTllJIbHhIX KOJIe6aHHii CHCTeMbI OTHOCllTeJIbHO aepraxansnon OCH, npoxonsllI.eii sepea uearp Tll)KeCTH.

Omeem: 't = 0,0724 C. PHC. A.1.2.9

31

t .3. 3HEPrETHlJECKHA METO)l

I1HOr)l.a YA06Hee IICnOJIb30BaTb npnnnun coxpaaemrs sneprun B KOJIe6J1iow.llxc51 CHCTeMax, rue He npOHCXO,ll,HT paccennaana sneprun. C noMOW.blO nOA06Horo nonxona 6Y)l.eT BHOBb nOJIyqeHO ypaaaenae )l.BH):I{eHH51 npn CB060AHbIX KOJIe6aHH51X CHCTeMbI C O)l.HOll creneasro CB060AbI H YCTaHOBJIeHO paBeHcTBO MaKCHMaJIbHbIX 3HaqeHIIll KHHeTHqeCKOll II nOTeHIIHaJIbHOll sneprna npn CB060AHbIX KOJIe6aHH51x.

I1cnOJIb3Y5! sneprernuecxnii nonxon BHOBb npOaHaJI11311pyeM C11CTeMY, COCT051W.YlO 113 npY):l{11HbI C M3CCOll (CM. puc. 1.1, a). ECJI11 CHOBa npene- 6peqb Maccoll npyxcnuu, TO KUHemUtieCKYIO snepeuto CHCTeMhI MO):l{HO npencraanrs B CJIe,ll,y~w.eM BH,ll,e:

(a)

Ilomenuuansnusi snepeusi CHCTeMhI B 3TOM cnyxae COCTOHT H3 AByX nacreii: a) nOTeHIIHaJIhHOll sneprnn rpyaa BeCOM W, nOCKOJIhKY OH pacnOJIaraeTC5! HH):I{e nOJIO):l{eHH51 paBHOBeCH5! KaK ncxonnoro COCT05!HH5!, II 6) 3HepfHH AecpopMaIIHI1, HaKOnJIeHHOll B npyxome npn nepeuemenaa na BeJIHqHHY x. Ilepnas 113 YKa3aHHhIX nsyx 3HepfHH aupaxcaercs B CJIe,ll,YlOrrreM BH,ll,e:

En = -Wx.

(6)

LlJI5! roro qT06bI noncxnrars BTOpylO qaCTh 3HeprHH, paCCMOTpHM npenCTaBJIeHHYlO na pHC. 1.11 naarpanay, onncuaatouryro H3MeHeHHe CHJIbI S peaKIIH11 npY):l{HHhI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT nepeaeureans x. B COCT05!HHH paBHOBeCH5! CHJIa peaKII11H npY):l{HHhI panaa W, npn nepeaemenna X 3Ta C11JIa pasna W + kx. TaKHM 06pa30M, sneprus, HaKOnJIeHHa51 B npY):I{HHe npn nepeMeIIJeHHH X,

Ee = Wx + kx2/2.

CYMMHPY5! sneprna (a), (6) 11 (B) H YQ11ThlBa51, QTO 11X CYMMa AOJI):I{Ha 6hlTh nOCT05!HHOll B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3aKOHOM coxpauenna 3HeprHH, nOJIyQ11M

U7 X2 kx2

g-2-+ -2-=const.

s

Puc 1.11.

32

(B)

(I')

OOCKOJIbKY B npasoa QaCTH COOTHOIlleHH5! (r) CTOHT nOCT051HHa5! BeJIHQIlHa, CKOPOCTh H3MeHeHH51 BO BpeMeHH 3TOll BeJIHQHHhI panna HYJIlO; TaKHM 06pa30M,- HMeeM

x

d (U7 X2 kx2 ) _

dt gY+-2- - O.

BhIllOJIHHB B pasencrne (A) AHcpcpepeHIIHpoBaHHe II pa3AeJIHB pe3YJIhTaTI

na x, rrOJIyqHM ypaanenne ,lJ.BH)!{emIi:i, aHaJIOfHqHOe rrpHBe,lJ.eHHOMY B rr. 1.1;

(Wig) x -+ kx = O.

(e)

ECJIH rpeoyercs HaHTlI TOJIbKO co6CTBeHHYlO qaCToTY KOJIe6JIlOIlI.eHCH CHCTeMbI, TO HeT Heo6xo,lJ.HMOCTH paCCMaTpHBaTb rrOJIHOCTblO ypaaaenne ,lJ.BH)!{eHHH. BMeCTO sroro MO)!{HO paCCMOTpeTb KOJIe6JIlOIlI.HHCH rpya, rrOKa3aHHbIH aa pHC. 1.1, a, B COCTOHHHH rrOKOH B O,lJ.HOM H3 ,lJ.ByX xpaaHHX rrOJIO)!{eHHH; npu 3TOM cYMMapHaH rrOTeHIIH aJIbHaH 3HeprHH

En max = kxinax/2,

a KHHeTllqeCKaH 3HeprHH panna HYJIlO. C npyroti CTOPOHbI, xorna rpya npoxonar COCTOHHHe paBHOBeCHH (npn x = 0), HMeH npn 3TOM MaKCHMaJIbHYlO CKOPOCTb, ero KHHeTHqeCKaH 3HeprHH

E W xihax

Hmax=-g--2-·

B 3TOM cny-rae rrOTeHIIHaJIbHaH 3HeprHH paana HYJIlO. nOCKOJIbKY rrOJIHaH 3HeprHH OCTaeTCH rrOCTOHHHOH, MaKCHMaJIbHaH KHHeTHqeCKaH saeprHH, ,lJ.OJI)!{Ha 6bITb panna MaKCHMaJIbHOH nOTeHIIHaJIbHOH 3HeprHH. B pesy JIbTaTe HMeeM

( 1.13)

9TO npocroe COOTHOIlIeHHe HBJIHeTCH rrOJIe3HbIM npn onpenenenau cotiCTBeHHoH qaCTOTbI HJIIi nepnona KOJIe6aHHH CHCTeMbI. npHpaBHHBaH ,lJ.JIH cHCTeMbI, H306pa)!{eHHOH ua pHC. 1.1, a, BeJIHqHHbI ()!{) II (3), rrOJIyqHM

W xihax kxihax

g--2-=--2-

Banaaas rapMOHHqeCKOe .n:BH)!{eHHe B <POp Me, onpenenaeaoa ssrpa)!{eHHeM (1.6): x = A cos (pt - «); x = -Ap sin (pt - «), BH,lJ.HM, qTO

(1.14)

Xmax = PXmax· nO,lJ.cTaBJIHH asrpaacenne .n:JIH xmax B COOTHOIlIeHHe p = l/ki/W H nepnon KOJIe6aHHH T = = 2n -,lWI(kg), aHaJIOrHqHbIe nOJIyqeHHbIM panee B n. 1.1. I1crrOJIb30Banne COOTHOIlIeHlI5I (1.13) npn pacuere nepacna IIJIIi qaCTOTbI KOJIe6aHliH 51BJIHeTCH ocooenao y.n:06HbIM B TOM czryxae, xorna IIMeeTC5I He npocras, no.n:06Ha51 noxaaaunoa aa pnc. 1.1, a cacrexa, a 60JIee CJIO)!{Ha5l, COCTOHIlI,aH 1I3 HeCKOJI'bKIIX KOJIe6JIlOIlI,IIXC5I xacrea. Taxae cnyxaa paccxorpenu B npIIBO,lJ.HMbIX HH)!{e npasrepax.

Ilpaaep 1. I13MepHTeJlb nepeueuieanf co.[OHT H3 xopnyca , B KOTOPOM HaXO,!{HTCIT rpy3 ueCOM W, YCTaHoBJleHHbIll aa npyzcaae kl ',pHC. 1.12). ,UBH)!(eHHlI rpysa OTIl'e8ilTeJlbHO

2 TIiMoweHKO C. n. II np,

(H), HaH.n:eM qaCTOTY A

PHC. 1.12

33

xopnyca nepenatorcs CTpeJIKe BOA, apatuarouteiica aoxpyr TOlJKH 0 11 coennneuaof C ,'IpyroH rrpY)KHHOH k2' KaK rrOKa3aHO na pHCyHKe. Ilpeneoperaa MaCCOH 06eHX rrpY)KHH, BbJlIHCJIHTb nepnozt CB06o,'lHbIX KOJIe6aHHll CHCTeMbl npn YC.10BHH, lITO B HeH HMeeT MeCTO npocroe rapMOHHlJeCKOe J(BH)KeHHe.

Peiuenue. TIYCTb XM- MaKCHMaJIbHall CKOPOCTb rpyaa W npn KOJIe6aHHH. Torua COOTBeTCTBYlOm;all yr.noaas CKOPOCTb CTpeJIKH BOA 6y,neT xM/b; eCJIH 1- MOMeHT anepl.{HH MaCChi 9TOH CTpeJlKH OTHOCHTeJIbHO TO'lKH 0, TO noaaaa KHHeTH'leCKall snepras CHCTeMbl B paBHOBeCHOM rrOJlO)KeHHH

(K)

Korna CHCTeMa HaXO,'lHTClI B KpaHHeM rrOJIO)KeHHH, 'lTO onpenensercs BepTHKaJlbHbIM nepexemenaea XM rpysa W, aa npyacnny k2 6YJ(eT J\eHCTBOBaTb pacraruaatouiaa CHJla cXM/b; npn 9TOM nonaas noreauaansaaa sneprus CHCTeMbI

TIpHpaBHHBall COrJlaCHO COOTHOlIIeHHIO (1.13) asrpascenaa (K) H (JI) H acnonsaya J(JllI cnyuaa npocroro rapMOHHlJeCKOrO ,nBH)KeHHlI pasencrso (1.14) XM= pxM, HaHJ(eM xpyronyio 'laCToTY KOJle6aHHH

(M)

TIepHO,n KOJIe6aHHH pasen, COOTBeTCTBeHHo, BeJIH'lHHe 2n, rrOJ(eJleHHOH na npasyio xacr» supaaceaas (M).

Ilpaaep 2. 06paTHblii MallTHHK COCTOHT H3 mapa BeCOM W, YKperrJIeHHOrO na KOHl.{e a6COJIIOTHO )KeCTKOro CTep)KHlI OA J(JlHHOH l, KOTOPblH urapnnpno aaxpennen B TO'lKe 0 H rrOMep)KHBaeTClI B BepTHKaJIbHOM rrOJlO)KeHHH rrpY)KHHOH (pHC. 1.13, a). Ilpeneoperaa MaccaMH rrpY)KHHbl H CTep)KHlI OA, onpeneanrs YCJIOBHe YCTOHlJliBOCTH H xpyronyio 'laCToTY MaJIblX KOJIe6aHHH MallTHHKa B IlJIOCKOCTH pncynxa.

w

34

a

a)

w

0)

PHC. 1.13 -

Peiuenue . 0603l!alIHM xcpea CP"I (pHC. 1.13,6) aMnJIHTY)lY npocroro rapMOHH'Iecxoro )(BfDKeHHH. B 3TOM KpaHHeM nOJIO)KeHHH npY)KHHa HMeeT Y)lJIHHeHHe, npa- 6JIH3HTeJIbHO pasaoe acp", 3 rpya W onyCKaeTCH BHH3 OT CBOerO nOJIO)KeHHH paBHOBeCHH na paCCTOHIlHe

( ) 1 .•

A = I 1 - cos CPM ~2/(r", (u)

1 O? 1 .,

En max ~ 2 ha"cp" - 2 Wlf!,". (0)

a

If'\ /1\

~\

I v---,

/ \ -,

/ \

\.cl \

... /,\ J

\ / \ ~

OTCIOJ(a nOTeIlUUaJIbHaH 3HepfHH CHCTeMbI B ee Kp3HHeM nOJIOlKeHHH

B BepTHKaJIbHOM nOJIOlKeHHH (CM.

pHC. 1.13, a), rue MaHTHHK HMeeT yrvro-

A PHC. 1.14

ByIO CKOPOCTb CPM' KHHeTH'IeCK35! 3HepfH5!

npH6JIHIKeHHO panna O,5/cp~, rne 1= W l" /g - MOMeHT HHepUHH rpy3a W OTHOCHTeJIbHO TO'IKH O. TaKHM o6pa30M, HMeeM

EK max = (WI2/2g) cp~. (n)

npHpaBHHBaH aupaaceana (0) H (n) H Y'IHTbIBaH COrJIaCHO (1.14), 'ITO <PM =PCPM, HaM)leM xpyronyio 'IaCTOTY KOJIe6aHHH

'I f g (ka2 \

P = r -,- w' - 1 J'

(p)

KaK BH)lHO 113 ¢OpMyJILI (p), 'IaCTOTa P HMeeT )leMCTBHTeJIbHOe 3Ha'IeHHe, eCJIH asmoaH5!eTCH YCJIOBHe

ka2> Wi.

(c)

ECJIH 3TO YCJIOBlie He BblllOJIHHeTCH, BepTHKaJIbHOe nOJIOlKeHHe paBHOBeCHH MaHTHHKa 6Y)leT HeYCTOH'IHBbIM.

Ilpnaep 3. A6cOJIIOTHO TBep)lbIH UHJIHH)lP xpyrosoa ¢OPMbI BeCOM W H paaaycov r nepexarsmaerca 6e3 TpeHHlI no UHJIHH)lpHlJeCKOM nOBepxHoCTH pannyca a (pHC. 1.14). Ilpennoaaras , 'ITO nepeKaTbIBaIOw.IIMCH UHJIHH)lP cosepuraer npocroe rapMOHHlJeCKOe )lBHlKeHHe, HaHTIi xpyronyro lJaCTOTY Ko.~e6aHH5! P npn MaJibIX aMnJIHTY)lax cMew.eHHH OTHOCHTeJIbIlO nOJIOlKeHH5I paBHOBeCHH.

Peiuenue, PaCCMOTpHM UHJIHH)lP B KpaHHeM nOJIOlKeHHH, onpe)leJiHeMOM yrJIOM CPM (CM. pHC. 1.14). B 3TOM nOJIOlKeHHH uerrrp T5IlKeCTH UHJIHH)lpa nO)lHHMaeTCH OT nOJIOlKeHH5! paanoaecun B HanpaBJIeHHH, npoTHBOnOJIOlKHOM )leficTBHIO CHJIbI THlKeCTH, na BeJIHlJHHY

( ) 2 •

(a - r) 1 - cos CPM ~ (a - r) cpM/2.

(T)

Torna nOTeHUHaJIbHa5! saeprna HMeeT BH)I

1 2

Ell max = 2 W (a - r) CPM.

(y)

B cpennex nOJIOlKeHHH TOqKa KOHTaKTa A 51BJI5!eTCH MfHCBeHHbIM UeHTPOM spaw.eHH5! UHJIHH)lpa, n03TOMY npn YCJIOBHH OTCYTCTBH5! TpeHHH MrHOBeHHa5! yrJIOBa5! CKOPOCTb OTHOCHTeJIbHO ::nOM TOlJKH

. a-r

8M=---q:>M' r

(¢)

2*

35

Tor.na KHHCTI!qCCKYIO ElHCPfHlO, xoropas panna 0,5! Ae~, MOMHO npC,l(CTaBHTb B BH,l(C

I W 3r2 (a - r)2 "

Ell max = 2 g-2- r2 CfJi.!· (x)

llpapaaaasas BblpaMeHHlI (y) H (x), rrOJIyqHM caenyiomee supaxeaae ,l(JIli xpyroaoa sacroru:

-v 2g

p-

- 3(a-r)

3A,lJ.A4H

1.3.1. Ha pHC. A.1.3.1 nOKa3aH TlIMCJIblH MallTHHK, OCb Bpall.(CIIHlI xoroporo COCTaBJIlIeT MaJIblH yron ~ C BepTHKaJIblO. OnpeJ(eJIHTb qaCToTY MaJIblX KOJIe6aHHH, yxaTblBall TOJIbKO sec W mapa H npennoaaraa, 'ITO Macca mapa COCpe,l(OTOqeHa B nenrpe TlIMeCTH C. CqHTaTb, 'ITO rpenne B nonunmaaxax OTCYTCTByeT.

Omeem: p = -v ~Ig •

1.3.2. Onpeneanrs c06cTBeHllYlO qaCToTY KOJIe6aIIHH CHCTeMbl, nOKa3aHHoH aa pHC. 1.12, eCJIH W = = 22,7 H, kl = 0,356· wa HIM, k2 = 1,79.103 ;H/M, b = 0,102 M, C = 0,051 M. CTPCJIKY BOA paCCMaTpHaars KaK TOIIKHH, nocroanaoro nonepesnoro ceseans crepxcem, BeCOM W = 1,82 H H CqHTaTb, 'ITO J(JIHlla yxacrxa OA CTpeJIKH panaa 0,306 M.

Omeem: f = 2,72 c-1 •

. III A 1.3.3. Korna B nOKa3aHHoH aa pHC. 1.13, a CHCTeMe

~ K aepxaexy KOIII(Y sepraxaasnoro crepacas npuxpennen rpya BeCOM WI = 9, I H, qaCTOTa KOJIe6aHHH CHCTeMbI

PHC. A.1.3.1 pasna 1,5 c-I. f1PH YCTaHoBKc rpysa BeCOM W2 = 18,2 H

qaCTOTa panna 0,75 c-1. KaKoH MHHHMaJIbHblH sec ,l(OJIMell HMeTb rpys Wa, YCTaHoBKa xoroporo C03,l(aeT B CHCTeMe YCJIOBHH HeycTOHqHsoro pasaosecaa? Becoa crepacns MOMHO npeneopeus.

Omeem: Wa = 27,3 H.

1.3.4. Onpeneaars xpyronyio qaCToTY p KOJIe6aHHH CHCTeMbl, noxasaanof aa pHC. 1.13, a, eCJIH BepTHKaJIbHblH crepacens HMeeT 06ll.(HH sec wi, pasnoxepno pacnpeJ(eJIeHllblH no ero ,l(JIHHe.

·V -g---;:[:--;;-3k;---:a~;-:-;-/ 1----,3~( -:-;4 W~+-;---C2"-w-;-:1 )~J

Omeem: p = -1- 3W + wI - 4 3W + wi .

1.3.5. ,UJIlI 3al11!CH BepTI!KaJIbllbIX KOJIe6aHHH HCnOJIb3yeTclI npaoop, cxexa KOTOporo rroxasaaa aa pHC. 1.3.5: a6COJIIOTHO xcecrxas paxxa AOB BeCOM W MOMeT no-

36

L

A

PIlC. A.I.3.5

w

BOpaqHBaTbC5I OTHOCHTeJIbHO OCH 0, nepneHAHKYJI5IPHOH nJIOCKOCTH xepreaca. OnpeneJIHTb xpyrosyio qaCTOTY MaJIbIX BepTHKaJIbHbIX KOJIe6aHHH rpysa, csnraa, qTO MaCCaMH paMKH H npyacun MOlKHO npeHe6peqb.

o . _ 1/ g [kla2 + k2 (a tg a)2]

meem: p - r w [2 •

l.3.6. ITpH3MaTHqeCKHH crepscens AB BeCOM W nOABelIIeH aa ABYX BepTHKaJIbHbIX rpocax (pHC. A.l.3.6) H MOlKeT COBeplIIaTb MaJIble KPYTHJIbHble KOJIe6aHHlI B ropH30HTaJIbHOH nJIOCKOCTH OTHOCllTeJIbHO OCH, npoxonsmef sepea cepeznmy npoaera CTeplKHlI

a

a

PHC. A.l.3.6

PHC. A.l.3.7

nepneHAHKYJIlIPHO nJIOCKOCTH xepresca. Onpenenars KpyrOBYJO qaCTOTY 9THX KOJIe- 6aHHH.

V 3ga2 Omeem: p = ---zIj2'" •

1.3.7. ITOJIYKPyroBoH cervenr UHJIHHApa cosepmaer KOJIe6aTeJIbHble ABHlKeHllll, nepexarusaacs 6e3 TpeHH5I no ropH30HTaJIbHOH nJIOCKOCTH (pHC. A.l.3.7). OnpeAeJIHTb KpyroBYJO qaCToTY MaJIblX KOJIe6aHHH, eCJIH r - paAHYc UHJIHH,n,pa, C - KooPAHHaTa uearpa TlIlKeCTH, i2 = IgIW - KBaApaT pannyca HHepUHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO ueHTpaJIbHOH OCH.

Omeem: p = V i2 + ;: _ C)2 •

1.4. METO,lJ. PEJIESI

Bo scex paccaorpennstx ssrute cnysaax sanaua CBO,lI)fJIaCh K npoCTeHIlIeMY cnynaio KOJIe6aHH5I CHCTeMhI C O,!I.HOH crenensro CB060,!I.hI nYTeM BBe,!I.eHH5I onpeneaeansrx ynpomaroumx rrpe,!I.rrOJIO)KeHHH. Hanpnxep, B CUCTeMe, H306pa)KeHHOH na puc. 1.1, npeueoperanocs MaCCOH npy)KHHhI rro cpaBHeHHIO C MaCCOH rpyaa W, a B rrOKa3aHHOH na puc. 1.4 CHCTeMe He y-nrnraanact, Macca 6aJIKH. AHaJIOrnqHO B CHCTeMe, npencraBJIeHHOH na pHC. 1.8, npeneriperanocs MOMeHTOM HHepUHH MaCChI BaJIa rro cpaBHeHHIO C MOMeHTOM HHepUHH MaCChI ,!I.HCKa. XOT5I aseneaae no,!I.06HhIX ynpouraroumx rrpe,!I.rrOJIO)KeHUH ,!I.JI5I 60JIhIlIHHCTBa npaxrrrreCKHX cnyxaes n03BOJI5IeT nonyxars ,!I.OCTaTOqHO TOqHhIe peIlIeHH5I, B rexHHKe BCTpeqaIOTC5I aanasu, B KOTOPbIX CTaHOBHTC5I He06xo,!I.HMhIM BHHMaTeJIhHO paCCMaTpHBaTh TOqHOCTh TaKHX rrpH6JIH)KeHHhIX rrO,!I.XO,!I.OB. )lJI5I roro qT06hI onpenemrrs BJIH5IHHe rrO,!I.06HbIX ynpouteaaji aa qaCToTY

37

KOJIe6amffl, paCCMOTpl1~1 npH6J1JIlKeHlIbIH MeTO)l" npennoacennun PeJIeeM *. Ilpn HCnOJIb30BaHHif 3TOrO MeTO)l,a He06xo)l,IIMO cnenan, HeKOropue npe)l,nOJIO)!,eHH5I OTHOCHTeJIbHO xonrpnrypaunn CHCTeMbI npH KOJIe6aHH5IX. Torna 4aCTOTa KOJIe6aHHH 6y)],eT onpenensrscs H3 YCJIOBHH COXpaHeHHH snep mIl CI1CTeMbl.

B Ka4eCTBe npocroro npnvepa npHMeHeHHH MeTo)],a PeJIeH B03bMeM CJIY4aH, npe)]'CTaB.TIeHHbIH na pHC. 1.1 H 06cYlK)],eIlHbIH B nn. 1.1 H 1.3. ECJIH Macca npyacmru MaJIa no cpannenmo C MaccoH rpyaa W, na CPOpMy KOJIe6aHHH He 6y)]'eT cymeCTBeHHO BJIlUlTb Macca npyxcuasr. C )],OCTaT04- HOH T04HOCTbIO MOlKHO npe)],nOJIOlKHTb, 4TO nepevemenue Xc npOH3BOJIbHOH T04KH npY)!(HHbI, pacnO.TIO)!(emIOH aa paCCT05lHHH e 01' saxpenaennoro KOHlJ,a (CM. pHC. 1.1, a), 6y)],eT TaKHM )!(e, KaK H B C.TIY4ae 6e3MaccoBOH npyacunu , 41'0 naer

Xc = exll,

(a)

rne l - )],.TIHHa npylKHllbI B cB060)],HOM COCT05lHHH.

EC.TIH, KaK 11 pansuie, npe)],nOJIOlKHTb, 41'0 nepeveurenaa H3MeH5lIOTC5l JIHHeHIIO, TO noreannam.naa 3HeprH51 6Y.ll;eT TaKOH xce, KaK H B CJIY4ae 6e3MaCCOBOH npY)!(I1HbI, 11 n03TOMY snecs CJIe)],yeT paCCMOTpeTb TO.TIbKO KI1HeTH4eCKYIO 311eprHIO CI1CTeMbl. 0603Ha4HM xepes w sec e)l,HHI1UbI )],JIHHbI npyacnuu. Torna Macca 3JIeMeHTa npyxcaasr )],JIHHOH de 6Y.ll;eT panna w dc/g, aero Kl1l1eTl14eCKa5l sueprua COCTaBHT (w dcl2g) (exmaxll)2. nOJIHaH KI1HeTI14eCKa5l aaeprna npY)!(I1HbI

I • 2 ·9

2~ J ( cxrax) dc= X;gax (W; ).

o

(6)

3TY BeJIH411HY caenyer CJIO)!(HTb C KHHeTI14eCKOH snepruef rpyaa W, rorna YCJIOBl1e (1.13) paBeHCTBa 3HepmH npl1HI1MaeT BI1)],

x~ax (W + ~l ) = kx;ax .

CpaBHI1Ba5l 31'0 COOTHOWeHl1e C paBeHCTBOM (11) n. 1.3, MO)!(HO cneJIaTb BbIBO)],: )J,.TI5l roro 4T06bI YCTaHOBHTb BJIH5lHl1e MaCCbI npyzcmu; n a nepnon co6CTBeHHbIX KOJIe6aHI1H, He06xo)],HMO npl16aBIITb TO.TIbKO rpert, Beca npylKHHbI I( secy rpyaa W.

31'01' BbIBO.ll;, nOJIY4eHHbIH B npenno.noacenun, 41'0 nepeaemenae npY)!(HHbI H3MeH5leTC5l no .TII1HeHHOMY 3aKOHY, l\lOlKeT C )],OCTaT04HOll T04HOCTbIO I1CrrO.TIb30BaTbCH )],alKe B Tex C.TIY4aHX, xorna aec rrpylKHHbI I1MEeT TOT LKe nopanox, 41'0 11 sec W. Hanpnxep, xorna wl = 0,5 W, oumrixa rrpH6JIH)!(eHHOrO peurenna (CM. n. 5.5) COCTaBJIHeT npnaepno 0,5 %. )lJIH wl = W II wl = 2W cWH61(a npnaepno paana 0,8 II 3 %, COOTBeTCTBeHHO.

B xauecrse sroporo npuuepa paccaorpn« CJIY4aH KOJIe6aHHH 6aJIKI1 nOCTOHHHoro rronepe4Horo ce4eHllH, B cepe)],IIHe rrpOJIeTa KOTopon pac-

* Rayleigh J. W. S. The theory of sound. London: Macmillan Co., v. I: 1877. 326 p.; v. 2: 1878. 302 p. (ony6JIHKOBaH nepeson 2.ro aHrJI. nan, 1894, 1896:

CTpeTT )J.lK. B. (P3J1eii). Teopna 3ByKa. M. - JI.: Focrexaanar, T. I. 1940, 499 c.; T. 2, 1944. 476 c.; 2-e 113A., 1955 - nepenon 3-ro aura. H3A. 1937).

38

s

Puc. 1.15

rrOJIO}l(eH rpys BeCOM W (pHC. 1.15). ECJIH Bec wl 6aJIKH MaJI ITO cpaaneHHIO C BeCOM rpyaa W, TO MO}l(HO C ,lJ.OCTaTOllHOll TOllHOCTblO rrpe,lJ.ITOJIO}l(lITb, -rro npornri 6aJIKH npu KOJIe6aH1I5IX IIMeeT TaKYIO »ce CPOPMY, KaK II nporpans KPIIBOH CTaTIIlIeCKIIX npornrioa npn ,lJ.eHCTBHH COCpe,lJ.OTOlleHHOll HarpY3KH, rrpHJIO)KeHHOH B cepennne nponera 6aJIKH. To rna , 060- anauas sepea YM MaKCHMaJIbHbIH nporao B cepennne npo.nera 6aJIKH npn KOJIe6aHHH, MO)KHO supaanrt, nepeaemeane rrpOH3BOJIbHOrO MaJIorO 3JIeMeHTa 6aJIKH, pacrrOJIO)KeHHOrO aa paCCT05IHHH x 01' JIeBOll onopu, B BH,lJ.e

3xl2 - 4x3 [3

(r)

MaKCHMaJIbHa5I KHHeTHlIeCKa5I 3HepfHH CaMOH 6aJIKH

I .,

2 J .z. (.' 3xP - 4x3 )2 d ~ = ~ l !i"

2g YM [3 X 35 w 2g'

o

3TY KHHeTHlIecKYIO 3HeprHIO 6aJIKH rrpH KOJIe6aHH5IX He06xo,lJ.HMO CJIO)KHTb C sneprnen WfJ~/2g rpysa. YCTaHOBJIeHHOrO B cepenuae npo.nera 6aJIKH, H TaKHM 06pa30M yuecrs BJIH5IHHe aeca 6aJIKH na nepaon KOJIe- 6aHHll. B 3TOM cnyxae nepnon KOJIe6aHHll 6Y,lJ.eT TaKHM xce, KaK II ,lJ.JIH aesecoaoa 6aJIKH, K KOTOPOH rrpHJIO)KeHa narpyaxa

W'=W+ ~~ wi.

na)Ke ,lJ.JIH xpaiiuero CJIYlla5I, xorna W = 0 H B cepenane npo.nera 6aJIKH rrpHKJIa,lJ.bIBaeTC5I 3KBIIBaJIeHTHaH CHJIa, paanas (17/35) wi, 1'04- HOCTb rrpH6JIH)KeHHOrO MeTO,lJ.a OKa3bIBaeTCH ,lJ.OCTaTOllHOI1 ,lJ.JIH npaxrnlIeCKHX ueJIeH. Ilporno 6aJIKH npn ,lJ.eHCTBlIH 3KBHBaJIeHTHOH CHJIbJ, npnJIO)KeHHOH B cepennae npo.nera.

nO,lJ.CTaBJIHH 3Ty BeJIlIlIHHY B rpopayny (1.3), Hall,lJ.eM nep no a c06cTBeH.1IhJX KOJIe6aHHll

V I5CT V W/4

1,' = 2n -g- = 0,632 1:'Ig .

(e)

39

--

EJ

r-_ SX

-- ""

--~-

dx

x

L

s

Pile. 1.16

TOqHOe peurenne (CM. n. 5.10) B 3TOM cnyxae HMeeT BHj\ T = (2jJt)V'wi4/(EIg) = 0,637 Vwi4j(Elg).

I\.aK BHj\HO, oumoxa npH6JIHlKeHHOro peurenns j\alKe npn TaKOM orpaHl1qeHHOM nonxozte COCTaBJIHeT MeHee 1 %.

B xasecrae rpersero npnaepa paccaorpmr npl13MaTI1qecKYlO KOHCOJIbHYIO 6aJIKY, Ha He3aKpenJIeHHOM KOHue KOTOPOH YCTaHOBJIeH rpy3 BeCOM W (puc. 1.16). ITpej\nOJIOlKI1M, qTO npn KOJIe6aHI1HX tpopxa JII1- HI1I1 nporaoa 6aJIKI1 6Yj\eT TaKoH »ce, KaK 11 B cnyxae CTaTl1qeCKOro HarpYlKeHI1H CI1JIOH, npl1JIOlKeHHOH na CBo6oj\HOM KOHue. 0603Haql1B xepes YM MaKCHMaJIbHOe nepeaeureuae rpysa W, MOlKeM onpenemm, KI1HeTI1QeCKYIO 3Heprl11O 6aJIKI1

I 0

J w (. 3x21 - x3 ) 33 liM

2g \ YM 2[3 dx = 140 wi 2'i"'

o

(3)

Ilepnon KOJIe6aHI1H B 3TOM CJIYQae 6Yj\eT TaKHM »ce, KaK 11 nepnon KOJIe6aHI1H HeBeCOMOH KOHCOJIbHOH 6aJIKI1, K CBo6oj\HOMY KOHUY KOTOPOii: npunoacena CI1JIa

W' = W + 134~ wi.

9KBI1BaJIeHTHbIH rpys BeCOM 33/140 wi MOlKHO I1CnOJIb30BaTb nazce 11 B rex CJIYQaHX, xorna wi He HBJIHeTCH MaJIOH BeJII1QI1HoH. ITpl1MeHHH CKa3aHHoe K KpaHHeMY CJIYQalO, xorna W = 0, nOJIYQaeM

bCT = 13:0 wi ( 3~I ). (11)

B pesy JIbTaTe HaXOj\HM, QTO nepnon KOJIe6aHI1H (CM. n. 5.11)

V <SCT 2:rt V W[4

T= 2Jt g = 3,567 EIg'

BlIj\HO, QTO oumcica npl16JII1lKeHHOro peuienna COCTaBJIHeT npuaepno 1,5 %.

B paccaorpeaaux CJIYQaHX nonepesuux KOJIe6aHI1H 6aJIOK C rpY30M npeanaranocs, QTO ¢OpMbI 6aJIOK npn KOJIe6aHI1H 6bIJII1 TaKI1MI1 »ce, KaK ¢OpMbi Kpl1BbIX nporaooa npn CTaTI1QeCKOM npl1JIOlKeHl111 HarpY30K. B npenensuov CJIYQae HeBeCOMOll 6aJIKH npenno.noacenae HBJIHeTCH cnpaseanaasra. OJ\HaKO, xorna 6aJIKa I1MeeT HeKOTopbIM 06pa30M pac-

40

npeneaeanyro Maccy, 3TO npeano.noacenae 6Y,ll;eT TOJIbKO npH6JIH)KeHHbIM. ECJIH ynpyryro JIHHHIO 6aJIKH OnHCbIBaTb HeKOTOpOH: pa3YMHOH: CPOPMYJIOH:, MO)KHO O)KH,lI;aTb, qTO B pe3YJIbTaTe nOJIyqHTC51 xopowee npH6JIH)KeHHe K TOqHOMY 3HaqeHHIO nepnona KOJIe6aHHH:. Pa3YMeeTC51, eCJIH sanars TOqHYIO CPOPMY, nOJIyqHM TOqHOe aaaneaae nepnona KOJIe6aHHH:. ,UJIH 'roro qT06bI npO,ll;eMOHCTpHpOBaTb BbICKa3aHHYIO TOqKY 3peHHH, paCCMOTpHM CHOBa CB060,ll;HO OnepTYIO 6aJIKY (CM. pHC. 1.15) 6e3 ynera seca W. B 3TOM cay-rae H3BeCTHO (CM. rr. 5.10), qTO TOqHaH cpopMa ynpyrOll JIHHHH npn KOJIe6aHH51X OTHOCHTeJIbHO nOJIO)KeHH51 paBHOBeCH51 onuCbIBaeTC51 CJIe,ll;YIOw.HM Bblpa)KeHHeM:

. :n:x

Y = YM sm "T" .

(.71)

KaK H paasure, nepea YM B supaaceaan (.71) 0603HaqeH MaKCHMaJIbHbIH: npornri B cepennne npoaera 6aJIKH, Y - nporao B npOH3BOJIbHOH: pacnOJIO)KeHHOH: na paCCTOHHHH x OT JIeBOH: onopu TOqKe no OCH 6aJIKH.

KHHeTHqeCKaH 3HeprH51 BCeH: 6aJIKH B nOJIO)KeHHH paBHOBeCHH

l 0

J w (. . :n:X)2 tul y'M

Exmax = 2ii YM Slll-[- dx = 2 2ii .

o

4T06bI nonc-nrrars MaKCHMaJIbHOe suaxeaae nOTeHl(HaJIbHOH: 3HeprHH 6aJIKH OTHOCHTeJIbHO nOJIO)KeHHH paBHOBeCH51, BOCnOJIb3yeMC51 cJIe,ll;YIOW.HM Bblpa)KeHHeM * ,lI;JI51 3HeprHH H3rH6Hblx ,lI;ecpopMaIJ.HH::

l

1 J ( d2y )2

Errmax ="""2 EI dx2 dx.

o

ITO,ll;CTaBJIH51 BTOPYIO npOH3BO,ll;HYlO Bblpa)KeHH51 (.71) B COOTHOWeHHe (H) H BbInOJIH51H HHTerpHpOBaHHe, HaH:,lI;eM

(0)

B 3aKJIlOqeHHe, npIIpaBHHBaH Bhlpa)KeHIIH (.71) II (0) BIIIO (1.13) H yqIIThIBaH, qTO IIMeeT MeCTO paBeHCTBO YM cpOpMyJIy ,lI;JIH qaCTOThI KOJIe6aHHH:

211 Eig P = 'J{ JI """W[4'

COrJIaCHO yCJIO= PYM, nOJIyqHM

(1.15)

COOTBeTCTBYIOW.HH: nepnon KOJIe6aHHH: 't = 2n/p, qTO npHBO,ll;HT K TOqHOMY Bblpa)KeHHIO ()K), nOJIyqeHHOMY BhIWe.

KaK Y)Ke .rOBOpHJIOCh, panee, BhI60p CPYHKIJ.HH: CPOpMhI JI1060ro, HO OTJIHqHOrO OT TOqHOrO BH,lI;a 6Y,ll;eT npnaomrn, K npH6JIH)KeHHhIM snaneHH51M qaCTOThI HJIH nepnona KOJIe6aHHH:. Oseas XOpOWHM BapHaHTOM BhI60pa CPYHKIJ.HH CPOpMhI npornria ,lI;JI51 6aJIKH npn KOJIe6aHHHX 5lBJIHeTC5I cpOpMa KPHBOH: npOrH60B, xorna 6aJIKa uarpyzsena CTaTHqeCKH C06CT-

* Cu. c. 220 KH. Tirnoshenko S., Young D. H. Elements of strength of materials, uarnpoaaunoa B n. 1.1.

41

BeHHhIM BeCOM. nJIH TOrO 'IT06hI nOHCIUlTh sry MhICJIh, paCCMOTpHM rarose cJIY'Iaii aenarpyacennof CB060.ll.HO oneproii 6aJIKH H .ll.OnYCTHM, 'ITO K Heii CTaTH'IeCKH npHJIO)!(eHa paBHOMepHO pacnpenenenaas narpysxa W, ooycJIOBJIeHHaH C06CTBeHHhIM BeCOM 6aJIKH. Torna nOJIy'lHM CJIe.ll.YIOrn.yIO <P0PMY nporntia:

_ 16 (4 21 3 + 13 )

Y - YM 514 X - X X ,

(n)

r.ll.e YM = 5wI4/(384EI) - nporao B Cepe.ll.HHe npOJIeTa 6aJIKH.

KHHeTH'IeCKaH 3HeprHH 6aJIKH npa nepexone xepes nOJIO)!(eHHe pasHOBeCHH

I I

E - J W • 2 d - p2 J 2 d

Hmax - 2g Y X - 2g WY x.

a / a

( 1.16)

nO.ll.CTaBJIHH Bhlpa)!(eHlle (n) B COOTHOIlleHHe (1.16), Haii.ll.eM wi 2 2

EK max = 0,252 g P YM'

(p)

MaKCHMaJIhHOe auauenne nOTeHUHaJIhHOii aneprau 6aJIKH OTHOCHTeJIhHO nOJIO)!(eHIIH paBHOBeCH5I MO)!(HO nOJIY'lHTh, Y'IHThlBa51 TO 06CTOHTeJIhCTBO, 'ITO BHeIllH5I5I paoora CTaTH'IeCKH npIIJIO)!(eHHOii pacnpeneneuaon narpY3KlI OT seca pasna sneprnn .ll.e<popMaUHII npn H3m6e 6aJIKH. B pe- 3YJIhTaTe HMeeM

I

Eumax = J -}-wydx. a

nO.ll.CTaBJI5IH ssrpaacemre (n) B COOTHOIlleHHe (1.17) H BhInOJIH5I5I HHTerpHpOBaHHe, nOJIy'lHM

EI 2

Err max = 0,320wiYM = 24,6 f3 YM' (c)

( 1.17)

npHpaBHHBaH Bhlpa)!(eHH5I (p) H (c), npHXO.ll.HM K CJIe.ll.YIOrn.eii rpopay.ne: 11 EIg

P ~~ 9,87 r w14' (T)

CpaBHHBa51 3T01' pe3YJIhTaT C 1'O'lHhIM 3Ha'leHHeM (1.15), BH.ll.HM, 'ITO IIMeeT Mec1'O coananenne rpex nepnux nmpp.

Bupaacenna (1.16) H (1.17) MO)!(HO nO.ll.CTaBHTh B p aaencrno (1.13) .ll.JIH sneprna C TeM, 'IT06hI nOJIY'IHTh .ll.JI5I yxaaaanoro runa aanax oriuiee supaacenue .ll.JIH p:

I /1

p2=g J wydx J wy2dx.

a a

(1.18)

ECJIH noronuas Macca W H3MeHHeTC5I no J].JIHHe 6aJIKH, TO B supaxcenan (1.18) <PYHKI1.HIO lei cnenyer OCTaBHTh non 3HaKOM mrrerpana, HO B cny-iae 6aJIOK nOCT05lHHOro nonepe-moro Ce'leHHH 3Ta BeJIH'IHHa 6Y.ll.eT nOCT05lHHoii H B ¢opMyJIe (1.18) ee MO)!(HO coxparnrs.

42

HeOOXO)JJIMO orvertrrs. 41'0 ynpyraa OaJIKa npencraanser C060H cHcTeMY C oeCKOHetIHO OOJIblllHM tIHCJIOM creneaeji CBOOOJJ:bI. OHa, noJJ:OOHO CTpYHe, MO)l{eT cosepurarr, KOJIeOaHH51 pa3JIlItIHOrO rnna. OPH ncnoasaoaanna MeTOJJ:a Penes Bbl60p onpeJJ:eJIeHHOH cpOPMbI JJ:JI51 KPHBOH nporaooa 3KBHBaJIeHTeH BBeJJ:eHHlO HeKOTopbIX JJ:orrOJIHHTeJIbHbIX orpaHHtIeHHH, xoropsre CBOJJ:HT lICXOJJ:HYIO CHCTeMY K CHCTeMe C OJJ:HOH: CTeneasto CBOOOJJ:bl. OOJJ:OOHbIe JJ:orrOJIHHTeJIbHbIe OrpaHHtIeHH51 Moryl' TOJIbKO YBeJIHtIHTb )l{eCTKOCTb CHCTeMbI, T. e. YBe.1HtIHTb tIaCTOTY KOJIeOaHHH. TaKHM otip ason, BO scex paCCMOTpeHHblX sume CJIYtIa5lX np nOJIH)I{eHHble 3HatIeHH51 tIaCTOT B CHJIY roro, tITO OHH orrpeJJ:eJI51JIHCb MeTOJJ:OM Pe.nea, HeCKOllbKO npeasnuaior TOtIHbIe 3HatIeHH51 *.

B CJIYtIae KpYTlIJIbHbIX KOJIeOaHHH (CM. pHC. 1.8) rro)JooHblH rrp nrina)J{eHHbIH MeTOJJ: MO)l{eT OblTb HCrrOJIb30BaH JJ:JI51 Ol~eHKH BJlH51HlI51 MOMeHTa HHepUJIH BaJIa na tIaCToTY KOJIeOaHH51 scea CHCTeMbI. OYCTb xepea i 0003HatIeH MOMeHT HHepUHH MaCCbI BaJIa, oTHeceHHbIH K eJJ:HHIH~e ero JJ:JIHHbI. To rna , npenno.naran, tITO cpopMa KOJIeOaHHi'i TaKa51 xce, KaK H Y aesecouoro BaJIa, nOJIYtIIIM, tITO yrOJI nosopora nonepe-moro ce-reHII5I, p acno.noxcenuoro na paCCTOHHHH x 01' 3aKpenJIeHHOrO KOHIJ,a BaJIa, paaen cqy/ l, npn 3TOM MaKCHMaJIbHOe 3HatIeHHe KHHeTlItIeCKOH 3HeprHH MaJIOrO 3JIeMeHTa BaJIa paBHO (idC/2) (C<Pmax/ i)2.

KIIHeTHtIeCKaH sneprns JJ:JI5I scero Balla HMeeT BHA

I • 2 •. )

s. J ( C(P max) d = rp max (_i!_)

2 l C 2 3'

o

(y)

LlJI5I roro tITOObI oueanrt, BJIH5IHHe MaCCbI BaJIa na tIaCToTY KOJIeOaHH5I, HeOOXOJJ:HMO 31'0 3HatIeHHe KIIHenftIeCKOH snep raa CJIO)l{HTb C KIIHeTHtIeCKOH snepraea JJ:HCKa. B pe3YJIbTaTe rrOJIYtIHM, tITO nepHOJJ: KOJIeOaHHH oYJJ:eT TaKHM »ce, KaK H B CJIYtIae neaecovoro BaJIa, K KOHUY xoroporo rrpHcoeJJ:IIHeHO TeJIO MOMeHTOM HHepUHH I' = / + il/3.

KpYTHJIbHble KOJIeOaHH5I BaJIOB oe3 YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX na HHX JJ:HCKOB MO)l{HO HCCJIeJJ:OBaTb TOtIHO TaK )l{e, KaK 3TO ObIJIO CJJ:eJIaHO JJ:JI51 nonepes - HbIX KOJIeOaHHH OaJIOK. CJIeJJ:Y51 TeM ace BbIKJIaJJ:KaM, xoropue rrpHBeJIH K ssrpaacemno (1.18) JJ:JIH OaJIOK, rrOJIYtIHM aHaJIOrHtIHOe nup a aceaae JJ:JI5I tIaCTOTbl KOJIeOaHH51 BaJIOB:

p2 = a f iqy dr/.f iqy2 dx,

o 0

rJJ:e qy - yro.n 3aKpYtIHBaHH51 rrpOH3BOJIbHOH: TOtIKli no OCH, OOYCJIOBJIeHHOll npHJIO)l{eHHeM pacnpenenennoro KpYT511uerO MOMeHTa, BeJIHtIHHa KOToporo panna BeJIHtIHHe ai, oTHeCeHlIOH: K enanune JJ:JIHHbl BaJIa. 4epe3 a o003i-IatIeHO yraosoe YCKopeHHe, H3Mep51eMOe B pan/c",

Ilpasrep 1. Onpenemrn, qaCTOTY co6CTBeHHbIX KOJIe631IHH rpysa neCOM W, ycraI!OBJIeHIIOro na 6aJIKY AB (pHC. 1.17) nocronunoro nonepeunoro ceveuua, ,nJI5I cneny-

( 1.19)

. * 06CTOlITeJIbHOe o6cY)J{p,eHHe MeTOl\a PeJIe51 MO)J{HO lIaifrll n KH. Temple G. F. J., BIckley W. G. Reyleigh's principle and its applications to engineering. 2nd ed. New York: Dover Publication, 1956. 152 p.

43

8

~~---H~--L-.-~r-----++-----_-_---~-~~

---

a

b

Pac, 1.17

rouiax nnyx cayxaea: a) B npennoncoxeuaa, qTO BeCOM 6aJIKll MOlKHO npeneopeus: 6) C yxerox seca 6aJIKll II C noaoiusio MeTOj(a PeJIeH.

Petuenue . Flyers a II b - paccroaans OT rpyaa j(O KOHUOB 6aJIKll. Torna rrporn6 npa CTaTllqeCKOM npanoacenna aarpysxa eSC'f = Wa2b2/(31EI). 3aj(aBall lKeCTKOCTb npyaomsr asrpaaceanea k = 3IEI/(a2t2) II npeneoperaa Maccoii 6aJIKll, Haiij(eM xpyrosyio qaCToTY KOJIe6aHllii ll3 caenyrouiero asrpaaceaua:

- -.1 g _ 1/ kg - V 3lEIg

P - JI eSCT - r W" - Wa2b2 •

.I1.JIH roro qTo6bl yuecrs annaane MaCCbl 6aJI Kll , paccxorpaa xpusyio npornoos 6aJIKll npn j(eiicTBllll craranccxoit narpysxa W. Ilporn6 B npoassom.aof orcrosmea aa paccronnan (; OT onopsr A TOqKe JIeBOrO yvacrxa 6aJIKll

Yl = (Wb(;/61EI) [a (l + b) - (;2] .

.I1.JIH nporuria B TOqKe, rrpOll3BOJIbHO paCrrOJIOlKeHHOii cnpasa OT rpysa aa paCCTO-

llHllll 'Yj OT onopu B, llMeeM '

Y2 = (Wa'Yj/6IEI) [b (l + a) - 'Yj2].

HCrrOJIb3Yll MeToj( Penes II rrpennoaaran, qTO rrpa KOJIe6aHllHx MaKCllMaJIbHall CKOPOCTb npoaasoasaof rosxa, JIelKaw.eii na JIeBOM ysacrxe 6aJIKll, onpenenaercs Bblpaacennea

iiI = YM ~~ = Y 2a~b [a (l + b) - (;2],

rae YM - MaKCllMaJIbHall CKOPOCTb rpysa W, nonysaea, qTO MaKCllMaJIbHall xaaernqeCKaH 9Heprllll 9Toro yqaCTKa

a a

wY~ J (.Jf.!_)2 ds = wY~ J _S_2 - [a (l + b) - £2]2 ds =

2g eSCT 2g 4a4b2

o 0

• 2 wa [12 23a2 flal]

= YM 2g 3b2 + 105bZ - 15bz •

(¢)

TOqHO raxace paccxarpaaaa npaasrk yqaCTOK 6aJIKll, HaXOj(llM MaKCllMaJIbHYIO xnuerasecxyro sueprmo

.2 wb [ (l + a)2 b2 b (I + a)]

YM 2g 12a2 + 28a2 - 10a2 .

(x)

TaKHM o6pa30M, j(JIll paccaarpasaeaoa sanasn YCJIOBlle (1.13) pasencraa sneprnf npnHHMaeT Bllj(

W + awa + ~wb . 2 ky~

2g YM = -2-'

44

rne a II ~ 0603Ha'la1OT BeJlHQHHbI, croaume B xnanparnux cK06Kax COOTBeTCTBeHHO BblpalKeHllH (<jJ) II (x). Hcnonsayx coornourcnne ,llJlH xpyrosof 'laCTOTbl Ko.~e6arIHH, rroJlY'lHM cne.ryiouiyio <jJOpMyJly:

p = 1/ --;;;;;-; __ 3_I_E,1 g"",,----;-----;;-;-:;-

~ (W + aau: + ~bw) a2b2

(u)

Ilpaaep 2. ,lJ,JlH npaaaarmecxoa KOHCOJlbHOH 6aJlKli (CM. pac, 1.16) npa W = = 0 C noxoun.io MeTO,lla Penes HaHTIi rrpIl6J111lKeHHOe ana-reaue nepnona c06CTBeHHbiX nonepeauux KOJle6aHIiH. Csnrars, 'lTO <jJopMa 6aJlKH npn KOJle6aHlili cosnanaer C KPIiBOH CTaTll'leCKHX nporncos, oriycnoaneaasrx BeCOM 6aJlKIi.

Petuenue . ,lJ,JlH paanouepno pacnpeneneanon nonepevnoa narpysxn anrencnuHOCTblO w, neiicrnyromef na 6aJlKY, CTaTll'leCKIiH rrpom6 B TO'lKe, OTCTOHIIl,CH na pacCTOHHllH x OT aaneaannoro xonua:

r.ae YM= wI4/(8E I) - rrpom6 na neaaxpenaennox xonue. B npencraanenun (1.16) II (1.17) II nsrerpnpya, HaH,lleM

52wl ~_

405g P YM;

iol 8EI 2

Err max ~5 YM=5l3YM.

OO,llCTaBJlHH nupasceune (u)

(ur)

(ui)

Ilpupaaannas COOTHoweHllH (w) H (1Il,), rroJlY'lHM 'laCTOTY KOJle6aHHH

V EIg

p = 3,530 --wf4

II COOTBeTCTBYlOlIl,HH eH nepnon KOJle6aHliH

211 1 f 't = 3,530 JI

w_14 EIg

TO'lHOe aaasenae ,llJlH nepnona OCHOBHoro TOHa KOJle6aHHH onpeneasercs supaaceHHeM (K), OTKY)J,a Bll)J,HO, 'lTO rrpIl6J111lKeHHOe peurennc MeTO)J,OM Peaen naer oWH6KY nopsnxa 0,5 %.

3A,lIN-IH

1.4.1. ,lJ,JlH KOHCOJlhHOH: 6aJlKH, rrOKaSaHHOH: na pHC. 1.16, MeTO)J,OM Peaea Bbl'lllCJlllTb nepaon nonepexnux KOJle6aHllH: ,llJlH npenensnoro CJlY'laH, xorna W = 0, T. e. )J,JlH O,llHOPO)J,HOH: 6aJlKH 6es narpyaxa na cB060)J,HOM xonue. ¢OPMY 6aJlKH npn KOJle- 6aHHHx sanars B caenyromea BH)J,e:

Y = YM ( 1 -_ cos ~; ) ,

rne YM - nporao aa CB060,llHOM xonne. OTMeTHM, 'lTO Bbl60p <jJOPMbl yxasannoro npn- 6J111lKeHHOro Bll)J,a naer oWH6KY npn onpene.nenna KOJle6aHliH nops.nxa 4 %.

. 211 V W[4

Omeem: r = 3,66 EIg .

1.4.2. ,lJ,JllI cJlY'lall, xorna noxaaannaa na puc, 1.15 6aJlKa HMeeT 06a xonua He CB060/\HO oneprue, a aauicanenuue, onpenenan., KaKYIO 'IaCTb ee rrOJIHOrO aeca cnenyer

45

npH6aBHTb K secy rpyaa W, ycraaonneimoro B cepennne npo.ncra, npn naxoscneunn nepnona c06CTBeHHbIX nonepeuaux KOJle63Hllii. C'IIiTaTb, 'ITO cjJopMa 6a,lKII npn xo.ne- 6aHI!lIX connanacr C KPIIBOii CTaTII'IeCKIlX nporurion npn }J,efICTIlHII narpyaxn W.

Omeem: 13/35.

1.4.3. C noerouisro MeTo,ua Penes onpenennrs nepuon cBc60;,HhlX nonepeunux KOJle6aHlIii 6aJlKil nocrosnnoro nonepesaoro CC'IeHlIlI, BCCOM iol II C 113rll6H0I1 iKeCTKOCTblO EI, eCJlII, KaK II B npenunyniea sanaxe, 06a KOHua 6aJlKil sauieanenu. Ilpennonaraerca, 'ITO rrpn KOJle6aHillIX 6aJlKil cjJopMa ee nporacos connanaer C cjJopMoii no.nHoii BOJlHbI xocaayca. Torna, nouemas nauano xoopnnnar na JleBOM KOHue 6aJlKII, xpunyro )(I!HaMII'IeCKnX nporaooa npencraaav caenyrouien cjJyHKUlleii:

11M ( 2:rx )

Y =2 l--cos-I- ,

rne YM- npom6 B cepenuue nponera 6aJlKIi.

. 2n 1/ wl4

Omeem : T ~~ 22,8 ' Elg'

10404. LL.1H paxsr, paccaorpeunoa B aanaxe 1,1.6, npnnsrs. 'ITO Ka)]{J\all sepTIIKaJlbHaH croaxa IIMeeT rroronnuf sec 2,98.102 HIM 11 uiapuapno aaxperinena sa aepxHllii KOHen, Onpeneaurs nepnon co6CTBeHHbIX nonepeunux KOJl€6allllii paMbI C Y'leTOM MaCCbI CToeK. I1cnOJlb30BaTb Te iKe 'IIIC.l0Bble ,uaHHble, 'ITO II B aanane 1,1,6.

Omeem: 't = 1,69 c'.

1.4_5. Kaxyio 'IaCTb pannovepno pacnpencaennoro neca 6aJlKli ABC

(puc. A, 104.5) cnenyer ,uo6aBIITb K necy rpyaa W, YCTaHoBJleHHoro na He3aKpenJleHHOM KOHue, onpe,l(eJlllll 'IacToTY co6CTBeHHblX nonepeunux KOJle6aHllii? I1cnOJlb30BaTb KPIIayro CTaTII'IeCKIiX npornooa, BbI3BaHlJhlX npIIJlO)]{eHHOI1 B TO'lKe C uarpyaxoii.

Otneem: 239/1680 ;::,; 1/7.

A 8 Iwl
• A JC
I~ ~ >I~ L

PIlC, A,lA,5 1.4.6. TIpe,l(nOJlQ)KIIM, 'ITO IlpY)]{IIHa, noxasanaaa na pnc. 1. 1, a II onncauuan B n. 1.1, pacrarnaacrca non ,l(eiiCTBlleM c06CTBeHHoro aeca w, orneceauoro K eJ\IIHlIue ,uJlIIHbl, a rpys W CHHT. C nonouisro MeTo,ua Penes onpenenars yrJloBYIO 'IacToTY OCHOBHoro TOHa KOJle6aHilii IlPY)]{IIHbl, acnonssya npa 3TOM BblpaiKeHlle ,uJlll CTaTII- 1JeCKOrO nepeaemeaus npyzcnnsr, 06YCJlOBJleHHOrO ,ueiicTBlleM ccecrseanoro seca.

Omaem: p = 1,58 VIlg/(wl),

1.4.7. Paccxorpav nOJ\BeweHHblii na ,l(Byx IlOCJle,uOBaTeJlbHO coenunennux npy)]{IIHaX rpy3 BeCOM W, nOKasaHHblii na puc. 1.5, a II onucaaasia B n. 1.1. 0603Ha'lllM 'Iepe3 11 II WI COOTBeTCTBeHHO J\JlIIHY II ornecenm.ni K ennnaue J\JlIIHbl sec npY)]{IIHbI C )]{eCTKOCTblO k1, a sepea 12 II W2 - TO see, ,uJlll npyscauu C )]{eCTKOCTblO k2' C1JIITall, 'ITO nepeaeureana KOJle6J1IOw.eiicH CIICTeMbI raxne xce, KaK II npn )(eiiCTBIIII CTaTII'IeCKIl IlpIIJlO)]{eHHOrO rpy3a W, onpenennrt, sec, KOTOPbIii cncnyer l(06aBIITb K W J\JllI yuera BIIIIHHIIH aeca npyacnu.

Omeem:

wl/1fd -/- 3w),fl .. ("1 + flc! + w,/eft'[

3 (Ill + 1.'2)2 ---

lA.B. Onpenexars aen 11'11111 y, KOTOPYIO c.nenyer J\06aBIITb K MOMeHTY llHepUHII I, 'IT06bI ysecrs BJlIIHHlle MOMellTa H:,epUIIII crynenuaroro n3J1a, KaK nOKa3aHO aa puc, A.IA.B, rne i1 II i2 - orneceunue K e,uIlHIIIJ,e ,l(JllIllhl MOMeliThl IIHepIJ,1I11 yua-

46

CTKOB I If 2 BaJIa, k,d If k({2 - If X )l{eCTKOCTb npa KpytIeHHH. CtIIITaTb, tITO pacnpeJl.eJIeHlle yr JIOB 3aKpytIIIBaHII1I raxoe )l{e, KaK II B cnysae CTaTlitIeCKOrO xpyrmuero MOMeHTa, npanoacennoro K Jl.llCKy.

illlk~2 + 3illlkKl (kKl + kK2) + i212k~1 Omeem:

3 (k({l + k({2)2

~ "l::>~
[ ~
l7777 ..."
loe l.1

PIiC. A.I.4.S 1.4.9. ,UJIlI CJIytIalI, onucanuoro B YCJIOBIiIi 3a,l(atIli 1.2.9 (CM. n. 1.2), onpeneznrn, tIaCToTY KPYTllJIbHbIX KOJIe6aHIIH 060,l(a KOJIeca. YtIeCTb BJIlIlIHlle MaCCbI n panaansnsrx cnau, csrrraa, tITO sec Ka)l{,I(OH cnmur pasea We.

o I V ngSoro

meem: f = 2n (W + Wcn/3) r (r - ro.)

1.4.10. ,UJIlI CJIytIalI, paccaorpeanoro B npaaepe 2 (a. 1.2), onpenenars tIaCToTY KPYTIIJIbHbIX KOJIe6aHIIH KOJIeCa (CM. pIIC. 1.10, a), ytITlI BJIlIlIHlle MaCCbI panaansuux cnau II CtIlITalI, tITO Ka)l{,I(alI cnaua llMeeT xaccy wrlg, pasnoaepno pacnpeneaennyio rto ee ,l(JIIiHe.

I j.r 16g~

Omeem: t = 2ri" 1 [W + (116/105) wr] r3'

1.5. BAJIKH H BAJIbl, HECYIUHE HECKOJIbKO COCPE~OTOlJEHHbIX MACC

B xavecrse npHJIO)Keml51 MeTO,ZI.a PeJIe51 pacCMOTpHM aanany 0 HeBecoMoi1: 6aJIKe, na KOTOpylO YCTaHOBJIeHO HeCKOJIbKO cocpe,ZI.OTOqeHHbIX Macc (pHC. 1.18). BBe,ZI.eHHe Ilo,ZI.o6HOrO THIla MO,ZI.eJIH ,ZI.JI5I HCCJIe,ZI.OBaHH5I MO)KHO CB5I3aTb C H,ZI.eeII ,ZI.HCKpeTH3aIJ.HH nenpepstsuo pacnpenenenaofi MaCCbl 6aJIKH, KOr,ZI.aqaCTH ee seca CqHTaIOTC5I cocpenoro-remnraa B COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJ.HX TOqKaX no ee ,ZI.JIHHe, C TeM, qTo6bI HMeTb B03MO)KHOCTb IlpH6JIH)KeHHOrO onHCaHH5I ,ZI.HHaMHqeCKHX xapaKTepHCTHK 6aJIKH. Pa- 3YMeeTC5I, CHCTeMbl COCpe,ZI.OTOqeHHbIX rpY30B MorYT HMeTb MeCTO H B ,ZI.ei1:CTBHTeJIbHOCTH KaK rpyrmu HarpY30K, IlpHJIO)KeHHbIX K KOHCTPYKIJ.HH.

WI Wz

PIIC. 1.18

47

B ,1J,aHHOM cnysae 0603HaqHM xepes WI> W2 H W3 cOCpe,1J,OTOqeHHble HarpY3KH, YCTaHOBJIeHHble na 6aJIKY, qepe3 Yl' Y2 H Y3 - COOTBeTtTBYlOutae HM CTaTHqeCKHe nepeaememis. flOTeHUl1aJIbHa51 saeprna nepopMaUHI1 IIpl1 113rl16e 6aJIKI1

(a)

.ll.'I5I roro qT06bI OIIpe,1J,eJII1Tb xpyrosyio qaCTOTY OCHOBHOrO TOHa KOJIe- 6aHH5I, MO)KHO 3aIII1CaTb KI1HeTI1QeCKYlO sneprmo CI1CTeMbI npu nepexone sepea nOJIO)KeHl1e paBHOBeCI151:

E I W·2 + I W ·2 + I W ·2 (6)

K max = 2g lYI 2g 2Y2 2g 3Y3.

113 COOTHOIlIeHH5I (1.14) B n. 1.3 I1MeeM

(B)

Torna nsrp axcenae (6) MO)KeT 6blTb nepenucano B CJIe,1J,YlOlUeM BI1,1J,e:

EK max = (p2/2g) (w1yi + W2Y~ + W3yn. (r)

flpHpaBH!1Ba51 Bblpa)KeHH5I (a) 11 (r), HaH,1J,eM

(,1J,)

YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX aa

( 1.20)

Bsrpaaceane (1.20) 51BJI5IeTC5I ,1J,HCKpeTHbIM aHaJIOrOM nOJIYQeHHOrO BbIIlIe Bblpa)KeHH5I (1.18).

113 Bblpa)KeHH5I (1.20) BI1,1J,HO, QTO ,1J,JI5I onpe,1J,eJIeHH5I QaCTOTbI I1JII1 nepuona KOJIe6aHHH 6aJIKH, aa KOTOPYlO YCTaHOBJIeHO HeCKOJIbKO cocpenoTOQeHHbIX rpY30B, rpeoyerca 3HaTb TOJIbKO aeca WI> W2, ... , Wn 11 CTaTI1QeCKHe nporuosr Yl, Y2' ... , Yn' BeJIHQI1HY nOCJIe,1J,HI1X MO)KHO JIerKO onpenemm, MeTO,!I,OM reopua u3ru6a 6aJIOK. B rex cJIYQa5lx, KOr,!I,a 6aJIKa HMeeT nepeuenuoe nonepesnoe ceseane I1JII1 Heo6xo,L\I1MO YQeCTb BJII151Hl1e seca caMoH 6a.'IKU, Heo6xo,L\UMO paaours 6aJIKy no ,L\JII1He ua HeCKOJIbKO YQaCTKOB 11 sec Ka)K,L\OrO YQaCTKa paccaarpaaari, KaK cOCpe,L\OTOQeHHYlO uarpysxy.

KpYTHJIbHble KOJIe6aHI151 BaJIOB, na KOTOPbIX 3aKpenJIeHO no HeCKOJIbKY a6COJIlOTHO )KeCTKI1X TeJI, paCCMaTpI1BalOTC5I TOQHO TaK »ce, KaK U B cJIYQae 6aJIOK. Torna ,!I,I1CKpeTHbIH aHaJIOr nOJIYQeHHorO BbIIlIe Bblpa)KeHI151 (1.19) I1MeeT BI1,L\

n I n

p2 = a ~ IjqJj I; IjqJ7'

/=1 /=1

(1.21 )

B 3TOM Bblpa)KeHUH xepea qJj 0603HaQeH nosopor j-ro aoco.moruo )KeCTxoro TeJIa npu ,!I,eHcTBHH CI1CTeMbI CTaTUQeCKHX KPYT5IIUHX MOMeHTOB.

48

YKa3aHHbIH KpynIlI.I.IIH MOMeHT, ,Zl,eHCTBYIOllI.IIH aa j-e TeJIO, IIOJIaraeTCH qlICJIeHHO paBHbIM alj' rne a = 1 pan/ c-2.

fJIaBHOH ocooeuaocrsro BbIpa)KeHIIH (1.18)-(1.21) HBJIHeTCH TO, qTO IIOTeHUlIaJIbHaH H KHHeTHqeCKaH 3HeprHH, HCIIOJIb3yeMbIe IIpH HX BbIBO,Zl,e, 3aIIHCbIBalOTCH ,Zl,JIH IIOJIO)KeHHH paBHOBeCHH CHCTeM. CTaTHqeCKHe HarpY3KH 06bIqHO HBJIHIOTCH uecaaoypanaoaeurenauaa H rpeoyior ,Zl,JIH ce6H BBe,Zl,eHHH COOTBeTCTBYIOllI.HX ,Zl,OIIOJIHHTeJIbHbIX 3aKpeIIJIeHHH. C ,Zl,pyroH CTOPOHbI, KOJIe6aHHH CHCTeM 6e3 IIo,Zl,06HbIX 3aKpeIIJIeHHH TaK )Ke MoryT 6bITb HCCJIe,Zl,OBaHbI MeTO,Zl,OM PeJIeH IIYTeM IICIIOJIb30BaHHH IPHKTHBHbIX 3aKpeIIJIeHHH B TOqKaX, ,Zl,JIH KOTOPbIX H3BeCTHO HJIH KaKHMJIH60 IIYTeM YCTaHOBJIeHO, qTO nepeaemenna B HHX paanu HYJIIO. CJIenyer TaK)Ke OTMeTHTb, qTO see cnaraeasre, CTOHllI.He B qUCJIHTeJIHX sup a)KeHHH (1.18)-(1.21), 6y,Zl,yT IIOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIMH, xorna ,Zl,eHCTBHe H COOTBeTCTBYIOllI.ee eMY nepeaeutenne HaIIpaBJIeHbI B O,Zl,Hy CTOpOHy. B 3TOM cnyxae 6Y,Zl,eT r-apanrupoaano, qTO BbIqHCJIeHHOe IIpH6JIH)KeHHOe aaaxeHHe qaCTOTbI 6Y,Zl,eT scerna 60JIbWe, qeM ee TOqHOe snaneaae.

Ilpanep 1. C nOMOlI(bJO MeTo,na PeJIe51 onpenenars xpyrosyro lJaCToTY OCHOBHOll ¢OPMbI KOJIe6aHHll 6aJIKH C ,nByMlI cocpenoroveaasrxa MaccaMH (pHC. 1 .19). )I(ecTKocTb 6aJIKH npn H3rn6e pasaa E 1, a BJIHlIHHeM 3aKpeIlJIeHHOll MaCCbl MOlKHO npeneripe-rs. ,UJIlI npocrorsr ClJHTaTb, 'ITO WI = W2 = W.

Petuenue, B 3TOM CJIYlJae 6y,neM npennoaarare, 'ITO ¢opMa 6aJIKH npn KOJIe6aHHlIX aaanorauua KPHBOll CTaTHlJeCKHX nporncos npn ,nellCTBHH npOnIBOnOJIOlKHO nanpaBJIeHHbIX CHJI (CM. pHC. 1.19). CooTBeTcTBYJOlI(He CTaTHlJeCKHe nporacsr onpeneamorcs CJIe,nyJOlI(HMH aupasceaaaaa:

WIl3 W 2l 5Wl3. WI13 W21 5W[3

YI = 48EI + 32El = 96EI' Y2 = 32EI + 8EI = 32EI .

nO,nCTaBJIlIlI 3TH nupaacenaa B (1.20), nOJIYlJHM - V 192EIg

P - 25W13

Ilpaaep 2. Ha pHC. 1.20, a npeACTaBJIeHa ynpomennaa Mo,neJIb rpexsraacnoro anaHHlI, MelKAY3TalKllble nepexpsrrns xoroporo nOJIaraJOTClI a6COJIJOTIIO lKeCTKHMH, a CTOllKH ClJHTaJOTClI lIeBeCOMbIMH. Hcnoassya MeTOA PeJIelI, HallTH npH6JIHlKeHllOe 311alJeHHe nepnona ocnonnoro TOlla caooonnux nonepesusrx KOJIe6allHll 3Aa1lHlI. ,UJIlI npocrorsr ClJHTaTb, 'ITO WI = W2 = W3 = W, li = l2 = la = l H lKeCTKOCTb CToeK npn H3rH6e panna EI.

Petuenue. npe,nnOJIOlKHM, 'ITO ¢opMa nonepeunux KOJIe6allHll anannn aaaaorasna ¢opMe, no KOTOPOll H3rn6aeTClI 3AaHHe npa AellCTBHH ropH30HTaJIbHbiX CHJI, no BeJIHlJHlle pasnux necav WI> W2 H Wa MelK,nY3TalKllblX nepexpurua, npHJIOlKeHHblX B uenrpe TlIlKeCTH 3TIlX ncpcxpsrrnn. ,UJIlI roro lJTo6bl onpeneanrs 60KOBoe caemeaae MelK,ny·

49

l I I

0)

- x

PHC. 1.20

9Ta)KHbIX nepexpsrrnn, paccaorpua caasana nepeaetuenne l5i i-ro npn OTClIeTe OT aepxHero nepexpsrms OTHOCHTeJIbHO nepexpuraa, JIe)KaIII.ero 9Ta)KOM HH)Ke, npa ,D.eiiCTBHH nonepeuaoa CHJIbI Hi, KaK nOKa3aHO na pHC. 1.20,6. TaK KaK na Ka)K,D.YIO croaxy ,D.eiicTByeT nonepesaas CHJIa Hi/2 H B cepennae npoaera croaxa HMeeTClI rosxa nepem6a, TO B pe3YJIbTaTe nOJIYlIaeM

. _ [(H;/2) (//2)2] _ Hi/S

l5, -2 3£1 - 24£1 •

(e)

Torna, YlIHTblBall paBeHCTBa Hl = Wl = W, H2 = Wl + W2 = 2W, Hs = Wl + + W2 + Wa = 3W, H3 aupaaceaaa (e) HaXO,D.HM

W/s 2W/3 3Wza

1\ = 24£1 ; l52 = 24£1; 63 = 24£1 .

CJIe,D.OBaTeJIbHO, CTaTlIlIeCKHe nepexemenna, noxaaauaue na pHC. 1.20, a: 6W/3

Xl = 63 + l52 + l5l = 24£1 ;

5\f1/3

X3 = 63 + 62 = 24£1 ;

3w/a

X3 = 63 = 24£ 1 .

DO,D.CTaBJIlIlI Haii,D.eHHble aaaueuna nepexemeaaa B aupasceaae (1.20) H YlIHTbIBall paBeHCTBa Wl = W2 = Wa = W, Haii,D.eM

2 24£lg. _ 2rt -21/ 5W/s .

p = 5W[3 , l'-p- rt r 24£lg

npHMep 3. Dpe,D.noJIO)KHM, nro B MeCTe COe,D.HHeHHlI npY)KHH kl H k2 (CM. pHC. 1.5, a) npaxpenaen rpys W. Onpe,D.eJIHTb MeTO,D.OM PeJIeSl npH6JIH)KeHHOe aaaxeHHe xpyroson lIaCTOTbI OCHOBHoro TOHa KOJIe6aHHii 9TOii CHCTeMbl.

Petuenue . DpH O,D.HOBpeMeHIIOM CTaTlIlIeCKOM npHJIO)KeHHH 060HX rpY30B rosxa coe,D.HIIeHlIlI npY)KHH nepeaeuiaercn na paccroanae 2W/k1• TOf,D.a HH)KHHii KOHeu. CMeIII.aeTCSI aa BeJIHlIHHY 2W/k1 + W/k2. ECJIH B xaxccrue oourero 3HaMeHaTeJISI ,D.JISI 9TflX

50

nepeMCmeHlfH BSlITb 1I1k2, TO ncpnoe nepeuemenne CTaHCT W2k2/1I1k2, BTOpOe - W (2k2 -I-I- kl)/klk2' IlO)J,CTaBJllHi 3TIf ananenaa B aupaxceuue (1.20), Haii;\CM

., klk~f!. [2"2 -I- (2kz -1- kdJ

p- = W [(:!k2)2 -I- (2k2 -I- k1)2 J

IfJIIf

V klk2g (k1 + 4k2)

p = W (k1 -I- 4kl k2 -I- 8k:) •

Ilpmrep. 4. Ilpennonoacaa, '1TO B npe)J,cTaBJIeHHOM na pnc. 1.8 (n. 1.2) BaJIe C )J,1fCKaMIf BTOPOJ1 )J,lfCK C MOMeHTOM IUICPUIfIf 21 npacoenunen B cepenuue BaJIa. Hcnoassys MeTO)J, Pe.nea, onpenemm, xpyronyio '1aCTOTY OCHOBlIoro TOHa KPYTHJIbllblX KOJlE6aHHiL

Petuenue . LLJllI TOro '1T06bl onpe)J,E'JIHTb nepexreutenne npu KPY'1€lIHH, npHJlO)KHM xpyrsmae MOMeHTbI, '1HCJleHHO pasnue 2la B cepenuue )J,JlHHbl BaJIa H La na xonue ero. Yxaaauuue xpyrsume MOMeH~bI BblSblBa/IOT yrJloBbl/e nepevemenns , paBHbl€ 2Ia/2kr, B c€pe)J,HH€ )J,JIHHbl aana H 31a;2I1j, + 1a;2k" = 21a;kj, na KOHue ero (kg - )KeCTKCCTb acero BaJIa npu «pyvcnna). Iloncraans a 3111 auaueuun B uupascennc (1.21), nOJlY'lI1M

a [21 [3Ia!(2kH)J -1- 1 (2Ia!kH)]

p2 c=--~~~~~~~~~~~~

'2/l:l/a/('2I/g)]'l -I- 1 (2/a/lijJ"

HJII1

P = y' 10kH = 0 767 V k"

171' 1 .

3A,lJNHI

1.5.1. Ha KOHCOJIbHYIO 6aJIKY C nocrosnnoa )KeCTKOCTblO npn HsrH6e, O)J,HH xoneu xoropoii SameMJIeH, a )J,pyroii cB060)J,eH, YCTaHOBJIeHO )J,Ba rpysa BeCOM W (pHC. A.I.5.1). HCnOJIbsYli MeTO)J, Penea, onpeneaurs nepnon OCHOBHoro TOll a CB060)J,HbIX KOHe'1HbIX KOJIe6aHHl1, eCJIIf )J,aHO: W= 4,54.103 H, [= 2,44 M, EI= 13,2.105 H·M2.

Omeem: T = 0,271 c.

t ~ L r
2 2
PHC. A.1.5.1 1.5.2. Ha cB060)J,HO onepryio 6aJIKY co CBelIlHBalOll\I1MHClI KOHuaMIf YCTaHOBJIeHO TpH rpysa BeCOM W, 2W If W (pac. A.1.5.2). /KecTKocTb 6aJIKIf nocroanaoro nonepeuaoro Ce'1eHHlI E 1 = 14,6· 103 H· M2, a ee c06cTBeHHo pacnpenenennua sec MaJI no cpaBHeHHIO C secaaa rpyaos. Hcnoassys MeTO)J, Peaen, onpenemrrs nepnon OCHOBHoro TOHa nonepeunux KOJIe6aHlIii, eCJIIi )J,alIO: W = 230 H, a = 0,91 M.

Omeem: T = 0,269 c.

PIIC. A.I.5.2

1.5.3. Ilpe)J,nOJIO)KIIM, '1TO WI' W2 If W3 na pnc, 1.18 npencraansror pacnpe)l.eJIellHbIii aec 6aJIKIf npaxoyronsuoro nonepeunoro cenennn, cocpenoroneaaun B CJIe-

51

,llYJOlIl;IIX TOIJKaX: B cepenaue npo.nera 6aJlKH H ,llBYX TOIJKaX, Y,llaJlCHHbIX na IJeTBepTb ,llJlHHbl 6aJlKH OT ee KOHI.\OB. TIYCTb Ka)K,llblll H3 YKa3aHHbiX BeCOB pasen 101/4. MeTO,llOM Penes onpenennrs npH6JIII)KeHllOe snauenae nepnozra OCHOBHOfO TOHa KOJI€6aHIlH.

V 10/4

Omeem: l' = 0,637 Elg .

1.5.4. Ha pHC. A.1.5.4 npencrasaeaa ,llIlCKpeTHaH MO,lleJIb C cOCpe,llOTOIJeHHbIMH xaccaxa ,llJlH KOHCOJlbHOll 6aJlKH nocroauuoro nonepeunoro CeIJeHlIlI, O,l\HH KOHel.\ KOTOpOll aemeanen, a npyros csooonea. I1cnOJlb3YlI xeron Penea, onpenernrn, nepnon OCHOBHoro TOHa KOJIe6aHlill.

Omeem: l' = 1,84 V ;~: .

Ll_J_~-l_l_J_~_J

4 444

PHe. A.I.5.4

1.5.5. Ha pHC. A.I.5.5 npencraaneaa ,llHCKpeTHall MO,l\eJlb C cOCpe,llOTOIJ€HHbIMH MOMeHTaMH HHepI.\HH, xoropaa cooraercrayer BaJlY nocroannoro ,llHaMeTpa C sanenauHblMH KOHl.\aMH. Onpeneann. xpyronyio IJaCToTY nepsoro TOHa KPYTHJlbHblX KOJle6aHlIll.

l/GT Omeem: p = 3,35 JI i[2'

H/4 iL/4 i.L/4

~--ID 0 DI--I~

Ll ~I.: ~ >1.: ~ ~IE Lj

4 4 4 4

PHC. A.I.5.5

1.5.6. TIYCTb CHCTeMa, paccxorpeanaa B sanase 1.5.4, npencraanser C060ll MO,lleJlb C COCpe,llOTOIJeHHbIMII MaccaMII ,llJlll 3a,llaIJII 0 np0,l\OJIbHbIX KOJle6aHIIlIX CTep)KHlI nocroaanoro npauoyroasuoro nonepe-moro CeIJeHlIlI C naotuansro F. I1cnOJIb3Y51 MeTO,ll PeJIeH, onpcncmrrs xpyroayro IJaCTOTY p nepaoro TOHa npO,llOJIbHbIX KOJIe6aHlIii.

rEF

Omeem: f) =.' 1,57 V 10/;'

1.6. BbIHY)I()J.EHHbIE KOJlE6AHIUI. YCTAHOBHBlIIEEC5I COCT05lHHE

B rr. 1.1 6bIJIH paCCMOTpeHbI csooonaue KOJIe6amUI CHCTeMbI, coCT05lIll.eH H3 rrpYJKHHbI H COCpeJl.OTOqeHHOH MaCCbI, H rrOKa3aHO, qTO Jl.BHJKeHHe :onOH CHCTeMbI 3aBHCHT TOJIbKO OT nasansnsrx YCJIOBHH ee cpH3HqeCKHX xapaKTepHCTHK k H Wig, xoropue H onpenensior ee qaCTOTY COO-

52

CTBeHHbIX KOJIe6amIi1. ECJIH CHCTeMa nonsepraerca HeKOTOpbIM BHeWHl1M Bos)J,ei1cTBHHM, nO)J,06HbIM saBHCHllI,HM 01' BpeMeHH CllJIaM lIJIli CneUHaJIbuoro BH)J,a )J,BH)KeHlfHM onop, TO )J,HHaMHlIeCKoe nOBe)J,eHHe ee CTaHOBHTCH 60JIee CJIO)KHbIM. Bo MHOfHX npaxranecxax cHTyaUHHx npHxo)J,HTCH CTaJIKHBaTbCH C nepaonusecxn HSMeHHlOIUHMHCH CHJIaMH, xoropue npHKJIa)J,bIBalOTcH K Macce. Torna peaxnmo CHCTeMbI npn yxaaauaux YCJIOBHHX nOKaSbIBalOT BblHY)K)J,eHHbIMH KOJIe6aHHHMH.

B xanecrse npnaepa BblHY)K)J,eHHbIX KOJIe6aHHH paccaorpax 3JIeKTpo)J,BHraTeJIb BeCOM W (pHC. 1.21), SaKperrJIeHHbIH na npY)KHHe, KOTOpas npenarcrsyer nepeaemeauan TOJIbKO B sepTHKaJIbHOM HarrpaBJIeHHH. ::ha cHTyaUHH HMeeT, KaK Y)Ke rOBOpHJIOCb B rr. 1.1, xpyrosyio lIaCTOTY C06CTBeHHbIX KOJIe6aHHH p = V kg/W. FlpennoJIO)KIIM, liTO BaJI 3JIeKTpO)J,BHraTeJIH BpaIUae1'CH

C nOCTOHHHOH yrJIOBOH CKOPOCTblO W II liTO OH He)J,OCTaTOllHO XopOWO oT6aJIaHCHpOBaH (na pIIC. 1.21 31'0 noxasaao B BII)J,e sxcuenrp a-recxof MaCCbI, cocpenoronennon B ronxe A). 31'01' )J,lIc6aJIaHC 6Y)J,eT nOpO)K)J,aTb spatuaiouryrocs ueHTp06e)KHYlO CIIJIY P, KOTopaH, B CBOlO onepens, BbISOBeT BblHY)K)J,eHHbIe KOJIe6aHHH CHCTeMbI.

B )J,orrOJIHeHHe K CIIJIe TH)KeC1'H H CHJIe peaKUHH rrpY)KHHbI reneps He06xo)J,IIMO paccxorpert, BepTHKaJIbHYlO KOMnOHeHTY P sin wt BeKTopa BpaIUalOIUeHcH CHJIbI. B pesynsrare nOJIYlIHM CJIe)J,YlOllI,ee ypasne HIIe )J,BII)KeHHH:

....!_ i = W - (W + kx) + P sin wt, g

w

PRC. 1.21

(a)

rne cnaraeuoe P sin wt HaSbIBaeTCH rapxoanaecxon CIIJIOBOH <PYHKUIIeH. BBO)J,H B ypasaeane (a) 060sHalleHIIH

P2 _ kg . - W'

Pg q=w'

i + p2X= q sin wt.

(6)

( 1.22)

4aCTHoe pemenne sroro ypaBHeHIIH rrOJIYlIIIM, npenno.naraa, liTO pelIIeHIIe x nponopuaoaam.ao <PYHKUIIII sin wt, T. e. rrOJIO)KIIB

x = C3 sin ioi ;

(B)

r)J,e C3 - nocrosnnaa, KOTopaH BbI611paeTCH 1'aKIIM 06pasOM, lIT06bI peurenae Y)J,oBJIeTBOpHJIO yp aaneamo (1.22). f10)J,C1'aBJIHH (B) B 31'0 ypasHeHIIe, HaH)J,eM Ca =qlip" - (2). TaKIIM 06paSOM, HCKOMOe lIaCTHOe pemenne HMeeT BH)J,

(r) 53

DpH6aBJHI51 31'0 lIaCTHOe peurenue K 06lll.eMY peuiemno (1.2) O)J,HOpO.!l,noro ypaBHeHHH (1.1), nOJIYllHM

x = C1 cos pt + C2 sin pi + Q2sin oo~

P -00

( 1.23)

31'0 supaacenae cone P)K If r )J,Be noCTOHHHhle IfHTerpIfpOBaHIfH If HBJIHeTCH 06lll.IfM peurennea HeO)J,HOponnoro ypaaaeaas (1.22).

!LBa nepsux CJIaraeMhIX B ssrpa)!(eHHH (1.23) onncunaior cB060)J,Hble KOJIe6aHHH, xoropue 06cY)K)J,aJIHCb auure, a rperse cnaraevoe, 3aBHCHuiee 01' B03MYlll.aJOlll.eH CIfJIbI, xapaxrepuayer BblHY)K)J,eHHbIe KOJIe6aHHH CIfCTeMbi. 1V10)KHO BH)J,eTb, -rro 3TH nOCJIe)J,HHe KOJIe6aHHH IfMelOT TOT )Ke nepnon T c= 2:rt1 w, liTO If nepnon B03MYlll.aIOlll.eH CHJIbi. DO)J,cTaBJIHH 060- 3HalleHHH (6) B supaxcenae (r) H ClIHTaH cB060)J,Hble KOJIe6aHIfH necylll.eCTBeHHbIMH *, nOJIYlIHM TaK uaauaaevue ucmanceuetuuecn 8blHY:JICoeHnue KOJle6aHUfl, onncuaaeasre BbIpa)KeHIfeM

f3 I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-----+--
I
I
a 2
Puc, 1.22 wlp

X= ( ~ sin wt) ( 1_~2/P2 ).

(1.24)

1V1HO)!(HTeJIb (P / k) sin wt npe)J,cTaBJIHeT C060H nepeaeiueaue, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOe )J,eHcTBHeM aoaayuiaiomeit CHJIbI P sin est, eCJIH OHa npHJIO)KeHa CTaTHlieCKH; MHO)KHTeJIb 1/(1 .- ro 2/p2) YlIl1ThIBaeT )J,I1HaMIflieCKHH xapaxrep 3TOH CIfJIbi. A6coJIJOTHaH BeJIIflll1Ha sroro MHO)!(I1TeJIH 06bIliHO Ha3bIBaeTCH Ko:,){j){IJUI{UeHmOAt YCUJleHUfl 1

~ =, I I'J I 2 ,. ()J,)

-oo-1p

BH)J,Ho, 'lTO K03cpcpHuHeHT ~ 3aBHCHT OT omnotuenusi «acmom. w/ p, KOTOpoe nOJIYlIaJOT )J,eJIeHl1eM HaBfl3b18aeMOU CI1CTeMe «acmomu aoaxryruaiouief CI1JIbI na co6cm8eHHYIO «acmomu CB060)J,HbIX KOJIe6aHHH CHCTeMbi. Ha pHC. 1.22 npencraanena 3aBHCHMOCTb K03cpcpHUHeHTa ~ OT xacroraoro OTHomeHHH w/ p, T. e. B CJIYlIae, xorna 'laCTOTa aosayutarouref CHJIbI MaJIa no cpaBHeHIfIO C lIaCTOTOH cB060)J,HbIX KOJIe6aHHH, K03CPCPHUIfeHT YCHJIeHIfH npnxepno pasen e)J,HHHue, a nepeaemeaas HBJIHJOTCH noxrn TaKIfMIf »ce, KaK B cnyxae crarnsecxoro )J,eHcTBIfH CHJIbI P sin wi.

Korna OTHomeHHe w/ p )J,OCTHraeT 3HalleHHH, paanoro e)J,HHHue, K03<pcpl1UHeHT YCHJIeHHH H asnsumuo« 8blHY:JICOeHHblX KOJle6aHUU 6bICTPO B03paCTalOT H 06palll.a1OTCH B 6ecKoHeliHocTh npH w = p, T. e. B TOM CJIYlIae, xorna lIaCTOTa aosvyuiaroutef CHJIbI COBna)J,aeT C lIaCTOTOH CBO- 60)J,HbIX KOJIe6aHHH CHCTeMbI. 3TOT CJIYlIaH HBJIHeTCH YCJl08UeM pesonanca. Becxonesuoe snaseune aMnJIHTY)J,bI BbIHY)!(JJ,eIlHbIX KOJIe6aHHH 03HaQaeT, nro eCJIH nepHO)J,HlIeCKaH CHJIa )I,eHCTByeT na KOJIe6JIIOlll.YIOCH CHCTeMY

* B3aHMOlJ;eiicTBHe CBo60lJ;HbIX KOJle6aHHH C BbIllY)K/,eHHbIMH 6y/\eT o6CY)K,naTbC5I B cnenyrotuex naparparpe.

1 DpHM. pen, nep. CM. B KOHl\e KH.

54

scerna B COOTBeTCTBYIOlll.ee BpeM5I H B COOTBeTCTBYIOW.eM HanpaBJIeHHH, TO aMnJIHTy.ua KOJIe6aHHH YBeJIHqHBaeTC5I, CTpeM5ICb K 6eCKOHeqHOCTH, npn YCJIOBllH, qTO OTCYTCTByeT pacceuaanne 3HeprHH. B npaKTHqeCKHX aanaxax scerna HMeeT MeCTO paCCeHBaHHe sneprnu, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOe .ueMncplipOBaHHeM. BJIH5IHlle nOCJIe.uHerO na aMnJIHTY.uy BhIHYIK.ueHHhIX KOJIe6aHIIH 6y.ueT 06CYIK.ueHO HHIKe B n. 1.9.

Korna qaCTOTa aosvyuraromef; CHJIbI CTaHOBHTC5I 60JIhWe qaCTOTbI cB060.uHhIX KOJIe6aHIIH, K03cpcpllUHeHT YCHJIeHII5I BHOBh npHHHMaeT KOnexaoe anaseane. Ero a6COJIIOTHa51 BeJIHqllHa YMeHbwaeTc5I C POCTOM OTHOWeHH5I ffi/p H CTpeMHTC5I K HyJIlO, xorna 31'0 OTHOWeHHe CTaHOBHTC5I OtIeHb 60JIbWHM. TaKHM 06pa30M, xorna na TeJIO .ueHCTByeT C BhICOKOH tIaCTOTOH nepnonunecxas CHJIa, OHa BhI3hIBaeT KOJIe6aHH5I C OqeHb MaJIOH aMnJIHTy.uoH, H BO MHorHX CJIyqa5lX MOIKHO CqHTaTh, qTO npn 3TOM TeJIO COXpaH5IeT CTaI~HOHapHoe nOJIOIKeHHe.

PaCCMaTpHBa51 3HaK BhIpaIKeHH5I 1/(1 - ffi2/p2), BH.uHM, qTO BO scex cnyxaax, xoraa BbInOJIH5IeTC5I YCJIOBHe (0 < p, 31'0 BhIpaIKeHHe 51BJI5IeTC5I nOJIOIKHTeJIbHhIM II nepeaeutennn MaCChI npa KOJIe6aHH5IX HMelOT TO IKe uanpaanenae, qTO H nanpaanenae B03Myw.alOlll.eH CHJIhi. C npyrof CTOPOHhI, BO scex rex CJIyqa5lX, xorna ro > p, 31'0 supasseaae 51BJI5IeTC5I OTpHuaTeJIbHhIM H nepeaemenne MaCChI llMeeT nanpaaneaae, nporasonoJIOIKHOe HanpaBJIeHHIO .ueHCTBH5I CHJIh!. B nepsoa cnyxae rOBOp5lT, qTO KOJIe6aHH5I COBna.uaIOT no rpase C B03MYlll.eHHeM, a BO BTOPOM, qTO .uHHaMHqeCKHe nepeaeutenna npoucxonar B nporusorpase.

B npHBe.ueHHOM BhIW~ 06CYIK.ueHHH BeJIIItIHHa B03Myw.alOw.eH CHJIhI 6bIJIa nponopuaonansna sin tot , HO Te IKe pe3YJIhTaThI 6bIJIH 6hI nOJIytIeHbI H B TOM cnyxae, eCJIH YKa3aHHYlO CHJIY CqHTaTb nponopuaoaansHOH cos ffit. Kpoue roro, BhIHYIK.ueHHbIe KOJIe6aHH5I MoryT B03HHKaTb H npn nepuoduuectcux 08UJ/CeliUflX onop (HJIH a8UJ/Ce/iUflX ocnoeanusu, PacCMOTPHM, nanpnnep , fIO.uBeweHHhIH na npyxcane rpya (pHC. 1.23) H npe.unOJIO.IKHM, qTO BepXHeMY KOHUY npyIKHHhI saaano nepeaemenne B BepTHKaJIbHOM HanpaBJIeHHH no rapMOHHqeCKOMY 3aKOHY

X"n c.~ d sin (Ili. (e)

ECJIH nepeveuteane x nonaeurennoro rpyaa W H3MepHTh 01' nOJIOIKeHH5I paBHOBeCH5I npu Xon = 0, TO y.uJIl1HeHHe npyIKHHhI B npOH3BOJIhHhIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH t 6y.ueT COCTaBJI5ITb x - Xon + BeT; B03HHKalOw.a51 B npyxome CHJIa, COOTBeTCTBYIOW.a51 3TOMY nepeaemenmo, panna k (X - Xcn) + W. TaKHM 06pa30M, ypaaaenne .uBHIKeHH5I nonaeuiennoro rpysa npHHHMaeT BH.u

~x = W - [W + k (X - XOIl)J. (IK)

.g

nO.uCTaBJI5I5I ciona supaaceune (e) .uJI5I Xun H HCnOJIb3Y51 0603HaqeHH5I

p2 = kg/W; qon = kg d/W, nOJIyqHM ypaBHeHHc

X + p2X = qun sin ffit,

( l.25)

(3)

L. J

Puc. 1.23

55

xoropoe cosnanaer C ypaaaennea (1.22: -:JIe)!,oBaTeJIbHO, MO)KHO cneJIaTb BbIBO)!" lITO sananae BepXHeMY KOHUY rrpY)KHHbI rrpOCTOrO rapMOHHlIeCKOrO nepeueurenaa d sin wt 3KBHBaJIeHTHO uenocpeacrseaaoay npnJIO)KeHHlO B03MYIlJ,alOrueH CHJIbI (kd) sin wt. Bee npaaeneaaue asnue paccY)K)!,eHH5I OTHOCHTeJIbHO pemeaas ypaBHeHH5I (1.22) npHMeHHMbl TaK)Ke H B 3TOM CJIYlIae, H rr03TOMY B nrore MO)KHO cnenars BbIBO)!" lITO snecs TaK)Ke HMelOT MeCTO YCTaHOBHBWHeC5I BbIHY)K)!,eHHble KOJIe6aHH5I, onpenenaeaue BbIpa)KeHHeM

d sin (j)i

X = I 2 2'

·-(j)P

(1.26)

MO)KHO rrpHH5ITb, lITO lIHCJIHTeJIb d sin wt onacuaaer )!,BH)KeHHe cocpenoTOlIeHHOH MaCChI, xorna nepeaeiueane onopu rrpOHCXO)!,HT OlIeHb Me)!,JIeHHO (HJIH «CTaTHlIeCKH»); HaJIHlIHe MHO)KHTeJI5I 1/(1 - W2/p2) YKa3bIsaer ua TO 06CT05lTeJIbCTBO, lITO lIaCTOTa nepeaemeaas onopu He panaa HYJIlO. TaKHM 06pa30M, )!,JI5I roro lIT06bI BbIlIHCJIHTb YCTaHOBHBwYlOC5I peaxumo CHCTeMbI, Heo6xo)!,HMO TOJIbKO paCCMOTpeTb nepeaeurenae MaCChI, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOe nepeaemenaea onopu.

B HeKOTopbIX CJIYlIa5lX y)!,o6Hee HMeTb )!,eJIO C YCKopeHH5IMH onopst, lIeM C ee nepesremeaaxua, TaK KaK )!,JI5I rrOJIYlIeHH5I HHcpopMaUHH 0 )!,BH)KeHHH onopu HCrrOJIb3yeTC5I H3MepHTeJIbHbIH npaoop non Ha3BaHHeM axCeJIepOMeTp. Hanpaxep, nepeaemeana rpynra npa 3eMJIeTp5lCeHHH, KaK rrpaBHJIO, H3Mep5llOTC5I H 3arrHChIBalOTC5I B BH)!,e rpex B3aHMHO-OPTOrOHaJIhHhIX COCTaBJI5IlOruHX rro OC5IM ceeep-e ror, BOCTOK -3arra)!, H sepTHKaJIhHOH COCTaBJI5IlOrueH YCKopeHHH rpyara. fI03TOMY BHOBb BepHeMC5I K aanaxe 0 )!,BH)KeHHH OCHOBaHH5I, CPOPMYJIHpyH ee KaK aanasy 0 nepno)!,HlIeCKHX YCKopeHH5IX, a He rrepHO)!,HlIeCKHX nepeaemenaax.

fIpe)!,rrOJIO)KHM reneps, lITO na BepXHeM KOHue rrpY)KHHhI (CM. pHC. 1.23)~3a)!,aHO cnenyiouiee YCJIOBHe OTHOCHTeJIhHO rapaouasecxoro YCKopeHH5I:

iOll = a sin wt.

fIpHMeHHTeJIhHO K paccxarpunaeaof aanaxe ypaanenae ()K) npnuuaaer BH)!,

~i +- k (x - Xon) = O. g

.llJI5I roro lIT06hI ypaaneaae (K) HMeJIO TOT ace BH)!" lITO H ypaaaenne (H), cnenaev CJIe)!,YlOIlJ,ee npeoripasoaanue xoopmnrar:

.. * .. ..

x =X - Xon,

rne x* - omnocumensnoe nepeueiuenue MaCChI OT OCHOBaHlI5I. fIO)!,CTaBJI5I5I Bhlpa)KeHH5I (JI) )!,JI5I X - Xon Hi B ypasnemre (K) H BhIIlOJIH5I5I COOTBeTcTBYlOruHe npeoripasoaaaxa, HaH)!,eM

W "*+-k *_ W .. -x X ---X.

g g 011

I1crrOJIh3Y51 o603HalIeHH5I

P2 - ss. . q* a

- \17' on =-

56

II nO,ll.CTaBJI5I5I supaaceaae (H) B ypaaaeane (M), nOJIyqIIM ypasneaue

( 1.27)

II,ll.eHTHqHOe ypaBHeHH5IM (1.22) H (1.25).

Pemenae ypaBHeHH5I (1.27) HaXO,ll.HM TOqHO TaK »ce, KaK 6hIJIO C,ll.eJIaHO ,ll.JI51 aHaJIHTHqeCKHX ypaanenm; B npenanyumx cnysaax, n03ToMY MO)!(HO cnenars BhIBO,ll., qTO peaKIJ,II5I CIiCTeMhI, aupaaceaaaa xepes omuocumenutue «oopounamu lorrpenenaeaue COOTHOWeHH5IMH (JI) 1, COBnanaer C peaxnaefi CHCTeMhI, K KOTOPOll npHJIO)!(eHa pacnpeneneanas CHJIa, paBHa51 (Wig) a sin wt. Torna YCTaHoBHBWHeC51 BbIHY)!(,ll.eHHhIe KOJIe6aHH51 CHCTeMbI OTHOCHTeJIhHO CMeIll.afOIlI.erOC51 OCHOBaHH5I onHChIBafOTC5I aupaacenaea

,* _ ( Wa. t) ( 1 )

x - -1?iI sm ro 1 _ W3/p2 •

(1.28)

HeCMOTp51 ua TO, qTO aaxansnoe CMeIIJ,eHHe OCHOBaHH5I Hero CKOPOCTh H3BeCTHbI, a6COJIfOTHOe ,ll.BII)!(eHHe COCpe,ll.OTOqeHHOll MaCChI He MO)!(eT 6hITh paCCqHTaHO. O,ll.HaKO 3TO 06CT051TeJIhCTBO 06hIqHO He 5lBJI51eTC5I cyIIJ,eCTBeHHhIM, 110CKOJIhKY HMeHHO OTHOCHTeJIhHOe ,ll.BH)!(eHIIe onpenenaer CHJIY, ,ll.ellCTBYIOIll.YfO B KOHCTPYKIJ,HH (B ,ll.aHHOM cnynae B npyacaae).

Ilpaaep 1. Onpenenurs aMlIJIHTY)l:Y BbIHYJK)l:eHHbIX KPYTHJIbHblX KOJIe6aHHll BaJIa (CM. pHC. 1.8) npn )l:ellCTBHH lIepHO,ll,HlJeCKOrO KpYTlIIU;erO MOMeHTa M sin wt, ecaa lJaCTOTa caoeonasrx KPYTHJIbHblX KOJIe6aHlill sroro BaJIa f = 10 cl, lJaCTOTa KPYTlIutero MOMeHTa, ortpenenarouiero BbIHYJK,ll,eHHble KOJIe6aHlI5I, ro = IOn paa/c, yroa aaKpYlJlIBaH1I5I npa ,ll,ellcTBlili KpYT5I~erO MOMeHTa M (ecna ero lIPHJIOJKlITb CTaTlIlJeCKlI) pasea 0,01 pan.

Petuenue, Ypaaaeaae ,ll,BHJKeHlI5I B 3TOM CJIYlJae axeer (CM. 1I. 1.2) BlI,ll,

., M

cP + p2cp = _1_ sin wt, (0)

rne cp - yron 3aKpYlJHBaH1I5I, p2 = kJ<./ I. Buayacneaaae KOJIe6aHlI5I OllllCbIBaIOTC5I asrpaJKeHlIeM

M . t M . t

cp = 1 (p2 _ (2) Sill W = kR (1 _ w2jp2) Sill W .

¥lJlITbIBa5l, 'ITO 1I0 YCJIOBlilO lIMeeM M/kR = 0,01 11 P = 2nf = 20n, MaJIbHOe 3HalJeHHe aMlIJIlITY,ll,bl KOJIe6aHHll

CPmax= 0,01/(1 - 1/4) = 0,0133 pan,

Ilpaaep 2. KOJIeco KaTHTC5I no BOJIHlICTOll 1I0BepXHocTli C nOCT05lHHOll ropH30HTaJIbHOll CKOPOCTblO v (pHC. 1.24). Onpeneaars aMlIJIliTYAY BbIHYJK,ll,eHHblx KOJIe6aHlill B BepTlIKaJIbHOM HanpaBJIeHHlI rpysa W, npnKpenJIeHHOrO KOCH KOJIeCa C nOMO~blO lIPYJKHHbI. TIPli CTaTlIlJeCKOM npllJIOJKeHHH rpysa W CMe~eHHe KOHu;a npYJKHHbI «'leT = 0,098 M, CKOPOCTb v = 18,3 uk: 11 BOJIHlICTalI 1I0BepXHOCTb OllHCbIBaeTClI <PYHKU;lIell y = d sin nx/ I, rne d = 0,025 M, 1= 0,91 M.

Petuenue. PaccMaTpHBa51 aeprnxansaue 't:l

KOJIe6aHHlI rpysa W na lIpYJKlIHe, aaxo-

AlIM, 'ITO xsanpar xpyrosoa lJaCTOTbI 3THX x

KOJIe6aHlill p2 = g/«'lCT = 100 c-2• Hs-aa BOJIHliCTOCTH noaepxaocrn, no KOTOPOll KaTHTC5I

KOJIeco, uerrrp 0 KOJIeCa KOJIe6JIeTClI PHC. 1.24

(n)

Hall,ll,eM MaKClI-

57

B BepTHKaJlbHOM HanpaBJIeHHH. CqHTa5!, tJTO B HatJaJIbHbltl MOMeHT (t = 0) TOtJKa KOItTaKTa KOJIeCa HMeeT KOOp,l\HHaTY x = 0, H noaaraa x = vt, MO)KHO OnHCaTb .9TH KOJIe- 6aHIISI B BepTHKaJIbHOM HarrpaBJIeHHH <jlYHKll,HeH Y = d sin ('ltvt/l). Torna BblHY)K,l\eHusre KOJIe6aHHSI rpysa onpenensrorcs Bblpa)KeHHeM (1.26), B xoropoe cnenyer noncraBIITb HCXO,l\Hble nanuue: d = 0,025 M, W = stol! = 20'ltc1, p2 = 100 c-2• AMnJIHTY,l\a 9THX BblHY)K,l\eHHbIX KOJIe6aHHH 1/(4'lt2 - I) = 6,6.10-4 M. DPH 3a,l\aHHOH CKOPOCTII v = 18,3 M/C KOJIe6aHHSI KOJIeCa B BepTHKaJIbHOM HarrpaBJIeHHH nepenarorca rpY3Y W oxeas He3HaqHTeJIbHO. ECJIII )Ke YBeJIHqHTb CKOPOCTb v KOJIeCa aa xerseprs ee BeJIlIqllHbl, rrOJIyqllM W = 5n, a aMrrJIIITY,l\a BblHY)K,l\eHHbIX KOJIe6aHHH CTaHeT 1/(n2/4 - I) = = 1,73.10-2 M. YBeJIlIqllBaSl CKOPOCTb v ,l\aJIblIIe, rrpH,l\eM K YCJIOBIIIO pesonanca (xorna nv/l = p), npn KOTOPOM B03HlIKalOT YCJIOBIISI caasrx IIHTeHCHBHblX KOJIe6aHlIH ,l\JISI rpysa W (snecs BJIHSlHHe MaCCbI KOJIeCa He yqHTbIBaeTCSI).

Ilpaxep 3. Li.JI5! cnysan <jlepMeHHoH nnarrpopuu, paccaorpennok B npuuepe 3 (CM. n. 1.1), H3MeHSlIOl.ll,eeCSI rro rapMOHHqeCKoMY 3aKoHY [CM. aupascenue (II) 1 YCKopeHHe OCHOBaHHSI uanpaaneno rro OCH X. Onpenenars aMrrJIHTY,l\Y YCTaHOBHBlIIHXCSI BblHY)K,l\eHHbIX KOJIe6aHIIH nnarqropxsr, eCJIH a = 5,08 M/C2, W = 40 pan/c.

Petuenue . Bsrpaacenae (1.28) onncusaer YCTaHoBIIBlIIYIOCSI peaxumo CHCTeMbI OTHOCIITeJIbHO OCHOBaHHSI, a MaKCHMaJIbHOe anaueuue aMrrJIHTY,l\bI npn 9TOM ,l\BH)KeHHH

• Wa ( I )

xmax = kii" I - w2jp2 .

(p)

B paccuarpanaeaoa npnaepe HMeeM W = 1,5.105 H, k = 3,5.107 H/M; TeJIbHO, xnanpar qaCTOTbI KOJIe6aHHH

2 _ kg 3,5·107 ·9,81

p - W 1,5.100 = 2290 c-2.

CJIe,l\OBa-

AMnJIIITY,l\a 9KBHBaJIeHTHOH, CTaTllqeCKII rrpHJIO)KeHHOH CHJIbl B OTHOCHTeJIbHblX KOOp,l\HHaTax

g

2.[00.5,08 = 1,03.[05 H, 9,81

W'a

a K09<p<pIIIl,HeHT YCIIJIeHIISI B 9TOM cJIyqae

I

1-(1600/2290) = 3,32.

B arore, aMrrJIIITY,l\Y BbIHY)K,l\eHHbIX KOJIe6aHIIH qaeM 113 BbIpa)KeHIISI (p), 'ITO ,l\aeT

• 1,03.105.3,32

xmax = 3,5.107

B OTHOCHTeJIbHbIX KOOp,l\HHaTaX noay-

-=. 0,0098 M.

113MeHeHlle HarrpSl)KeHIISI B pacxocnsrx rpocax, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOe HaH,l\eHHOH BeJIHqllHOH nepeaemeaas :

V2kx~ax = V2.3,5.[07.0,0098V2' =343.109D

4A 4.5.10 ~ , a.

Ilpaaep 4. BepTIIKaJIbHaSl nepaonnsecxas CIIJIa P sin wt npanoscena aenocpenCTBeHHO K npY)KIIHe (CM. pIIC. 1.1, a) B TOqKe, orcrosmen na paccrosuan C OT onopu. KaKoH 6Y,l\eT YCTaHoBIIBlIIaSlcSI peaxuns rpysa W?

Petuenue, Dpe,l\rrOJIO)KIIM, 'ITO npyacnua COCTOIIT H3 ,l\BYX qaCTeH, KaK nOKa3aHO aa pIIC. 1.5, a. YqaCTOK ,l\JIIIHOH C IIMeeT )KeCTKOCTb npY)KIIHbI, paBHYIO kl' )KeCTKOCTb npY)KIIHbI zrpyroro yuacrxa COCTaBJISleT k2• 113 npmrepa 2 (CM. n. 1.1) IIMeeM COOTHOurenae

(c)

58

B npOH3BOJIbHbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH neJIH'lHHa CHJIbI, ncpenaaacxox MaCCe co CTOPOHbI HeBeCOMOH npY)KHHbI:

Bropoit COMHO)KllTe.% B nupaacenuu (T) npe/\CTaBJI5IeT co6oii nepcaemenne MaCCbI npa CTaTWleCKOM npHJIO)KeHHH CIIJIbI, ooycnoanaaaiouicf BblHY)K"eHHble KOJIe6aHH5I.

BBO)l.51 0603HaqeHHe

(y)

F (I) = kt:.CT sin rot.

(¢)

3TY ¢YHKUIlIO 3KBIlBaJIeHTHOH BbIHY)K,n:alOw.eH CIlJIbI MO)KHO HCnOJIb30BaTb BMeCTO P sin rot B BbIpa)KeHHH (1.24); roraa nepeaeuieuae npn YCTaHoBHBIlleHC5I peaKUHH 6y,n:eT HMeTb BH,n:

x = ACT sin rot 9

I -W"/p2

(x)

113 noayxeunoro Bblpa)KeHH5I cnenyer, qTO He06xo,Il,HMO paCCMaTpHBaTb TOJIbKO CTaTHxecxoe nepevemenne MaCCbI npn )l.eHCTBHH 3KBHBaJIeHTHOii B03Myw.alOw.eH CHJIbI, He- 3aBHCHMO OT roro, B KaKOM MeCTe npHKJIa,n:bIBaeTC5I B03Myw.alOw.a51 CHJIa.

3A,lJ,A4M

1.6.1. HaHTH aMnJIIHY,n:y BbIHY)K,n:eHHbIx KOJIe6aHHH nonaeurennoro K npY)KHHe rpysa BeCOM W (CM. pHC. 1.23), eCJIH BepxHHH KOHeu npyscaau nepeaemaercs no rapMOHHqeCKOMY 3aKoHY C aMnJIHTy,n:oH a = 0,0254 M H xpyrosoa qaCTOTOH ro = 180 c-1. TIpe,n:nOJIaraeTC5I, qTO npn CTaTHqeCKOM npHJIO)KeHHH YKa3aHHblH rpya auausaer CMemenae beT = 0,0762 M.

Omeem: 1,016.10-4 M.

1.6.2. TIoKa3aHHbIH na pHC. 1.21 H noaaeurenuua na npY)KHHe rpys BbI3blBaeT CTaTHqeCKOe nepeaeutenae bCT = 0,0254 M. 4eMY panna aannaryna BbIHY)K,n:eHHbIX KOJIe6aHHH, 06YCJIOBJIeHHbIX ,n:eHCTBHeM CHJIbI P cos rot, eCJIH ,n:aHO: P = 9,08 H; ro = IOnc-1; W = 45,4 H?

Omeem: 3,25.10-3 M.

1.6.3. 5aJIKa, H3rOTOBJIeHHa51 H3 CTaH,Il,apTHOro )l.BYTaBpa, ,Il,JIHHOH 1= 3,66 M II C MOMeHTOM HHepUIlH 1= 2,4.10-5 M4 CBo60)l.HO onepra no KOHuaM (pIIC. A.I.6.3). B cepennue npo.nera 6a.1KH YCTaHOBJIeH 3JIeKTpo,n:BHraTeJIb BeCOM W = 4,54- 103 H, POTOP xoroporo apauiaercn C qaCTOTOii 1800 MHH-1. 113-3a neypannonemennocra poropa B03HHKaeT ueHTp06e)KHa51 CHJIa P = 2,27· 103 H. 4eMY panna aMnJIIlTy,n:a YCTaHOBHBIllHXC5I BblHY)K,n:eHHbIX KOJIe6aHHH, eCJIII He Y'IHTblBaTb Maccy 6aJIKH?

Omeem: 2,032.10-4 M.

A ~wt 8
di;; ~
'I~ w p
~ ~ ~I
2 2
PHC. A.I.6.3 1.6.4. CTaJIbHa51 6aJIKa, HMeJOw.a51 MOMeHT HHepUHH nonepesuoro CeqeHII5I I = 1,66· 10- 6 M4, onepra, KaK nOKa3aHO ua pHC. A.I.6.4, H necer na He3aKpenJIeHHOM KOHu.e rpY3BeCOM W = 2,7.103 H. TIo,'l,C'IHTaTb aMnJIHTY,n:y YCTaHOBIlBIllHXC5I BbIHY-

59

)K,n:eHHbIX KOJIe6aHllii rpysa W, eCJIII onopa A cosepuraer MaJIbIe BepTIIKaJIbHbIe KOJIe- 6aHIIH BII){a YA = d sin sot, rne d = 3,05.10-3 M, W = 30 c-1• Onopa B HenO){BII)KHa, a BJIIIHHlleM MaCCbI 6aJIKII MO)KHO npeaeepess.

Omeem: 3,33· 10-3 M.

A 8 0
~ ;))); J
I. 1,8JM J< a,315M

PIIC. A.1.6.4 1.6.5. I'pys BeCOM W = 5,45.104 H YCTaHOBJIeH B cepenaae npoaera caooonno oneproii 6aJIKII (pIIC. A.1.6.5), 113rOTOBJIeHHOii 113 ,n:BYX CTaJIbHblX lIIBeJIJIepOB (I = = 2· 7,24.10-6 = 1,45'10-6 M4). Ilpeneoperaa BeCOM 6aJIKII, onpeneanrs aMnJIIITY,n:y YCTaHoBIIBlIIlIXClI BbIHY)K,n:eHHbIx KOJIe6aHllii rpysa W, eCJIII K KOHn:y 6aJIKII npIlJIO)KeH, KaK nOKa3aHO na pacynxe, nepIIO){IIQeCKII 113MeHlIlOIII:lliiclI 113f116alOIII:llii ,MoMeHT M = = Ml cos wt II ,n:aHO. QTO ro = 0,90P, Ml = 1,16.103 H·M.

Omeern: 1,153.10-3 M.

l1(t} Iwl
r:;: :.
J
I, 1,5211 1,5211 ~I

PIIC. A.1.6.5 1.6.6. 3JIeKTpo,n:BllraTeJIb BeCOM W = 7,26.104 H YCTaHOBJIeH B cepenaae npoJIeTa 6aJIKII (CM. pIIC. 1.6.3), 113rOTOBJIeHHOii 113 ,n:ByX ,n:BYTaBpOB, C MOMeHTOM IIHepn:1I11 I = 2,7·10- 5 M4 II ,n:JIIIHoii 3,66 M. ECJIII QaCTOTa BpaIII:eHlIlI poropa saexrponaarareas pasaa 600 MIIH-l, E = 2,1· 1011 H/M2 II POTOP IIMeeT aeypaaaoaeureaaaa sec BeJIllqllHoii 18,2 H aa paaayce 0,254 M, TO qeMY 6y,n:eT panna aMnJIIITy,n:a YCTaHOBIIBlIIlIXClI ssrHY)K,n:eHHbIX KOJIe6aHllii? Maccoii ooeax 6aJIOK MO)KHO npeaeopeus.

Omeem: 1,03.10-4 M.

1.6.7. Ji:JIlI cnynaa, npencrasaeaaoro B aanaxe 1.6.6, npe,n:nOJIO)KIITb, 'ITO OCb pOTopa pacnOJIaraeTClI Ha paccToHHlI1I 0,51 M OT nOBepxHocTII KpenJIeHlIlI 3JIeKTpo,n:BIIrarenx, KOTOPblii YCTaHOBJIeH na sepxaef nOJIKe 6aJIKII. Kaxoaa 6y,n:eT aMnJIIITy,n:a ycraHOBIIBlIIlIXClI BbIHY)K){eHHbIX yrJIOBbIX KOJIe6aHllii, 06YCJIOBJIeHHblX ,n:eiicTBlleM ropn- 30HTaJIbHOii COCTaBJIHIOIII:eii CIIJIbI P cos tot, eCJIII MOMeHT IIHepn:1I11 anexrponaararens OTHOCIITeJIbHO OCII ero poropa paaea 1,16'103 H'M'C-2?

Omeem: 5.14.10-5 pan.

1.6.8. ITpe,n:nOJIO)KIITb, QTO saexrponsar-arens B aanase 1.6.6 OCTaHOBJIeH, HO onopsr A II B 6aJIKII nepeaeuiarorcs BepTIIKaJIbHO C ycxopeaaea, 113MeHlIlOIII:IIMClI no 3aKoHY, sanaaaexoay Bblpa)KeHlleM (II). Onpenenars aMnJIIITY,n:y YCTaHoBIIBlIIlIXClI BbIHY)K,n:eHHblx KOJIe6aHllii saexrponsarareas OTHOCIITeJIbHO OCHOBaHlIlI, eCJIII ztano: a = 1,02 M/C2; ro = 60 pan/c.

Omeem: 4,88'10-4 M.

1.7. BbIHY)I(,nEHHbIE HEYCTAHOB"BlllEEC5I

I(OJIE6AH "51.

COCT05lH"E

B rrpe)l.hI)l.ymeM naparpa.pe paccaarpnnaaocr, TOJIhKO nocnennee cnaraeaoe BhlpmKeHH5I (1.23), OrrHChIBaIOmerO BhIHY)K)l.eHHhle KOJIeOaHH5I. B oow.eM cnyxae rrpHJIO)KeHHe B030Y)K)l.aIomeii KOJIeOaHH5I CHJIbl Bbl-

60

3bIBaeT TaKJKe csorionaue KOJIe- x

6aHl151 CHCTeMbI, xoropue OmICbIBaIOTC5I nepBbIMH )l.BYM5I cnaraeMbIMH BblpaJKeHH5I (1.23). TaKHM 06pa30M, )l.eiicTBHTeJIbHOe )l.BHJKeHHe npe)l.CTaBJI5IeT C060H na-

JIOJKeHHe )l.BYX rapMOHHqeCKHX a

)l.BHJKeHHH, HMeIOllI.HX pasnue aMnJIHTY)l.bI H pasnsre qaCTOTbI,

qTO B pe3YJIbTaTe npHBO)l.HT

K oxem, CJIOJKHOMY no csoesry

xapaxrepy )l.BHJKeHHIO. O)l.HaKO Pile. 1.25

6JIaro)l.ap51 BJIH5IHHIO 3aTyxaHH5I,

aeyureanoro npn sstaone ypaBHeHH5I (1.23), cnooonnue KOJIe6aHH5I HCqe3aIOT B xoporxoe BpeM5I H n03TOMY B pemeaan OCTaeTC5I TOJIbKO Ta xacrt., KOTOpa51 OTHOCHTC5I K YCTaHoBHBwHMC5I BbIHYJK)l.eHHbIM KOJIe6aHH5IM, nOCTeneHHO nOMepJKHBaeMbIM B036YJK)l.aIOllI.eH CHJIOH.

4aCTHbIH CJIyqaH KOJIe6aHHH npencraanen na pHC. 1.25 rpacpHKoM 3aBHCHMOCTH nepeuetuenaii OT BpeMeHH. Ha WTPHXOBYIO JIHHHIO, npen-

. CTaBJI5IIOllI.YIO BblHYJK)l.eHHble KOJIe6aHH5I C xpyrosoii qaCTOTOH W, HaKJIa)l.bIBaIOTC5I cBo60)l.Hble KOJIe6aHH5I C 60JIee BblCOKOH xpyroaojr qaCTOTOH p H YMeHbwaIOIll.eHC5I BCJIe)l.CTBHe BJIH5IHH5I 3aTyxaHH5I aMnJIHTY)l.oH. TaKHM 06pa30M, pesy JIbTHpYIOIll.ee )l.BH}KeHHe xapaxrepasyerca CnJIOWHOH JIHHHeH, KOTOpa51 nOCTeneHHO npH6JIHJKaeTC5I K WTPHXOBOH JIHHHH, OTHOC5IIll.eHC5I K YCTaHoBHBweMyc5I COCT05lHHIO. Hasansasnt nepnon sroro )l.BHJKeHH5I, T. e. HeCKOJIbKO nepnux UHKJIOB, B KOTOPbIX npHcYTcTBYIOT caorionaue KOJIe6aHH5I, 06blqHO Ha3bIBaeTC5I neucmanoeueuiuucsi cocmosinueu. Haorna npe)l.CTaBJI5IeT npaKTHqeCKHH anrepec H3yqHTb 3TOT BH)I. )l.BHJKeHH5I 60JIee nO)l.p06HO.

AMnJIHTY)l.y CBo6o)l.HbIX KOJIe6aHHH MOJKHO HaHTH H3 orimero peWeHH5I (1.23), paccaorpes aanansasre YCJIOBH5I. TaK JKe, KaK H B n. 1.1, np n t = ° HMeeM X = Xo H X = xo. ITO)l.CTaBJI5I5I B 3TH YCJIOBH5I peurenue (1.23) Hero npOH3BO)l.HYIO no BpeMeHH, HaH)l.eM nOCT05lHHble

(a)

ITO)l.CTaBJI5I5I 3TH nOCT05lHHble B BblpaJKeHHe (1.23), nOJIyqHM

x = Xo cos pt + ~sin pt + 2 q 2 (Sin wt - ~ sin pt). (1.29a)

P P -00 P

ECJIH HaqaJIbHble YCJIOBH5I TaKoBbI, qTO Xo = Xo = 0, 3TO BblpaJKeHHe ynpotuaercs )1.0

x = 2 q 2 (Sin wt - ~ sin pt) .

p -00 P

BblpaJKeHHe (1.296) onncsrsaer nosenenae BO BpeMeHH CHCTeMbI npn )l.eHCTBHH B03MYIll.aIOIll.eH CHJIbI P si n wt H COCTOHT H3 )l.ByX qaCTeH. ITepBa51 OTHOCHTC5I K YCTaHoBHBweMyc5I )l.BHJKeHHIO, paccvorpeaaoay B npenu)l.YIll.eM naparparpe, H nponopuaoaansna sin wt, rorna KaK sropaa xapax-

61

(1296)

Tep113yeT cB060)!,Hble I{OJIe6aHHH 11 nponopunoaansna sin pt. Hx CYMMa He HBJIHCTCH rapMOHHlIeCI{HM )!,BH)!{eHHeM naxce 'ror.na, xorna ra COCTOH1' H3 )!,BYX rapMOHHlIeCI{HX CPYHI{UHH, nOCI{OJIbl{Y COCTaBJIfllOIUHe HMelO1' paamomsre lIaCTOTbI.

ECJIH )!,JIfl B036y)!{)!,alOrueH CHJIbI B3fl1'b CPYHKUHIO P cos wt BMeCTO P sin tat, TO B ssrpaaceauu (1.23) CJIe)!,yeT sin wt 3aMeHHTb na cos wt. B 31'OM CJIYlIae H3 rpaHHlIHhIX yCJ10BHH nOJIYlIaeM CJIe)!'YIOIUHe 3HalleHMH nOC1'OHHHbIX:

C1 == Xu -- ., q 2 '

P"-oo

(6)

OO)!'C1'aHOBKa 3THX 3HalleHHH B peiuenne naer

x = Xo cos pt + _!p_ sin pt + 2 q 2 (cos wt - cos pt). (1.30a)

P P -00

ECJIH nauansnsre YCJIOBHfl HMelOT BH)!, Xo = Xo = 0, TO 31'0, aupaaceane npnaer CPOPMY

x = 2 q 2 (cos ox - cos pt).

P -00

(1.306)

B 3TOM cnyxae 'laC1'h xapaxrepucrmcn CHCTeMhI, OTHOCflIUaHCH K CBO- 60)!'HbIM KOJIe6aHHflM, HMeeT TY )!{e aMnJIHTY)!,Y, liTO H xacrt., onncuaaioiuaa YCTaHOBHBweeCfl COCTOflHHe, aa HCKJIIO'leHHeM MHO)!{HTeJIfl wi p.

OC06hIH mrrepec npencraanser CJIYlIaH, xorna lIaCTOTa CPYHKUHlI noajryutarouiefi CHJIhI panna HJIH oneas 6JIH3Ka K 'laCTOTe CB060)!,HhI x KOJIe6aHliH CIICTeMhI, T. e. xorna ro 1I p 6JIH3KlI. l1cCJIe)!,YH 31'01' CJIYlIaH, BBe)!,eM 0603HalleHlIH

p - w = 28,

(B)

rne 8 - MaJIafl BeJIH'lIIHa. 3aTeM nepenaureu supaaceaae (1.296), ortuCbIBalOIUee peaKUlI10 npn )!'eHcTBlIlI B03MYIUalOrueH CIIJIhI, 3a)!,aBaeMoH CPYHKUlIeH P sin wt, B CJIe)!'YlOrueH 3KBHBaJIeHTHOH cpopMe *:

X= p2q!!.OO2 [Ptoo (sinwt-sinpt)+ P;_oo (SiIlWt+SiIlpt)]. (r)

Hcnoasays rparonoaerpu-recxae CPOPMYJIhI, supaaceaue (r) MO)!{HO npencraaari, B BH)!,e

q/p [(p + co) cos (00 + p) t sin (00 - p) t +

~-~ 2 2

+ (p - o) sin (00 t p) t cos (00 -; p) t ] .

Oo)!,c1'aBJIHH 0603HalleHHfl (B) B aupaaceaae (n), nOJIYlIlIM

q [S in et cos et . ]

X= -2jJ -e-' -cos(p - 8)t - p-e sm(p - 8)t .

X=

()!,)

(e)

* BTO peurenae 6bIJIO rrpe,l\JIOJKeHO B qaCTHOM paarosope B 1970 r. q. Yaaroa H3 OT,l\eJIa TeXHH'leCKOli MexaHHKH <jlHpMbl «I1HTep3KTHB TeKHOJIO,l\)im», r. CaHTa-I\JIapa, llIT. I\aJIHCpOpHH5I.

62

PaCCMaTplfBaH npenen sroro aupaxceaaa, naHJI,eM :I: lim x = - 2q 2 (pt cos pt - sin pt).

8-+0 P

BBOJI,H cpa30BblH yrOJI, MO)!(HO aanncars

x= - ~Acos(pt - ex), p

rJI,e

1 . . . .,......,,-,,-..,---,,-

A = 2 V (pt)2 + I; ex = arctg (- Ilpt).

(1.31a)

(3)

TaKHM 06pa30M, B npenensnoa c.nyxae, xorna ro = p , aMII.nHTY.ll.a KOJIe6aHHH C reseaaev BpeMeHH CTpeMHTCH K 6eCKOHeqHOCTH, KaK noxa- 3aHO na pHC. 1.26, rne CnJIOllIHa51 JIHHH5I npencraanser B 6e3pa3MepHOM BHJI,e supaaceaae (1.31 a), llITpHXOBa51 JIHHH5I - B aHaJIOmqHOM BHJI,e TOJIbKO nepsoe cnaraexoe. MO)!(HO BH.lI.eTb, qTO y)!(e qepe3 xoporxoe BpeMH nepsoe cnaraexoe CTaHOBHTCH xopouref annpOKCHMalI.HeH nOJInoro JI,HHaMHqeCKOrO nOBeJI,eHH5I CHCTeMbI, CJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHO, MO)!(HO npnH5ITb

Ii m x:= - %1 cos pt.

€-+O P

(1.316)

KpHBbIe, npencraanenasre aa pHC. 1.26, nOKa3blBaIOT, qTO B CHCTeMe npn pesoaance aMrrJIHTY.lI.a BblHY)!(.lI.eHHblx KOJIe6aHHii: I1pH OTCYTCTBHH 3aTyxaHH5I TeOpeTHqeCKH cTpeMHTC5I K 6eCKOHeqHOCTH, JI,JI5I .lI.OCTH)!(eHH5I KOTOPOii: Tpe6yeTC5I 6eCKOHeqHO 60JIblllOe BpeMH. TaKHM 06pa30M, npn npoexrnpoaanaa MalllHHbI, B xoropoa HMeeTC5I B03MO)!(HOCTb ynpaanars yrroMHHyTbIM ssnne pe30HaHCUM, He npeJI,CTaBJI5IeT 60JIblllOH TPY.ll.HOCTH acnsrrars ee rrpOXO)!()I.eHHeM qepe3 pe30HaHC npn YCJIOBHH, qTO 3TOT nepexon OCYlll,eCTBJI5IeTC5I HCKJIIOqHTeJIbHO 6bICTpO. O)l.HaKO, KaK 6bIJIO 06Hapy)!(eHO 3KcrrepHMeHTaJIbHO, eCJIH KOJIe6JIIOlll,a5lC5I CHCTeMa TaKOBa, qTO YCTaHOBHBllleeC5I COCT05lHHe JIe)!(HT HH)!(e 30HbI pesoaaaca, TO oxeas CJIO)!(HO rrOBbICHTb qaCTOTY BpallI.eHH5I C TeM, qT06bI3aCTaBHTb YCTaHOBKY npOHTH xepea 30HY pe30HaHca. UOnOJIHHTeJIbHa51 MOlll,HOCTb, 3aTpaQHBaeMa51 )I.JI5I 3TOH lI.eJIH, paCXO)l.yeTC5I na YBeJIHqeHHe aMrrJIHTYJI, KOJIe6aHH5I, a ::mCrrJIyaTalI.HOHHa51 QaCTOTa spautenaa nO)l.BH)!(HbIX QaCTeH YCTaHOBKH H3MeH5IeTC5I MaJIO.

Koraa QaCTOTa CPYHKlI.IlH B03- MYlll,aIOllI.eH CHJIbl 6JIH3Ka K QaCTOTe KOJIe6aHHH CHCTeMbI (HO

... Bapaaceaae (1.3Ia) MOJKeT 6b1Tb nOJlY'IeHO npaxeaeaaex K BblpaJKeHIlIO (1.296) npaaana Jlorraraaa.

f -zpt cos pt.

-f ipt. cospt-sinpt.}

Pile. 1.26

63

x 2Jr
~~ -:1 ,f _-- -_ ~
1'/ , "n'
I/r(~/ ~~ ,/(( <,
-,
-,
-. /
Gi'<'"V ,V/y "\(lJ /// "pt
~ "-1.1 / <,
'" '<, y/ <, ,
<, ,
- "l.l, . -
p1r PRC. 1.27

TO'lHO He pasna), MOlKeT Ha6JIIO)l.aTbCH HBJIeHHe, aaauaaeuoe tiuenuesc. 3TO HBJIeHHe onHCbIBaeTCH aupaacennea (e), npH'leM )l.ocniTO'lHO xoponree npH6JIHlKeHHe )l.JIH )l.HHaMH'leCKOrO nOBe)l.eHHH CHCTeMbI nOJIynaercs H3 ynpomenaoa cpOpMy JIbI, BKJIlOqalOIlI,eH B ce6H TOJIbKO nepaoe cnaraeaoe:

q sin et t

X ~ - 2pe COS p .

(1.32)

flOCKOJIbKY BeJIHqHHa B B npe)l.CTaBJIeHHH (1.32) MaJIa, CPYHKIIHH sin Bt H3MeHHeTCH Me)l.JIeHHO, a ee nepnon, paBHbIH 2n/c, HBJIHeTCH 60JIbIllHM. CJIe)l.oBaTeJIbHO, MOlKHO c-nrra'n., qTO npencraanenue (1.32) onnCbIBaeT KOJIe6aHHH C nepnonoa 2nlp H nepexeaaoa aMnJIHTY)l.oH, pasnoa (qI2pB) sin ei. Taxoro pona KOJIe6aHHH napacraior H saryxaior B Blf)l.e nepnonnsecxux 6HeHHH, nOKa3aHHblX aa pHC. 1.27. Ilepnon 6HeHHH, paBHbIH sue, YBeJIH'lHBaeTCH, xorzia qaCTOTa KOJIe6aHHH npH6JIHlKaeTCH K 'laCTOTe p (T. e. npn B --* 0). Ilpn pesonaace nepnon 6HeHHH CTaHOBHTCH 6eCKOHeqHbIM, a POCT aMnJIHTY)l.bI - aenpepusmra, KaK BH)l.HO H3 pHC. 1.26.

Ilpaxep. BepxHRH KOHeu: npyaoun; (CM. pRC. 1.23) RMeeT rrocToHHHYJO, aanpasaeaHYJO BHH3 CKOPOCTb va, KOTopaH B aexoropua MOMeHT t = 0 CTaHOBHTCH CKOPOCTbJO npocroro rapMOHHqeCKOrO .n.BHJKeHHH nana

XOIJ = ~sin tot, 00

Onpenenars nOJIHOe aupasceane, onacsraaiomee xapaxrep nocneayiomero .n.BHJKeHHH nonsemeanoro aa rrPYJKHHe rpysa W.

Petuenue, B 9TOM cay-rae HaqaJIbHble YCJIOBHH .n.BHJKeHHH HMeJOT BH.n.

Xo = 0; io = Vo· rIo.n.CTaBJIHH 9TH 3HaqeHHH B supaaceaae (a), rrOJIyqHM

C = o· c = ~ = qw/p

1 , 2 P p2 _ 002

BHOBh rro.n.CTaBJIHH Haii.n.eHHble 3HaqeHRH rrOCTOHHHblX B aupaaceuae (I.23) H yqRTblBaH qTO B 9TOM cnynae HMeeT MeCTO

kgd p2t'0

qOIJ=-- =p2d= __ ,

W 00

64

llaH)I,eM acxovoe petnenne )l,JHl peaxnaa

volw (. 003.)

X= 1 212 smoot --., smpt •

- 00 IP P"

(M)

3A,1J,AlIH

1. 7.1.. )].JIli CHCTeMbl, noxaaaanon na pHC. 1.23, )l,aHbl sec rpysa W = 45,4 H H :lKeCTKOCTb npyscaasr k = 1,79·103 HIM. Ilpennonaraercs, 'ITO aoseymaiomas CHJIa onacsmaerca <pYHK~Heii P sin wi, r)l,e P = 9,1 H H 00 = IOn c-l, H Ha'IaJIbHble YCJID-

BHll CYTb Xo = Xo = 0 npa t = O. Onpenemrrs CKOPOCTb H nepeaeuienae rpysa W B MOMeHT BpeMeHII t = 1 c.

O/11.8em: Xl = 3,73.10-3 M, Xl = 3, 1·1O-~ M/c.

1. 7.2. l(aKHMH 6Y)l,YT nepeaemenae H CKOPOCTb rpysa W 1I3 npe)l,bl)l,y~eii 3Ma'IH B MOMeHT BpeMeHH t = 1 c, eCJIH B036Y:lK)I,alO~all CHJIa onncsrsaerca He <pYHK~Heii P sin .wt, a <pYHK~Heii P cos wt? Ilpennoaaraerca, 'lTO see OCTaJIbHble HCXO)l,Hbie )l,aHHble TaKHe :lKe, KaK II B aanaae 1.7.1.

O/11.8em: Xl ~ -8,9.10-4 M, Xl = 4,6· IO-~ ulc;

1. 7.3. DOJIY'IHTb supaxeaae, aHaJIOrH'IHoe (1.31a), npa YCJIOBHH, 'ITO B036Y:lK)I,aiouiaa CHJIa onHCbIBaeTClI He <pYHK~Heii P sin wi, a <pYHK~Heii P cos tat,

Omeem: x = ~~ sin pl.

1. 7.4. )].JIli aanaxa 1.7.3 nocrpoars B 6e3pa3MepHblx KOOp)l,HHaTaX rparpax 3aBHCHMOCTH nepexemenaa CHCTeMbi OT BpeMeHH, aHaJIoru'IHblii npaneneanoay aa pHC. 1.26.

1.8. CB060)J.HbIE KOJlE6AHH5I C B5I3KHM )J.EMn <lJ H PO BAH HEM

B npensuryumx o6cY)K)l.eHHHX CBo6o)l.HbIX H BbIHY)K)l.eHHbIX KOJle6aHHH He paCCMaTpHBaJlOCb BJlHHHHe )l.HCCHnaTHBHbIX CHJI, TaKHX, KaK CHJlbI TpeHH5I HJlH conpOTHBJleHH5I soanyxa. B peay.nsrare 6bIJlO I10JlY'IeHO, 'ITO aMI1J1HTY)l.a CBo60)l.HblX KOJle6aHHH OCTaeTC5I HeH3MeHHOH C Te'IeHHeM BpeMeHH, HO, KaK I10Ka3blBalOT 3KCI1epIIMeHTbI, aMI1J111TY)l.a C 're'IeHHeM speaeaa YMeHbiliaeTC5I, II KOJle6aHIl51 I10CTeI1eHHO aaryxaror. B cnyxae BbIHY)K)l.eHHbIX KOJle6aHIIH 113 reopna cnenyer, 'ITO I1pH peaoaaace aMI1J111TY)l.a MO)KeT B03paCTaTb 6ecnpe)l.eJlbHO. O)l.HaKO, KaK 113BeCTHO, scnencraae )l.eMmllllpOBaHIl51 aMI1J111TY)l.a npa YCTaHoBHBIIIeMc5I I10Be)l.eHHll CHCTeMbI scerna HMeeT uexoropyio KOHe'lHYIO BeJlH'IHHY )l.a)Ke npH pe30HaHce .

.LI.Jl5I roro 'ITo6bI nposecra aHaJlHTH'IeCKOe o6cY)K)l.eHHe KOJle6aHHH npn JlY'IIIIeM COOTBeTCTBHH )l.eHCTBlneJlbHbIM YCJlOBIl5lM, aeorixonaao Y'IeCTb BJlHHHHe iJeMncpupylO/.l{UX CUA. 3Tll CHJlbI MoryT HMeTb pa3J1H'IHOe npOHCXO)K)l.eHHe: rpenue Me)K)l.y CyXHMH I10BepXHocTHMH CKOJlb)KeHH51, TpeHHe Me)K)l.Y CMa3aHHblMH I10BepXHOCT5IMH, COI1pOTHBJleHHe soanyxa HJIH )KH)l.KOCTH, 3J1eKTpH'IeCKOe )l.eMI1(llllpoBaHHe, aayrpeaaee rpenne, 06YCJlOBJleHHOe HecoBepIIIeHHOH ynpyrccrsic MaTepHaJlOB, H T. )l.. Cpenn scex ynoMHHYTbIX I1PH'IHH pacceaaaaas 3HeprHH CJlY'laH, B KOTOPOM .n.eMmllllpYIOlI.J,aH CHJla nponopuaonansua CKOPOCHI (TaK Ha3b1BaeMOe essxoe oesuupupoeauues, 51BJl5IeTC5I npoCTeHIIIHM C TO'lKH 3peHH5I xareMaTH'IeCKOrO HCCJle)l.OBaHHH. D03TOMY CHJlbI conpOTHBJleHHH, llMelOlI.J,ne 60Jlee CJlO)KHYIO np apozry, 06bI'IHO 3aMeH5IIOT npu accnenoaanaax EJKGU8a-

3 THMoweHXO C. 11. H p,p. 65

Pile. 1.28

nenmuuu 8fl3KUM oeMnqJUp08aHUeM . .:.9KBHBaJIeHntoe ,lI.eMrtqJl1poBaHHe Orrpe)l,eJI5IIOT H3 YCJIOBHH, tIT06bI sa O)l,HH lI,HKJI npn HeM paCCeHBaJIOCb CTO,lbKO »ce sneprnn, CKOJIbKO H npn )l,eHCTBHH peaJIbHbIX CHJI conpOTI1BJIeHHH. Hanpuaep, C noaoiusro raxoro noztxcna MO)KHO paCCMaTpHBaTb )l,eMrrrpapoaaaae, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOe BHYTpeHHHM TpeHHeM.

PaCCMOTpHM reneps CJIyqaH, COCTOHIll,HH H3 npY)f{HHbI H cocpenoroneaaof MaCCbI CHCTeMbI, B KOTOPOH HMeeTCH BH3Koe )l,eMncpHpOBaHHe 6JIaro)J.ap51 HaJIHqHIO )l,eMrrcpepa (pHC. 1.28). Ilpennonaraerca, qTO B5I3KaH )f{H)l,KOCTb B )l,eMrrcpepe OKa3bIBaeT nponopnaonansuce CKOPOCTH conpOTHBJIeHHe )l,BH)f{eHHIO. B .3TOM cay-rae )l,HcpcpepeHlI,HaJIbHOe ypaaaenue )l,BH)KeHHH HMeeT BH)l,

_!_ x = W - (W + kx) - ex. g

(a)

KO.3cpcpHlI,HeHT e rrpe)l,CTaBJI5IeT C060H KOf){j)(/JUl{UeHm 8fl3KOZO Besuupupoeauust HJIH nocmosuaupo oesuubupoeanusi H HMeeT pasaepnocn, CHJIbI, OTneceuaoii K enaanne CKOpOCTH. 3HaK MHHyC nepen )l,eMncpHPYIOIlI,eii: CHJIOH osnaxaer, qTO .3Ta CHJIa scerna HMeeT aanpaanenae, npOTHBOnOJIO)f{Hoe HanpaBJIeHHIO CKOpOCTH. Pa3)l,eJIHB JIeBYIO H npanyto qaCTH ypaaHeHH5I (a) na Wig H BBe)l,H 0603HaqeHH5I

2 _ kg. 2 cg

p -W' n=w'

(6)

rrOJIyqHM ypannenae e806ooHblX KOAe6aHuu e 8fl3KU.M oeundnipo eanueu

X + 2nx + p2X= 0. (1.33)

ITpH HCCJIe)l,OBaHHH .3TOrO ypaBHeHHH BOCIIOJIb3yeMcH 06bIqHbIM MeTO)l,OM pemenas JIHHeii:Hblx )l,HcpcpepeHlI,HaJIbHbIX ypaBHeHHH C IIOCTOHHHbIMH KO.3cpcpHlI,HeHTaMH H BbI6epeM cJIe)l,YIOIlI,ee npencrasneaae )l,JIH HCKOMoro peureans :

x = Ce",

(B)

r)l,e e - OCHOBaHHe HaTypaJIbHOrO .noraparpaa; t - BpeMH; r - IIOCT05IHHa5I, onpenenaeaas H3 YCJIOBH5I roro, qTO npencraanenae (B) )l,OJI)KHO Y)l,OBJIeTBOp5ITb ypaBHeHHIO (1.33). ITO)l,CTaBJIHH IIpe)l,CTaBJIeHHe (B) B ypaaaeane (1.33), rrOJIyqHM r2 + 2nr + p2 = 0, orxyna HaXO)l,HM

r = - n + V n2 - p2 •

(r)

PaCCMOTpHM cuanana cJIyqaii:, xorna BeJIHqHHa n2, 3aBHC5IIll,aH OT )l,eMIIcpHpoBaHHH, MeHbme p". Torna BeJIHqHHa p1 = p2 - n2 rrOJIO)KHTeJIbHa H pemeHH5IMH xsanparaoro ypaBHeHH5I 5IBJIHIOTC5I nsa KOMIIJIeKCHbIX KOPHH:

1'1 = - n + ipjJ.; 1'2 = - n - ipjJ..

ITO)l,CTaBJIH5I .3TH 3HatIeHH5I nOCT05IHHbIX B supaacenae (B), IIOJIyqHM ABa pemeuaa ypaBHeHHH (1.33). CYMMa HJIH paaaocrs .3THX AByX peure-

66

HHfI, YMHO)KeHIlbIX na npOH3BOJIbHYlO nOCTOflHHYlO, TaK)Ke 6y~eT peuieHHeM. B TaJ(0"'! CJlY4ae HMeeM

Xl = ~l (er,t + er2t) = Cie»! COS PAt; C

x2 = 2t (er.,t _ er2t) = Cse:"! sin PAt.

CYMMHPY5I 3TH peWeHH5I, nOJIY4HM oomee pemeane ypaBHeHH5I (1.33):

x = e="! (CI cos P,;,! + C2 sin PAt), (1.34)

rne CI II C2 - nOCT05IHHble, xoropue ~OJI)KHbI onpe~eJI51TbC5I H3 na- 4aJIbHbIX YCJIOBI1H. MHO)KHTeJIb e='" B pemeann (1.34) YMeHbWaeTC5I' C Te4eHlfeM BpeMeHI1, n03TOMY B03HI1KUIHe BHa4aJIe KOJIe6aHI151 6Y~YT noCTeneHHO saryxari..

Bupasceane B KpyrJIbIX cK06Kax H3 peUIeHH51 (1.34) cosnanaer no ¢opMe C nOJIY4eHHbIM panee peurenaev ~JI51 3a~a411 0 KOJIe6aHI151X 6e3 ~eMn¢l1pOBaHI15I [CM. peuienne (1.2) 1. OHO npe~CTaBJI5IeT C060H nepno,lL114ecKYlO ¢yHKIJ.HlO C xpyrosof tIaCTOTOH

Ha3bIBaeMYIO KpY20eou «acmomoa samuxatotuux KOAe6aHUU npu oeJrtn¢Upoeanuu. COOTBeTCTBYlOIIJ,I1H eH nepnon

211: 211: !

1: A = -P-A = -P- -::Vr=! =_='=;::( n:::::;2=; p:::::;2):=

CpaBHI1Ba51 3Ty BeJIl1tIHHY C BeJIl1tIl1HOH 1: = 2nlp nepnona, nOJIytIeHHOH panee ,lLJI51 KOJIe6aHHH 6e3 ,lLeMn¢l1pOBaHI151, BI1~I1M, 410 nepuoii KOAe6aflUU c iiesuubupoeanueu 1:11 5lBJI5IeTC51 66JIbWeH BeJII14I1HoH. O,lLHaKO, eCJII1 n MeHbwe p, TO 3TO YBeJIl1tIeHl1e 5IBJI51eTC51 HaCTOJIbKO He3HatIl1TeJIbHbIM, tITO 11M MO)KHO npeneripeus. na)Ke eCJIH KOBrjJc/JUt{ueHm oeurubupoeanun nip ,lLOCTHraeT TaKOH 60JIbUIOH BeJIH4HHbI, KaK 0,2, OTHOUIeHHe xaCTOT Pilip 6JIlI3KO K enHHHIJ.e, tITO BH,lLHO 113 pHC. 1.29, rne nOKa3aH rparpnx

¢YHKIJ.HI1 ..E.!!. = V' 1 - n: , npe,lLCTaBJI5IlOr.u.HH C060H ypasuenae OK-

P P

PY)KHOCTH B nepsov xaanpaure. p !p

nJI51 onpeneaenns nOCT05IHHbIX A

CI 11 C2, BXO,lL51IIJ,HX B peurenne (1.34), npe,lLnOJIO)KHM, tITO B nauans-

HbIH MOMeHT npn t = ° B npouecce

,KoJIe6aHI151 TeJIO cwemaerca OT nOJIO-

)KeHH5I paBHOBeCH5I na BeJIHtIHHY Xo

If I1MeeT HatIaJIbHYlO CKOPOCTb Xo.

110,lLCTaBJI5I5I 3TH ztanmae B peuie-

RIfe (1.34) H B ero npoH3BO,lLHYlO

no BpeMeRH, HaH~eM

3*

(e)

nip

a 0,2

1,0

PRe. 1.29

67

x
A
Xo
a
I t
1
I
1
I __ -- m,'
1---
____ ---
-A
dA !'A
PA Puc. 1.30

DO,ll.cTaBJIHH Haii,ll.eHHble aaaseaas ()K) nOCTOHHHbIX B pemeaae'(LSd), nOJIyqllM

( Xo + nxo • )

x = e="! Xo cos Pli + sin. PlJ,t .

p,,-

(1.35)

B 3TOM ssrpascenaa nepsoe cnaraevoe, npouopunoaansnoe cos PAt, 3aBliCHT OT HaqaJIbHOrO nepexemenas xu, rorna KaK sropoe cnaraexoe, nponopunonansnoe sin P11.t, 3aBliCHT KaK OT HaqaJIbHOrO nepeaeurenas xu, TaK H OT HaqaJIbHOH CKOPOCTli xo.

Bsrpaacenae (1.35) MO)KeT ObITb sanacano B 3KBliBaJIeHTHOH cpopMe

x = Ae-nt cos (pi - a]l;)' (1.36)

rne

eCTb MaKCliMaJIbHOe 3HaqeHlle aMnJIllTy,ll.~;

alJ, = arctg Cc2 = arctg ( Xo + nxo ) • (n)

1 PlI,Xo

MO)KHO csarars, qTO ssrpaaceaae (1.36) onncsrsaer nceanorapaonnsecxoe ,lI.Bll)KeHHe C YMeHbUIalOIu:eiic51 no 3KcnOTeHU:llaJIbHOMY 3aKOHY aMnJIHTY,ll.oii Ae-nt, C cpa30BbIM yrJIOM alJ, II nepnonoa TlJ, = 2nlplJ,. Ha puc. 1.30 nOKa3aH rpadmx sroro ,lI.BH)KeHllH. Oraoaiomas, ypasneaae KOTOPOH HMeeT Bll,ll. +Ae-nt, xacaercs sroro rparpmca B TOqKaX m., mi, mz, m2, ... , opnanaru KOTOPbIX OTCTOHT npyr OT npyra na onnnaxoBOM BpeMeHHOM anrepaane Tn/2. DOCKOJIbKY xacareasnue, npoxonsume B 3TllX TOqKaX, He HBJIHIOTCH rop1130HTaJIbHbIMll, TOqKH xacaaua He cosnanator C TOqKaMH MaKCllMYMa cnemenaa OT nOJIO)KeHHH paBHOBeCliH. ECJIli K03CPCPllU:lleHT ,lI.eMncplipOBaHliH MaJI, pa3JIllqlleM B noaoacenan 3TIIX TOqeK MO)KHO npeaecpess. O,ll.HaKO BO scex CJIYlIaHX BpeMeHHOH anrep-

68

BaJI Me)l(,[l_Y ,nBYMH COCe,nHI1MH KpaHHHMH CMelll.eHH5IMH paaen nOJIOBHHe nepuona 't;:/2. LLJIH nposepxn sroro YTBep)K,neHH5I nponaqxpepenuupyea nsrpaacenae (1.36) O,nHH paa no BpeMeHH, B pe3YJIbTaTe nOJIYllHM CKOPOCTb rena npn KOJIe6aHH5IX

X = -Ae-ntplIsin(pi - all) - Ane-nt cos (p]/ - aA).

DpHpaBHHBa51 3TO ssrp azaeuae K HYJlIO, HaH,neM

tg(Pr...t - aJ = - ;lI..

TaKHM 06pa30M, TOllKH MaKCHMYMOB CMelll.eHH5I, rne CKOPOCTH pasuu HYJIIO, pacnoaaraiorca na O)],HHaKOBOM BpeMeHHOM HHTepBaJIe t = = nlplI. = 't.)2.

CKOPOCTb )]'eMn<pHpOBaHH5I KOJIe6aHHH 3aBHCHT OT K03<p<pHUHeHTa )],eMII<pHpOBaHH5I nip, npn 3TOM, KaK BH)],HO H3 pHC. 1.30, OTHOllIeHHe ABYX cocennnx aMIIJIHTY,n

x",' Ae -nt i II

m __ -:-;--;-----,- = em:lI. = e • (K)

XM <1+1) Ae -n (t i + "11)

BeJIHlIHHa {) = n't;1. Ha3bIBaeTC5I noeapudiuusecsuu aeKpeMeHmoM

samqxanusi H onpenenaerca no cJIe)]'YIOllI.eH <POp My Jle:

{) = In XMi = m; = 2nn ~ 2nn . (1.37)

XM (i+1) lI. PlI. P

<l>0PMYJIY (1.37) MO)KHO HCnOJlb30BaTb )],JI5I 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHOro onpe)],eJIeHH5I napaverpa )]'eMn<pHpoBaHH5I n. LLJl51 sroro Heo6xo)],HMO TOJIbKO onpenemrrs H3 sxcnepnxeara OTHOllIeHHe )],BYX cocennax aMnJIHTY)], KOJle6aHHH. O)],HaKo 60JIbllIa51 TOllHOCTb 6y)]'eT )],OcTHrHYTa B TOM CJIYlIae, eCJlH HCnOJlb30BaTb OTHOllIeHHe )],BYX aMnJlHTY)]" OTAeJIeHHbIX j uHKJIaMH. B 3TOM CJIYlIae rpopay.na (K) npHHHMaeT BH)],

(JI)

a JIOrapH<pMHlIeCKHH nexpeuenr onpenenaercs aupaaceanea

() = ~ In XMi (M)

1 xM <i+j)

B npHBe)],eHHOM asnue o6CY)K)]'eHHH ypaBHeHH5I (1.30) rtpennonara. JIOCb, liTO n < p, ECJIH )Ke n > p, KOpHH (r) 6YAYT ,neHcTBHTeJlbHbIMH H oTpHuaTeJIbHbIMH. DO)]'CTaBJl5l51 HX 3HalleHH5I B supaaceane (B), nOJlYlIHM nsa peureaas ypaBHeHH5I (1.33), rorna oomee pemeaae npnaer BH)],

x = Cle"t + C2e,.t. (1.38)

B 3TOM cnysae pemeaae He 51BJI5IeTCH nepHO)],HlIeCKHM H He onacsrsaer KOJle6aTeJIbHorO )],BH)KeHHH. BH3Koe conpOTHBJIeHHe TaK BeJIHKO, xro xorna TeJIO CMemaeTC5I OT IIOJIO)KeHH5I paBHOBeCH5I, OHO He cosepuraer KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIX )],BH)KeHHH, a nOCTeneHHO )],BH)KeTC5I 06paTHO B nOJIO)KeHHe paBHOBecHH. B no)]'o6HOM CJIYlIae CHCTeMa Ha3bIBaeTC5I nepeiiesuubupoeannoa, a ee )],BH)KeHHe anepuoouuecsusc.

69

nOCT05lHHble, BXO)!.51Il1,He B peuienue (1.38), MQ}KHO onpenernrrt., nO)!.CTaBHB 3HaqeHH5I x = Xo H X = Xu npn t ~-co 0 B cavo peurenne H B ero nepnyio npOH3BO)!.HYlO: CI + C2 = Xo; rlCI + r2C2 = Xo, orxyna HaXO)!.HM

( 1.39)

06Il1,HH BH)!. KPHBOH, onHCbIBalOIlI,eH peurenne (1.39), 3aBHCHT 01' BeJIHqHH n, Xo H xo.

Me.IK)!.y CJIyqa5lMH He)!.OCTaTOqHOrO )!.eMncpHpoBaHH5I H nepenexnrpapOBaHH5I HaXO)!.HTC5I CneUHaJIbHbIH CJIyqaH n = p . xorna crenens )!.eMncpHpOBaHH5I TaKOBa, qTO )!.BH.lKeHHe CHCTeMbI anepaue naunnaer rep srs CBOH KOJIe6aTeJIbHbIH xapaxrep. HCnOJIb3Y51 0603HaqeHH5I (6), )!.JI5I sroro cnynas HaXO)!.HM

(0)

rne sepes cHp 0603HaqeH tcpumuuecxuti K08rjJrjJulfuerlm 8fl3K020 8eMnrjJupoeanusi. .ll.JI5I CJIyqa51 KpHTHqeCKOrO )!.eMrrcpHpoBaHH5I, xorna n = p ; H3 Bblpa.IKeHH5I (r) CJIe)!.yeT, qTO r1 = r2 = -p H PA = O. Torna KaK peureaus (1.35) H (1.36) 6Y)!.YT OTHOCHTbC5I K qaCTHOMY caynaio KpaTHbIX xopaeii xapaKTepHCTHqeCKOrO ypaBHeHH5I H npuxyr BH)!.

x = C1e-pl + C2te-PI• (1.40)

nO)!.cTaBJI5I5I B peiueane (1.40) Hero nepnyro npOH3BO)!.HYlO sananaue HaqaJIbHble YCJIOBH5I, HaH)!.eM

C1 = Xu; C2 = Xo + nx.; Torna 06Il1,ee peureune npnaer BH)!.

x = e=t" [xo + (xo + nxo) tl.

(n)

(1.41 )

Ha pHC. 1.31 npencraanensr xpuaae. onacsmaromne 3aBHCHMOCTb nepeaemenua 01' BpeMeHH B COOTBeTCTBHH C BblpmKeHHeM (1.41) np n CPHKcHpoBaHHoM 3HaqeHHH Xo H HeCKOJIbKHX 3HaqeHH5IX xO . .ll.JI5I )!.ByX sepxuux KpHBbIX 1 H 2 HaqaJIbHa51 CKOPOCTb 6bJ.TIa nOJIo)!<HTeJIbHoli; )!.JI5I KPHBOH 3 - paanoa HyJIlO, a )!.JI5I KpHBbIX 4 H 5 - oTpHuaTeJIbHoI1.

B )!.aJIbHeiiIliHx 06cY.IK)!.eHH5Ix 6y)!.eM scerna CqHTaTb BeJIHqHHY n nOJIO.IKHTeJIbHOH, T. e. 6y)!.eM npenrro.narars. qTO )!.eMncpHpoBaHHe npenCTaBJI5IeT C060H CHJIY conpOTHBJIeHH5I. Tor)!.a npH ee )!.eHcTBHH 6y)!.eT npoHcxo)!.HTb pacceHBaHHe 3HeprHH, aMnJIHTy)!.a KOJIe6aHHH 6y)!.eT noCTeneHHO YMeHbiliaTbC5I, a )!.BH.lKeHHe - saryxars. O)!.HaKo HMelOTC5I CJIyqaH, xorna npn )!.BH.lKeHHH B cHcTeMY rrpHBHOCHTC5I 3HeprH5I, B pe- 3YJIbTaTe xero C reseaaen BpeMeHII nponcxonnr YBeJIHqeHHe aMnJIHTY)!.bI KOJIe6aHHH. B no)!.06HbIX cnyxaax uaorna HCrrOJIb3YlOT TepMHH ompuuamensnoe 8eMnrjJupo8aflue. H3 Bblpa.IKeHH5I (1.34) BH)!.HO, qTO eCJIH n - orpauareasnaa BeJIHqHHa, TO MHO.IKHTeJIb e=! YBeJIHqHBaeTC5I C resre-

70

x

PHC. 1.31

Hl1eM BpeMeHH, BCJIe,lI,CTBl1e tIero nOCTeIleHHO YBeJIHtIHBalOTCH H aMIlJIHTYJl,bJ KOJIe6aHI1H. CJIYtIaH IlOJIO)!(I1TeJIbHOH BeJIHtIl1HbI n (xorna KOJIe6aHI1H saryxaror) OTHOCHTCH K ycmOuttU8oMY a8UJlCeHUIO, rorna KaK CJIYtIaH OTpHuaTeJIbHOH: BeJIHtIHHbI n - K HeycmOUttU80MY a8tlJICeHUIO.

Ilpaaep 1. Teno, coaepuratoutee KOJle6aHHH npn HaJlH'IHH BH3Koro ,n:eMl](jmpoBaHHH, nenaer 10 rrOJlHbIX KOJle6aHHH B cexyuny H sepes 100 UHKJlOB aannnryna ero KOJle6aHHH yaeasuraercs na 10 %. Onpeaenars JlOrapHcpMH'IeCKHH: nexpeaenr, rrapaxerp .n;eMrrcpHpoBaHHH H K03cpcpHUHeHT .n;eMrrcpHpoBaHHH nip. KaK YMeHbUlHJlclI 6bl nepncn KOJle6aHHH, eCJlH 6bl He 6blJlO .n;eMrrcpHpOBaHHH?

Petuenue . TIo <jJopMyJle (M) onpeneasea JlOrapHcpMH'IeCKHH: nexpexear

6 = nT~ = I~O In ( b:~ ) = 0,001054.

Ilepnon Tn= 0,1 c, 'IaCTOTa - Pn = 2'Jth:lJ,= 62,83 c-1. TaKHM 06pa30M nonyvaev, 'ITO napaxerp ,n:eMrrcpHpOBaHHlI n = 0,01054 c-1, a K03cpcpHUHeHT .n;eMrrcpHpoBaHHH

.!!__ ~ _!!:_ = 0,01054 = 0,000168.

P PlJ, 62,83

113 supaxceaua (e) caenyer, 'ITO OTHOUleHHe nepnonos npa He,n:eMrrcpHpOBaHHbIX KOJIe6aHHlIX K rrepHO,n:y rrpH KOJIe6aHHlIX C .n;eMrrcpHpOBaHHeM

1/ n2 -. / n2

r/Tl1.= / I-y~ V 1- p~ =VI-2,82·WB•

npHMep 2. Onpenennrs 06W;IIH BH,n: 3aBIICIIMOCTH nepeueuienaa OT BpeMeHH npn ,n:BIIlKeHHH nonaetueuaon aa npyscnne cocpenoronenaos Maccbl, xorna Ha'laJIbHOe nepeaeutenae paBHO Xo, a Ha'laJIbHaH CKOPOCTb paana HyJIIO, eCJIH .n;eMrrcpHpOBaHHe 60JIbUle KpHTH'IeCKOrO, T. e. npn n ;» p.

Petuenue, TIo.n;CTaBJIlIH sanaasue aaxansnsre YCJIOBHH x = Xo H Xo = ° B nupa}KeHHe (1.39), rrOJ.Iy'lHM

x = Xo (r1e'2t _ '2e"t).

r1 -'2

.lI.BalKJ\bl ,n:HcpcpepeHUHpYH 3TO aupaacenae rro BpeMeHH, HaH)I,eM

(p)

CKOPOCTb H YCKopeHHe

(c)

(T)

71

113 aupasceaaa (C) BH.n.HO, qTO CKOPOCTb panna HyJlIO npa t = () H t = 00 H orpnuarensua .n.Jlll scex npOMe)KYTOqHbIX MOMeHTOB BpeMeHH t, nOCKOJlbKY 06a xopua '1 H '2 orpauarensuu. ).LJllI roro qTo6bl HaHTH apexx f1, npn KOTOPOM 9Ta OTpHu.3TeJlbH311 BeJlllqllH3 CKOPOCTll llMeeT HaH60Jlblllee snaseaae, npnpannaex HyJlIO uupaxcenae (T), OTKy.n.a HaH.n.eM

tl = In (r2/'l) '1- '2

(y)

113 BbIpa)KeHllH (c), (T) 11 (y) cnenyer. qTO xpusaa, ormcuaarouiaa 3aBllCllMOCTb nepeMellleHHlI OT BpeMeHH, HMeeT 06ll1Hll BH.n., aHaJlOfHqHblH KPHBOH 3 (CM. pHC. 1.31). ).LJllI JlI060H KOHKpeTHoH CHCTeMbl C 3a.n.aHHb1M Ko9<jJ¢Hu.HeHToM B1I3Koro .n.eMn¢HpoBallHlI C rosaue napaxerpsr KPI1BOH MO)KHO YCTaHoBllTb, ynaruaaa, qTO

'1 = -n + V n2 - p2; r~ = -n - V n" - p:l,

rae n H p onpenenmorcn H3 Bblpa)KeHHH (6).

3A,lJ.A4H

1.8.1. Teao BeCOM W = 45,4 H onapaercs aa npyxcauy C )KeCTKOCTblO k =

1,79.103 HIM H coenanaercs C fH.n.paBJlHqeCKHM .n.eMn¢epoM (CM. pHC. 1.28), orperYJlHpOBaHHbIM TaKHM o6pa30M, qTO OH C03.n.aeT CHJlY conporaanenaa, paBlIYIO 4,54 X X 10-2 H npa CKOPOCTH 2,54·1O-~ M/c.B KaKOM OTHOllleHHH YMeHblllHTClI axnnaryna KOJle63HHH nocJle 10 U.HKJlOB KOJle6aHHH?

Omeem: 0,539/1.

1.8.2. I'pys BeCOM W = 9,1 H nonsemea aa npY)KHHe C )KeCTKOCTblO k = 1,79 X

X 102 HIM H noaaepxea .n.eMn¢HpoBaHHIO TaK, qTO n = V5p12. B nepaoaaxansaoa nOJlO)KeHHH rpyay sanaercs nepeaemenae xli = 5,1·1O-~ M. Kaxosa 6y.n.eT MaKCHMaJlbHall orpauareasnas CKOPOCTb, xorna TeJlO BepHeTClI B nOJlO)KeHHe paBHOBeCHlI?

Omeem: -0,24 ulc,

1.8.3. Ilonaeureausnt H3 nPY)KHHe C )KeCTKOCTblO k = 1,79.102 HIM B YCJlOBHlIX KpHTHqeCKOrO .n.eMn¢HpoBallHlI rpys HMeeT sec W = 17,5 H. ECJlH rpY3Y sanaau lI3- qaJlbHbIe cxeuteaae Xo = 2,54,10-2 M H CKOPOCTb Xo = 0,31 M/c, TO 33 xaxoe BpeMlI t nocae nasana .n.BH)KeHHl! TeJlO .n.OCTHrHeT nOJlO)KEBHlI p3BHOBeCHlI X = O? Hacxoasxo npa STOM rpys CMeCTHTCl! OT nOJlO)KeHHlI paBHOBeCHlI, T. e. qEMY qHCJleHlIO paBHO .n.OCTHraeMoe 11M aaarionsuree orpauarensnoe CMellleHHe?

Omeem: t = 0,5 c; (-x)max = 1,26·10- 5 M.

1.8.4. Ilonseureuaua aa nPY)KHHe rpys BeCOM W = 9, I H KOJle6J1eTCl! C nepaO.n.OM 'tA = 1/2 C, HMelOllIeeCll B STOH CHCTeMe .n.eMn¢HpOBaHHe TaKOBO, qTO nocne .n.eClITH nozusrx UHKJlOB KOJle6aHHH aMnJlHTy.n.a YMeHb1ll3eTClI OT Xl = 5, I . IO-~ M no Xu = = 2,55.10-2 M. Onpeneaars K03¢<PHu.HeHT B1I3Koro .n.eMn¢llpoBallHlI c.

Omeem: C = 2,55.10-1 H·c/M.

1.8.5. CHcTeMa npY)KHH C cOCpe.n.oTOqeHHOH xaccof llMeeT co6cTBeHHYlO qaCToTY KOJle6aHHll f B cayxae, xorna OTCYTcTByeT .n.eMn¢HpoB3HHe. BblqHCJlHTb qaCTOTY KOJle6aHHll t. xorna K03¢¢HUHeHT assxoro .n.eMn¢HpOBaHHl! C = cHp/2.

Omeem: fA = V3f/2.

t .9. BblHY)I(.1I.EHHbIE K0J1E6AHIHI C B5I3KHM .1I.EMnct>HPOBAHHEM

B npenunyiuea naparparpe OhIJUI paCCMOTpeHhI CBOoo)J,HhIe KOJleOaHIHI nonsenreanoa na npY)KHHe cocpenoroxenaoii MaCChI C B513KHM )J,eMn<pH- pOBaHHeM. PaCCMOTpHM cJlYlJaii, xorna xpoae CHJlhI ynpyrocrn - kx, r03HHKaIOIll,eii: B npY)KHHe npn paCT51)KeHlfH, H CHJlhI conpOTHBJleHII5l - ex HMeeTC51 erne npHJlO)KeHHa51 H3BHe K KOJleOJlIOIlI,eii:C51 Macce B03MYllI.aIOIlI,a51 CHJla, H3MeH5IIOllI.a51C51 no rapMOHl1lJeCKoMY 3aKoHY. KaK Y)Ke OhlJlO nOKa3aHO B n. 1.6, raxoro pona B03MYIlI,aIOIlI,a51 CHJla MO)KeT B03HHKHYTh

72

npH paOOTe 3neKTpO~BHraTenH C HeOTOanaHCHpOBaHHbIM POTOPOM, spamaroumaca C noCTOHHHOH yrJIOBOH CKOPOCTbro U). TaKHM 00- pa30M, apaiuaioutaaca UeHTpOOe)!{HaH cana Q, npancacenaaa, KaK nOKa3aHO na pHC. 1.32, HMeeT nepruxam.ayio cocraanatomyio Q cos U)t. Ilpa Ta KHX ycnoanax ypasaeaae ~BH)!{eHHH nonseurennoro snexrponsnrareaa MaccoH m HMeeT BH~

m.i = ~kx ~ ci: + Q cos «t . (a)

Pa3~enHB na m neeyro H npanyro qaCTH H BBe~H 0003HaqeHIIH

p2 = kim; 2n = elm; q = Qlm, (0)

nonyqHM ypaBHeHHe

X + 2nx + p2X = q cos soi ,

(1.42)

51BnHrorn.eeC5I ~H<p<pepeHUHanbHbIM ypasaenaea Puc. 1.32

~BH)!{eHHH npn BblHYJlCaeHHblX «onetianunx

C Bfl3KUM Bescndiupoeanuesc. 4aCTHoe peureaae ypaBHeHH5I (1.42) MO)!{HO B351Tb B BH~e

x = M cos U)t + N sin tot, (1.43)

rne M H N ~ nponano.nsnue nOCT05lHHble. )lnH onpeneneaas 3THX nOCTOHHHbIX nO)J,CTaBHM npencraanenae (1.43) )J,n51 HCKOMoro peureans B ypaaneaae (1.42) H rorna nonyqHM

(~U)2M + 2nwN + p2M ~ q) cos U)t + + (~U)2N ~ 2nU)M + p2N) sin U)t = O.

31"0 paB~HcTBO oY)J,eT y)J,oBneTBop5lTbC5I npn nrooblx 3HaqeHH5IX nepeMeHHoH t B TOM cnynae, ecnn Oy)J,YT paanu ay .mo Bblpa)!{eHI151, croaume B CKOOKax. Bcne)J,CTBl1e cxaaaaaoro )J,JI5I onpeneneaus nOCT05lHHbIX M H N norryvaev )J,Ba JII1HeHHbIX anreop annecxax ypaBHeHI151

~U)2 M + 2nU)N + p2M = q; ~U)2M ~ 2nwM + p2N = O.

OTKY)J,a HaXO)J,HM

N = q(2noo)

(p2 _ (02)2 + 4n2oo2 •

nO)J,CTaBJI5151 3'1'11 supaaceaaa )J,n51 nOCT05lHHbIX B npencraanenae (1.43), nOJIyqHM qaCTHOe peurenne ypaBHeHH5I (1.42).

Oomee peureuae ypaBHeHH5I (1.42) pasno cyMMe nacraoro peureaas (1.43) H oomero penrenna (1.34), HaH~eHHoro B n. 1.8. TaKHM oripaaou, paccaarpnsaa ronsxo CJIyqaH )J,OKpHTHQeCKOrO )J,eMn<pHpoBaHH5I, no,IlYQHM

(B)

x = e=! (Cl cos PiJ + C2 sin PAt) + M cos wt + N sin wt.

( 1.44) 73

Ilepsue naa CJIaraeMhIX B asrpaxcenaa (1.44) onncunaior iieusubupoeannue ceotioonue KOAe6aflUJl, rorna KaK zma nOCJIe,n:HHX - oe.Mn¢upoeannue 8blflYJlCOeflflble KO.1e6aflUJl. CB060,n:HbIe KOJIe6aHHH, KaK Y)I(e rOBopHJIOCh B npenunymea naparparpe, HMeIOT nepnon T!( = 2n/ PA' a BhIHY)I(,n:eHHhle KOJIe6aHHH - nepnon T = 2:rr,/w, KOTOPhIH connanaer C nepnonoa soaaymaromef CHJIhI, BhI3hIBalOrn.eH 3TH KOJIe6aHHH. BH,n:HO, qTO 6JIaro,n:apH npliCYTCTBHIO MHO)l(HTeJIH e="! csooonnue KOJIe6aHliH nOCTeneHHO YMeHhllJaIOTCH H OCTalOTCH TOJIhKO YCTaHOBHBWHeCH BhIHY)I(,n:eHHhle KOJIe6aHlfH, onacuaaeaue ,n:BYMH nOCJIe,n:HHMH cnaraexsnaa. 3TH BhIHY)I(,n:eHHhle KOJIe6aHHH nOMep)l(HBalOTCH 6eCKOHeqHO nonro 6JIaro,n:apH ,n:eHCTBHIO B03Myrn.alOrn.eii CHJIhI H n03TOMY HMelOT 60JIhWOe npaKTIIqeCKOe snasenae. Bsnne B n. 1.6 Y)I(e 06cY)I(,n:aJIHCh TaKIIe ssrHY)I(,n:eHHhle KOJIe6aHIlH 6e3 ,n:eMncpHpoBaHIlH, HO snecs paCCMOTpIlM TO, KaK na HIIX BJIIlHeT ,n:eMncpIlpOBaHIle.

Bsrpasceane (1.43) ,n:JIl=I YCTaHOBI-IBWerOCH nosenenua CHCTeMhI MO)l(eT 6hITh aarmcano B cnenyiomef 3KBIIBaJIeHTHOH cpopMe C cpa30BhIM Y r JIOM:

x = A cos (wt - a), (1.45)

r,n:e

V q q/p2.

A = M2 + N2 = (r)

V (p2 - 0)2)2 + 4n20)2 V (1 - 0)2/p2)2 + 4n20)2/p2'

( N ) 20)n 2nO)/p2

a = arctg -M = arctg 2 " = arctg 1 2/ 2' (n)

P - 0)- - 0) P

TaKIlM 06pa30M, BII,n:IlM, qTO YCTaHOBIIBWlIeCH BhIHY)I(,n:eHHhle KOJIe6aHIIH C BH3KIIM ,n:eMncplIpOBaHlIeM npe,n:CTaBJIHlOT C060H npocroe rapaouaxecxoe ,n:BIl)l(eHIle C nOCTOHHHOH aMnJIIITy,n:oii A, onpenenseaoa aupaaceHIleM (r), cpa30BhIM yrJIOM a, onpenenseasnr Bhlpa)l(eHl1eM (n), II nepno,n:OM T = 2n/w.

I1cnoJIh3YH 0603HaQeHIlH p2 II q Il3 (6) Ii BBO,n:H 0603HaQeHHe y ,n:JIH sosdxpuuuenma oe.Mn¢Up08aflUJl

y = nip = c/cHP' (e)

MO)l(HO noncrasnrr, supaacenue (r) B npencraanenae (1.45) H nOJIYQIlTh

x = (Q/k) P cos (wt - a), (1.46)

rae «osdubuuuenm ucusenust

p = 1/ V(l - (jJ2/p2)2 + (2YW/p)2.

(1.47)

Kpoae roro, nupaxceane (,n:) ,n:JIH rpasoaoro yr.na MO)l(HO npencrasnrt, B cnenytouie» BII,n:e:

2yO)/p

e = arctg 1 2/ 2 (1.48)

-0) p

113 npe,n:CTaBJIeHHH (l.46) BH,n:HO, QTO aMnJIHTY,n:y YCTaHOBHBwerOCH BhlHY)I(,n:eHHoro KOJIe6aHHH MO)l(HO onpeneaars, YMHO)l(IIB BeJIIIQIlHY nepeaemenaa npn CTaTIIQeCKOM HarpY)I(eHHH

XCT = Q/k ()I()

H3 K03<P<PllIlJ1eHT YClIJIeHlIH p. 3TOT K03CPCPHUHeHT 3aBIICIIT He TOJIhKO OT OTtIOWeIUIH QaCTOT «lp , HO H OTK03cpqmUHeHTa ,n:eMncpHpOBaHHH y.

74

Hap HC. 1. 33 rrOKa3aHO f3 r· ~-~-.--~--'Tr-r-n---.--~-4

H3MeHeHl1e K03cpcpHUHeHTa YCHJIeHHH ~ B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT OTHOilieHII5I qaCTOT wi p )J,JIH

P a3JIHqHbI x anasren H H K03CPCPH - 3 t----f---Ht-Hrlt---t-------i

UHeHTa )J,eMrrcpHpOBaHH5I. 113 3THX KpHBbIX BH)J,HO, 'ITO xorna lIaBH3aHHaH yrJIOBa51 qaCTOTa co MaJIa no cpaauenmo C c06- 21------I----I'lfh=-i<----\-\\\---+-----j

CTBeHHOH yrJIOBOH qaCTOTOH p , K03cpcpHUI1eHT YCHJIeHHH ~ He- 3HaqHTeJIbHO OTJIHqaeTCH OT e)J,HHHUbI. TaKHM 06pa30M, npn KOJIe6aHHH nepeaeutenne x rrO)J,BeIlleHHOH cocpenoroxenHOH Macc~ rrpH6JIH3HTeJIbHO

COBna)J,aeT C nepexetueauea, a 0,5 1,0 1,5 wi p

06YCJIOBJIeHHbIM )J,eHCTBHeM PHC. 1.33

B03MYLUalOLUeH CHJIbI Q cos wt.

Korna 'JaCTOTa co BeJIHKa no cp asnenmo C 'JaCToToi'! p, T. e. KOf)J,a HaB5I3aHHa51 qaCTOTa HaMHoro MeHbIlle, qeM c06C:TBeHHaH qaCTOTa, BeJIH'JIlHa K03cpcpl1UHeHTa YCHJIeHHH 6JII13Ka K ay JIlO He3aBHCHMO OT CTeneHH )J,eMncpHpOBaHH5I. 3TO osnavaer. 'ITO BbICOKOqaCTOTHaH B03- MYLUalOLUa51 CHJIa npaxrasecxn He BbI3bIBaeT BbIHYlK)J,eHHbIX KOJIe6aHHH CHCTeMbI C H1l3KllM suasenaea c06CTBeHHOH qaCTOTbi. KaK BH)J,HO, B 06011X KpaHHllX CJIyqa5lX (to « p H W » p) )J,eMrrcpHpOBaHHe OKa3bIBaeT JIHilib nropocrenennoe BJIllHHlle aa BeJIllqllHY K03cpcpHUlleHTa YCHJIeHHH ~. TaKHM 06pa30M, B 060HX YKa3aHHbIX CJIyqaHX BbIHYlK)J,eHHbIX KOJIe6aHHH BrrOJIHe )J,onYCTHMO rrOJIHOCTblO npeneopens BJIHHHHeM )J,eMncpHpOBaHHH H HCrrOJIb30BaTb pemenua, nonyxensste B rr. 1.6.

Korna qaCTOTa w CTaHOBHTC5I 6JIH3KOH qaCTOTe p , T. e. OTHOIlleHHe wlp 6JIH3KO K e)J,HHHue, K03cpCPHUHeHT YCHJIeHHH pe3KO YBeJIHqllBaeTCH Hero BeJIUqHHa npa pesoaance HJIH B OKOJIOpe30HaHCHOH 06JIaCTH CTaHOBHTCH oneas 'JYBCTBHTeJIbHOH K H3MeHeHHlO K03CPCPHUlleHTa )J,eMrrcpHpoBaRID!. CJIe)J,yeT TaKlKe OTMeTHTb, 'ITO K03cpcpHUHeHT ~ HMeeT MaKCHMaJIbnyro BeJIHqHHY npn ananeaaax OTHOIlleHH5I «d p , HeCKOJIbKO MeHblIlHX e)J,HHHUbI. [lOJIOlKHB rrpOH3BO)J,HYlO CPYHKUHH ~ rro wi p paaaos HY mo, HaH)J,eM, 'ITO MaKCHMYM HMeeT MeCTO npu

00 1/1 2 2

-=v - y.

p

(3)

OPH MaJIbIX 3HaqeHH5IX K03cpcpHuueHTa )J,eMrrcpupOBaHHH MaKCHMaJIbHOe aaasenae K03cpCPuUHeHTa ~ B03HUKaeT B TOqKe, JIelKaLUeH oxeas 6JIH3KO K pe30HaHCY, n03TOMY rrpe)J,CTaBJIHeTCH BrrOJIHe )J,orrycTHMbIM B3HTb B KaqeCTBe MaKCHMaJIbHOro 3HaqeHlle K03cpcpuUHeHTa ~ Hero 3HaqeHHe npn pesoaauce. Torna H3 BblpalKeHHH (1.46), (6) H (e) noxyxaea npn- 6JIHlKeHHoe anaseaae MaKCHMaJIbHOH aMrrJIHTY)J,bI

A =_g_ =_g__I_ = ___!L _I _ =!L.

max k ~pe3 k 2)' p-m 2n/p coo

75

o

Plle. 1.34

2

--I

I

w/P

1-13 cxasaaaoro cnenyer, -rro XOT5I ,ner.mqlJ1pOBaHHe HMeeT OlleHb He- 3HallHTeJIbHOe BJIH5IHHe aa pe30HaHCHOe nosenenae CHCTeMbI B 06JIaCT5IX, ,nOCTaTOllHO y,naJIeHHbIX OT pesonanca, OHO npnooperaer OC06eHHO B8)KHOe snasenae B6JIH3H pesonaacnof 06JIaCTH u ero y)!(e HeJIb351 He YllHTbIBaTb, eCJIH rpeeyercs noaysurs HMelOrn.He npaxrnsecxoe snaxeaae pesy JIbTaTbI.

PaCCMOTpHM reneps COOTHOllIeHH5l Me)!(,ny <pa30BbIMH yrJIaMll ,nJI5I CJIYllaeB YCTaHOBHBllIllXC5l KOJIe6aHllH: II ,neiiCTBH5I sosayuiaromea CHJIoii, BbI3bIBalOrn.eii sra KOJIe6aHH5l. 3T0 COOTHOllIeHHe xapaxrepaayercs <pa30BbIM yrJIOM e B BbIpa)!(eHHH (1.46), BeJIHlIHHa xoroporo sanaerca <P0PMY JIOH: (1.48). T ax KaK aosaymaiouraa CH.Tla H3MeH5leTC5I B COOTBeTCTBHH C <pYHKll,Heii cos rot, a BbIHy)!(,neHHble KOJIe6aHH5l npoucxonsr COrJIaCHO cos (rot - e), TO MO)!(HO CKa3aTb, liTO peaxnns OTCTaeT OT <PYHKll,HH B03Myrn.alOrn.eH: CHJIbI na yrOJI e. TaKllM 06pa30M, xorna CHJIa Q (CM. puc. 1.32) nanpaanena BHH3, nonsenreaaaa Macca, na KOTOPYIO OHa ,neH:CTByeT, eme He ,nOCTHrJIa caoero caxoro HH3Koro nOJIO)!(eHH5I; 9TO nacrynaer TOJIbKO sepea e/ro, xorna CHJIa Q 6y,neT HMen nanpasneHHe, COCTaBJI5IIOrn.ee yrOJI e C BepTHKaJIblO. 113 <P0PMYJIbI (l.48) BH,nHO, liTO BeJIHlIHHa yraa e, KaK II K09<p<pHll,HeHTa p, 3aBHCHT KaK OT CKOPOCTll saryxanaa, TaK H. OT OTHOllIeHH5l lIaCTOT. Kpusue na pHC. 1.34 nOKa3bIBalOT H3MeHeHHe rpasosoro yrna e B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT OTHOllIeHH5I lIaCTOT ro/p ,nJI5I paanaxmax 3HalleHHH: K09<p<pIIll,HeHTa ,neMn<pHpoBaHH5I. I1pH OTCYTCTBHH ,neMn<pHpoBaHH51 BbIHy)!(,neHHble KOJIe6aHH51 B TOllHOCTH COBna-

76

nator no rpaae (0 = 0) C KOJIe6aHH5IMH aosuymaiomef CHJIbl .n.JIH acex 3HalleHHH wlp < 1 H B TO )Ke BpeMH OHH pa3JIHlIalOTCH no rpase TOllHO na nOJIOBHHY I~HKJIa (0 = n) npn wlp > 1. OpH 3TOM YCJIOBHH, KaK BH.n.HO, ¢a30BhIH yrOJI npu pesonaace (co = p) HBJIHeTCH neonpeneneaaua.

OpH .n.eMncpHpoBaHHH MO)KHO BH.n.eTh nenpepusaoe H3MeHeHHe rpasoBO ro yr JIa 0 C YBeJIHlIeHHeM OTHOIlleHHH wi p. Kpoxe roro, He3aBHCHMO 01' BeJIHlIHHhI K03CPCPIII~HeHTa .n.eMncpHpoBaHHH npn peaouance HMeeM ~ = n/2. TaKHM 06pa30M, npn pesoaance BbIHY)K,lI.eHHble KOJIe6aHHH OTCTalOT 01' soaaymaromea CHJIbI na lIeTBepTh UHKJIa. Ha pHC. 1.32, uanpnuep, CHJIa Q nanpaanena BHH3, xorna KOJIe6JIIOllI,aHCH Macca npoxonnr lIepe3 caoe cpennee nOJIO)KeHHe. Korna »ce Macca .n.BH)!WTCH K caMOMY HH3KOMY nOJIO)KeHHIO, CHJIa Q H3MeHHeT csoe nanpaaneane na yrOJI n/2 H .n.eHcTByeT reneps Y)Ke B ropH30HTaJIbHOM HanpaBJIeHHH, CJIeBa nanpaso.

,UJIH 3Hallei:IHH wi p, ,lI.OCTaTOllHO y.n.aJIeHHbIX B ry HJIH HHylO CTOPOHY OT pesoaaaca, MaJIbIH K03cpcpHUHeHT .n.eMncpHpOBaHHH, KaK Y)Ke OTMelIaJIOCb, OKa3bIBaeT JIHIllh sropocreneanoe saaseaae na BeJIHlIHHY cpasosoro yr.na. Haaxe rosopa, npn OTHOIlleHHH lIaCTOT, 3HallHTeJIbHO MeHbIlleM e,ll.HHHUbI, cpa30BhIH yrOJI 0 npaKTHlIeCKH paaen HyJIIO, rorna KaK npn OTHOIllemIH, 3HallHTeJIhHO 60JIhIlleM e.n.HHHUbI, 3TOT yrOJI np axTHlIeCKH pasen rr. TaKHM 06pa30M, BJIHHHHe .n.eMncpHpOBaHHH na rpasoBhIH yrOJI MO)KHO TaK)Ke He npHHHMaTb BO BHHMaHHe scerna, sa HCKJIIOlIeHHeM 06JIaCTeH, nexcamnx B6JIH3H TOllKH pesonauca HJIH OKOJIO aee.

Ilpaaep I. I1YCTb nOJIHbIH nee HeOTOaJIaHCllpOBaHHoro 9JIeKTp0.l\BllraTeJIlI (CM. pIIC. 1.32) W = 4,54.103 H, neypaauoseurennaa Macca m1 = 1,79.102 H'M2/C, a lI.eHTP ee TlI}KeCTII JIe}KIIT aa paCCTOllHlI1I '1 = 2,54· 10-2 M OT OCII 9JIeKTp0.l\BllraTeJIlI. 4aCTOTa spameaaa poropa 9JIeKTp0.l\BllraTeJIlI paana 600 MIIH-l, nepeuemenne rrpY}KHHbI npn CTaTlIlIeCKOM narpyacenan 6CT = 2,54· 10-4 M, K03<jJqmll.lleHT B1I3Koro .l\eMlHjmpoBaHlIlI c = 1,79.104 H·c/M. Onpeaemrn, aMrrJIIITY.l\Y YCTaHoBIIBwlIXCH BblHY}K.l\eHHbIX KOJIeOaHHH npa YKa3aHHoH lIaCTOTe apameaax, a TaK}Ke npa pesoaaace; xorna w = p,

Petuesue:

ro = 2n ( 6~00 ) = 20n; w2 = 400n2;

g cg 1, 79 .104• 9.81

p2=6cT=38600; n=2W= 2.4,54.103 =19,3;

q = ~ w2 = 0,386·400n2.

HCnOJIb3YlI ssrpasceaae (r), rrOJIYlIaeM

0,386·400n2 = 1,12.10-3 M.

V (38600 - 400n2)2 + 4· 19,32·400n2

TIPII pesonance ~MeeM w = p = V38600, rorna C noxonisro (II) rrOJIYlIaeM

Q ro V38600 -2

Amax = C(;) = c = 1,79.104 = 4,98·10 M.

Ilpnaep 2. ,UJIlI CIICTeMbJ C .l\eMnqmpoBaHlleM paccuorpers CJIYlIaH 113MeHlIIOlll.erOClI no rapuomorecxovy 3aKoHY nepexerneana OCHOBaHlIlI (pIIC. 1.35), a HMeHHO:

XOCH= d cos wt,

rrOJIYlIlITb supaacenae. onacuaaiomee YCTaHoBIIBweeclI nosenenne CIlCTeMbI npu sa)I,aHHoH ¢YHKlI.lIlI B03MYIlI.alOIlI.eH CIIJIbI.

77

Puc. 1.35

Petuenue. YpaBlIeHHe ~BH)KellIHI B pacCMaTpilBaeMOM cay-rae HMceT BH~

m i = - C (x ~- x",.,,)-~ l: (x ~ xo,''')'

XOCH = -dro sin rot.

nO~CTaBilB asrpaxcenaa (K) il (M) B ypanHeHHe (n), nocne rrpe06pa30BaHHH rro,'Y'lilM

mx + ex + Il.';= d (k cos rot - cro sin rot). (H)

BBO~51 B npanyio '1aCTb sroro ypaBHeHH5I <jJa30Bblii yrox, MOMHO aanncars

mx + ex + kx = Bd cos (rot - 'P), (0)

B = Vk2 + c2ro2; 'P = arctg (-cro/k).

(rr) (p)

KaK Bil~HO, B ~aHHOM c.nysae BMeCTO CilJlbl Q cos rot HMeeM eoaxyiuaiouryro CHJlY B BH~e <jJYHKJJ.Hil Bd cos (rot - 'P); npa 3TOM pemeane MO)KHO noayunrt., 3aMeHHB B (1.46) Q na nponaaenenne Bd H BBe~51 <jJa30Bblii yron 'P, 'ITO B pesyasrare naer

Bd

x = -k- ~ cos (rot -- (I' - 8). (c)

Ilpnaep 3. HeYCTaHoBIlBweec5I ~BIl)KeHHe CIlCTeMbl npn ~OKpHTIl'leCKOM ~eMn<jJllposaunn MO)KeT 6blTb HCCJle~OBaHO C yucrox Ha'laJlbHblX YCJlOBllii B supaacenan (1.44). Harrrn 3aKOH ~BIl)KeHH5I yxaaanaoa CIlCTeMbl npn cB06b~Hb1X KOJle6aHIl5lX, eCJlH na CIlcTeMY ,n:eiiCTByeT B03MymalOmM! CHJla BH,n:a Q cos rot.

Peiueuue. I1crrOJlb3Y51 nasansuue YCJlOBIl51 x = Xo Il x= Xo npn t = 0' H3 Bblpa)KeHIl51 (1.44) Il ero nepnoa npoaaeonaon, onpene.naea nocroaanue anrerpupoaanaa

C2 __ xo+ n(xo -M) - Nro.

Cr=xo-M; (1')

PA

nO,n:CTaBJl5l51 3TH 3Ha'ieHIlH B supaaceaae (1.44), Haii,n:eM

x = e="! (xo cos PAt + :(0 ~Anxo sin PAt) +

+ M [ cos rot - e-nt (cos PAt + P: sin PAt) ] +

+ N (Sin rot _e-nt P: sin P"J).

(y)

ECJlIl B3H1'b nasansaue YCJlOBH5I B BH~e xo = Xo = 0, TO HeYCTaHOBIlBwa5lClI utero nepexemenaa CHCTeMbI

-nt ( Mn+Nro.)

XH = - e M cos PAt + PA Sill PAt .

Bsrpaacas 3Ty HeYCTaHOBHBwYIOC5I '1aCTb oomero peWeHH5I B <jJopMe, co,n:ep)Kameii <jJa30- BbIii yron, rrOJly'lHM

'1aCTb 06-

(<jJ)

-nt c (t )

xn = - e -- cos PA -~, •

PA

(x)

c = V(MPA)2 +(Mn + Nro)2; 1jJ = arctg (Mn + Mro)/(MPA)'

78

3A,lJ.AlJH

1.9.1. B cepennue npoaera cB060,n:HO oneprok 6a.llKH YCTaHOBJIeH 3JIeKTpo,n:BHraTeJIb BeCOM W = 9,1.103 H (CM. sanaua 1.6.3 H 1.6.4 B n. 1.6HI13rH6Hali iKeCTKOCTb 6aJIKH TaKOBa, qTO CTaTHqeCKHii rrporao B cepenaae npoaera COCTaBJllIeT !SeT = 2,54 X X 10-3 M, a BeJlHqHHa B1I3Koro ,n:eMn¢HpOBaHHlI oeecnesnaaer YMeHblIleHHe axnaarynsr CB06o,n:HbIX KOJIe6almii no nOJlOBHHbI ee nepaoaasansaoro 3HaqeHHlI sa necars UHKJIOB KOJIe6aHHii. 4aCTOTa BpaIUeHHlI poropa 3JIeKTpo,n:BHraTeJllI paana 600 MHH-1. TIPH 3TOii qaCTOTe BpaIUeHHlI H3-3a HeOT6aJIaHCHpOBaHHocTH poropa B03HHKaeT uearpooeacaaa CHJIa Q = 2,27.103 H. Ilpeaeeperas BJlHlIHHeM pacnpeneaeaaoa MaCCbI 6aJlKH, onpe.n,eJIHTb aMnJIHTY.n,y YCTaHoBHBlIIHXCli BbIHYiK,neHHblx KOJIe6aHHii.

Omeem: A = 0,02 M.

1.9.2. YCTaHoBKa C BpaIUaIOIUHMHcli ,neTaJIlIMH, HMeIOIUaH sec W = 7,26.104 H, CMOHTHpoBaHa B cepenane nponera ,nBYX napaanensnsrx cB06o,nHO oneprux zmyraapoBblX 6aJIOK C ,nJIHHOii l = 3,66 M H MOMeHTOM HHepUHH nonepesnoro ceseaua I = 2,67 X X 10-5 M'. POTOP YCTaHOBKH, BpaIUaIOIUHiicH C qaCTOTOii 300 MHH-1, lIMeeT neypanaoBelIleHHbIii sec 181,6 H, aaxonamaaca na paccroanaa 2,54· 10-1 M OT OCH BpaIUeHHH. Kaxosa 6y,neT aMnJIHTy,na YCTaHoBHBlIIHXCH BbIHYiK,neHHbIx KOJIe6aHHii, eCJIH 3KBHBaJleHTHOe B5I3KOe ,neMn¢HpOBaHHe ,nJIli paccaarpasaeaoa CHCTeMbI COCTaBJIlieT 10 % KpHTHqeCKOrO ,neMn¢HpoBaHHlI?4

Omeem: A = 1,12.10-3 M.

1.9.3. C nOMOIUbIO KpHBbIX (CM. pHC. 1.33) COCTaBHTb ypanaenae reoxerpaseCKOro MeCTa TOqeK HX nHKOB ,nJIli K03¢¢HUHeHTOB ,neMn¢HpOBaHHH.

Omeem: ~max = I/VI - W4/p4.

1. 9.4. ,UJIli CHCTeMbI c ,n:eMn¢HpoBaHHeM, nonaepaceaaoa ,neiicTBHIO B03MYIUaIOIUeii CHJIbl sana Q sin wt, sanacars asrpascenae, xapaxrepaayiomee YCTaHOBHBlIIeeCli nose,neHHe CHCTeMbI B ¢opMe, conepacamen ¢a30Bblii yron.

Omeem: x = k ~ cos (wt - 6); 6 = arctg ( 0022::2) •

1.9.5. B npennoaosceaan, qTO ycxopeaae onopsr aaxeaaerca no rapxoamecxoxy 3aKoHY xon= a cos wt, ncorysars aapaaceane, xapaxrepasyromee YCTaHOBHBlIIeeC5I noseneaae CHCTeMbI C ,neMn¢HpoBaHHeM B ¢opMe, conepacamea ¢a30Bblii yron,

Omeem: x = B: ~ cos(wt - cp - 6); cp = arctg ( c~ ).

1.9.6. ,UJI5I CllCTeMbI C ,neMn¢llpoBaHHeM, B xoropoa onopa CMeIUaeTC5I no 3aKoHY xon = d sin wt, aanacars napaacease, xapaxrepaayiomee YCTaHoBHBlIIeec5I noaeneane CHCTeMbI B ¢opMe, conepacamea ¢a30Bblii yro,n.

-ma ( 2nw )

Omeem: x* = -k- ~ cos (wt - 6); 6 = arctg p2 _ 002 •

1. 9. 7. 3anHcaTb aupasceaae, xapaxrepnayromee YCTaHoBHBlIIeec5I noseneaae (B ¢opMe, conepacamen ¢a30Bblii yron) CHCTeMbI C ,neMn¢llpoBaHHeM, eCJIH onopa HMeeT ycxopenne xon = a sin et,

-ma (002_ P2)

Omeem: x* = -k- ~ cos (wt -6); 6 = arctg 2noo •

1.9.8. ,UJI5I CllCTeMbI C ,nOKpI1TllqeCKHM ,neMn¢llpoBaHHeM nOJIyqHTb uupaacenae, xapaKTepH3YIOIUee neycranoaanmeeca ,nBll2KeHlle npn ,neiicTBllH B03MYIUaIOIUeii CHJIbI Q sin wt. Peurenae npeacrasars B rpopxe, aHaJIOrHqHOii ¢opMe aupaxeaas (¢) B npnMepe 3.

O =nt (N t Moo + Nn. )

meem: XII = -:e cos PA + PA sm PAt •

1.10. 31(BHBAJlEHTHOE B~3I(OE )J.EMn<l>HPOBAHHE

KaK Y)Ke OTMeqaJIOCb B aauane IT. 1.8, paamrmue Bli,lJ;bI ,lJ;eMIT<pliPOBaHli5I MorYT 6bITb 3aMeHeHbI nexoropua sseueanenmnuu 8fl3KUM 8e.Mncpupoeanueu *, qTO B pe3YJIbTaTe ITPHBO,lJ;HT K JIHHeih1OMy~,lJ;H<pcpepeHIJ.l1aJIb-

* Jacobsen L. S. Steady forced vibrations as influenced by damping. - Trans.

A.Si\1E, 1930, v. 52, N. I, pp. 169-181.

79

HOMY ypaBHeHlIIO )l.JHI rapMOHH'leCKOrO )l.BHR<eHHH. HaH60JIee BaR<HOe BJIHHHHe )l.eMIHimpOBaHHH B sanaxe 0 BbIHYR<)l.eHHbIX KOJIe6aHHHX npoHBJI5IeTCH npa pe30HaHCe JIH60 B6JIH3H pe30HaHCa. Il03ToMY paCCMOTpHM pa60TY, COBeprnaeMYIO B03MYIlI,aIOIlI,eR CHJIOR B reseane O)l.HOrO UHKJIa npn YCTaHOBHBrneMCH nOBe)l.eHHH CHCTeMbI, KOTopaH paCCMaTpHBaJIaCb B npensrnymex naparparpe. B 3TOM cnyxae paoora, coaepmaexaa CH,Wll Q COS wt aa O,n:HH UHKJI:

T

U Q = J Q (COS wt) xdt. (a)

o

CKOPOCTb X MOR<HO nOJIY'lHTb, npo,n:H<p<pepeHUHpOBaB supaaceaae (1.45) no BpeMeHH:

x = -Aw sin (wt - 0).

(6)

Ilo,n:cTaBJIHH 31'0 aupaaceane B COOTHorneHHe (a) H HCnOJIb3YH <P0PMYJIbI TpHrOHOMeTpHH, Hall,n:eM

T

U Q = - QAw J (COS wt) (sin wt COS 0 - COS wt sin 0) dt. o

B pe3YJIbTaTe HHTerpHpoBaHHH nOJIY'lHM UQ = :rtQA sin O.

(B)

AHaJIOm'lHO onpenenaea pacceaaaesryio aa O,n:HH UHKJI pa60TY ,n:eMmimrYIOIlI,ell CHJIbI eX:

T

Uc= J cx xdi .

o

Ilo,n:CTaBJI5I5I aupaaceane (6) B COOTHorneHHe (r), Hall,n:eM T

U; = cA2w2 J sin2 (wt - 0) dt, o

'ITO nOCJIe HIiTerpHpOBaHH5I naer

Uc = :rtcN(o). (,n:)

TaKHM 06pa30M BHOCHMa51 3HeprH5I U Q YBeJIH'llfBaeTC5I B 3aBHCHMOCTH 01' aMnJIllTy,n:bI A no JIHHellHoMY 3aKOHY, rorna KaK pacceaaaevaa sneprH5I U c B03paCTaeT nponopuaonansuo xaanpary aMnJIHTy,n:bI. OHH 6y,n:yT paaau TOJIbKO B TO'lKe nepecexeaaa KpHBbIX <PYHKUHll ,n:JI5I 060HX BH,n:OB 3HeprHH (pHC. 1.36). OTcIO,n:a, npHpaBH5IB nupaacenns (B) H (n), MOR<HO onpe,n:eJIHTb aMnJIHTY,n:y npH YCTaHOBHBrneMC5I COCT05lHHH

A=Qsin8. (e)

Cfi)

(r)

Ilpn pesoaaace «0) = p) <pa30BbIll yrOJI [eM. asrpaaceaue (1.48) J pasen n/2, a aMIlJIHTy,n:a A ,n:OCTHraeT MaKCHMaJIbHOrO (npu C <:< c"p) 3Ha'leHH5I

Q

Amax = cw •

(lli)

80

AHnllUmyaa Puc. 1.36

3TO ssrpaaceaae cosnanaer C aHaJIOmtIHbIM BblpaLKeHHeM (H), rrOJIYtIeHHbIM B rr. 1.9 HHbIM crroco6oM.

Coornoureaae ()J,) supascaer sneprmo, paccennaeayio aa CtIeT BH3- xoro )J,eMmimpoBaHHH aa O)J,HH lJ,llKJI npn BbIHYLK)J,eIIHbIX KOJIe6aHHHX. 3TO supazsenae )J,JIH sneprna MOLKHO npapaaaan, TOMY BblpaLKeHHIO, xoropoe COOTBeTcTByeT nexoropoay HHOMY rnny )J,eMmpHpoBaHHH, H B pe3YJIbTaTe onpenemrn, EJK8U8aJleHmHblU KOEJq){pUf.{UeHm 8fl3KOcO iJeMnrjJupoeanun Call' PaCCMOTpHM, nanpuaep, KOHcmpyKf.{UOHHoe oeutubupoeaHue, xoropoe rrpOHCXO)J,HT sa CtIeT BHYTpeHHero TpeHIlH B KOHCTPYKlJ,HOHHbIX MaTepIlaJIaX (aanpnxep, CTaJIb HJIH aJIIOMHHHeBble CrrJIaBbI), KOTOpue He HBJIHIOTCH H)J,eaJIbHO ynpyrnan. 3HepmH, pacceaaaenas B 'enaHHlJ,e 06'beMa MaTepHaJIa, na puc. 1.37 npencraaneaa aaurrpaxoaanaon 06JIaCTbIO BHYTPH nemnu eucmepesuca. neTJIH oopasosaaa KpHBbIMH 3aBHcHMocTeH HarrpHLKeHHH OT )J,ecpopMalJ,HH npn YBeJIlitIeHHH (HJIH npn «HarPYLKeHHH») H YMeHbllIeHHH (IlJIIi npn «pasrpysxe») BeJIHtIHH aanpaLKeHHH H )J,ecpopMalJ,IlH. Ha puc. 1.37 rrOKa3aHO, KaK nponcxonur rrOJIHOe H3MeHeHIle HanpaBJIeHHH na oriparnoe )J,JIH HanpHLKeHHH H )J,ecpopMalJ,HH npn O)J,HOM lJ,HKJIe KOJIe6aHHH. Ilpn TaKOM MexaHH3Me )J,eMncplipoBaHHH 3HepfHH pacceaaaercs nOtITH npOnoplJ,HOHaJIbHO KBa)J,paTY aMrrJIHTy)J,bI )J,ecpopMalJ,HH *, a cpopMa neTJIH rncrepesnca npaKTHtIeCKH He 3aBHCHT OT aMnJIHTY)J,bl H CKOPOCTH )J,ecpopMalJ,HH.

nOCKOJIbKY aMrrJIHTY)J,a KOJIe6aHHH nporropnaoaansna aMrrJIHTY)J,e nepopxanna, TO pa60TY, paccenaaevyio sa O)J,HH lJ,HKJI npn KOHCTPYKll.HOHHOM )J,eMncpHpOBaHHH, MOLKHO npencrasnrt, B BH)J,e

UK = sA2, (3)

rne s - K03cpcpHlJ,HeHT npOnOplJ,HOHaJIbHOCTH. Ilpapaaunaaa COOTHOIlleHHH ()J,) H (3), HaH)J,eM 3KBHBaJIeHTHOe 3HatIeHHe K03cpcpIlll.HeHTOB BH3Koro )J,eMncpHpOBaHHH

S 'l']k

CallB = -;u;) = w'

(1.49)

* Kimball A. L. Vibration damping, including the case of solid damping.Trans. ASME, 1929, v. 51, N. 30, pp. 227-236.

81

MHOLKHTeJIb sin HMeeT paaMepHOCTb K03<P<PHUHeHTa k H 06bILfHO II pe,lI.CTaBJI5IeTC5I , KaK B OTHoweHHH (1.49), B BH,lI.e 'l']k, rne 'I'] - 6e3pa3- MepHa5I BeJIHLflma:

.----,---.,- -I

,. ~coswt I

m

•

F

x

KOTOpa5I Ha3bIBaeTC5I KOsdxbuuuenmou «oncmpux-

uuonnoeo aeMncpup08aliufl. 3TY Be.TJHLfHHY MOLKHO CB5I3aTb C BeJIHLfHHOH sxeueanenmnozo snauenusi Koacp(pUl{Uelima 8J13KO;;0 oesuubupoeanun YanB' 06YCJIOBJIeHHOrO LKeCTKOCTbIO cpenu, pa3,lI.eJIHB IIpe,lI.CTaBJIeHHe (1.49) na BeJIHLfHHY cflp = 2pm [eM. supaxcenne (0) B II. 1.B] II BOCIIOJIb30BaBWHCb 0603HaLfeHHeM k = p2m lea. ssrpaaceaae (6) B II. 1.91, LfTO ,lI.aeT

PHC. 1.38

(1.50)

ECJIH 31'0 IIpe,lI.CTaBJIeHlle ,lI.JI5I YmIl IIO,lI.CTaBHTb B aupaaceuae (1.47), K03<p<pHUHeHT YCHJIeHH5I IIpIl YCTaHoBIIBWeMC5I IIOBe,lI.eHHH CHCTeMbI IIpHMeT BH,lI.

HaKOHeu, npn pesonance HMeeM Ype3 = '1']/2, ~pe'l npe,lI.CTaBJIeHH5I (1.49) H BblpaLKeHH5I (LK) IIOJIYLfHM

Q

Amax = "'kil'

1/'1']. Torna H3

B KaLfeCTBe BToporo IIpHMepa onpe,lI.eJIeHH5I 3KBHBaJIeHTHOro 3HaLfeHH5I K03<p<pHlIHeHTa B5I3IWrO ,lI.eMII<pHpoBaHII5I paccnorpnu puc. 1.38, rne TeJIO, IIpIlKpeIIJIeHHOe K npYLKIIHe, CKOJIb3I1T IIO IIoBepxHocTII, KOTOpas C03,lI.aeT COIIpOTIIBJIeHIIe ,lI.BIILKeHIIIO aa CLfeT TpeHII5I. B cnyxae cyxoro TpeHII5I 06blqHO I1CIIOJIb3YIOT 3aKOH KYJIOHa *, COrJIaCHO KOTOpouy CIIJIa TpeHII5I F IIPOIIOpliIlOHaJIbHa HOpMaJIbHOH CHJIe N, C KOTOPOH 06e nOBepxHocTII ,lI.eHcTBYIOT ,lI.pyr Ha ,lI.pyra

F = flN, (M)

rneu - rosdxbuuuenm mpenusi. 1'13 3KcIIepIlMeHToB CJIe,lI.yeT, qTO K03<p<pHUIleHT TpeHII5I IIpH ,lI.BIILKeHIIH co cpaBHIITeJIbHO He60JIbWHMH CKOPOCT5IMH 5IBJI5IeTC5I IIpaKTHqeCKII IIOCT05IHHOH (H MeHbweH, qeM B coCT05IHIIII IIOK05I) BeJIIIqHHoH. DOJIee roro, CJIYLfaIl, rne I1MeeTC5I rpenne KaqeHII5I, a He CKOJIbLKeHII5I, TaKLKe MoryT paCCMaTpIlBaTbC5I C IIOMOIlIbIO 3aKOHa (M).

* Coulomb C. A. Theor ie des machines simples. en ayant egard au frottement de leurs parties et a la roideur des cordages. Nouvelle edition. a laquelle on a ajoute les mernoires du meme auteur. - Paris: Bacheller, 1821. 368 p.

82

CHJIa TpeHHH F (CM. pHC. 1.38) scerna ).l,eHCTByeT B HanpaBJ1eHHH, npOTHBOnOJIO)KHOM HanpaBJIeHlIIO CKOPOCTH ).l,BH)KeHHH TeJIa, lJTO HMeeT MeCTO II B rIl).l,paBJIHlJeCKOM avopraaarope. O).l,HaKO conpo maneuae, 06YCJIOBJleHHoe rpennen, 6Y).l,eM ClJIITaTb IIOCTOHHHbIM, He3aBHCHIlI,HM OT CKOpOCTH. DO).l,06HbIH MexaHH3M ).l,eMIIqmpoBaHH51 HOCHT Ha3BaHHe KYJlOH06CK020 mpenun, npnsea B 3TOM cnynae nOJIYlJeHHe crpororo peiueHHH *, OIIHCbIBalOmero IIOBe).l,eHHe CHCTeMbI IIpH ).l,eHCTBHH B03MymalOmeH CHJIbI B snne rapMOHHlJeCKOH CPYHKUHH, HBJIHeTC51 60JIee CJIO)KHbIM ).l,eJIOM, lJeM B CJIYlJae BH3Koro ).l,eMncpHpoBaHH51 . .llJIH OIIpe).l,eJIeHHH 3KBIlBaJIeHTnoro 3HalJeHH51 nOCT051HHOH BH3Koro ).l,eMncpHpoBaHI1H, xoropoe Tpe6yeTC51 nO).l,CTaBHTb BMeCTO COIIpOTIlBJIeHHH, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOrO rpennea, noncnnTaeM paoory UTp CIlJIbI TpeHIlH F, pacceaaaeayto aa O).l,IlH UIlKJI:

Uq; = 4AF. (H)

DpHpaBHHBaH 3TO cooruoureane K supaaceamo ().l,), nOJIYlJllM

4F

CSIIO = nAco' (1.51)

B 3TOM CJIYlJae BeJIlllJllHa K03cpcpllUHeHTa CaRB 3aBHCHT He TOJIbKO OT CI1JIbI F Ii lJaCTOTbI or, HO TaK)Ke 11 OT aMnJII1TY).l,bI A KOJIe6aHI1H. PasneJIHB ssrpaxcenae (1.51) na BeJIHlJIlHY CRP = 2pm H BBe).l,51 0603HalJeHll51 k = pim, ).l,JI51 3KBHBaJIeHTHOro 3HalJeHHH K03CPCPHUHeHTa BH3Koro ).l,eMIIcplipoBaHHH nOJIYlJllM

( 1.52)

C HCnOJIb30BaHHeM nOJIYlJeHHOrO Bblpa)KeHHH ).l,JIH Ydl{B aMIIJIIiTY).l,a YCTaHOBHBWHXC51 BbIHY)K).l,eHHbIX KOJIe6mIHfi C 3KBHBaJIeHTHbIM B513KIlM ).l,eMIIcpHpoBaHHeM

(0)

Pewa51 3TO ypaBHeHHe OTHOCHTeJIbHO A, HaXO).l,HM A = + S: Vl- (4FjnQ)2

- k 1- C02/p2

( 1.53)

DepBbIH COMHO)KHTeJIb B npasoji lJaCTII sroro Bblpa)KeHH51 OIIpe).l,eJI51eT nepeaemenne npn CTaTHlJeCKOM npHJIO)KeHHH HarpY3KH, BTOPOH 5lBJI51eTCH K03cpcpHUIleHTOM YCIlJIeHH51. BIl).l,HO, lJTO 3TOT K03cpcpHUIleHT HBJI51eTC51 ).l,eHCTBHTeJIbHbIM lJIlCJIOM TOJIbKO npn

FIQ < n/4.

(II)

B npaKTIllJeCKHX npHJIO)KeHIl51X, xor.aa, KaK npaBIlJIO, HMelOT MeCTO He60JIbWIle CIlJIbI TpeHIl51, ).l,aHHOe YCJIOBIle BbIIIOJIH51eTC51. O).l,HaKO, xpove sroro, cnenyer OTMeTIlTb, 'lTO B rex CJIYlJa51X, xoraa YCJIOBIle (II) BbIIIOJIH51eTC51, K03cpcpIlUIleHT YCIlJIeHIl51 CTaHOBIlTC51 6eCKOHelJHO 60JIbWIlM npa pesoaance (ro = p). Eho 06CT051TeJIbCTBO MO)KHO 06b51CHIlTb, cpasnna

* Den Hartog J. P. Forced vibrations with Coulomb and viscous damping.--' Trans. ASME, 1931, v. 53, p. 107.

83

Ho H3 HepaBeHCTBa (n) CJIe~yeT, qTO paoora U Q npu pe30HaHCe pasaa nQA, OTCIO~a HepaBeHCTBO

Up < UQ• (c)

TaKHM 06pa30M, BeJIHqHHa paccenaaeaoa aa O~HH Il,HKJI 3HeprHH MeHbille 3HeprHH, nO~BO~HMOH: H3BHe. Eho 06CT05lTeJIbCTBO HJIJIIOCTpHpyeTc5I pHC. 1.36, rne IllTpHXOBa51 JIHHH5I, OOHCbIBaeMa51 ypaaaeaaeu (H), HMeeT MeHbIllHH: yrOJI HaKJIOHa, qeM CnJIOrnHa51 JIHHH5I, COOTBeTCTBYIOlIl,a51 asrpaacenmo (B), eCJIH BbmOJIHHeTC5I YCJIOBHe (0).

B xanecrae rpersero np avepa, HJIJIIOCTPHpyiouiero KOHIl,enIl,HIO 3KBHBaJIeHTHOro B5I3Koro

~eMn<plIpOBaHH5I, B03bMeM CJIyqaH: KOJIe6aHH5I TeJIa, norpyaceanoro B cpeny C MaJIOH: B5I3KOCTblO nIna soanyxa. ECJIII Macca TeJIa MaJIa, a 06'beM BeJIHK, ~eMn<pHpylOrn.ee BJIH5IHHe conpoTHBJIeHH5I cpenu MOlKeT OKa3aTbC5I 3HaqHTeJIbHbIM. Ha pHC. 1.39 npenCTaBJIeHa JIerKa51 nOJIa51 crpepa, cosepmaromas BbIHYlK.n.eHHble KOJIe6aHH5I B soanyxe, rne CHJIY conpOTHBJIeHH5I cpenu MOlKHO npH6JIHlKeHHO npencraaars B cnenyromea BH~e *:

P = + pi2C DAp.

T

PRC. 1.39

pacceuaaeayro 3HeprHIO U r p C pa60TOH U Q' cosepuraeaoa B03MYlIl,alOlIl,eH: CHJIOH npn pe- 30HaHce. Peums HepaBeHCTBo (n) OTHOCHTeJIbHO CHJIbI F H nO~CTaBHB pe3YJIbTaT B supaacenae (H), nOJIyqHM

Up < nQA.

(p)

(T)

B supaaceaaa (T) sepea p 0603HaqeHa y~eJIbHa51 nJIOTHOCTb cpenu; CD - K03<p<pHIl,HeHT JI060BOrO COnpOTHBJIeHH5I; Ap - nnomans npoeKUHH TeJIa na nJIOCKOCTb, nepnemmxy JI5IpHylO HanpaBJIeHHIO ~BHlKeHHH (CM. pHC. 1.39). B 3TOM cay-rae CHJIa conpOTHBJIeHH5I nponopunonaasna xsanpary CKOPOCTH H scerna HMeeT npOTHBOnOJIOlKHOe nanpaanenne. Pa60Ta CHJIbI P, pacceaaaexaa aa O~HH UHKJI:

T /4

Up=4J Pidt. o

(y)

nO~CTaBJIH5I BblpalKeHH5I (T) H (6) B COOTHorneHHe (y), C yxeroa paBeHCTBa Cp = (1/2) pCDAp nOJIyqHM

T/4

Up = 4CpA3{t)3 J sin3({t)t - 8)dt. o

*) Vennard J. K. Elementary fluid mechanics. 4th ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1961. 570 p. K03<jxj>HUHeHT Jl060BOro conpOTHBJleHHH CD He HBJIHeTCH rrOCTOHHHoii BeJI1I'IHHOii, a 3aBHCHT OT '111CJIa PeiiHOJlb,1J.ca, xoropoe HBJlHeTCH cjJYHKUHeii CKOpOCTH. B ,1J.aHHOM o6cyJK,1J.eHRH IIcnOJlb3YeTCH nexoropoe cpennee anauenae K03<jxj>1I-

uneura CD. .

84

BbIITOJIHHH narerpapoaanne, HaH.u.eM

U =~C A3r.,3

p 3 P UJ.

(<p)

DpHpaBHHBaHHeM sroro supaaceaua supaaceamo (n) nOJIyqHM 8CpAw

C311B = 3rt

(1.54)

TaKHM 06pa30M, 3KBHBaJIeHTHOe aaaseane nOcToHHHOH BH3Kor0 .u.eMn<pHpOBaHHH B ,ll,aHHOM cnyxae npaxo npOnopUHOHaJIbHO BeJIHqHHaM Cp, A I:! ro . KaK H BbIIlIe, pa3,ll,eJIHM supaaceaae (1.54) na cgp = 2pm H BBe,ll,eM 0603HaqeHHe k = p2m, qTO ,ll,JIH 3KBHBaJIeHTHOro 3HaqeHHH K03<pcpHUHeHTa BH3Koro ,ll,eMn¢HpoBaHHH naer

C3l{B 4CpAwp

YalllJ = -c- = 3rt!?

lip ,

( 1.55)

npn 3TOM aMnJIllTYAa YCTaHOBHBIlIHXC5I BbIHY)KAeHHbIX KOJIe6aHHH

A = Q/k (x)

V(l- w2jp2)2 + (8CpAw2/3rtk)2'

B03BeA5I B KBaApaT JIeBYIO H npaBYIO qaCTH paBeHCTBa (x) H BbIITOJIHHB Heo6xo,ll,HMble npe06pa30BaHHH, nOJIyqHM CJIeAYIOruee 6HKBaApaTHoe ypaaneuae:

( 1.56)

xoropoe MO)KHO penmrs no H3BeCTHOH rpopuyne OTHOCHTeJIbHO A2. 3aTeM BblqHCJI5IeM aMnJIHTYAY KOJIe6aHHll A = -v A 2.

DOABO,ll,H nror CI<33aHHOMY, OTMeTHM, qTO 3KBHBaJIeHTHOe saaueaae nocTOHHHOH BH3Koro AeMn¢HpOBaHH5I MO)KHO scerna onpenenurs AJIH ,npOH3BOJIbHOrO anna MexaHH3Ma .u.eMn¢HpOBaHH5I, npHpaBH5IB pa60TbI nmOTeTHqeCKOrO BH3Koro ,ll,eMn¢epa H peaJIbHOH KOHCTPYKUHH. B BbIpa)KeHHH AJI5I pa60TbI HCnOJIb3yeM supaacenae (6) .u.JI5I CKOPOCTH CHCTeMbI npn YCTaHoBHBIlIeMC5I ABH)KeHHH H rapMOHHqeCKOH ¢YHKUHH B036Y)KAaIOrueH CHJIbI, npn 3TOM 3KBHBaJIeHTHOe snasenae IlOCT05lHHOH BH3Koro .u.eMIl¢HpoBaHHH onpenenaea COOTHOIlleHHeM

T

I JR'di Uk

CallR = rtA2w x = rtA2W '

o

( 1.57)

rne R - CHJIa ~OIlpOTHBJIeHH5I. 3aTeM MO)KHO npOBeCTH ynpomenaua .u.HHaMHqeCKHH aHaJIH3 CHCTeMbI, HCnOJIb3Y51 nOJIyqeHHOe TaKHM 06pa30M 3HaqeHHe C"lllJ' EOJIee roro, npn 3TOM MO)KHO paCCMaTpHBaTb onnospeMeHHO HeCKOJIbKO THnOB ,ll,eMIl¢HpOBaHH5I. Hanpnuep, ,ll,JI5I KOM6HHaUHH KYJIOHOBCKoro H BH3Koro TpeHH5I H3 Bblpa)KeHH5I (1.57) nonyvaex

4F

C,)HIJ = rtAw -+- c.

(u) 85

Flocrynaa C nOJIyqeHHhIM Bhlpa)J{eHlIeM llJHl ecHO> TaK, KaJ( 3TO 6hIJIO ClleJIaHO asnue, npn onpenenenna aMrrJIIITY)l,hI A BhlHY)J{)l,eHHhIX KOJIe- 6amilI HMeeM cnenyromee anreripansecxoe ypasnenue:

[ ( 1 - 0)2 )2 + (2 ~)2 J A2 + If'Fyw A + (_2f_)2 _ __g_:_ = 0 (q)

p3 Y p 'ltkp 'ltk 1<2 '

xoropoe MO)J{HO peumrs no 1I3BeCTHOH cpopMyJIe.

1.11. 0606ll1.EHHA5I nEPMO)(Ml.JECKA5I B03MYlll.AlOllI.A5I CMJIA

Bo scex npensrnytuax 06cY)J{)l,eHIIHX BhIHY)J{)l,eHHhIX KOJIe6aHlIH npennonaranocs, qTO B03Myw.aIOw.aH cuna onncuaaercs cpYHKUHeH, nponopnaouaasnoii JIH60 sin wt, JIH60 cos wt. B 06w.eM cnynae MoryT BCTpeTHTbcH B03Myw.aIOw.He CHJIbI, onucsraaeuue rrepHO)l,HqeCKHMH CPYHKIJ,lIHMH 60JIee CJlO)J{Horo BHlla. B )l,aHHOM naparparpe 6Y)l,eT 06cY)J{)l,aTbCH nosezrenne CHCTeMhI C O)l,HOH crenensto CB060,Il,hI npn ,Il,eHCTBHH TaKI1X B03MYW.aIOW.Hx CHJI.

Paccxorpaa, nanpnaep, O,Il,HOUHJIHH,Il,POBbIH ,Il,BHraTeJIb (pHC. 1.40).

Korna TaKoif )l,BHraTeJIb HMeeT HeOT6aJIaHCHpOBaHHble )l,eTaJIH, conepuraIOw.He soanparao-nocrynarensnoe ,Il,BH)J{eHHe BHyTpH xaprepa 4, nOCJIe,Il,nne nopoacnator nepaonasecxyio B03MYW.aIOW.YIO CHJIY, KOTopaH BhI30BeT

KOJIe6aHHe BceH CHCTeMhI. Flpn H3yqeHHH YKa3aHHbIx BhIHY)J{,Il,eHHhIX KOJIe6aHHH norpeoyercs 3HaHHe TOqHOrO xapaxrepa B03- Myw.aIOw.eH CHJIhI, a OC06yIO Ba)J{HOCTb HMeeT OTHoweHHe ee nepnona K nepnony c06CTBeHHhIx KOJIe6aHHH CHCTeMhI.

Ilpn HCCJIe,Il,OBaHHH B03MYW.aIOw.eH CHJIhI Maccy maryua 2 MO)J{HO npencranati, C llOCTaTOqHOH TOqHOCThIO B BH)l,e ,Il,ByX coCpellOTOqeHHhIX Macc, onna H3

J KOTOPhIX OTHOCHTCH K nansuy xpnsomana 3, ztpyr-aa - K rropWHIO 1. Bce OCTaJIhHble neypasHOBeweHHbIe ,Il,BH)J{yw.HeC5I MaCChI MOTYT 6bITb TaK)J{e OTHeceHhI K YKa3aHHhIM ,Il,ByM TOqKaM. B pesy JIhTaTe norpeoyercs paCCMOTpert, TOJIbKO nne COCpe,Il,OTOqeHnsre MaCChI Ml H M2 (CM. pHC. 1.40). ECJIH aa rrOJIO)J{HTeJIhHOe BhI6paTb nanpaanenae CHJI BHH3, BepTHKaJIbHaH COCTaBJIHIOw.aH CHJIhI HHepUHH MaCChI M1:

Fl = -M1w2r cos wt, (a)

1... + ,...,

5

PIle. 1.40

86

rne ro - YfJIOBaH CKOPOCTh apauienas KOJIeHqaTOrO BaJIa soxpyr ocn 5; r - pannyc xpaaoiunna; wt - yron, COCTaBJI5IeMbIH KPUBOunmoa C BepTUKaJIbHOH OCbIO.

Boaaparao-nocrynarensaoe ,nBU)!{eHUe MaCCbI M2 HBJI5IeTC5I 60JIee CJIO)!{HbIM. 0603HaqUM sepes x nepexenteaae MaCChI M2 01' BepXHeH MepTBOH TOqKU nOpllIH5I, a xepea a - yrOJI Me)!{,ny llIaTYHOM U BepTUKaJIbHOH OCbIO. 113 npnaenenaoro xepreaca (CM. puc. 1.40) UMeeM

x = l (1 - cos a) + r (1 - cos wt); (6)

r sin wt = l sin a. (B)

1'13 COOTHOllIeHU5I (B) cnenyer sin a = (r/ I) sin wt. JlJIUHa I uraryna 06bIqHO B HeCKOJIbKO pas npessnuaer ,nJIUHY pannyca r xpnaounma, n03ToMY C ,noCTaTOqHOH TOqHOCTbIO MO)!{HO nOJIO)!{UTb

11 r2 -»

cosa= r 1-p:sin2wt:::::::;1- 2[2 sin2rot,

ynepacas TOJIbKO nepnue naa CJIaraeMbIX B pa3JIO)!{eHUU ¢YHKlI.UU B pan TeHJIOpa. Oo,nCTaBJI5I5I nocnenaee supaacenae B COOTHOllIeHue (6), HaH,neM

r2

X = r (1 - cos wt) + 2T sin" (o)t.

(r)

Jlu¢¢epeHlI.Upy51 nOJIyqeHHOe ssrpaacenne no apexena, onpeneausr CKOpOCTh B03BpaTHo-nocTynaTeJIbHOrO ,nBU)!{eHU5I MaCChI M2:

. . t _j_ r2co . 2 t

x = n» S111 (0) I ~ sin w,

Torna CUJIa

CYMMHPYH 3Ty CUJIY C CHJIOr! (a), nOJIyqUM OKOHqaTeJIbl-IOe aupasceaae ,nJIH B03Myrn.aIOrn.eH CUJIbI

F (t) = - (Ml + M2) w2r cos wt - -T M2w2r cos2wt. (e)

CJIe/weT OTMeTUTb, QTO nOJIyqeHHOe aupaacenne conepxorr ,ll,Ba CJIaraeMbIX, O,ll,HO H3 KOTOPbIX UMeeT xpyrosyro qaCTOTY, paBHyIO qaCTOTe spameana BaJIa ,ll,BH raTeJI5I , npyroe - UMeeT xpyroayio qaCTOTY, pasHyIO y,ll,BOeHHOH qaCTOTe apauieaua. OTCIO,ll,a MO)!{HO cnenari, BbIBO,n, qTO B paCCMaTpUBaeMOM crryxae HMeeTC5I nse Kpl-ITUqeCKUe qaCTOThI spatueana BaJIa. ,ll,BUraTeJI5I: nepsas, xorna qaCTOTa apamenus BaJIa ,nBuraTeJI5I B oznry cexyany coanaztaer C qaCTOTOH c06CTBeHHbIX KOJIe- 6aHUH Cl-ICTeMbI f = lIT, U BTOpa5l, xorna qaCTOTa spameaas ,nBuraTeJI5I paaaa nOJIOBl-IHe qaCTOTbI co6CTBeHHbIX KOJIe6aHl-IH. COOTBeTCTBYIOrn.UM BbI60pOM )!{eCTKOCTl-I k npY)!{UHbI MO)!{HO scerna cnenars TaK, qT06bI sacrora c06CTBeHHbIX KOJIe6aHUH 6bIJIa ,nOCTaTOqHO ynaneaa 01' YKa3aHHbIX KpUTUqeCKHX qaCTOT apautenus U TeM caMbIM ycrpanurs B03MO)!(HOCTb B03HIIKHOBeHH5I 60JIbllIUX KOJIe6aHui'r.

87

CJIe)J,yeT nOMHHTb, qTO supaaceaae ()J,) )J,JI5I CHJIbI HHepUHH MaCCbI, cosepnratotnef aosaparao-nocrynarensnoe )J,BH)!{eHHe, 6bIJIO nOJIyqeHO nYTeM y)J,ep)!{aHH5I TOJIbKO nepnux )J,ByX qJIeHOB p5I)J,a TeHJIOpa )J,JI5I <PYHKUHH cos a. BOJIee TOqHOe asrpaacenae 6Y)J,eT conepacars, KpOMe TOrO, erne H rapMOHHKH 60JIee BbICOKOro nOp5I)J,Ka. A 3TO npasener K TOMY, qTO n05IB5ITC5I KpHTHqeCKHe qaCTOTbI apamenas 60JIee HH3KHe, qeM paccaarpaaaxncs asnne. O)J,HaKo OHH npaKTHqeCKOrO 3HaqeHH5I He HMeIOT, TaK KaK COOTBeTCTBYIOllI.He HM CHJIbI 6Y)J,YT CJIHllIKOM MaJIbI, qTo6bI BbI3bIBaTb CYIUeCTBeHHbIe KOJIe6aHH5I CHCTeMbi.

B 06ll1.eM cnyxae nepHO)J,HqeCKYIO B03MYIUaIOllI.YIO CHJIY npOH3BOJIbnoro BH)J,a MO)!{HO npe)J,CTaBHTb B BH)J,e mpUZOIiOMempUtteCKOZO pJlaa (pJlaa cfJYPbe): .~

F (t) = 00 + a1 cos rot + a2 cos 2rot + ... + bi sin rot + b2 sin 2rot + ... =

n

= ao + .E (a, cos irot + b, sinirot). i=l

( 1.58)

I1epHO)J, B03MYllI.aIOIUeii CHJIbI T = 2n/ ro, K03<p<pHUHeHTbI ao, ai H b, 5IBJI5IIOTC5I nOCT05IHHbIMH, xoropsre Tpe6yeTC5I onpenemrn..

,UJI5I roro qTo6bI onpenenars JII060ii lI3 K03<p<PlIUHeHToB p5I)J,a (1.58), eCJIH H3BeCTeH BH)J, IPYHKUHH F (f), Heo6xo)J,HMO BOCnOJIb30BaTbC5I CJIe)J,YIOIUeH nponeaypoa. I1pe)J,nOJIO)!{HM, Tpe6yeTC5I onpenenars K03<PIPHUHeHT a.. Torna o6e qaCTlI npe)J,cTaBJIeHH5I (1.58) MO)!{HO YMHO)!{HTb aa cos irot H npoaarerpaponars OT t = 0 )J,O t = T. MO)!{HO noxaaars, qTO HMeIOT MeCTO CJIe)J,YIOllI.He COOTHOllIeHH51:

T T

J ao cos irot dt = 0; J a j cos jrot cos irot dt = 0;

o 0

T T

J b . t . t dt . 0 J 9' t dt ai T n

j sin Jro cos no =; a, cos- lro = 2 = aiC;; ,

o 0

rne i H j - uensre qHCJIa 1, 2, 3, ... I1cnoJIb3Y5I 3TH COOTHOllIeHH51 H3 npe)J,cTaBJIeHH51 (1.58), HaXO)J,HM

T

ai= ; J F(t)cosirotdt. (1.59a)

o

I1oCTyna5I aHaJIOrHqHbIM o6pa30M H YMHO)!{a5I npencraaneaae (1.58) na sin irot II HHTerpHpY51, rrOJIYQHM

T

bi= ; J F(t) sin iot dt, o

(1.596)

11, naxonen, YMHO)!{IIB npencraanenne (1.58) na dt H npoaarerpaponaa OT t = 0 )J,O t = T, HaH)J,eM

T

00=+ J F(t)dt.

Q

(1.59B)

BH)1.HO, 4:TO eC.TIH H313ecTHO aHaJIHTl1l1eCKbe nupaacenae <PYHkIi.lIlt F (z), C nOMOllI,bJO ¢OPMYJI (1.59) MO)j{HO onpeztemrts K03¢¢1I1I.1IeHTbI npe)1.CTaBJIeH1I5I (1.58). ECJIH ¢YHKl~Il51 F (t) 3a)1.aeTC5I rparpnsecxa H He npe)1.CTaBJIHeTC51 B03MO.IKHbIM aupaaars ee B aHaJIIlTHlIeCKOH rpopae, CJIe)1.yeT )1.JI51 BbIlIIlCJIeHIlH IlHTerpaJIOB (1.59) IlCnOJIb30BaTb npH6JIH.lKeHHbIH lIHCJIeHHbIii MeTO)1..

Ilpennonaraa, sro B03MYllI,aJOllI,a51 CHJIa npe)1.CTaBJIeHa B BH)1.e TPHrOHOMeTpHlIeCKoro p51)1.a, sanamea ypaanenae )1.JI51 BbIHY.IK)1.eHHbIX KOJIe6aHHii C )1.eMn¢HpOBaHHeM B CJIe)1.YJOllI,eM BH)1.e:

mx + eX + kx = ao + at cos wt + az cos 2wi + ... +

+ b1 sin wi + bz sin 2wt + . . . (1.60)

Oouiee peuienae sroro ypaBHeHH51 COCTOHT H3 )1.ByX xacren: O)1.Ha H3 HHX onncsmaer cnooonnue KOJIe6aHHH, )1.pyraH - BbIHY.IK)1.eHHble. CB060)1.Hble KOJIe6aHH51 6Y)1.YT nOCTeneHHO saryxari, BCJIe)1.CTBHe BJIH51HH51 )1.eMn¢lIpoBaHHH. BbIHY.IK)1.eHHble KOJIe6aHHH )1.JI51 cJIYlla51 JIHHeiiHOro ypaBHeHHH 6Y)1.YT npe)1.cTaBJIHTb C060H HaJIO.IKeHHe YCTaHoBHBlllHXCH BbIHY.IK)1.eHHhIX KOJIe6aHHii, 06YCJIOBJIeHHbIX Ka.IK)1.bIM lIJIeHOM pnna (1.58). B CBOJO oxepens, 3TH nOCJIe)1.HHe KOJIe6aHHH MO.IKHO HCCJIe)1.0BaTb TOllHO TaK .IKe, KaK B n. 1.9. OTcJO)1.a MO)j{HO C)1.eJIaTb BbIBO)1., xro 60JIblllHe BhIHY.IK)1.eHHhle KOJIe6aHH51 MoryT B03HUKHYTb, xorna nepnon O)1.HOro H3 lIJIeHOB pana (1.58) COBna)1.eT C nepaonox coricrsenaux KOJIe6aHHii CHCTeMbI, T. e. eCJIH nepnon T B03MYllI,aJOllI,eii CHJIbI 6Y)1.eT JIH60 paaen TOllHO, JIu60 xparea nepaony 't~.

Ilpaaep 1. ,IljIlI peurenna cacreau, nOKa3aHHoH na pHC. I.4Q, HMelOTClI CJIe.ll.YIOm.He acxonaue .lI.aHHbIe: sec nopuma W n =,2,72· 10 H; sec IIIaTYHa W III = 1,36·10 H; MIg = 2WIII/3= 0,91·10 H; M~= Wn+ WIU/3= 3,18·10 H; nOJIHbJii sec .lI.BHrarena W = 2,27.103 H; qaCTOTa apaurenaa .lI.BHraTeJIlI 600 MHH-1; panayc KpHBoIIlHna r = 0,203 M; .lI.JIHHa IIIaTYHa l = 0,609 M; :lK€CTKOCTb npY:lKHHbI k = 2,06.106 HIM.

Ilpeaeriperaa BJIlIlIHHeM .lI.e¢OpMHpoBaHHlI, HaHTH MaKCHMaJIbHOe nepexenteuae .lI.BHraT€JIlI OT nOJIO:lKeHHlI paaaosecus npa YCTaHOBHBIIIHXClI BbIHY:lK.lI.eHHblx KOJIe6aHHlIx CHCTeMbJ. Ilpennoaaraerca, 'ITO KpHBOIIlHn nOJIHOCTblO oT6aJIaHCHpOBaH.

Petuenue. Hasaex C orrpeneaenaa co6CTBeHHOH xpyrosoa qaCTOTbI KOJIe6aHHlI CHCTeMbJ

= -v kg = V 2,06.106.9,81 = V8883 = 94 3 c-1•

P W 2,27.103 '

Kpoae roro, HMeeM

OTKY.lI.a HaXO.ll.HM

ro 62,83 2 2w 4

p=94;3='"3' p='"3'

'7!1 113 Haii.ll.eHHOrO OTHOIIleHHlI qaCTOT BlI.lI.HO, 'ITO qaCTOTa B03Mym.alOm.eH CHJIbJ, nponOpll.HOHaJIbHOH COS wt. pacnonosceaa HH:lKe peaoaaacnoa qaCTOTbI, Tor.ll.a KaK qaCTOTa CHJIbI, nponopuaouansuon COS 2wt. JIe:lKHT BblIIIe poaoaaacaoa qaCTOTbI. Ilpeaecperaa KOMnOHeHTaMH B03Mym.alOm.eH CHJIbI C 60JIee BbICOKHMH qaCTOTaMH, noayxaea HaJIO:lKeHue BJIHlIHHii TOJIbKO CHJI anepuaa, npencraanseasrx BbIpa:lKeHHlIMH (a) H (n), HJIH, 'ITO TO :lKe cajroe, HX CYMMoii (e). 3anHCbIBalI 9TH cnaraeaue B BH.lI.e

PI COS wt = - (Ml + M2) w2r COS wt;

(:lK) 89

floJly'hlM

P - (M +M) 2 __ (b.91+3.18)10.400n2.O,203 -3341103 H·

1 - - 1 2 W r - 9,81 -,',

r M 2 __ (0,203)( 3,18.10) 02)0203-. 0867103 H

Pz = - T 2W r - - 0,609 9,81 (40 rt , - -,' .

BHOBb BOCIIOJIb30BaBllIHCb nsrpasceaaex (1.24) H3 II. 1.6, HaH~eM, 'ITO ~JIH BbIHy)K~eHHbIX KOJIe6aHHH 6e3 ~eMIIItmpoBaHHH, 06YCJIOBJIeHHbIX ~eHCTBHeM ~ByX B03My~aIO~Hx CHJI [CM. nupaaceaas ()K) 1. IIepeMe~eHHH

P ( 1) - 3,341.103 ( I )

Xl=--t- 1-w21p2 coswt= 2,06.106 1-4/9 coswt=

= - 2,92.10-3 cos wt;

P2 ( 1) - 0,867 .103 ( 1 )

Xz = -k- 1 _ 4W21p2 cos 2wt = 2,06.106 1 _ 16/9 cos wt

= 0,54.10-3 COS et,

MaKCHMaJIbHOe nepeaemeane HMeeT MeCTO IIpH wt = n, 'ITO ~aeT

(Xl + X2)max= (2,92 + 0,54) 10-3 = 3,46· 10-3 M.

Ilpaaep 2. Ha cHcTeMY C O~HOH CTeIIeHbIO caorionsr ~eHcTByeT B03My~aIO~a51 CHJIa F(t), KOTopaH H3MeHHeTCH B 3aBHCllMOCTH OT BpeMeHH B COOTBeTCTBHH C naarpaxaon. npaaenenaoa na pHC. 1.41. Ilpeaeoperaa BJIHHHlleM ~eMII¢HpoBaHHH, paccuorpers YCTaHOBHBllIHeCH BblHy)K~eHHble KOJIe6aHHH, xoropue IIpH 3TOM B03HllKaIOT, eCJIH Macca m IIPY)KHHbI H ee )KeCTKOCTb k TaKOBbI, 'ITO OTHOllIeHHe '1aCTOT wlp = 0,9.

Petuesue. Hasnea C Toro, 'ITO IIpOBe~eM rapMOHH'IeCKHH aHaJIH3 3a~aHHOH CHJIbI, IIpe~IIOJIO)KHB, 'ITO ¢YHKll,HH, OIIHCbIBaIO~aH 3TY CHJIY, MO)KeT 6bITb IIpe~CTaBJIeHa B BH,I(e TpHrOHOMeTpH'IeCKOrO psna (1.58). )lJIH sroro BOCIIOJIb3yeMcH Bblpa)KeHHHMH (1.59), C IIOMO~bIO KOTOPbIX HaH,I(eM K03¢¢Hll.HeHTbI Go, ai H bi pana.

2;r/w

B3HB cnasana sapaxeaae (1.59B), BH~HM, 'ITO HHTerpaJI J F (t) dt IIpe~CTaB-

o

JIHeT c060il IIJIO~a~b 06JIaCTH, 3aKJIIO'IeHHOil Me)K,I(Y sanaauoa IIHJI006pa3Hoil ,l(HarpaMMoH (CM. pHC. 1.41) H OCbIO a6Cll,HCC aa HHTepBaJIe C KOOp,l(HHaTaMH t = 0 H t = T = 2nlw. O'leBH~HO, 'ITO 3Ta IIJIO~a~b paaaa HYJIIO, orxyna cnenyer, 'ITO ao = O.

06paTHBllIHCb ztanee K Bblpa)KeHHIO (1.59a), BH,I(HM, 'ITO Ka)K,I(aH opzmnara ,l(HarpaMMbI (CM. pHC. 1.41) ~OJI)KHa 6b1Tb YMHO)KeHa aa cos iwt H 3aTeM nponarerpapoaaua OT t = 0 no t = 2n/w. TIOCKOJIbKY ¢YHKll,HH F (t) uexernaa, a ¢YHKll,HH cos uot '1eTHaH, HX IIpoH3Be~eHHe 6y~eT TaK)Ke He'leTHOH ¢YHKll,HeH, OTKY,I(a cnenyer, 'ITO HHTerpaJI B supaxeana (1.59a) TaK)Ke 6y~eT paaen HYJIIO, T. e. ai = O.

11 naxoneu B3HB asrpaacenae (1.596), BH,I(HM, 'ITO Ka)K,I(aH opnanara ¢YHKll,HH F (t)

na pHC. 1.41 ~OJI)KHa 6bITb YMHQ)KeHa na sin iwt H npoaarerpapoaaaa OT t = 0 ,1(0 t = 2nlw. B 3TOM cJIY'Iae ¢YHKll,HH F (t) aa orpesxe OT t = 0 no t = n/w HBJIHeTCH cHMMeTpH'IHOil OTHOCHTeJIbHO t = n/2w, a aa anrepsane OT t = n/w ~o t = 2n/w OHa CHMMeTpH'IHa OTHOCHTeJIbHO t = 3n/2w. O,l(HaKO, xorna i

t. HBJIHeTCH '1eTHbIM ll,eJIbIM 'I HCJI OM , COOTBeTCTBYIO~He Y'IaCTKH ¢YHKll,HH sin uot HBJIHIOTCH aHTllcHMMeTpH'IHbIMH COOTBeTCTBeHHO OTHOCllTeJIbHO TO'leK t = nl2w H t = 3n/2w. TaKHM o6pa30M, nOJIY'1aeM, 'ITO IIpH i = 2, 4, 6, ... K03¢¢Huaenrst bi = O.

PHC. 1.41

90

Korna i - neuernoe IJ.eJIOe 'IHCJIO, 06e <jJYHKIJ.1I1I F (t) II sin iwt HBJIllI<JTCH 31lTIIclIMMeTplIlJHbIMII OTHOCIITeJIbHO Op)(IIHaTbI t = nlw. Torna 113 Bblpa)KeHIIH (1.596) nOJIYlJaeM

2~@ n~@

bi=: J F(t)sinwtdt= ~ J F(t)siniwtdt. (3)

o 0

BHOBb 06pa1IJ.35!Cb K pIIC. 1.41, BII,l\IIM, 'ITO na IIHTepSaJIe OT t = ° no t = nl2w IIMeeM F (t) = 2Pwtln. rIO,l\CT3BIIM 9TO Bblpa)KeHlle B narerpan (3), rrO.'IYlJIIM

n/2@ in/2

8Pw2 J 8P J

bi = --;:t2 t sin iwt dt = i2n2 u sin u duo

o 0

Ilpoanrerpuposae II nO,iJ:CT3BIIB npenensr IIHTerpllpOB3HII5!, H3ii,l\eM

b. - ~ . ..!.!!:.. - ~ (_ 1)((-1)/2

,- i3n2 sm 2 - i2n2 '

(II)

r,l\e i = 1, 3, 5, 7, ...

YlJIITbIB35!, 'ITO ao = 0, a; = 0, II IICnOJIb3Y5! asrpasceaae (H) ,l\JI5! rpnrouoverpn'leCKOrO p sna (1.58), nOJIY'lIlM

F (t) = ~ (Sin wt - +. sin 3wt + ~ sin Soot - ... ) •

(K)

,U3JIee, ,l\JI5! roro 'lT06bI npe,l\CT3BIITb nHJIoo6pa3HYIO ,l\H3rp3MMY, npHBe,l\eHHYIO na puc, 1.41, B BII,l\e rpnroaoaerpasecxoro psna, Heo6xo,l\IIMO TOJIbKO npocYMMIIPOB3Tb C1IHYCOH,l\bI C He'leTHbIMIl 'lIlCJI3MII BOJIH aa IIHTepBaJIe OT t = ° zto t = 2n/w. DOJIee roro, snecs MO)KHO aaners, 'lTO p5!,l\bI (K) 6bICTPO CXO,l\5!TC5!, n09ToMY ,l\JI5! rrp3KTHKII B3)KHbIM 5!BJI5!eTC5! TOJIbKO nepsun 'lJIeH psna. TaKIiM 06P330M, B03MYIIJ.alOIIJ.aH CIiJIa, H3MeH5!lOlIJ.a5!C5! no nanooripasnoxy 3aKoHY, OKa3bIBaeT na cHcTeMY npnaepao raxoe )Ke BJIII5!Hlle; KaK II B03Mym;aI01IJ.35! CIiJIa, 113MeH5!IOm;a5!C5! no CIiHycOII,l\aJIbHoMY 3aKoHY C HeCKOJIbKO MeHbllleii aMnJIIITY,l\oii BII,l\3

F (t) = 8~ sin wt. (JI)

n

,UJI5! roro lJTo6bI YKa3aTb na He3Ha'lIlTeJIbHOe BJIII5!Hlle sroporo 'lJIeH3 pana, OT MeTIIM, 'lTO npu w/p = 0,9 K03<jJ<jJIIIJ.lleHT YCIIJIeHII5!

1

~3 = 1 _ (3wjp)2 = - 0,159.

TaKIiM 06pa30M, aMnJIIITY,l\a BbIHY)K,l\eHHbIX KOJIe6aHllii, 06YCJIOBJIeHH3H BTOPbIM lJJIeHOM psna, COCTaBJI5!eT TOJIbKO 0,159/32 = 0,0177 OT npornria npa CT3TII'leCKOM npanoacenan CIiJIbI 8P/n2, rorna KaK K09<p<jJIIIJ.lleHT YCIIJIeHH5! ,l\JI5! nepsoro 'lJIeHa psna

1

'\ = 1 2 = 5,26.

p _ w2/p

CJIe,'(OB3TeJIbHO, MO)KHO cnenars BblBO,l\, 'lTO npll6JIu)KeHHOe aupaaceuae (JI) zraer OIll1l6KY, MeHblllYIO 0,4 %, a npU6JIU)KeHHOe pemenae, onncsmaromee nepexemenne B HCXO,l\HOii sanase, npn 3TOM HMeeT BH,l\

8P~1 .

X = ~sm wt. (M)

3A)J,AlIH

t. t t. t. l/IcnOJIb3Y5! naansre npaxepa 1, npIIBe,l\eHHOrO asnue, nocrpoars KPHBYIO saBHCHMOCTH nepeaeureaas OT BpeMeHII x = f (t) ,l\JI5! YCTaHoBHBlllIIXC51 BbIHY)K,l\eHHblX kOJIe6aHHii CHCTeMbI, nOKa33HHoii aa pHC. 1.40.

91

1.11.2. Pa3JIO)KUTb noauymaiouiyio cany F (t), rpaoax KOTOPOH npencrannen na puc. A.l.ll.2, B TpuroHOMeTpH'leCKUH pSI)!.

Omeem: F (t) = ~ (sin rot + + sin 3rot + ... ) .

F(t) p

a

r-

:n:./w Z:n:./w J!t./w 41C/W t
~ -p

Puc. A.1.11.2

1.11.3. Pa3JIO)KUTb aosaymaronryro CUJIY F (t), rpaoax KOTOPOH npencrasnea aa puc. 1.11.3, B TpurOHOMeTpUqeCKUH pan.

, 4P ( 1 )

Omeem: F (t) = -;:t cos rot - ""3 cos 3rot + ... .

Nt) P

o

- -

I I I
1C/W 21C/W 31C/W 4tr:/W
- ..J__. t

-p

Puc. A. 1.11.3

1.11.4. Pa3JIO)KIITb aoaaymaiomyro CllJIY F (t), rpaoax KOTOPOH npencraaaea aa puc. A.1.11.4, B TpuroHOMeTpUqeCKUH PSI)!..

Omeem: F (t) = 2: (sin rot - -} sin 2roi + + sin 3rot - ... ) .

F(t)

p

PIIC. A.l.l1.4

92

1.11.5. Pa3J10JKHTb B03MYlll,alOllI,YlO CHJlY F (t), rparpax xoropof npencrasaea aa pHC. A.l.ll.5, B rparoaoaerpmecxpn pan,

Omeem: F (t) = ~ - ~ (sin rot + + sin 2rot + + sin 3rot + ... ) .

F(t)

PHC. A.1.11.5

1.11.6. ITOJlytlHTb oouiee penrenne ,n:JllI 3a,n:aQH 00 YCTaHoBHBIllHXClI BbIHYJK,n:eHHblx KOJleOaHHlIx C .neMnqlHpoBaHHeM CHCTeMbI C o,n:Hoil crenensio CBOOO,n:bI, eCJlH B03MYIIJ.arouias CHJla onHCbIBaeTClI ¢YHKl.{lfeil aana (1.58).

00

O ao + L at cos (irot - 8i) + b ; sin (irot - 8d

meem: x= -- .

k k V (1 - i2ro2jp2)2 + (2yirojp)2

1=1

1.12. B03MymAIOmASI CUJlA npOU3BOJlbHOrO BU,l(A

B npe)J.bI)J.YIlI,eM naparparpe 6bIJI paCCMOTpeH 06W.HH CJIyqaH nepHO)J.HqeCKOH B03MYIlI,aIOw.eH CHJIbI, KOTopaH MO}l{eT 6blTb npe)J.CTaBJIeHa B BH)J.e pana <l>YPbe. O)J.HaKo )J.JIH CJIyqaH 803MYUlpIOUf!!U CUAbl npous- 80AbH020 euiia CHJIa MeHHeTCH BO BpeMeHH He no nepHO)J.HqeCKOMY 3aKOHY, n03TOMY 3)J.eCb cnenyer HCnOJIb30BaTb HeCKOJIbKO HHOH nonxon K pemeHHIO aanana.

PaCCMOTpHM )J.H<!><!>epeHUHaJIbHOe ypasneaae )J.BH}I{eHHH )J.eMn<!>HpoBaHHOH CHCTeMbI C O)J.HOH CTeneHbIO CB060)J.bI (pHC. 1.42, a) npu )J.eHcTBHH B03MYIll,aIOIlI,eH CHJIbI Q = F (t') npOH3BOJIbHorO BH)J.a

mx = -eX - kx + Q.

(a)

m

a

t

t' dt'

x

t

0)

6)

Pac, 1.42

93

Pa3,UeJ1HB ypaaneaue (a) na m II c,UeJ1aB COOTBeTCTBYIOW.lie npeoripasoBaHH5I, nOJ1y'lHM

x + 2nx + p2X = q,

(1.61)

r,Ue

q = !l_ = .fJ!]_ = t (I')

m m

(6)

51B.r15leTC5I B03Myw.alOIll,eH CHlIOH, ornecenaon K e,UHHHlJ,e MaCChI. I1PH Bhlsene ypaBHeHH5I (1.61) npenno.naraaocs, 'lTO CHJ1a q 5IBJ15IeTC5I ¢YHKlJ,Heii: ¢HKTllBHoro BpeMeHH t', KaK nOKa3aHO na pHC. 1.42, 6. Torna B nponaBOJ1hHhIii: MOMeHT apexeaa t' MO.IKHO nO,UC'lIlTaTh npupatuenue uurupu.ca q dt', noxasanaoe na pncynxe 3aUlTpHXOBaHHhIM np5lMoyrOJIhHHKOM. 3TOT IIMrrYJIhC coooniaer e,UHHHlJ,e MaCChI MfHOBeHHoe YBeJ1H'leHHe CKOpOCTH (HJ1li npuptuuenue cxopocmui

dx = q dt'

(B)

He3aBHCIIMO OT roro, 'lTO aa sry Maccy MoryT ,Ueii:cTBoBaTh II npyrue CHJ1hI (uanpnaep, CHJ1a ynpyrocrn) H He3aBllCHMO OT BeJ1ll'lHHhI nepeuemeuns H CKOPOCTH 3TOii: MaCChI B MOMeHT t'. PaCCMaTpllBa5I 3TO npnpameHHe CKOPOCTH KaK Ha'laJIhHYIO CKOPOCTh B MOMeHT t' II HCrr0J1h3Y51 supaaceane (1.35) H3 rr. 1.8, rrOJIy'lllM, 'lTO npupatuenue nepeuetuenust CHCTeMhI B JII060H MOMeHT BpeMeHH t 6y,UeT llMeTh BH,U

dx = e-n(t-t') qdt' sin PA (I - t').

P/1.

(r)

I10CKOJIhKY TaKoH .IKe 3¢¢eKT BhI3hIBaeTC5I Ka.IK,UhIM npnpameaaea HMnYJIhCa q dt' aa HHTepBaJIe OT t' = 0 no t' = t, TO B pe3YJ1hTaTe Henpepsrsnoro ,Ueii:CTBHH B03Myw.alOw.eii: canu q nOJIy'lllM CJIe'uYIOIll,ee sstpaacenae ,n:J15I nOJIHorO nepeaemenas:

t

-nt S

X = _e__ ev: q sin Pil. (t - t') di':

PA 0

( 1.62)

I10,U06Hhle npe,n:cT3EJIOIH5I B MaT€MaTHEe Ha3hIBalOTC5I uumeepanou Ihoauensi.

Bsrpaxceuae (I.E2) npencraanser no.naoe nepenemenae npu ,n:eii:cTBHH B03MYIll,alOIll,eii: CHJlhI q na narepsane BpeMeHH OT 0 no t. OHO BKJIIO'laeT KaK YCTaHOBHBIlIll€C5I, TaK HeYCTaHOBHBiliHeCH ¢OpMhI H oc06eHHO y,n:06HO npn HCCJ1e,n:OBaHHH nonenenas cHCTeMhI npn K0J1e6aHH5IX, xorna ,n:eHCTByeT B03MYIll,alOw.a5I CHJ1a npOH3BOJIhHOrO anna. ECJ111 ¢yHKlJ,HlO q = t (t') He npe,n:CTaBJIHeTC5I B03MO.IKHhIM BhIpa311Th anamrrn-recxu, HI-ITerpaJ1 (1.62) MO.IKHO scerna BhI'lllCJ111Th rrp1l6J1I1.IKeHHO C nououu.io cOOTBeTcTBYIOw.ero MeTo,n:a rparpasecxoro I1JII1 'lI1CJ1eHHOrO mrrerp apoBaHI15I. )lJ151 TOro 'lTo6bl yuecrs BJ1H5IHlle Ha'laJIhHOro cMew.eH1l5I Xo H Ha'laJ1hHoi'i CKOPOCTH Xo npn t = 0, He06xo,n:HMO TOJ1bKO K aupaacenmo

94

a x
Ci1

-
a t' t 1: 2'< 31: t
a) r5 )
Pile . . 1.43 (1.62) npuriamrrt, peurenne (1.35) 113 rr. 1.8, ysarsmatomee yxaaannue HaqaJIbHble YCJIOBlIH. Torna oouiee peureaae npnaer BH,ll,

X = e="! [ Xo cos pt + Xo ~iI.nxo sin PAt + ;n i ent' q sin Pn (t - t')] dt. (1.63)

ECJIII npeneopexs BJIlIHHHeM ,ll,eMrrcpl1pOBaHlIH, nonysaea n = 0 11 p;J. = p, B pe3YJIbTaTe nero nsrpazceane (1.62) npuuanaer BII,ll,

t

X = +J q sin P (t - t') di': o

( 1.64)

B TOM cnvsae, KOr)Ia yqHTblBaeTcH BJIlIHHlIe HaqaJIbHOrO CMemeHIIH Xo 11 HaqaJIbHOll CKOPOCTlI Xo npn t = 0, supaacenne (1.63) 6e3 yxera ,ll,eMrrcplIpoBaHIIH CTaHOBIITCH TaKIIM:

t

X = .to cos pt + .!.2.. sin pt + _1_J q sin p (t - tf) di',

P P

o

(1.65)

B xanecrse nprnrepa rrplIMeHeHIIH supaaceaaa (1.64) npenno.noacna, qTO K Macce na pnc. 1.42, a BHe3arrHO npanoacena IIOCTOHHHaH CIIJIa Ql (pnc. 1.43, a). I10,ll,06HbIll xapaxrep ,ll,lIHaMlIqeCKOrO HarpY)KeHlIH OITJICbIBaeTCH TaK aassmaeaoa cmunenuamoa ¢YHKl{Ueu. B 3TOM cnynae lIMeeM ql = Ql/m = const . Torna nupaxceaae (1.64) npnaer BH,ll,

t

X = ~1 J sin p (t - tf) di',

a

::hOT narerpan JIerKO BblqIICJIHeTCH, qTO naer

X= ;~ (l-cospt)= ~1 (I-cospt).

(1.66)

H3 npaseneaaoro penrenna cnenyer, qTO npn BHe3arrHOM rrplIJIO)KeHIIII nocTOHHHOll no BeJIlIql1He ClIJIbI B03Hl1KalOT KOJIe6aHHH C aMrrJIIITY,ll,Oll Ql/k, HaJIO)KeHHble na CTaTlIqeCKOe cvemeaae TOll )Ke BeJIHqlIHbI Ql/k (puc. 1.43, 6). TaKlIM o6pa30M, MaKCIIMaJIbHOe nepeaeuienue, B03HH-

95

Q

Q

QI~----------------------

:. . ... .._1 ..... t

a)

0)

lJ
t K
Q,
-
K
'C t
8) 2)
Pile. 1.44 xarciuee npn BHe3anHOM rrpHJIO)KeHlIlI CliJIbl, B 2 pa3a 60JIblile nepeue. meaas, 06YCJIOBJIeHHOrO CTaTlIqeCKlIM nplIJIO)KeHlIeM ClIJIbI.

B paccaorpeaaosr nsnue cnyxae nOCTOHHHaH ClIJIa Q )1,eikTByeT B rexeane 6eCKOHeqHO 60JIblilOrO rrpOMe)KYTKa apenean. ECJIlI xce OHa )1,eHcTByeT TOJIbKO na rrpOMe)KYTKe apexena t.. lIMeeT MeCTO npsiuoYZO/lbHbtu UMnY/lbC (pac, l.44, a). B rexeaae speaean, KOr)1,a ClIJIa He panna HyJIIO, noaenenae ClICTeMbl B TOqHOCTlI cosrranaer C TeM, qTO )1,aeTCH supaaceaaea (l.66). DOBe)1,eHlIe )Ke B CJIe)1,YIOIII,ee sa tl BpeMH MO)KHO onpenemm, C noaomsio mrrerpana ,UlOaMeJIH, aanacanaoro )1,JIH xasororo lI3 )1,ByX lIHTepBaJIOB speaeua: OT 0 )1,0 t, II OT t1)1,0 t. TOJIbKO mrrerpuposanae rro nepaoxy lIHTepBaJIY)1,aeT OTJIlIqHblH OT HyJIH pe3YJIbTaT, noCKOJIbKY BO BTOPOM lIHTepBaJIe npexeun <PYHKII.lIH B03MYIII,aIOlll,eH CRJIbl pasna HYJIIO. CYMMlIPYH CKa3aHHoe, pemeaae )1,JIH paccaarpuaaeaoro CJIyqaH MO)KHO npencraann, B CJIe)1,YIOlll,eM BlI)1,e:

npn 0 -c t ~ tl . x= ~l (I - cospt), T. e. (1.66);

npn t~tl x= ~1 [cosp(t-t1)-cosptl.

(1.67)

Aaanornnaue peay.nsrarsr MoryT 6bITb nonysensr, eCJIlI lIMnyJIbC npHMoyrOJIbHOH <pOPMbl (CM. pRC. 1.44, a) paccaarpnsan, KaK CyMMy )1,ByX crynensarux <PYHKII.RH, qTO rrOKa3aHO aa pRC. 1.44, 6. Ilepsaa

96

crynensaraa CPYHKUH5I npHHHMaeT anaseaae QI npn t = 0, BTOpa51 ~ QI np a t = tl·

Tperna MeTO)], nOJIyqeHHH roro )Ke pe3YJIbTaTa, qTO CO)],ep)KHTC5I B BbIpa)KeHHR (1.67), 3aKJIIOqaeTCH B onpeneneana nepexeuieuaa II CKOPOCTII CliCTeMhI B MOMeHT BpeMeHII tl C noaoutsto BbIpa)KeHII5I (1.66). B pesy JIhTaTe nOJIyqIIM

Xt, = kl (1 - cos pt}); (e)

• QIP. t

Xt, =ri: smp 1·

ECJIII 3TII BeJIIIqIIHhI paccaarpnaan, KaK aaxansasre nepeaemeane II CKOPOCTh, sanaaasre B MOMeHT BpeMeHII fl' pe3YJIhTIIpYIOruee )],Bll)KeHIIe CliCTeMbI npn CB060)],HhIX KOJIe6aHII5IX MO)KHO npencramrn, B anne

.

x

X = Xl cosp (t - t1) + _t_, sin p (t - t1).

P

nO)],CTaBJI5I5I 3HaqeHlIH (e) II ()K) B BbIpa)KeHIIe (3), nOCJIe HeCJIO)KHbIX TpHrOHOMeTpHqeCKHX npe06pa30BaHHll CHOBa npH)],eM K nOJIyqeHHOMY ssnue pelIIeHlIIO (1. 67).

AMnJIIITY)],y cB060)],HbIX KOJIe6aHIIll, B03HIIKlIIIIX nOCJIe B03)],ellcTBII5I IIMnyJIbCa npaxoyronsaoa CPOPMbI, MO)KHO onpenenars no cpopMyJIe

A = V xi. + (Xt.!p)2. (II)

nO)],cTaBJI5IH B cpOpMyJIy (II) 3HaqeHIISI (e) II ()K), nOCJIe ynpomenaf Hall)],eM

A = kl V-2 (1 - cospt}) = 2kQ sin ( P~l ) = 2kQ sin ( 3t~1 ). (K)

113 nocnenneii sanacn BbIpa)KeHII5I (K) BII)],HO, qTO axnnaryna CB060)1.HbIX KOJIe6aHIIll 3aBIICIIT OT OTHOllieHII5I tit, rne 't - nepIIO)1. CB060)1.HbIX KOJIe6aHIIll CIICTeMbI. B351B B xasecrse )1.JIllTeJIbHOCTII IIMnyJIbCa npaxoyrOJIbHOll CPOpMbI BpeM5I tl = 't/2, nOJIYQllM 3HaqeHIIe aMnJIllTY)],bI A = = 2Ql/k. Ilepenemeana CIICTeMbI BO BpeMeHII npn )],ellcTBIIll llMnyJIbCa nOKa3aHbI na pIIC. 1.44, 8. B 3TOM CJIYQae cana Q )1.ellcTByeT B nanpaaneHllII nepeaemenas OT 0 )1.0 A II cosepuraer B CIICTeMe nOJIO)KllTeJIbHYIO no 3HaKY p a60TY. Korna CIIJIa aaxnaaer )],ellCTBOBaTb B KpallHeM nOJIO)KeHllII, cncreaa, B KOTOPOll OTCYTcTByeT )1.eMncpIIpOBaHlle, COXpaH5IeT 3Ty 3HeprIIIO, B pe3YJIbTaTe xero npoIIcXo)1.51T CBo60)1.HbIe KOJIe6aHII5I OTHOCIITeJIbHO HaqaJIbHOrO nepeaemenas 2Qlk, cOOTBeTcTBYIOruero MOMeHTY npeaeaa fl.

Paccaorpma] BTOPOll CneUIIaJIbHhIll CJIyqaH, 3a)1.aB )1.JIIITeJIbHOCTb IIMnyJIbCa t, =. 'to 113 BbIpa)KeHIISI (K) CJIe)1.yeT, QTO npn 3TOM asmnaryna A = 0, a nepeaemenna CliCTeMbI BO BpeMeHII IIMeIOT Bll)]" nOKa3aHHhIll na pIIC. 1.44, c. B 3TOM caysae nOCT05lHHa51 cana cosepuraer nOJIOiKllTeJIbHYIO no 3HaKY paoory na nepeaemeuaa OT 0 )1.0 A, KOTOpa51 paana no BeJIIIQllHe OTpIIuaTeJIbHOH paeore aa 06paTHOM nepeaetuenna OT A )],0 o. n03TOMY nOJIHa51 coaepuraexaa panora p asaa HyJIIO, II enCTeMa OCTaeTC5I B noxoe nOCJIe npexpameaua )1.ellCTBII5I CllJIbI.

4 TIlMOllleHKO c. n. H J\lJ..

97

Q

a) t
~h n n n -.
a r r Jr 2'1: 5-r 3-r 7-r t:
2 2 2" 2"
0) B)
PHC. 1.45 npe)J,nOJIO)KHM, qTO PH)J, cryneanarsrx <PYHKIJ.HH qepe)J,YIOrn.HXCH 3HaKOB, )J,eHCTBYIOIll,HX TaK, KaK rrOKa3aHO aa pHC. 1.45, a, rrpoH3Bo)J,HT B pesy JIbTaTe rrOCJIe)J,OBaTeJIbHOCTb HMrry JIbCOB rrpHMoyrOJIbHOH <pOpMbI (pHC. 1.45, 6). nYCTb )J,JIHTeJIbHOCTb HHTepBaJIa BpeMeHH Me)K)J,Y CMe)KHbIMH crynennarsnor <pyHKIJ.HHMH pasaa T/2. Torna )J,eHCTBHe HMrryJIbCa 6Y)J,eT scerna cosnanars rro rpase co CKOPOCTblO H OH 6Y)J,eT COBeplIIaTb rrOJIO)KHTeJIbHYIO pa60TY na Ka)K)J,OM IJ.HKJIe KOJIe6aHHH. B COOTBeTCTBHH C rrpHHIJ.HIlOM HaJIO)KeHHH MO)KHO C)J,eJIaTb BbIBO)J" qTO aMIlJIHTY)J,a CBO- 60)J,HbIX KOJIe6aHHH nOCJIe n HMnYJIbCOB npHMoyrOJIbHOH <pOpMbI 6Y)J,eT

TaKHM 06pa30M, npn Ka)K)J,OM IJ.HKJIe KOJIe6aHHH aMnJIHTY)J,a YBeJIHqHBaeTCH aa 2Ql/ k, B pesy JIbTaTe qero cyMMapHoe nepenemeaae CHCTeMbI CTpeMHTCH K 6eCKOHeqHOCTH. Ha pHC. 1.45, 8 noxasaaa KPHBaH, )J,eMOHCTpHPYIOrn.aH 3TO napacranae nepeaeuienua nOCJIe HeCKOJIbKHX nepssrx IJ.HKJIOB KOJIe6aHHH. Hs cxasauaoro MO)KHO C)J,eJIaTb BbIBO)J" qTO B JII060H nepnon <PYHKIJ.HH B03Myrn.alOrn.eH CHJIbI npn COBna)J,eHHH qaCTOT nosayutaroiuef CHJIbI H CHCTeMbI 6Y)J,YT B03HHKaTb 60JIblIIHe aMnJIHTY)J,bI BblHY)K)J,eHHbIX KOJIe6aHHH, eCJIH 3Ta CHJIa COBeplIIaeT npn Ka)K)J,OM IJ.HKJIe nOJIO)KHTeJIbHYIO pa60TY. TaKHM 06pa30M, HCnOJIb30BaHHe unrerpana ,UlOaMeJIH )J,JIH onpeneneaas nepeaemenaa CHCTeMbI BO BpeMeHH npn )J,eHCTBHH 0606rn.eHHoH nepHO)J,HqeCKOH B03Myrn.alOrn.eH CHJIbI npe)J,CTaBJIHeT C060H MeTO)J" OTJIHqHbIH OT npnaeneaaoro B n. 1.11, rne )J,HHaMHqeCKHe HarpY3KH 6bIJIH npencraanensr B BH)J,e PH)J,OB <l>ypbe.

Ilpnaep 1. Onpenenars 3aKOH ~BH)KeHHll CHCTeMbl C o~Hoii creneasto caooona 6e3 ~eMIHIJHPOBaHHll npa ~eiiCTBHH sospacraromea rro JIuHeiiHoMY 3aKoHY CUJIbl, aassrBaeMoii AUHeiiHoii ¢YHKl{Ueii (puc. 1.46, a). CKOPOCTb nospacraaaa ¢YHKII.UU Q B enaHUII.Y BpeMeHH paBHa 8Q.

Peiuenue. B ~aHHOM npaxepe ¢YHKII.Ull B03Myw;aIOw;eii CHJIbl, asipaaceauaa sepes 8Q H t", HMeeT BH~

98

Q = 8Qt',

a orneceuaas K e,n,HIIIH\e MaCCbI CHJIa

Ilpaxennrensuo K ,n,aHIIOMY CJIYlJalO supaaceaue (1.64) ,[(aeT

t

X= 6Q Jt'sinp(t-t')dt', mp

o

Torna nOCJIe aarerpapoaaans no lJaCTHM nOJIYlJaeM HCKOMoe peureane

x = 6~ (t -+ sin pt) •

(0)

113 noxyuennoro peIIleHHH BH,n,HO, lJTO 3aKOII ,n,BH}KeIlHH B CJIYlJae aospacrarouien rro JIHHeHHOMY 3aKOHY CHJIbI npencraanser C060H CYMMY JIHHeHHO soapacraiouierc CTaTHlJeCKOrO nepexemenaa 6Qt/k H ncpcvcmcaaa npa CB060,ll,lIbIX KOJIe6allHHX C aMnJIHTY,ll,OH 6Q/kp (pHC. 1.46, 6). CKOPOCTb B rrpOH3BOJIbHbIH MOMeHT BpeMeHH t panna nepsoa rrpOH3BO,ll,HOH Bblpa}KeHHH (0) rro apexeaa

• 6Q 6Q ( 2nt )

X=-k-(I-cospt)=1l 1-c05-.- .

(u)

TaKHM 06pa30M, CKOPOCTb pasua HYJIIO B MOMellTbI spexeaa t'= 0, ., 2., 3., ... ; B Te }Ke MOMellTbI BpeMeHH ,; = 0, ., 2., 3., ... panen HYJIIO yron HaKJIOHa KPHBOH, onacuaaiomen 3aBHCHMOCTb nepeveuieaaa OT BpeMeHH (CM. pHC. 1.46,6). Kpoxe roro, B MOMeHT apexean T = ,;/2, 3./2, 5';/2, ... CKOPOCTb scerna If MeeT rrOJIO}KlfTeJIbHOe aaaxeaae C MaKClfMYMOM, paBHbIM 26Q/k.

Ilpasaa lJaCTb ssrpaaceaas (rr) ,ll,JIH CKOPOCTH cosnanaer rro cpopMe C npason lJaCTblO asrpaacenaa (1.66) ,ll,JIH nepexeuieaak npa ,ll,eHCTBHH HarpY3KIf B anne cryneasaroa CPYHKIJ:lfH. STO 06bHcHHeTcH TeM 06CTOHTeJIbCTBOM, lJTO JIlfHeHIIO aoapacraiomas CPYHKIJ:lfH nponopuaoaansaa apeaeaa, a He HBJIHeTCH rrOCTOHHHOH BeJIHlJlfHOH, He aaaacamea OT BpeMeHH. MO}KHO TaK}Ke oTMeTHTb, lJTO CPYHKIJ:lfH B03MYll\alOll\eH CHJIbI, 1f3MeHHIOll\eHCH BO spexena rro rrapa60JIlflJeCKOMY 3aKoHY, 06YCJIOBJIlfBaeT CPYHKIJ:UIO CKOPOCTU, cosna,ll,alOll\YIO rro cpopMe C npasoa lJaCTblO BbIpa}KeHHH (0) ,ll,JIH nepexemeaan, H CPYIIKIJ:HIO ycxopenaa, coanaaaromyio rro cpopMe C npaaoit lJaCTblO asrpaacenas (rr) ,ll,JIH CKOpOCTll.

Ilpnaep 2. BHOBb rrOJIYlJllM BbIpa}KeHHH ,ll,JIH nepcaeuienaf npn BblHYJ«,ll,eHHbIX KOJIe6aHHHx 6e3 ,ll,eMrrcpHpoBaHHH CHCTeMbI C O,ll,HOH creneasro CB060,ll,bI, eCJIH B03MYll\alOuiaa CHJIa HBJIHeTCH rapMOHHlJeCKOH CPYHKIJ:HeH. STOT CJIYlJaH pa36HpaJICH H noapocao

X
36Q1:
K
K
::::J 6Q 2Qr
1
K
t r 2r Jr: t
a) rf )
Pac, 1.46
99 Q

4*