BRACT‟S

VISHWAKARMA INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY, PUNE

Laboratory Manual

Dynamics of Machinery

Department of Mechanical Engineering

1
 University of Pune, Pune
B E (Mechanical) Sem I (2015 Course)
402043 DYNAMICS OF MACHINERY

Examination Scheme
Term work 25 Marks
Oral 25 Marks

The Term Work shall consist of Eight Experiments and Two Assignments of following list.

List of Experiments
A] Compulsory Experiments (1 to 6)
Balancing of wheel / rotor on computerized balancing machine OR Experimental
1.
verification of dynamic balancing of rotating masses.
To determine the natural frequency of damped vibration of single degree freedom
2.
system and to find it‟s damping coefficient.
To obtain frequency response curves of single degree freedom system of vibration for
3.
different amount of damping.
4. To verify natural frequency of torsional vibration of two rotor system and position of node.
5. To determine natural frequency of transverse vibration of beam using vibration analyzer
6. Noise measurement and analysis using vibration Analyzer.
B] Any Two Experiments from the following
7. To determine critical speed of single rotor system.
8. Experimental verification of principle of dynamic vibration absorber.
9. Experiment on shock absorbers and to plot its characteristic curve.
10. A case study (Industrial visit / In-house) based on Conditioning Monitoring and Fault
Diagnosis.
C] Compulsory Assignments
Simulation (using suitable software) of free response of SDOF damped system to
demonstrate different damping conditions by solving differential equation numerically.
11. OR
Simulation (using suitable software) of total response of SDOF damped system to harmonic
excitation by solving differential equation numerically.

Prof. N. H. Ambhore
Lab In-charge

2
 Experiment No 1:
Title: Balancing of wheel on computerized balancing machine

Introduction:

Wheel balancing is the operation performed in order to attain uniform traction and to avoid
vibrations in automobiles by addition of balancing weights on the rim in order to distribute the
wheel mass evenly during rotation.
When to balance a wheel:
• Vibration in the steering wheel at certain highway speeds.
• Vibration in the seat or floorboard at certain highway speeds.
• Wobbling of vehicle in certain speed range.
• Scalloped or cupped wear pattern on the tires
Dynamic balance
Dynamic balance describes the forces generated by asymmetric mass distribution when the tire is
rotated, usually at a high speed.
• In the tire factory the tire is mounted on a balancing machine test wheel, the assembly is
accelerated up to a speed of 300 RPM or higher, and sensors measure the forces of
unbalance as the tire rotates.
• Dynamic balance is better (it is more comprehensive) than static balance alone, because
both couple and static forces are measured and corrected.
Effects of Wheel Misbalancing:
• When the tire rotates, asymmetric masses cause the wheel to wobble, which can cause
ride disturbances, usually vertical and lateral vibrations. It can also result in a wobbling
of the steering.
• Wheels that are not balanced or are out of balance generally produce a vibration that is
uncomfortable to drive in and results in premature wearing of suspension and steering
components, rotating parts and tyres.

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 Wheel Balancing Machine

Wheel Guard
Display

Input Panel

Tire 1. Cone for car wheels

2. Rim
3. Clamping head with clamping
nut
4. Wing nut for clamping

Figure1. Wheel balancing Machine

Figure2. Clamping adaptor

Figure3: Block Diagram for wheel balancing machine

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Working:

The micro CPU will provide the normal information if it checks each unit in the normal
situation. Operators can execute the balance operation. When balancing, MCPU can control the
rotation of the balancer tester main shaft through the drive interface. The unbalance signal sensed
by balance sensor is sent to the micro-processor port through A/D converter. CPU will integrated
analyze the unbalance signal and angle signal to calculate the unbalance value and display the
value through the LED unit. We can realize the man-machine talk through keyboard and LED.

Procedure for balancing an unbalanced wheel

• The tire is made free from all the small stones, if any.
• The wheel is fixed to spindle of wheel balancing machine by use of quick cone lock nut.
• Quick cone lock nut ensures fast mounting and fast removal of tire.
• Wheel balancing machine is switch on.
• The spindle is made to rotate at speed of 400 rpm.
• The rotation of the spindle is stopped.
• Wheel balancing machine determines the size of weights and where to locate weight on
the wheel.
• The size of the weight and location of the weight to be placed is shown on the monitor of
the wheel balancing machine.
• The weight is fixed to rim at exact location which is shown on the monitor.
• And wheel is removed from the spindle of wheel balancing by the use of quick cone lock
nut.
• Now the wheel is balanced.
• Now it can be used for comfortable driving.

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 Figure4.Balancing weights

Figure5: Position of Wheel weight

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Specification of Computerized wheel balancing machine

Technical Specifications

Display: Dell Screen Monitor 19”

Make: John Bean
Model: B9600 Wheel
Power Requirement Wattage 600
Power Supply: 230V Ac Single
Balancing Accuracy: 1 gram
Cycle Time: 6 Sec
Rim Diameter: From 10” To 24 “Rim Width: From 1.75” To 20”
Dimensions (W x D x H)=1036 x 1111 x 1633

Actual Photo of Machine

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CONCLUSION:

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Date of Completion:___________

Sign & Remark of Teacher:____________

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 Experiment No: 2

TITLE: Study of Torsional Damped Free Vibration

AIM:
To determine the natural frequency of damped vibration of single degree freedom system and to
find it‟s damping coefficient.

THEORY:
In general physical systems are associated with one or other type of damping. In certain cases,
amount of damping may be small and in some cases it can be large. When damped free
vibrations take place, the amplitude of vibrations gradually becomes small and finally is lost
completely. The rate at which the amplitude decays depends upon type and amount of damping
in system.
Fig. No.1 shows the shaft of length L and diameter d carrying disc with moment of inertia, I at
one end and other end of shaft is fixed.

Fig. No.1 Single degree of freedom Torsional vibration system

Let the disc oscillate in oil as shown in figure. Torsional vibration of the disc will be free
damped.
d4
Let Ip = Polar moment of inertia of shaft =
32

9
Let the disc be displaced through some angle θ and released. The equation of motion for damped
vibration will be

.. .
I   Ct   Kt  0

General solution of the above equation is

  Xe( t ) sin(d t   )
n

Where d  n 1   2

Logarithmic Decrement:
Logarithmic decrement represents the rate at which the amplitude of a free damped vibration
decreases. It is defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of any two successive amplitudes. Let
t and t denote the times corresponding to two consecutive amplitudes (displacements), measured
1 2

one cycle apart for an underdamped system, as in Fig.2

For underdamped vibration

x(t )  Xe(nt ) sin(d t   )

Using above equation

x1 Xe (nt1 ) sin(d t1   )


x2 Xe (nt2 ) sin(d t2   )

t2  t1   d

x1 e (nt1 ) ent1
  (nt2 )   t  
x2 e e n 1 d

 x1  2
  ln    n d 
 x2  1  2

This is called Logarithmic Decrement and is denoted by δ.

This shows that the ratio of any two successive amplitudes for an under-damped system,
vibrating freely, is constant and is a function of the damping only. For small values of ζ the
above equation reduces to:

  2

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The logarithmic decrement is also given by the equation

1 x1
  ln
n xn 1

Where n no. cycle between x and x

1 n+1

Where „x ’ represents the amplitude at a particular maxima and „x ‟ represents the amplitude
0 n

after further „n‟ cycles.

Figure No. 2: Displacement Time plot of an Under-damped system

EXPERIMENTA SETUP:
The figure No. 3 shows a general arrangement of the experiment. It consists of a long elastic
wire gripped at upper end by a chuck in bracket. The bracket is clamped to upper beam of
mainframe. A heavy steel flywheel is mounted at the lower end of the wire suspended from
bracket. Damping drum is fixed from lower face of flywheel. This drum is immersed in oil,
which provides damping. The oil container can be moved up or down for varying the depth of
immersion. Depth of immersion can be read from the scale. The recording drum is mounted to
the upper face of the flywheel. A paper is to be wrapped around this recording drum. Oscillations
are recorded on paper by means of a pen attached to the piston and dashpot. The piston moves
down with constant velocity when released.

PROCEDURE:
Oil Damping:

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 (a) Fill the container with oil.
(b) Check the oil level in the container.
(c) Depth of immersion can be varied by moving the container up or down.
(d) Fix the paper on the recording drum by means of paper clips.
(e) Insert the sketch pen in the holder connected to the dashpot.
(f) Give a small twist to the flywheel and allow it to oscillate.
(g) Allow sketch pen to descend and take precaution that sketch pen always makes contact
with the paper.
(h) Measure time for 10 oscillations with stopwatch. Take 5 such readings and take the mean
of these 5 readings.
(i) Repeat the above procedure for different level of oil.

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Wire rod diameter (d) = 3 mm
2. Length of wire rod (l) = 100 cm
3. Thickness of flywheel (t) = 10 mm
6 2
4. Modulus of Rigidity of steel (G) = 0.80 x 10 kg/cm
3
5. Density of steel (ρ) = 7800 kg/m
6. Radius of flywheel (R) = 125 mm
7. Mass of flywheel disc (M) = 9.05 kg

OBSERVATION TABLE:

CALCULATIONS:

1) To find natural frequency

Sr. No. Description Oil level Time for 10 Oscillation(Sec)
1. Oil Damping H=
2. Oil Damping H=

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 A) Theoretically

B) Experimentally

2) To find logarithmic decrement

3) To find damping factor

4) To find damping constant

5) To find critical damping constant

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 RESULT TABLE:

Damped Natural Frequency

Critical
(rad/sec)
Torsional damping
Damping
Sr. Theoretically Experimental Damping constant,
Description Ratio,
No. Constant,c Cc
ζ
(Nm-s/rad) (Nm-
s/rad)

1. Oil Damping,
H=
2. Oil Damping,
H=

CONCLUSION:

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Date of Completion:___________

Sign & Remark of Teacher:____________

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15
 Experiment No: 3
TITLE: Frequency Response Curve of Equivalent Spring Mass System

AIM: To study the frequency response curve under different damping conditions for single
degree freedom system of vibrations.

THEORY:

Introduction:

In case of forced vibrations, an external, periodic, disturbing force keeps the system vibrating.
The vibrations of air compressors, internal combustion engines, machines tools and other
machinery are all examples of forced vibrations.

When the external force is SHM in nature, the corresponding vibrations are said to be with
harmonic excitations. A large number of mechanical systems are subjected to forced vibrations.
Such systems normally have some form of damping in the system.

Unbalance in rotating and reciprocating machines is the main cause of vibration. The Figure No.
1 shows a motor of mass „m‟ having eccentricity „e‟, rotating at speed „ω‟. The complete
machine weight is denoted as „M‟. The machine is mounted on a spring and a damper is as
shown. Because of the unbalance, a periodic disturbing force exists, resulting in vibrations.

Fig .1 Mathematical Model of a forced damped vibrating system

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Similar analogy can also be drawn for reciprocating machines. Consider a reciprocating engine,
having reciprocating mass „m‟ and total engine mass (including reciprocating mass „m‟) as „M‟.
If the crank length is „e‟ and assuming the reciprocating piston mass „m‟ is placed at the crank,
then the reciprocating system becomes equivalent to a rotating system, having eccentricity (crank
radius) „e‟ and mass „m‟. This equation is the linear; second order differential equation, of
motion for forced damped vibrations due to rotating unbalance. The complete solution for
differential Equation is,

Here r= /n i.e. frequency ratio

The amplitude of steady state vibrations is given as below:

Here, X/(me/M) is dimensionless amplitude generated because of rotating unbalance in machine.

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Fig: Plot of dimensionless amplitude Vs frquency Ratio

Experimental setup:

The arrangement is as shown in the figure No. 2. A DC variable speed motor is mounted on a
rigid rectangular plate that is hinged along one side and is supported by spring on the opposite
side. The motor is coupled with an exciter unit consisting of two discs and eccentrically mounted
rollers. Speed of the motor can be varied with the dimmer stat provided on the control panel
while the speed of rotation is indicated with the help of an optical sensor.

The damper unit can be connected to the rectangular plate. An arrangement is provided to vary
the damping. A record of Amplitudes can be obtained with the help of a paper feed arrangement.

Procedure:

1. Arrange the equipment as shown in the figure.

2. Initially the damper is not connected to the system. This is done so that the natural
frequency of free vibrations can be determined.
3. Upon providing Excitations, the time for 10 oscillations is noted. This is the data required
for calculating the natural frequency.

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 4. Connect the damper unit to the system.
5. Make sure that the marker pen is gently pressing against the recording paper.
6. Keep all the holes of the damper unit closed.
7. Start the motor and increase the speed gradually.
8. Simultaneously start the paper feed mechanism.
9. Record the amplitudes of oscillations at various speeds by slowly increasing the speed.
10. Repeat steps 7 to 9 for the following conditions.
(a) One hole open
(b) Two holes open
(c) Three holes open
11. Plot the graph of amplitude versus frequency for each of the damping conditions.

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Total length of rod = 960 mm

2. Length from hinge to motor = 639 mm
3. Length L = 935 mm (from hinge to spring)
4. Mass of two plates = 2.2 kg
5. Mass of Rod = 2.35 kg
6. Mass of two rollers with bolts = 0.27 kg
7. Mass of motor = 6.01 kg
8. Details of Spring
a. Free length = 70 mm
b. Mean diameter of spring=30 mm
OBSERVATION TABLE:

1) For One Hole Open:

Sr. No. Speed(rpm) Amplitude(mm)

1.

2.

3.

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 4.

5.

2) For Two Hole Open:

Sr. No. Speed(rpm) Amplitude(mm)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

3) For Three Hole Open:

Sr. No. Speed(rpm) Amplitude(mm)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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CONCLUSION:

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Date of Completion:____________

Sign & Remark of Teacher:____________

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 Experiment No: 4

TITLE: - To verify natural frequency of torsional vibration of two rotor systems and position of
node

AIM: To study the free vibrations of two rotor system & to determine the natural frequency of
vibration by theoretically and experimentally.

THEORY:
Introduction:
Consider a two-rotor system as shown in the figure No. 1(a). It consists of a shaft having a
torsional stiffness „K ‟ and two rotors having mass moment of inertia „I ‟ and „I ‟ at its two ends.
T 1 2

Torsion vibration occurs only when the directions of rotation of „1‟ and „2‟ are different. If the
directions are same, then the shaft is said to vibrate with zero frequency. This behavior is called
as zero node behavior.

Let the two rotors roll in opposite direction. It is clear that the amplitudes of vibration at the two
ends will be in opposite directions and there exists a point „D‟ on the shaft, such that its
amplitude is zero. Such a point is known as the node of the system. Let this node point be located
at a distance „L ‟ from rotor „1‟ and „L ‟ from rotor „2‟.
1 2

Since the node point is a fixed point, (as there is no amplitude of vibration) we can consider the
system to be of two separate shafts, i.e. „AD‟ and „DB‟, each having inertia at one of its end.
Such a shaft is referred to as a single rotor system. As discussed earlier, the natural frequency is
given by
K t1 Kt2
  …………………..(1)
I1 I2

GI p
Where K ti 
L1
GI p
Kt2 
L2

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Substituting the values and squaring both the sides
K t1 K t 2

I1 I2
GI p GI p

L1 I 1 L2 I 2

I 1 L1
L2 
I2

L 
I 1 L1 I  I 2 
 L1 = L1 1
I2 I2
LI 2
L1 
I1  I 2 
LI1
Similarly L2 
I1  I 2 

Fig. 1 (a)
Actual System

Fig. 1 (b) : Equivalent system

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 Fig.1 (c) Amplitude and Node Plot

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR TWO ROTOR SYSTEM:

The figure shows the general arrangement for carrying out the experiment. Two discs of
different mass moment of inertia are fixed, one at each end of shaft by means of chucks.
Attaching the cross lever weights can change moment of inertia of any disc. Discs are free to
rotate, oscillate in the ball bearing. This provides negligible damping during experiment.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Experimental set up as described above, 1-meter scale, crocodile clip, stop watch.

PROCEDURE:
1) Fix the disc to the shaft and fit the shaft in the bearings.
2) Rotate the discs in opposite direction by hand.
3) Locate node point and measure distance of the node point from rotors.
4) Note down time required for 10 oscillations.
5) Fix the cross arm to one of the discs and again locates node point and note down time for 10
oscillations.
6) Enter observations in the observation table.

OBSERVATION:

1) Mass of rotor 1, m = 2.82 kg

1

2) Diameter of rotor 1, d = 22.5 cm

1

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3) Mass of rotor 2, m = 2.01 kg
2

4) Diameter of rotor 2, d = 19 cm
2

5) Length of shaft between rotors = cm

6) Diameter of shaft = 3 mm
6 2
7) Modulus of Rigidity of the shaft material = 0.8x10 kg/cm

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Moment of Inertia Time for 10

OBS.
Description of rotor I1 I2 oscillations
No.
(Kg/m2) (Kg/m2) (Sec)
1  Rotor No. 1. With fixed
mass =……..Kg
2  Rotor no. 2. With added
Mass = …….Kg
 At a radius = ……..cm
 Radius of mass added
=………..cm.
3  Rotor no. 2. With added
Mass =………Kg
 At a radius =…….cm
 Radius of mass added
=……..cm.

CALCULATION:
Sample Calculation for reading No. ___
1) Polar Moment of Inertia J =

2) Torsional Stiffness:

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  Stiffness of Rotor system 1for L ,
1

K = GJ/L
t1 1

 Stiffness of Rotor system 1for L ,

2

K = GJ/L
t2 2

3) Moment of Inertia:
2
I = (m r ) / 2 =
1 1 1

2
I = (m r ) / 2 =
2 2 2

4) Node Position:

5) Natural Frequency:
 Theoretically

1 Kt1
fn1  Hz
2 I1

 Practically

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RESULT TABLE:

Obs. Natural frequency , fn Node Position L1 & L2

No. Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical (cm)
(Hz) (Hz) (cm)

CONCLUSION:

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Date of Completion:____________

Sign & Remark of Teacher:____________

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 Experiment No.:5

TITLE: To determine natural frequency of transverse vibration of beam using vibration

analyzer

OBJECTIVES:

 To analyze the free vibration of cantilever beam

 To find the natural frequency of given cantilever beam using FFT analyzer and
 To compare experimental result with theoretical result
INTRODUCTION:

Free vibration takes place when a system oscillates under the action of forces inherent in the
system itself due to initial disturbance, and when the externally applied forces are absent. The
system under free vibration will vibrate at one or more of its natural frequencies, which are
properties of the dynamical system, established by its mass and stiffness distribution.
In actual practice there is always some damping (e.g., the internal molecular friction, viscous
damping, aerodynamical damping, etc.) present in the system which causes the gradual
dissipation of vibration energy, and it results gradual decay of amplitude of the free vibration.
Damping has very little effect on natural frequency of the system, and hence, the calculations for
natural frequencies are generally made on the basis of no damping. Damping is of great
importance in limiting the amplitude of oscillation at resonance.
Most vibrations are undesirable in machines and structures because they produce increased
stresses, energy losses, cause added wear, increase bearing loads, induce fatigue, create
passenger discomfort in vehicles, and absorb energy from the system. Rotating machine parts
need careful balancing in order to prevent damage from vibrations
It is well known that (mechanical) structures can resonate, i.e. small force can result in important
deformation, and possibly, damage can be induced in the structure. The majority of structures
can be made to resonate, i.e. to vibrate with excessive oscillatory motion. Resonant vibration is
mainly caused by an interaction between the inertial and elastic properties of the materials within
a structure. Resonance is often the cause of, or at least a contributing factor to many of the
vibration and noise related problems that occur in structures and operating machinery. To better
understand any structural vibration problem, the resonant frequencies of a structure need to be
identified and quantified. Today, modal analysis has become a widespread means of finding the

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modes of vibration of a machine or structure. In every development of a new or improved
mechanical product, structural dynamics testing on product prototypes is used to assess its real
dynamic behavior.
Free Vibration of Cantilever Beam
For a cantilever beam subjected to free vibration, and the system is considered as continuous
system in which the beam mass is considered as distributed along with the stiffness of the shaft,
the equation of motion can be written as

Where, E is the modulus of rigidity of beam material, I is the moment of inertia of the beam
cross-section, Y(x) is displacement in y direction at distance x from fixed end, ωn is the circular
natural frequency, m is the mass per unit length, m = ρA(x) , ρ is the material density, x is the
distance measured from the fixed end.

Figure 1. A cantilever beam

Figure 2. The beam under free vibration

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Figure 1 shows of a cantilever beam with rectangular cross section, which can be subjected to
bending vibration by giving a small initial displacement at the free end; and Figure 2 depicts of
cantilever beam under the free vibration.

Substituting above boundary condition in equation of motion, we get

The circular natural frequency ωnf, from above equation of motion

The natural frequency is related with the circular natural frequency as

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:

The experimental setup consists of a cantilever beam, transducers (accelerometer), a data-
acquisition system (FFT Analyzer) and a computer with signal display and processing software
(RT Photon Pro)

Accelerometer is a sensing element (transducer) to measure the vibration response (i.e.,

acceleration, velocity and displacement). It is a time-dependent vibration measuring device. The

30
accelerometer avialble in the laboratory is a piezoelectric, uniaxial contacting type transducer,
which converts the acceleration of vibration into equivalent voltage signal, and sends it to data
acquisition system.

Data acquisition system takes vibration signal from the accelerometer, and encodes it in digital
form. Computer acts as a data storage and analysis system. It takes encoded data from the data
acquisition system and after processing (e.g., FFT), it displays on the computer screen by using
analysis software.

Figure 3. An experimental setup for the free vibration of a cantilever beam

MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE
1. Choose a beam of a particular material (steel, aluminum or copper), dimensions (L, w, d)
and transducer (i.e., measuring device, e.g. accelerometer).
2. Clamp one end of the beam as the cantilever beam support with the help of „C‟ clamp.
3. Place an accelerometer (with magnetic base) at the free end of the cantilever beam, to
measure the free vibration response (acceleration).
4. Give an initial deflection to the cantilever beam and allow it to oscillate its own. To get
the higher frequency it is suggested to give initial displacement at an arbitrary position
apart from the free end of the beam (e.g. at the mid span).

31
 5. This could be done by bending the beam from its static equilibrium position by applying
a small static force at the free end of the beam and suddenly releasing it, so that the
beam oscillates its own without any external force during the oscillation.
6. The free oscillation could also be started by giving a small tap at the free end of the
beam.
7. Record the data obtained from the chosen transducer in the form of graph (variation of
the vibration response with time).
8. Repeat the procedure for 5 to 10 times to check the repeatability of the experimentation.
9. Repeat the whole experiment for different material and dimensions.
10. The whole set of data was recorded and then the data was imported into the PC , further
processing and analysis was done using RT Pro Photon software.

OBSERVATION:
Cross-section of the beam is rectangular
Breadth of beam b=
Width of beam d=
Length of beam L=
Young’s Modulus E= 2.1×1011 N/m2
Density ρ= 7850 kg/m3

SAMPLE CALCULATION:
𝑏𝑑 3
Moment of inertia of beam 𝐼 = 12

The circular natural frequency ωnf,

The natural frequency is related with the circular natural frequency as

32
CONCLUSION:

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Date of Completion:____________

Sign & Remark of Teacher:____________

33
 Experiment No.: 6

TITLE: Noise measurement and analysis using vibration Analyzer

INTRODUCTION:

Sound is a common part of everyday life. It enables spoken communication; it can alert with the
ringing of telephone etc. It also helps to make quality primary inspection & diagnosis of faults in
machines. In modern city life sound is as irritating as it is pleasant or useful. Such unpleasant or
unwanted sound is called as a "noise".
Noise is the harmful & which interferes with normal activities, it affects the communication &
efficiency of human being. Sometimes noise also acts as cause of annoyance. The level of
annoyance depends not only on quality of sound but also on individual attitude toward it. A
sound need not necessarily be loud to annoy human being. A creaking floor, a scratch on board
or dripping tap etc. can just be as annoying as loud sound. Like air pollution, & water pollution,
noise has been recognized today as major pollutant of environment in developed countries.
The various effects of noise on humans are:-
1. The physical effects like loss of hearing, loss of memory & interference using
communication.
2. The psychological effects of annoyance, irritation etc.
3. The effect on working efficiency.
4. The effect on quality of life in cities.

SOURCES OF NOISE
Identification of noise source is an important activity in the direction of overall strategy of noise
control.
The major source of noise can be categorized as follows.
1. Industrial noise
2. Home appliance
3. Construction equipment
4. Road rail and air transportation

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Following table gives typical noise levels in dB

Industrial machinery Range of Noise level, dB

Presses 110-120
Sheet metal forming 85-120
Drop hammers in forging 100-115
Pneumatic power tool 85-105
Grinding machine 99-105
Air compressors 90-100
Lathe and milling machine 80-90

Home Appliances Range of Noise level, dB

Food blender 62-88
Vaccum cleaner 62-85
Food mixer 50-80
Fan 38-70
AC 50-60
Clothes drier 50-60
Refrigerator 35-52

INDUSTRIAL NOISE AND ITS HAZARDS

The industrial noise is classified into two categories
1. Noise inside industry
2. Noise outside industry
The noise which is considered unacceptable by the workers, usually constitutes as noise nuisance
to the adjoining residents also.
Noise is not new problem in industry, however this problem was accepted by workers &
management simply as a part of their job
The noise inside industry is due to
1. Continuous machinery noise;
2. Repetitive action that create intense tonal sounds
3. Flow induced noise
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 4. The impact of working tool on workpiece
 Noise hazards to workers
Workers exposed to excessive noise may suffer from
1. Risk of permanent hearing loss.
2. Communication problem in noisy work place
3. Effect of working efficiency
4. Stress, fatigue, annoyance etc.

 Noise hazards to Organizations

Organizations also suffer due to excessive noise directly or indirectly because of
1. Compensation claims
2. Productivity
3. Hearing protectors
4. Medical surveillance
5. Risk of accidents

METHODS OF INDUSTRIAL NOISE CONTROL

Noise may be controlled by following three ways
1. At Source (sound generation)
2. In the Path (during transmission in a medium)
3. At the receiver (reception and feeling)

Noise Control at Source (sound generation)

Noise of a machine may be reduced at the source by adopting some of the measures or practices
listed in the following slides.
1. Select a quieter machine
2. Select lossy materials
3. Use quieter processes or tools
4. Reduce radiation efficiency
5. Maintain for quietness
6. Design of flow machinery for quietness

36
Select a quieter machine from the market even if it is relatively costlier. Often, this additional
cost is less than the cost and hassle of the retrofit noise control measures.
 A machine would generally be quieter if it‟s moving parts were fabricated to closer
tolerances.
 Manufacturing mating parts to closer tolerances reduces micro- impacting between the
parts. This in turn
a. reduces the mechanical (impact) noise;
b. reduces vibrations;
c. reduces wear and tear;
d. increases fatigue life;
e. increases the interval between maintenance outings; and
f. increases the accuracy of a machine tool.

In the Path (during transmission in a medium)

For any existing noisy machine, the option of noise control at the source as well as designing for
quietness is not available.
The next option is to control the noise in the path making use of:
 Acoustic barrier, hood, enclosure, etc. for the casing radiated noise.
 Muffler or silencer for the duct borne intake/exhaust noise.
 Vibration isolator to reduce propagation of the unbalanced forces to the foundation or the
support structure, and
 Structural discontinuities (impedance mismatch) to block propagation of the structure
borne sound.

At the receiver (reception and feeling)

The receiver may be protected from excessive noise exposure by means of
 ear plugs or muffs (which are really a path control measure)
 rotation of duties (part-time removal from the noisy environment)
 cabin for the operator, driver or foreman (which is again a path control measure)
 control room for the supervisory personnel in noisy test cells.

Ear plugs and muffs are readily available in the market. They provide an insertion loss of 5 to 15
37
dB for the user, but then the user‟s functionality may be compromised. He/she may not be able to
detect a malfunction in the machine, or may not be forewarned of the damages arising from a
malfunction in a machine in the vicinity.

NOISE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Noise measuring instruments play a major role in noise control. The noise measuring instruments
are used to identify the noise sources, determine the intensity of noise at particular distance from
source, frequency of noise etc.
These measurements then provide the record data for comparison with specified standards;
design and specification of noise control techniques,
Many types of measuring systems can be used for the measurement of noise depending on
purpose of study characteristics of sound & the extent of information that is desired about the
noise. 1. Microphone or Transducer
 Condenser microphone
 Electrets Microphone
 Piezoelectric Microphone
 Dynamic Microphone.

Condenser microphone
Condenser means capacitor, an electronic component which stores energy in the form of an
electrostatic field. The term condenser is actually obsolete but has stuck as the name for this type
of microphone, which uses a capacitor to convert acoustical energy into electrical energy.
Condenser microphones require power from a battery or external source. The resulting audio
signal is stronger signal than that from a dynamic. Condensers also tend to be more sensitive and
responsive than dynamics, making them well-suited to capturing subtle nuances in a sound. They
are not ideal for high-volume work, as their sensitivity makes them prone to distort.
A capacitor has two plates with a voltage between them. In the condenser mic, one of these
plates is made of very light material and acts as the diaphragm. The diaphragm vibrates when
struck by sound waves, changing the distance between the two plates and therefore changing the
capacitance. Specifically, when the plates are closer together, capacitance increases and a charge
current occurs. When the plates are further apart, capacitance decreases and a discharge current
occurs.

38
A voltage is required across the capacitor for this to work. This voltage is supplied either by a
battery in the mic or by external phantom power.

Figure: Condenser microphone

Sound frequency Analyzer

Frequency analyzer is a device that provides the capability for analysis of a noise signal in the
frequency domain by electronically separating the signal energy into various frequency bands.
This separation is performed by means of a set of filters.
The objective of Frequency analysis is to determine how the overall level is distributed over a
range of Frequencies.
A number of analyzers are available for use with the sound level meter. The simples models are
set of passive filters that can be inserted between two amplifiers of second level meter (SLM).
Other analyzers are specific instruments making it possible to automatically scan the whole
range of frequency bands. These are sequential instruments making measurements in one band at
a time.
More sophisticated analyzers have possibility to make the frequency analysis in all desired bands
at the same time. These are analyzers using a set of parallel filters or using Fast Fourier
transform ( FFT) of the input signal before recombining data into desired bands.

39
CONCLUSION:

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Date of Completion:____________

Sign & Remark of Teacher:____________

40
 Experiment No: 7

TITLE: Critical speed of shaft system

AIM: To determine critical speed of a shaft system given and to study whirling of shaft.

THEORY:

All rotating shaft, even in the absence of external load, deflect during rotation. The combined
weight of a shaft and wheel can cause deflection that will create resonant vibration at certain
speeds, known as Critical Speed. Critical speed depends upon the magnitude or location of the
load or load carried by the shaft, the length of the shaft, its diameter and the kind of bearing
support.

Description of the apparatus:

This apparatus is developed for the determination of the whirling phenomenon. The shaft can be
tested for different end conditions.

The apparatus consists of a frame to support it‟s driving motor, end fixing and sliding blocks,
etc. A special design is provided to clear out the effects of bearings of motor spindle from those
of testing shafts. The special design features of this equipment are as follows:

Coupling: A flexible shaft is used to drive the test shaft from motor.

Ball bearing fixing ends (M and N): These ends fix the shafts while it rotates. The shaft can be
replaced within a short time with the help of this unit. The fixing ends provide change of end
fixing condition of rotating shaft as per requirement.

Shaft supplied with the equipment: Polished steel shafts are supplied with the machine, the
dimensions being as under:

End fixing arrangement: At motor end as well as at tail end, making use of different fixing
blocks can develop different end conditions.

1) Supported end conditions: Make use of end block with single self aligning bearings

41
 2) Fixed end condition: Make use of end block with double bearing.

Guards D1 and D2: The guards D1 and D2 (Fig.1) can be fixed on any position on supporting
bar frame which fits on side supports F. Rotating shafts are to be fitted in blocks A and B stands.

Speed control of driving motor: The driving motor is – 250 V, DC Hp, rpm, c/s motor, and
speed control unit is dimmerstat of 240 V, Amps and 50 c/s.

Measurement of speed: To measure the speed of rotating shaft, a simple tachometer may be
used (will not be supplied with the equipment) on the opposite side of the shaft extension of
motor.

WHIRLING OF ELASTIC SHAFTS:

If L = Length of the shaft in cms

2 6
E = Young‟s modulus kg/cm =2.060 x 10
nd 4
I = 2 moment of area of shaft cm
W = Weight of the shaft per unit length kg/cm
2
g = acceleration due to gravity in cm/s =981

Maximum static deflection due to shaft weight is given by

Critical Speed is given by

Where:

g = gravity acceleration (9.81 m/s2)

δst = total maximum static deflection

42
PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED IN EXPERIMENTS:

1) If the revolutions of an unloaded shaft are gradually increased, it will be found that a
certain speed will be reached at which violent instability will occur, the shaft deflecting
into a single bow and whirling round like a skipping rope. If this speed is maintained the
deflection will become so large that the shaft will be fractured, but if this speed is quickly
run through the shaft will become straight again and run true until at another higher speed
the same phenomenon will occur, the deflection now however, being in a double bow and
so on. Such speeds are called critical speeds of whirling.

2) It is advisable to increase the speed of shaft rapidly and pass through the critical speeds
st
first rather than observing the 1 critical speed which increases the speed of rotation
slowly. In this process there is a possibility that the amplitude of vibration will suddenly
increase bringing the failure of the shaft. If, however, the shaft speed is taken to
maximum first and then slowly reduced, (thus not allowing time to build up the
amplitude of vibration at resonance) higher mode will be observed first and the
corresponding speed noted and then by reducing the speed further the next mode of lower
frequency can be observed without any danger of rise in amplitude as the speed is being
decreased and the inertia forces are smaller in comparison with the bending spring forces
hence the possibility of build up of dangerous amplitudes at resonance or near resonance
is avoided.

3) Thus it can be seen that it is a destructive test of shafts and it can be observed that the
elastic behaviour of the shaft material changes a little after testing it for a few times and it
is advisable therefore to use fresh shaft samples afterwards.

4) Fix the apparatus firmly on stable foundation.

TYPICAL TEST OBSERVATIONS:

1. Critical speed calculation:

Theoretical:

43
 Practical:

2. There is a difference between theoretical speed of whirl and actual speed observed, due to
following reasons:

a) The end conditions are not so exact as assumed in theory.

b) Pressure of damping at the end bearings.

c) Assumptions made in theoretical predictions.

d) Lack of knowledge of exact properties of shaft material.

e) A uniformly loaded shaft has, theoretically infinite number of natural frequencies

of transverse vibration for fundamental mode observation of first mode of
nd
whirling is therefore not so defined and thus difficult, 2 mode can be very easily
observed.

CONCLUSION:

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Date of Completion:____________

Sign & Remark of Teacher:____________

44
 Experiment No: 8

TITLE: Experimental verification of principle of dynamic vibration absorber

DVA Principle: Dynamic Vibration Absorbers (DVA) are based on the concept of
attaching a secondary mass to a primary vibrating system such that the secondary mass
dissipates the energy and thus reduce the amplitude of vibration of the primary system.

Many–a-times, a vibratory system under forced vibration is required to run near resonance i.e.
the excitation frequency is close to the natural frequency of the system. Under such a situation,
the response of the system can be large and we must try to reduce it by taking some measure.
The excitation frequency may be constant in many cases as in case of a machine with rotor-
unbalance running at constant speed. By attaching a separate smaller spring-mass system, an
auxiliary system, to the main system the vibration of the main system can be reduced, drastically,
if the mass and the stiffness of the auxiliary system are properly calculated, i.e. if the auxiliary
system is tuned to the natural frequency of the main system and the excitation frequency. Under
this condition, the vibration of the main system is reduced almost to zero and the auxiliary
system vibrates in response to the excitation. So, it is termed as vibration absorber and this
method of vibration control is called vibration absorption.

If a single or a multi-degree of freedom system is excited into resonance (the excitation

frequency nearly coincides with the natural frequency of the system), large amplitudes of
vibration result with accompanying high dynamic stresses and noise and fatigue problems.
Excessive vibrations in engineering systems are generally undesirable and therefore must be
avoided for the sake of safety and comfort. If neither the excitation frequency nor the natural
frequency can conveniently be altered, this resonance condition can often be successfully
controlled. It is possible to reduce the unwanted vibrations by extracting the energy that causes
these vibrations. The extraction of this energy can be established by attaching to the main
vibrating system a dynamic vibration absorber, which is simply a spring-mass system. The
dynamic vibration absorber is designed such that the natural frequencies of the resulting system
are away from the excitation frequency.

45
The equations of motion for the masses can be written as

X1 
K 2 
 m2 2 F0
m1m2    m1 K 2  m2  K1  K 2    K1K 2
4 2

K 2 F0
X2 
m1m2    m1K 2  m2  K1  K 2   K1K 2
4 2

To bring this equation into dimensionless forms, let us divide their numerators & denominators
by k1&k2 and introduce the following notations.

k2 =
k2 – m2 ω2 = 0 or ω2 = ω22
m2

k1
Since the main system operates near resonance i.e., ω2 ≈ ω12 = m1, thus if the dynamic vibration

absorber is designed such that

k2 k1
ω2 = m2 = m1

the amplitude of vibration of the main system while operating at its original resonant frequency
will be zero. When this condition is fulfilled, the absorber is called tuned absorber.

46
For simplification & to bring the equations to dimension-less forms, we introduce the following
symbols

Xst = F0/k1, zero frequency deflection of main system

ω1 = k1/m1, Natural frequency of main system

ω2 = k2/m2, Natural frequency of absorber system

µ = 𝑚2 𝑚1 , Mass ratio = absorber mass/main mass

Hence,

As seen before at ω = ω2, X1 = 0 i.e., when the excitation frequency is equal to the natural
frequency of absorber, the amplitude of main system becomes zero even though it is excited by a
harmonic force. This is the principle of undamped dynamic vibration absorber.

Let us now examine what happens to the amplitude of absorber mass i.e., X2 under the same
conditions.

Substituting ω = ω2 ineqn , we get

47
This shows that the force exerted by the auxiliary spring on the main mass is opposite to
impressed force F0, thus reducing the amplitude of vibration of main mass X1 to zero.

The two resonant frequencies of the system when ω1 = ω2 can be found by equating the
denominators of either of the equations to zero.

ω ω
(ω2)4 – (2+µ) (ω2)2 + 1 = 0

µ
Solution gives (ωn1,n2/ω2)2 = ( 1+ 2 ) ± µ + µ2/4

Where ωn1,n2are the two resonant frequencies of the system.This relation is shown graphically in
the figure. From the plot, it can be observed that greater the mass ratio µ, greater is the spread
between the two resonance frequencies.

When the mass ratio µ is very small, the effect of the absorber mass is insignificant & the two
new frequencies are quite close to the original one. However, for the mass ratio of the order 0.6
to 0.8, the two new resonant frequencies are quite apart. For the absorber to the effective, the
new frequencies should be at least 20% away from the impressed frequency.

48
The dimension-less frequency response curve for the main system given by the equation is

shown in the figure for a value of µ = 0.8.

The dashed curve shows the behavior of the main system when the absorber is not used. Clearly,
there is only one resonant frequency when ω = ω1 , for which the amplitude of vibration of the
main system become infinite. The full line curve shows the behavior of the main system when
absorber is being attached to it. It will be noticed that in this case, there are two resonant
conditions instead of one and that the amplitude of main mass is zero at ω/ωn = 1.

From an inspection of figure, it is clear that the undamped dynamic vibration absorber is useful
only in cases when the excitation frequency is absolutely constant. Then we can operate at ω/ω 2
= ω/ω1 =1 with a very small or zero amplitude. Thus, undamped dynamic vibration absorbers are
effective for constant speed machine i.e for all machinery directly coupled to syncronus electric
motors or generators. In variable speed machines such as IC engines, this device however loose
its effectiveness or is entirely useless.

There are many application of DVA, A few are noted below:

 vibration control of transmission cables
 control of torsional oscillation of crankshaft
 control of rolling motion of ships
 chatter control of cutting tools
 control of noise in aircraft cabin
 vibration control of hand held devices

49
Experimental Set-up

Experimental set up is consisting of two cantilever beams (primary system and secondary
system). Primary system is fixed at one end on a wooden support and DC motor of 1000 rpm is
fixed on the beam at a distance of 30cm from fixed end. The motor is mounted with Aluminum
disc having an eccentric mass. This eccentric mass on disc is used to provide the excitation to the
primary system.

The secondary system is also a cantilever beam type system. A slot is made into this system to
move the secondary mass (m2) at required position. The secondary system is selected such that
the ratio of stiffness of secondary beam to secondary mass is same.

Experimental setup

Specification of Primary System

Length= 550mm

Width=38mm

Thickness=2mm

Young‟s modulus of material=70GPa

k1
Natural Frequency of primary system (ω1)=
m1

50
 3EI
Stiffness of primary system (k1) =
L3

𝑏𝑑 3 0.038∗0.002 3
I = Moment of Inertia of Primary System = =
12 12

I = 2.533*10−11 𝑚4

3EI
Hence, (k1) =
L3

3∗69∗10 9 ∗2.533∗10 −11

= 0.3^3

= 194.22 N/m

k1
Therefore natural frequency (ω1)= =31.162 rad/sec i.e 4.95 Hz.
m1

Specification of Secondary System

Length=300mm

Width=24mm

Thickness=1mm

Mass of motor m1 =0.2 Kg

Young‟s modulus of material= 180 GPa

k2
Natural Frequency of secondary system (ω2)=
m2

3EI
Stiffness of primary system (k2) =
L3

Where, E = Young‟s modulus of material = 69 Gpa

𝑏𝑑 3 0.024∗0.0013
I = Moment of Inertia of Primary System = =
12 12

I = 2*10−12 𝑚4

51
 3EI
Hence, (k2) =
L3

3∗180∗10 9 ∗2∗10 −12

= 0.3^3

= 40 N/m

Since the mass of motor is constant i.e 0.2kg, we need to decide the value of m2.

𝑚2
The recommended mass ratio is constant i.e µ = 𝑚1 should be in the range of 0.05 to 0.25.

Assuming the value of µ as 0.19, therefore, we get the mass m2 as 0.038 kg.

k2
Natural frequency of secondary system (ω2)= =32.44 rad/sec i.e 5.16 Hz.
m2

Resonating speed of primary system

2𝜋𝑁 ω1∗60
ω1 = , N1 = =
60 2𝜋

Resonating speed of secondary system

2𝜋𝑁 ω2∗60
ω2 = , N2 = =
60 2𝜋

Observations:

52
 PART C: Compulsory Assignments

Assignment No: 1

TITLE: Determination of free response of SDOF damped system to demonstrate

different damping conditions using suitable software.

AIM: Write a Matlab program to Plot response of the following system for
different damping.

Take wn=5, x0=0; v0=60m/s;t0=0;tf=6;

%Matbal Code%
function allcases()
clf
wn=5;
zeta=[0.1;0.5;0.99;1.1;1.5];
x0=0;
v0=60;
t0=0;
tf=6;
t=t0:0.001:tf;
for i=1:length(zeta)
wd=(sqrt(1-zeta(i)^2))*wn;
x=exp(-
zeta(i)*wn*t).*(((zeta(i)*wn*x0+v0)/wd)*sin(wd*t)+x0*cos(wd*t));
plot(t,x,'LineWidth',2);
hold on
end

xlabel('t(s)');
ylabel('x(t)');
title('Response of single degree mass damper system');d
end

53
Response of the given system

54
Optional Assignment

Assignment No: 2

TITLE: Determination of total response of SDOF damped system to harmonic

excitation using suitable software
AIM: Write a matlab program to Plot response of the following system for
different damping.

%The initial displacement is 3, the velocity is 1, the force magnitude

per unit mass is 6, and the driving frequency is 7.

% Title: Determination of total response of a SDoF damped system to

% harmonic excitation
% Roll No: 452055
% Batch: B3
x0=0;
v0=0;
wn=3;
wdr=input('Enter the driving frequency=');
f0=6;
tf=40;
t=0:tf/1000:tf;
if wdr==wn
A1=v0/wn;
A2=x0;
A3=f0/2*wn;
x=A1*sin(wn*t)+A2*cos(wn*t)+A3*t.*cos(wdr*t);
else
A1=v0/wn;
A2=x0-(f0/(wn^2-wdr^2));
A3=f0/(wn^2-wdr^2);
x=A1*sin(wn*t)+A2*cos(wn*t)+A3*cos(wdr*t);
end
plot(t,x);
if wdr==wn
title('Example of resonance phenomenon');

55
else
title('Example of beat phenomenon');
end
xlabel('Time, seconds')

Response
Enter the driving frequency=1
Example of beat phenomenon
1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time, seconds

Enter the driving frequency=3

Example of resonance phenomenon
400

300

200

100

-100

-200

-300

-400
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time, seconds

Enter the driving frequency=7

Example of beat phenomenon
0.3

0.2

0.1

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time, seconds

56
 Assignment-Content beyond syllabus

Assignment No: 3

Plot the frequency response curve of single degree mass damper system for
different damping factor
Program:
function resp()
freqr=0:0.01:2;
zeta=0:0.2:2;
for i=1:length(zeta)
x=freqr.^2./sqrt((1-freqr.^2).^2+(2*zeta(i)*freqr).^2);
plot(freqr,x,'linewidth',2);
hold on
end
xlabel('Frequency Ratio');
ylabel('(X*m)/(m0*e)');
title ('Response of single degree mass damper system for
diffrent damping factor');
end
Ouput:

Response of single degree mass damper system for diffrent damping factor
60

50

40
(X*m)/(m0*e)

30

20

10

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Frequency Ratio

57