*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc.

– SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
 Gas Exchange
0 involves the use of oxygen produced by
photosynthetic organisms and the release of
carbon dioxide to the environment
0 allows organisms to survive
0 different gases are transferred in opposite directions
across a respiratory surface

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Cell membrane
 used by unicellular
organisms for gas
exchange
 gases directly pass
through the cell
membrane through
diffusion

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Body surface/ skin
 covered with thin and
moist epithelial cells
 gases should be
dissolved in an
aqueous solution, and
thus the surface area
should be moist

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Gills
 contains blood vessels
covered by a thin layer
of epithelial cells
 take oxygen out of the
water and let water
carry away carbon
dioxide

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Tracheal systems
 series of respiratory
tubes that carry the
gases directly to the cells
 gases enter and exit
through the openings at
the body surface called
spiracles

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Lungs
 ingrowths of the body
wall that connect to the
outside environment by
a series of respiratory
tubes and small
openings

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Process of Gas Exchange
1. diffusion of oxygen into the blood
2. blood transport oxygen to the cells in
the body
3. as oxygen diffuses into the cells,
carbon dioxide is absorbed in the
blood stream
4. carbon dioxide is released

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Gas Exchange in Plants
0 occurs in leaves
0 involves:
a) photosynthesis –
takes in CO2 and
release O
b) cellular respiration –
takes in O and release
energy and CO2

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 LEAVES
 gas enters
specialized pores
called stomata
 stomata contains
guard cells that
control the
opening and
closing of the
pores

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 STEMS and ROOTS
 covered with an outerbark
compose of cork cells
 impregnated with suberin (waxy,
waterproof does not allow water
and gas to pass through)
 perforated by non suberized pores
called lenticels (pathway for direct
exchange of gases)

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
 Transport/ Circulation
0 to move important particles or molecules into the
body to breathe, gain nutrition, and maintain
internal environment for survival

0 to remove wastes and other unwanted substances

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Organs Associated/ Medium for Circulation

Two main circulatory organs: circulatory organs and tissues:

1. Xylem - transports water and
nutrients from the roots to the
different parts (↑)
2. Phloem – transports sugars and
other metabolic products from
leaves to the rest of the plant (↓)
Blood
 transports gases and nutrients
 carries waste out of the body
 regulates the body temperature
and pH
 helps in healing and prevention of
further damage
 has important role in immune
system.

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Supporting Organs:
 Tracheids – elongated cells in the
xylem that help in the transport of
water and nutrients
 Sieve tubes – elongated cells in the
phloem that serve as the conduits of
sugar transport
Blood vessels
 tubular structures carrying blood
Heart
 hollow muscular organ that pumps
blood throughout the different
parts of the body

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Circulation Process

 fluids circulate through  blood is forcefully pumped

transpiration pull, or the throughout the body by the
evaporation of water from heart
the plant leaves.

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Water transport

 water is transported through  about 90% of water is

xylem transported through the
blood plasma

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Food Transport

 food (sugars and other  food in the form of glucose is

metabolic nutrients) are present in blood plasma
transported through the
phloem

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Gas exchange
(involves oxygen and carbon dioxide transport)

 gases are diffused through  oxygen and carbon dioxide

the air spaces, such as the (transported out) is taken
stomata and lenticels into the bloodstream by
combining hemoglobin
 this enable the oxygen
circulated throughout the
body

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Summary

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Plants Animals
1. xylem
1. blood
Medium used for (tracheids)
2. blood vessels
Circulation 2. phloem (sieve
3. heart
tubes)
transpiration pull blood is forcefully
or evaporation of pumped
Circulation Process
water from the throughout the
leaves body by the heart

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Plants Animals
Water Transport xylem blood plasma

as glucose in blood
Food Transport phloem
plasma

stomata and
Gas Exchange hemoglobin
lenticels

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
 Regulation of Fluids
0 body fluids are essential for carrying out the
different bodily functions in organisms

0 plants and animals need to maintain an optimum

water concentration in their internal environment
to function normally and optimally

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Fluid Regulation in Plants
0 water is used in photolysis, a
photochemical process that
allows water molecules to split
in the presence of light
0 water that enters and leave the
plant is important!
0 less water – dry out and wither
0 excessive water – cells will burst

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

of
in

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Osmosis
 tendency of water to pass semipermeable
membrane
 water movement is from an area of low solute
concentration to an area with high solute
concentration
 solute concentration inside the plant cell is higher
than that of the soil, thus water moves from the
soil to the plant

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Transpiration
 water exits the plant
through the stomata of
the leaves because of the
evaporation

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Adhesion-cohesion
property of water
 adhesion occurs because the
water molecules cling to the
xylem tissue
 at the same time, cohesion occurs
because the water molecules
stick to one another
 as it happens water molecules
form a huge chain that fills up the
xylem

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Capillary Action
 refers to the movement of
liquid across a solid
surface, which is caused by
adhesion
 xylem tubes allow water
molecules to climb up on
their own because it adhere
to the surface of the tube

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Fluid Regulation in Animals
 depends on the
excretory system of the
animal
 the amount of water
acquired by the body
should be equal to the
amount of water lost to
maintain homeostasis

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

of
in

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Marine
Invertebrates
Marine
Vertebrates
Freshwater
Vertebrates

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Marine Invertebrates
 marine environment has a greater solute
concentration that of the marine invertebrates and for
this reason, it is toxic to them
 however, they have a high concentration of urea in
their blood, which matches the tonicity of the sea
water
 that allows the animals to survive in their
environment

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Marine Vertebrates
 body fluids are at lower concentration than that of sea
water which is why marine vertebrates must reabsorb
the water to remain in a healthy state
 they excrete ions such as sodium and chloride at
minimal rate because a high amount of water must be
retained inside them

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Freshwater Vertebrates
 body is hypertonic, as compared to their environment,
this allows water to continue to diffuse into the body
of the fish
 the kidneys, which deal with water uptake, allow large
amounts of ions such as sodium and chloride to go out
of their bloodstream

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
• body fluids are regulated
by the excretory system
• excretory system
removes the metabolic
waste and retains
proper amounts of
water, salts, and
nutrients

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Nervous Control
Mechanisms Animals Plants
• brain -as the
main organ for
nervous control • root tip or apex -
main organ for • nerve nets -used serves as units of
nervous control by invertebrates plants nervous
and consists of system
individual nerve
cells

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Nervous Control
Mechanisms Animals Plants
• have nerves that
carry information • vascular strands
channel or medium
from the brain serve as the
where information
and spinal cord nerves in plants
travels
to the muscle and
glands

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Nervous Control
Mechanisms Animals Plants
• chemical control • involves
in animals hormones
involves needed for
chemical control hormones that certain
are important for physiological
growth and processes in the
survival body

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
 Animals
 sensory and motor mechanisms are directly controlled by the
nervous system
 sensory information is conveyed and perceived by the
following:
1. presence of physical stimulus that would allow certain
reactions
2. transduction of the stimulus into electrochemical impulses n
the sensory receptors
3. transmission of action potentials in sensory neurons
4. interpretation of the stimulus perceived by the central
nervous systems

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Plants
 ability tosense and
respond in their
environment is called
tropism
 react to light, gravity,
water and even touch

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Type of
Definition Illustration
Tropism
 movement of
plant in response
to light, usually in
phototropism the direction
toward the light
 examples:
sunflower, thale
cress

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Type of
Definition Illustration
Tropism
 movement in
response to gravity
 negative geotropism
–plant part moves
geotropism away from earth
 positive geotropism
–plant moves toward
the earth

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Type of
Definition Illustration
Tropism

 movement of
hydrotropism plant in response
to water

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Type of
Definition Illustration
Tropism

 movement of
plant in
thigmotropism
response to
mechanical
stimulation

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
 to protect the organisms fro diseases or other
potentially damaging foreign bodies

 identifies threats and find ways to fight them

 animals have the ability to become immune when

they are exposed to infection, but plants cannot do so

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Types of Animals’ Body Defenses
Innate Immunity
 acts right away upon infection whether or not the pathogens
have been encountered before
Adaptive Immunity
 tailors to specific pathogens encountered by an organism
during its lifetime
Complement Immunity
 set of proteins that circulate in inactive form of blood and act
with other defense mechanisms

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

 Plants
 does not have structural immune system and circulatory
system
 contains receptors that recognize pathogen molecules
 responses:
 cell wall production and thickening
 production of antimicrobial compounds such as
phytoalexins and even apoptosis (cell death )
 hypersensitive response (suicide) to prevent pathogen from
spreading

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Prepare for a long quiz next meeting.

*Juan Sumulong Memorial Schools System Inc. – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL