TEKIKO, Wendy S.
| BSN I - Pender
STEP 1: Formation of Citrate.
Oxaloacetate and Acetyl CoA
will undergo through
CITRIC ACID CYCLE condensation with the help of
enzyme citrate synthase. It will
then produce Citryl CoA. The
produced Cytryl CoA will then
undergo through hydrolysis, and
the end product will be citrate,
free coenzyme A, and H+.
STEP 3: Oxidation of Isocitrate and
Formation of Carbon Dioxide. This is the
first oxidation stage in the citric acid cycle.
The isocitrate from step 2 will react with
NAD+ that is catalyzed by isocitrate
dehydrogenase. Through this, the alcohol
group of isocitrate will oxidize, releasing
two hydrogen atom. One hydrogen atom
will bind to NAD+ to form NADH.
Isocitrate will then be converted into
oxalosuccinate. It will then undergo through
decarboxylation that consumes H+ atom.
Loss of carbon dioxide will convert
oxalosuccinate into alpha-ketoglutarate.
STEP 5: Thioester bond Cleavage in
Succinyl CoA and Phosphorylation of
GDP. Succinyl CoA will react in hydrogen
phosphate. The S-CoA in succinyl CoA will
then bind to one of the H+ atoms of hydrogen
phosphate, releasing itself as a free CoA-SH.
The remaining phosphate group will then
attach to the remaining atoms, converting
succinyl CoA to succinyl phosphate. The
phosphate group of succinyl phosphate will
then bind to GDP under succinyl CoA
synthase and it will then be converted into
GTP. Phosphate group will be removed,
leaving off succinate.
STEP 7: Hydration of
Fumarate. The fumarate from
step 6 will undergo hydrolysis
with the help of enzyme
fumarase. The HO group and
H+ atom will then bind to C2
and C3 respectively. This
process converts fumarate into
L-Malate.
STEP 2: Formation of Isocitrate.
The end product of step 1, citrate,
will be the intermediate product of
step 2. The citrate will then undergo
through dehydration, followed by
hydration, to perform isomerization
process through the enzyme
aconytase. The resulting product
will be isocitrate, citrate that has
isomerism on the original form of
the citrate synthesized in step 1.
STEP 4: Oxidation of alpha-
ketoglutarate and formation of
carbon dioxide. This is the second
oxidation in the citric acid cycle.
Alpha-ketoglutarate from step 1 will
combine with NAD+, H+, and CoA-
SH through alpha-ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase complex. CoA-SH will
release H+ atom, making S-CoA to
bind with the C4, forming succinyl
CoA. NADH, carbon dioxide, and one
hydrogen atom will then be produced.
STEP 6: Oxidation of Succinate.
This is the third oxidation in the
citric acid cycle. Succinate and
FAD+ will combine with each
other with the help of succinate
dehydrogenase, making two H+
atoms from succinate to bind in
FAD+ that produces FADH2. The
succinate then will be converted
into fumarate that depicts trans
double bond.
STEP 8: Oxidation of L-Malate to
Regenerate Oxaloacetate. This is the fourth
oxidation in the citric acid cycle. L-Malate
from step 7 will combine with NAD+ with the
help of malate dehydrogenase. The C2 of L-
Malate will then lose its 2 H+ atoms. One of
the hydrogen atoms will bind to NAD+ to
form NADH, and the remaining is a free atom.
L-Malate will then be converted into
oxaloacetate, and the by-products are NADH
and H+ atom. The oxaloacetate will then
become the intermediate material for the step
1, and the cycle will begin again.