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CFX Multiphase 14.5 L06 Advanced Lagrangian Particle Tracking
CFX Multiphase 14.5 L06 Advanced Lagrangian Particle Tracking
Tracking
14. 5 Release
t P t P t P
Time
t F t F
t F 2t F t F t F tF
• Time/space interpolation of the fluid variables to the actual particle time and
position:
F ,t f ( F ,t , F ,t t , F ,t 2 t )Vertex
F F
t P t P t P
Time
t F t F
t F 2t F t F t F tF
© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 8-6 Release 14.5
Integration Controls for Transient Particles
• Solver controls applied for coefficient loops
within each time step
• Optional controls for fully coupled particles:
– First Iteration for Particle Calculation (1)
– Iteration Frequency (1)
– Particle Source Target (0.01)
• Based on the rate of change of sources
– Under Relaxation Factors (1.0)
• Velocity Under Relaxation Factor
• Energy Under Relaxation Factor
• Mass Under Relaxation Factor
• Velocity Under Relaxation Factor for First Particle
Integration
• Energy Under Relaxation Factor for First Particle
Integration
• Mass Under Relaxation Factor for First Particle Integration
• Velocity Under Relaxation Factor at Time Step Start
• Energy Under Relaxation Factor at Time Step Start
• Mass Under Relaxation Factor at Time Step Start
© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 8-7 Release 14.5
Transient Particle Injection
• Transient particles can be injected on
boundary patches and particle injection
regions
• Same CCL syntax as used for steady-state
particles, except …
• Number of Positions:
– Direct Specifications
Number per Unit Time, [s^-1]
– Proportional to Mass Flow Rate
Number per Unit Time and
Mass Flow Rate, [kg^-1]
Particles are
injected at start
of the time step
Mass flow
Injected particle
mass flow
1
0 1 2 3
CEL:
Time
FUNCTION: MFPART
Argument Units = [s] PARTICLE INJECTION REGION: PIR1
Option = Interpolation FLUID: Aluminium
Result Units = [kg s^-1] INJECTION CONDITIONS:
INTERPOLATION DATA: INJECTION METHOD:
Data Pairs = 0,0.0, 0.5,0, 1,1, 1.5,1, 2,0, 4,0 Option = Cone
Extend Max = No …
Extend Min = No NUMBER OF POSITIONS:
Option = One Dimensional Number per Unit Time and Mass Flow Rate = NPART
END Option = Proportional to Mass Flow Rate
END END
EXPRESSIONS: END
DT = 0.05 [s] …
MFPARTMAX = 1 [kg s^-1] PARTICLE MASS FLOW RATE:
NPART = 100/DT/MFPARTMAX Mass Flow Rate = MFPART(t)
… END
END END
END END
Mass flow
• Simple injection into a straight duct
1
0 1 2 3
Time
Liquid
Liquid Core Dispersed Flow
• Primary Break-up
– In-nozzle effects (cavitation, turbulence induced disturbances)
– Instabilities on liquid-gas interface lead to primary break-up
• Secondary Break-up
– Droplets become unstable under the action of forces induced by their
motion relative to the continuous phase
© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 8-15 Release 14.5
Primary Break-up Models
• Task:
– Determine starting conditions of droplets that leave injection nozzle
• i.e.: initial radius, velocity components, spray angle
• mainly influenced by nozzle flow
• Various approaches of different complexity exist in literature
• Models available in CFX
– Blob method
– Enhanced blob-method
– LISA
– Turbulence induced atomization
Turbulence
in the nozzle flow
Wave growth
due to relative velocity
Hiroyasu&Kadota, case 1
0.1
0.1
Penetration Depth [m]
We = 170 We = 1800
0.08 0.08
0.04
Experiment
Blob + Reitz&Diwakar 0.04
Huh + Reitz&Diwakar
0.02 Blob + TAB Experiment
Huh + TAB Huh
0.02 Blob + Reitz&Diwakar
0 Huh + Reitz&Diwakar
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002
Time [s]
0
Bosch case 2 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025
Time [s]
Experiment
0.1 Blob + Reitz&Diwakar
Huh + Reitz&Diwakar
Blob + Reitz&Diwakar
Penetration Depth [m]
Blob + TAB
Huh + TAB
0.08
0.06
0.04
Huh + Reitz&Diwakar
0.02
0
0 0.0005 0.001 We = 900
0.0015 0.002
Time [s]
© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 8-20 Release 14.5
Modeling Secondary Breakup
• “Statistical” approach
– Apply break-up process to “representative” particle “”
Break-up process is applied to all “N” physical particles that are
represented by the “computational” particle
– If a particle (droplet) breaks-up then
• Adjust particle diameter and mass
• Adjust the number rate N
mass of computational particle is conserved!
– Track single “representative” particle only
Break-up occurs
dD p D p D p , stable
dt b
Bag Stripping
Break-up Break-up
Vs2 D p We
Cs1
Criterion We 2Cbl
p Re p
Characteristic p D 3p Dp p
b Cb 2 b Cs 2
Breakup-up time 2 p 2Vs
Product 12 p p2
D p , stable D p , stable
Droplet radius
V s
2
2Vs3
t:’0’ti
t:titi+tb
• Characteristic time:
D0 p
t
*
Vslip g
ti
• Initial deformation of droplet into disc shape: *
1.6
t
21 6
cD 0.28
Re P Re P
We(0.2319 0.1579 log Re P 0.0471 log 2 Re P
0.0042 log 3 Re P )
– Valid in the range of: 5 < ReP < 2000
mx F bx cx
Air flow
– F: force term (aerodynamic drag)
-x x
. force (surface tension)
– cx: restoring
– bx: damping term (viscosity)
Distorted
particle
Undistorted
particle
Distorted
particle
• Spray angle predicted from known particle velocity VP and normal velocity
component VN
• Shortcomings:
– Product droplet size often underestimated and therefore spray penetration too
short
VN Ax
rChild
e K bu t
rParent
k1 if 5 We 80
K bu k 2 We if 80 We 350
k
3 We 3/ 4
if 350 We
© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 8-36 Release 14.5
Secondary Droplet Breakup
0.1
Experiment
suggested that this constant should depend on We = 20000
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025
Time [s]
© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 8-37 Release 14.5
Extension of CAB Droplet Breakup Model
0
Experiment
CAB
MCAB
0.004
Z [m]
0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025
Time [s]
© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 8-38 Release 14.5
Extension of CAB Droplet Breakup Model
Droplet diameters Droplet velocities
CAB 25 15
E xperiment
Experimental
D istribution function [% ]
Distribution function [%]
20 C AB
CAB
10
15
10
5
0 0
0 1E-05 2E-05 3E-05 4E-05 0 20 40 60 80
25 Diameter [m] V elocity [m/s]
MCAB Experimental
15
Distribution function [%]
20 E xperiment
MCAB
Distribution function [% ]
M C AB
15 10
10
5
0
0 0 20 40 60 80
0 1E-05 2E-05 3E-05 4E-05 V elocity [m/s]
Diameter [m]
© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 8-39 Release 14.5
Extension of CAB Droplet Breakup Model
• Model extension can be turned on/off via the following Expert Parameter
Gas parameters
Gas type N2
Fuel Properties
Spray parameters
t = 0.2 ms
t = 0.4 ms
t = 0.6 ms
t = 0.8 ms
t = 1.2 ms
Case 3
Available Options:
• Ranz Marshall
– Convection
• Radiation
• None
• User Defined
QC d P Nu (TF TP )
• Nusselt Number, Nu
I
• Particles emit radiation
TP4
dmC
QM VC
dt
•Option = Automatic
– Thermodynamic properties are consistent
(i.e. in the same ‘Material Group’ or use
consistent reference enthalpies)
• None
– No mass transfer
– Allows the usage of user defined
mass transfer terms done with
particle user fortran routines
dmC
(C P ,C C F ,C ) d P D Sh( R YP ,C YF ,C )
dt
with: D: Dynamic diffusivity
Y: Component mass fractions in particle and fluid
R: Mass fraction equilibrium ratio
– TP<Tboil
dmC
Diffusion and/or Convection
dt
– TP Tboil
dmC
Heat transfer limited
dt
dmC WP ,C 1 X P ,C
dDSh log
dt WF ,C 1 X F , C
dmC QC QR
dt V
B
pvap exp A
TP C
• The Antoine equation is a parameter fit to experimental vapor pressures
– A, B, and C are "Antoine coefficients"
– Antoine coefficients are specified in ANSYS CFX via a “Homogeneous
Binary Mixture” (see next slide)
• Extension of standard
Liquid Evaporation Model
– Evaluation of Re, Nu and Sh
numbers in heat/mass transfer
correlations is based on ‘average’
properties within boundary layer of the
particle
Particle Fluid
0.0 if pVap pambient
0.5 if pVap pambient
Vol Fl (1 ) Vol Fl
pVap
0.5
Boundary Layer pambient
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Particle Equation | Total source and source change rates |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Equation Source Rate |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Domain: Domain 1 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| JetA Liquid | Mass-JetA 1.192E-04 0.0014 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| JetA Liquid | x-Mom 1.189E-04 0.0014 |
| | y-Mom 0.000E+00 0.0000 |
| | z-Mom 0.000E+00 0.0000 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| JetA Liquid | Energy 2.162E+02 0.0012 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
– Momentum
• Velocity Under Relaxation Factor (Default=0.75)
– Energy
• Energy Under Relaxation Factor (Default=0.75)
– Mass Transfer
• Mass Under Relaxation Factor (Default=0.75)
VP
n 2
V V
E P f ( ) E f ( ) P cos 2 [1 RT2 ] f (VPN )
V0 V1
1 90
f ( ) sin 2 71.5 f ( ) 1 k 2 k12
0
3
f ( ) sin( 2 ) 3 cos 2 71.5 90
V
RT 1 P sin
V3
4
V
f (VPN ) P sin
V2
Constants: V0 ,n Constants: V1 , V2 ,V3 , k12 , 0
• Droplet-wall interaction is complex and not all aspects are well understood.
– Dimensional analysis shows that droplet-wall interaction depends on:
– Particle quantities (Weber Number), existence of a wall film, wall roughness,
wall temperature (and much more)
Boiling- Rebound
Spreading Wall-Breakup with Breakup
Boiling-
Rebound
Breakup
Bouncing
TPa TPr
Twall
Tpa and Tra are the so called ‘pure adhesion’ and ‘pure rebound’ temperatures;
both depend on combination of wall/particle material
© 2013 ANSYS, Inc. 8-71 Release 14.5
Elsaesser Model Wall Roughness
• Stick to Wall
– Simplest possible model: all particles that hit a wall become part of the wall film
Splashing
Evaporation Convection
External Forces Separation
Impinging
Conduction
• Assumptions
– Thin film approach (no displacement effect)
– Neglect influence of film on fluid drag
– No film movement due to external forces
Quasi Static Wall Film