Filters PDF

13: Filters
• Filters
• 1st Order Low-Pass Filter
• Low-Pass with Gain Floor
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
• High Pass Filter
• 2nd order filter
• Sallen-Key Filter
• Twin-T Notch Filter
• Conformal Filter
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B) 13: Filters
• Summary
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 – 1 / 13

Filters
13: Filters
• Filters
A filter is a circuit whose gain varies with frequency. Often a filter aims to
• 1st Order Low-Pass Filter allow some frequencies to pass while blocking others.
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
• Radio/TV: a “tuning” filter blocks all frequencies
• High Pass Filter except the wanted channel
• Sallen-Key Filter • Loudspeaker: “crossover” filters send the right
frequencies to different drive units
Transformations (A)
• Sampling: an “anti-aliasing filter” eliminates all
Transformations (B)
frequencies above half the sampling rate
• Summary
◦ Phones: Sample rate = 8 kHz : filter

eliminates frequencies above 3.4 kHz.
• Computer cables: filter eliminates interference

Filters
13: Filters
• Filters
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

eliminates frequencies above 3.4 kHz.

Filters
13: Filters
• Filters
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

eliminates frequencies above 3.4 kHz. [Wikipedia]

Filters
13: Filters
• Filters
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary


Filters
13: Filters
• Filters
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary


Filters
13: Filters
• Filters
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary


1st Order Low-Pass Filter
13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1
• Filters
X = R+1/jωC = jωRC+1
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1 1
• Filters
X = R+1/jωC = jωRC+1 = jω
• 1st Order Low-Pass Filter p +1
• Low-Pass with Gain Floor b 1
• Opamp filter Corner frequency: p = a = RC
• Integrator
• Conformal Filter 0
Transformations (A)
|Gain| (dB)
• Conformal Filter -10
Transformations (B)
• Summary -20
-30
0.1p p 10p
ω (rad/s)

13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1 1
• Filters
• Integrator
• Twin-T Notch Filter p
• Conformal Filter Asymptotes: 1 and jω 0
Transformations (A)
|Gain| (dB)
• Conformal Filter -10
Transformations (B)
• Summary -20
-30
0.1p p 10p
ω (rad/s)

13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1 1
• Filters
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
|Gain| (dB)
Transformations (B) Very low ω : Capacitor = open circuit -10
• Summary -20
-30
0.1p p 10p
ω (rad/s)

13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1 1
• Filters
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
|Gain| (dB)
• Summary
Very high ω : Capacitor short circuit -20
-30
0.1p p 10p
ω (rad/s)

13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1 1
• Filters
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
|Gain| (dB)
• Summary
-30
0.1p p 10p
ω (rad/s)
A low-pass filter because it allows low frequencies to pass but attenuates

(makes smaller) high frequencies.

13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1 1
• Filters
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
|Gain| (dB)
• Summary
-30
0.1p p 10p
ω (rad/s)
A low-pass filter because it allows low frequencies to pass but attenuates

(makes smaller) high frequencies.
The order of a filter: highest power of jω in the denominator.

Almost always equals the total number of L and/or C .

Low-Pass with Gain Floor
13: Filters
Y R+1/jωC jωRC+1
• Filters
• 1st Order Low-Pass Filter X = 4R+1/jωC = jω4RC+1
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

13: Filters jω
Y R+1/jωC jωRC+1 q +1
• Filters
X = 4R+1/jωC = jω4RC+1 = jω
1 1
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Corner frequencies: p = 4RC , q = RC
Transformations (A)
-5
Transformations (B)
• Summary
-10
0.1q p q 10q
ω

13: Filters jω
• Filters
1 1
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
• 2nd order filter Asymptotes: 1 and 14
Transformations (A)
-5
Transformations (B)
• Summary
-10
0.1q p q 10q
ω

13: Filters jω
• Filters
1 1
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
• Conformal Filter Very low ω : 0
Transformations (A)
• Conformal Filter Capacitor = open circuit
-5
Transformations (B)
• Summary
Resistor R unattached. Gain = 1
-10
0.1q p q 10q
ω

13: Filters jω
• Filters
1 1
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
• Conformal Filter Very low ω : 0
Transformations (A)
• Conformal Filter Capacitor = open circuit
-5
Transformations (B)
• Summary
Resistor R unattached. Gain = 1
-10
Very high ω : 0.1q p q 10q

ω
Capacitor short circuit
Circuit is potential divider with gain 20 log10 14 = −12 dB.

Opamp filter
13: Filters
• Filters
Inverting amplifier so
= − 3R||(R+ /jωC )
Y 1
X R
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

Opamp filter
13: Filters
• Filters
= − 3R||(R+ /jωC ) 3R(R+ /jωC )
Y 1 1
X R = − R×(3R+R+1/jωC )
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

Opamp filter
13: Filters
• Filters
= − 3R||(R+ /jωC ) 3R(R+ /jωC )
Y 1 1
X R = − R×(3R+R+1/jωC )
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
R+1/jωC
• High Pass Filter = −3 × 4R+1/jωC
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

Opamp filter
13: Filters
• Filters
= − 3R||(R+ /jωC ) 3R(R+ /jωC )
Y 1 1
X R = − R×(3R+R+1/jωC )
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
R+1/jωC jωRC+1
• High Pass Filter = −3 × 4R+1/jωC = −3 × jω4RC+1
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

Opamp filter
13: Filters
• Filters
= − 3R||(R+ /jωC ) 3R(R+ /jωC )
Y 1 1
X R = − R×(3R+R+1/jωC )
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
R+1/jωC jωRC+1
• Twin-T Notch Filter Same transfer function as before except × − 3 = +9.5 dB.
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary 5
0.1q p q 10q
ω

Opamp filter
13: Filters
• Filters
= − 3R||(R+ /jωC ) 3R(R+ /jωC )
Y 1 1
X R = − R×(3R+R+1/jωC )
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
R+1/jωC jωRC+1
Transformations (A)
• Conformal Filter Advantages of op-amp crcuit: 10
Transformations (B)
• Summary 5
0.1q p q 10q
ω

Opamp filter
13: Filters
• Filters
= − 3R||(R+ /jωC ) 3R(R+ /jωC )
Y 1 1
X R = − R×(3R+R+1/jωC )
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
R+1/jωC jωRC+1
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary
1. Can have gain > 1. 5
0.1q p q 10q
ω

Opamp filter
13: Filters
• Filters
= − 3R||(R+ /jωC ) 3R(R+ /jωC )
Y 1 1
X R = − R×(3R+R+1/jωC )
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
R+1/jωC jωRC+1
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary
0
2. Low output impedance - loading
0.1q p q 10q
does not affect filter ω

Opamp filter
13: Filters
• Filters
= − 3R||(R+ /jωC ) 3R(R+ /jωC )
Y 1 1
X R = − R×(3R+R+1/jωC )
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
R+1/jωC jωRC+1
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary
0
2. Low output impedance - loading
0.1q p q 10q
does not affect filter ω
3. Resistive input impedance - does

not vary with frequency

Integrator
13: Filters 1/jωC

Y
• Filters
X =− R
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

Integrator
13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1
• Filters
X =− R = − jωRC
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
20
Transformations (B)
0
• Summary
-20
0.1 1 10
ω RC

Integrator
13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1
• Filters
Capacitor: i = C dv
C
• Opamp filter dt
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
20
Transformations (B)
0
• Summary
-20
0.1 1 10
ω RC

Integrator
13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1
• Filters
Capacitor: i = C dv
C
• Opamp filter dt
• Integrator
i= x
R = −C dy
dt
Transformations (A)
20
Transformations (B)
0
• Summary
-20
0.1 1 10
ω RC

Integrator
13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1
• Filters
Capacitor: i = C dv
C
• Opamp filter dt
• Integrator
i= x
R = −C dy
dt
dy −1
• Twin-T Notch Filter dt = RC x
Transformations (A)
20
Transformations (B)
0
• Summary
-20
0.1 1 10
ω RC

Integrator
13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1
• Filters
Capacitor: i = C dv
C
• Opamp filter dt
• Integrator
i= x
R = −C dy
dt
dy −1
• Conformal Filter Rt Rt
dy −1
Transformations (A)
• Conformal Filter 0 dt
dt = RC 0
xdt 20
Transformations (B)
0
• Summary
-20
0.1 1 10
ω RC

Integrator
13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1
• Filters
Capacitor: i = C dv
C
• Opamp filter dt
• Integrator
i= x
R = −C dy
dt
dy −1
dy −1
Transformations (A)
dt = RC 0
xdt 20
Transformations (B)
Rt 0
• Summary −1
y(t) = RC 0
xdt + y(0) -20
0.1 1 10
ω RC

Integrator
13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1
• Filters
Capacitor: i = C dv
C
• Opamp filter dt
• Integrator
i= x
R = −C dy
dt
dy −1
dy −1
Transformations (A)
dt = RC 0
xdt 20
Transformations (B)
Rt 0
• Summary −1
y(t) = RC 0
xdt + y(0) -20
0.1 1 10
ω RC
RNote: if x(t) = cos ωt

cos(ωt)dt = ω1 sin(ωt) ⇒ gain ∝ 1
ω.

Integrator
13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1
• Filters
Capacitor: i = C dv
C
• Opamp filter dt
• Integrator
i= x
R = −C dy
dt
dy −1
dy −1
Transformations (A)
dt = RC 0
xdt 20
Transformations (B)
Rt 0
• Summary −1
y(t) = RC 0
xdt + y(0) -20
0.1 1 10
ω RC

ω.
We can limit the LF gain to 20 dB:

Integrator
13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1
• Filters
Capacitor: i = C dv
C
• Opamp filter dt
• Integrator
i= x
R = −C dy
dt
dy −1
dy −1
Transformations (A)
dt = RC 0
xdt 20
Transformations (B)
Rt 0
• Summary −1
y(t) = RC 0
xdt + y(0) -20
0.1 1 10
ω RC

ω.
= − 10R||R/jωC
Y 1
X

Integrator
13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1
• Filters
Capacitor: i = C dv
C
• Opamp filter dt
• Integrator
i= x
R = −C dy
dt
dy −1
dy −1
Transformations (A)
dt = RC 0
xdt 20
Transformations (B)
Rt 0
• Summary −1
y(t) = RC 0
xdt + y(0) -20
0.1 1 10
ω RC

ω.
= − 10R||R/jωC = − R(10R+
10R× /jωC
Y 1 1
X 1/jωC )

Integrator
13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1
• Filters
Capacitor: i = C dv
C
• Opamp filter dt
• Integrator
i= x
R = −C dy
dt
dy −1
dy −1
Transformations (A)
dt = RC 0
xdt 20
Transformations (B)
Rt 0
• Summary −1
y(t) = RC 0
xdt + y(0) -20
0.1 1 10
ω RC

ω.
= − 10R||R/jωC = − R(10R+
10R× /jωC
Y 1 1
X 1/jωC )
10
= − jω10RC+1

Integrator
13: Filters 1/jωC

Y 1
• Filters
Capacitor: i = C dv
C
• Opamp filter dt
• Integrator
i= x
R = −C dy
dt
dy −1
dy −1
Transformations (A)
dt = RC 0
xdt 20
Transformations (B)
Rt 0
• Summary −1
y(t) = RC 0
xdt + y(0) -20
0.1 1 10
ω RC

ω.
= − 10R||R/jωC = − R(10R+
10R× /jωC
Y 1 1
X 1/jωC )
10 0.1

= − jω10RC+1 ωc = RC

High Pass Filter
13: Filters
Y R
• Filters X = R+1/jωC
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

High Pass Filter
13: Filters
Y R jωRC
• Filters X = R+1/jωC = jωRC+1
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

High Pass Filter
13: Filters
Y R jωRC
• Low-Pass with Gain Floor 1
• Opamp filter
Corner Freq: p = RC
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

High Pass Filter
13: Filters
Y R jωRC
• Opamp filter
Corner Freq: p = RC
• Integrator
• High Pass Filter Asymptotes: jωRC and 1
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

High Pass Filter
13: Filters
Y R jωRC
• Opamp filter
Corner Freq: p = RC
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary 0
-10
-20
-30
0.1p p 10p
ω

High Pass Filter
13: Filters
Y R jωRC
• Opamp filter
Corner Freq: p = RC
• Integrator
Very low ω : C open circuit: gain = 0
Transformations (A)
Very high ω : C short circuit: gain = 1
Transformations (B)
• Summary 0
-10
-20
-30
0.1p p 10p
ω

High Pass Filter
13: Filters
Y R jωRC
• Opamp filter
Corner Freq: p = RC
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary We can add an op-amp to give a 0
low-impedance output. -10
-20
-30
0.1p p 10p
ω

High Pass Filter
13: Filters
Y R jωRC
• Opamp filter
Corner Freq: p = RC
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary We can add an op-amp to give a 0
low-impedance output. Or add gain: -10
-20
Z RB jωRC
X = 1+ RA × jωRC+1 -30
0.1p p 10p
ω

2nd order filter
13: Filters
Y R2 +jωL
• Filters X = 1/jωC +R1 +R2 +jωL
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

2nd order filter
13: Filters
Y R2 +jωL
LC(jω)2 +R2 Cjω
• Opamp filter = LC(jω)2 +(R1 +R2 )Cjω+1
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

2nd order filter
13: Filters
Y R2 +jωL
LC(jω)2 +R2 Cjω
• Integrator
jωC(jωL+R2 )
• 2nd order filter = LC(jω)2 +(R1 +R2 )Cjω+1
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

2nd order filter
13: Filters
Y R2 +jωL
LC(jω)2 +R2 Cjω
• Integrator
jωC(jωL+R2 )
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary Asymptotes: jωR2 C and 1

2nd order filter
13: Filters
Y R2 +jωL
LC(jω)2 +R2 Cjω
• Integrator
jωC(jωL+R2 )
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary Asymptotes: jωR2 C and 1
Corner frequencies:
+20 dB/dec at p = RL2 = 100 rad/s
−40 dB/dec
p at c √1
q= a = LC
= 1000 rad/s

2nd order filter
13: Filters
Y R2 +jωL
LC(jω)2 +R2 Cjω
• Integrator
jωC(jωL+R2 )
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary Asymptotes: jωR2 C and 1 0
Corner frequencies: -20
+20 dB/dec at p = RL2 = 100 rad/s -40

p q
−40 dB/dec
p at 100 1k 10k
c ω
q= = √1 = 1000 rad/s
a LC

2nd order filter
13: Filters
Y R2 +jωL
LC(jω)2 +R2 Cjω
• Integrator
jωC(jωL+R2 )
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
+20 dB/dec at p = RL2 = 100 rad/s -40

p q
−40 dB/dec
p at 100 1k 10k
c ω
q= =√1 = 1000 rad/s
a LC
b sgn(a) qb q
Damping factor: ζ = √ = 2c = 2 (R1 + R2 ) C = 0.6.
4ac
1
Gain error at q is 2ζ = Q = 0.83 = −1.6 dB (+0.04 dB due to p)

2nd order filter
13: Filters
Y R2 +jωL
LC(jω)2 +R2 Cjω
• Integrator
jωC(jωL+R2 )
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
+20 dB/dec at p = RL2 = 100 rad/s -40

p q
−40 dB/dec
p at 100 1k 10k
c ω
q= =√1 = 1000 rad/s
a LC
b sgn(a) qb q
Damping factor: ζ = √ = 2c = 2 (R1 + R2 ) C = 0.6.
4ac
1
Gain error at q is 2ζ = Q = 0.83 = −1.6 dB (+0.04 dB due to p)
Compare with 1st order:

2nd order filter attenuates more rapidly than a 1st order filter.

Sallen-Key Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
KCL @ Y : Y −X Y −Z
1/jωC + 1/jωC +
Y −Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V− = Z ]
• Summary

Sallen-Key Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
1/jωC + 1/jωC +
Y −Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V− = Z ]
• Summary
⇒ Y (1 + 2jωRC) − Z (1 + jωRC) = XjωRC

Sallen-Key Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
1/jωC + 1/jωC +
Y −Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V− = Z ]
• Summary
Z
KCL @ V+ : mR + 1Z−Y
/jωC = 0

Sallen-Key Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
1/jωC + 1/jωC +
Y −Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V− = Z ]
• Summary
Z
/jωC = 0 ⇒ Z(1 + jωmRC) = Y jωmRC

Sallen-Key Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
1/jωC + 1/jωC +
Y −Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V− = Z ]
• Summary
Z
(1+jωmRC)
Sub Y : Z jωmRC (1 + 2jωRC) − Z (1 + jωRC) = XjωRC

Sallen-Key Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
1/jωC + 1/jωC +
Y −Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V− = Z ]
• Summary
Z
(1+jωmRC)
Z m(jωRC)2
⇒ X = m(jωRC)2 +2jωRC+1

Sallen-Key Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
1/jωC + 1/jωC +
Y −Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V− = Z ]
• Summary
Z
(1+jωmRC)
Z m(jωRC)2 (jω/p)2
⇒ X = m(jωRC)2 +2jωRC+1 = (jω/p)2 +2ζ(jω/p)+1
1
Corner freq: p = √mRC = 996 rad/s

Sallen-Key Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
1/jωC + 1/jωC +
Y −Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V− = Z ]
• Summary
Z
(1+jωmRC)
1 1
Corner freq: p = √mRC = 996 rad/s, ζ = 2Q = pRC = √1m = 0.6

Sallen-Key Filter
13: Filters
• Filters 0
• Low-Pass with Gain Floor -20
• Opamp filter
• Integrator -40
100 1k 10k
• 2nd order filter ω
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
1/jωC + 1/jωC +
Y −Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V− = Z ]
• Summary
Z
(1+jωmRC)
1 1

Sallen-Key Filter
13: Filters
• Filters 0
• Opamp filter
• Integrator -40
100 1k 10k
• Sallen-Key Filter 2
jω
Asymptotes: p and 1
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
1/jωC + 1/jωC +
Y −Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V− = Z ]
• Summary
Z
(1+jωmRC)
1 1

Sallen-Key Filter
13: Filters
• Filters 0
• Opamp filter
• Integrator -40
100 1k 10k
jω
Asymptotes: p and 1
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
1/jωC + 1/jωC +
Y −Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V− = Z ]
• Summary
Z
(1+jωmRC)
1 1
Sallen-Key: 2nd order filter without inductors. Can easily have gain >1.

Sallen-Key Filter
13: Filters
• Filters 0
• Opamp filter
• Integrator -40
100 1k 10k
jω
Asymptotes: p and 1
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
1/jωC + 1/jωC +
Y −Z
R =0 [assume V+ = V− = Z ]
• Summary
Z
(1+jωmRC)
1 1
Sallen-Key: 2nd order filter without inductors. Can easily have gain >1.
ζ
Designing: Choose m = ζ −2 ; C any convenient value; R = pC .

Twin-T Notch Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
After much algebra:
Z (1+m)((2jωRC)2 +1)
• Opamp filter X = (2jωRC)2 +4(1−m)jωRC+1
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary
Do not try to memorize this circuit

Twin-T Notch Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
After much algebra:
Z (1+m)((2jωRC)2 +1)
• Integrator
• High Pass Filter (1+m)((jω/p)2 +1)
• 2nd order filter = (jω/p)2 +2ζ(jω/p)+1
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

Twin-T Notch Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
After much algebra:
Z (1+m)((2jωRC)2 +1)
• Integrator
• Twin-T Notch Filter 1
• Conformal Filter p= 2RC = 314, ζ = 1 − m = 0.1
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

Twin-T Notch Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
After much algebra:
Z (1+m)((2jωRC)2 +1)
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
Very low ω : C open circuit
• Summary

Twin-T Notch Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
After much algebra:
Z (1+m)((2jωRC)2 +1)
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary
Z
Non-inverting amp, X =1+m

Twin-T Notch Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
After much algebra:
Z (1+m)((2jωRC)2 +1)
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary
Z
Very high ω : C short circuit

Twin-T Notch Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
After much algebra:
Z (1+m)((2jωRC)2 +1)
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary
Z
Z

Twin-T Notch Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
After much algebra:
Z (1+m)((2jωRC)2 +1)
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary
Z
Z
2
jω
At ω = p, p = −1: numerator = zero resulting in infinite attenuation.

Twin-T Notch Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
After much algebra:
Z (1+m)((2jωRC)2 +1)
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
Very low ω : C open circuit m+1 = 5.6dB 2ζ p
• Summary
Z
Non-inverting amp, X =1+m 0
-20
Z
Non-inverting amp, X =1+m -40
200 300 500
ω (rad/s)
2
jω
At ω = p, p = −1: numerator = zero resulting in infinite attenuation.

Twin-T Notch Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
After much algebra:
Z (1+m)((2jωRC)2 +1)
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary
Z
-20
Z
200 300 500
ω (rad/s)
2
jω
At ω = p, = −1: numerator = zero resulting in infinite attenuation.
p
The 3 dB notch width is approximately 2ζp = 2(1 − m)p.

Twin-T Notch Filter
13: Filters
• Filters
After much algebra:
Z (1+m)((2jωRC)2 +1)
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary
Z
-20
Z
200 300 500
ω (rad/s)
2
jω
At ω = p, = −1: numerator = zero resulting in infinite attenuation.
p
The 3 dB notch width is approximately 2ζp = 2(1 − m)p.
Used to remove one specific frequency (e.g. mains hum @ 50 Hz)

Conformal Filter Transformations (A)
13: Filters VY
• Filters A dimensionless gain, V , can always be written using dimensionless
X
• 1st Order Low-Pass Filter ZR ZL jωL ZL
• Low-Pass with Gain Floor impedance ratio terms: ZC = jωRC, ZR = R , ZC = −ω 2 LC .
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

13: Filters VY
X
• Opamp filter
• Integrator 0
• 2nd order filter -10 ♠
• Twin-T Notch Filter -20
Transformations (A) -30
• Conformal Filter 10 100 1k 10k
Transformations (B)
ω rad/s
• Summary

13: Filters VY
X
• Opamp filter
• Integrator 0
• High Pass Filter Impedance scaling:
Scale all impedances by k : -20
Transformations (A) -30
Transformations (B)
ω rad/s
• Summary

13: Filters VY
X
• Opamp filter
• Integrator 0
′ ′ −1 ′
Transformations (A)
R = kR, C = k C, L = kL -30
Transformations (B)
ω rad/s
• Summary
k = 20

13: Filters VY
X
• Opamp filter
• Integrator 0
′ ′ −1 ′
Transformations (A)
R = kR, C = k C, L = kL -30
• Conformal Filter Impedance ratios are unchanged 10 100 1k 10k
Transformations (B)
ω rad/s
• Summary so graph stays the same.
k = 20

13: Filters VY
X
• Opamp filter
• Integrator 0
′ ′ −1 ′
Transformations (A)
R = kR, C = k C, L = kL -30
Transformations (B)
ω rad/s
(k is arbitrary)
k = 20

13: Filters VY
X
• Opamp filter
• Integrator 0
′ ′ −1 ′
Transformations (A)
R = kR, C = k C, L = kL -30
Transformations (B)
ω rad/s
(k is arbitrary)
Frequency Shift:
k = 20
Scale reactive components by k :

13: Filters VY
X
• Opamp filter
• Integrator 0
′ ′ −1 ′
Transformations (A)
R = kR, C = k C, L = kL -30
Transformations (B)
ω rad/s
(k is arbitrary)
Frequency Shift:
k = 20
R′ = R, C ′ = kC, L′ = kL
k=5

13: Filters VY
X
• Opamp filter
• Integrator 0
′ ′ −1 ′
Transformations (A)
R = kR, C = k C, L = kL -30
Transformations (B)
ω rad/s
(k is arbitrary)
Frequency Shift:
k = 20
R′ = R, C ′ = kC, L′ = kL
⇒ Z ′ (k−1 ω) ≡ Z(ω)
k=5

13: Filters VY
X
• Opamp filter
• Integrator 0
• 2nd order filter -10 ♥ ♠
′ ′ −1 ′
Transformations (A)
R = kR, C = k C, L = kL -30
Transformations (B)
ω rad/s
(k is arbitrary)
Frequency Shift:
k = 20
R′ = R, C ′ = kC, L′ = kL
⇒ Z ′ (k−1 ω) ≡ Z(ω)
Graph shifts left by a factor of k .
k=5

13: Filters VY
X
• Opamp filter
• Integrator 0
• 2nd order filter -10 ♥ ♠
′ ′ −1 ′
Transformations (A)
R = kR, C = k C, L = kL -30
Transformations (B)
ω rad/s
(k is arbitrary)
Frequency Shift:
k = 20
R′ = R, C ′ = kC, L′ = kL
⇒ Z ′ (k−1 ω) ≡ Z(ω)
Graph shifts left by a factor of k .
k=5
Must scale all reactive components in the circuit by the same factor.
Conformal Filter Transformations (B)
13: Filters
• Filters
0
• 1st Order Low-Pass Filter Change LR circuit to RC:
• Low-Pass with Gain Floor -10 ♦
• Opamp filter
• Integrator -20
-30
• Sallen-Key Filter 1k 10k 100k 1M
ω rad/s
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

13: Filters
• Filters
0
′ ′ 1
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Change R = kL, C = kR -20
-30
ω rad/s
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary
k = 106

13: Filters
• Filters
0
′ ′ 1
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
ZR′ jωL ZL
⇒ ZC ′ = jωR′ C ′ = R = ZR -30

ω rad/s
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary
k = 106

13: Filters
• Filters
0
′ ′ 1
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
ZR′ jωL ZL
⇒ ZC ′ = jωR′ C ′ = R = ZR -30

Impedance ratios are unchanged ω rad/s
Transformations (A) at all ω so graph stays the same.
Transformations (B)
• Summary
k = 106

13: Filters
• Filters
0
′ ′ 1
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
ZR′ jωL ZL
⇒ ZC ′ = jωR′ C ′ = R = ZR -30

Transformations (B) (k is arbitrary)
• Summary
k = 106

13: Filters
• Filters
0
′ ′ 1
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
ZR′ jωL ZL
⇒ ZC ′ = jωR′ C ′ = R = ZR -30

• Summary
Reflect frequency axis around ωm : k = 106

Change R′ = ω k C , C ′ = ω 1kR
m m

13: Filters
• Filters
0
′ ′ 1
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
ZR′ jωL ZL
⇒ ZC ′ = jωR′ C ′ = R = ZR -30

• Summary

2 m ∗m
ZR′ ωm ZC
⇒ ZC ′ ω = ZR (ω)
k = 0.1, ωm = 20 k

13: Filters
• Filters
0
• Low-Pass with Gain Floor -10 ♣ ♦
′ ′ 1
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
ZR′ jωL ZL
⇒ ZC ′ = jωR′ C ′ = R = ZR -30

• Summary

2 m ∗m
ZR′ ωm ZC
⇒ ZC ′ ω = ZR (ω)
k = 0.1, ωm = 20 k
(a) Magnitude graph flips

13: Filters
• Filters
0
• Low-Pass with Gain Floor -10 ♣ ♦
′ ′ 1
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
ZR′ jωL ZL
⇒ ZC ′ = jωR′ C ′ = R = ZR -30

• Summary

2 m ∗m
ZR′ ωm ZC
⇒ ZC ′ ω = ZR (ω)
k = 0.1, ωm = 20 k
(a) Magnitude graph flips
(b) Phase graph flips and negates since ∠z ∗ = −∠z .
(k is arbitrary)

Summary
13: Filters
• Filters
• The order of a filter is the highest power of jω in the transfer function
• 1st Order Low-Pass Filter denominator.
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

Summary
13: Filters
• Filters
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
• Active filters use op-amps and usually avoid the need for inductors.
• High Pass Filter ◦ Sallen-Key design for high-pass and low-pass.
• Sallen-Key Filter ◦ Twin-T design for notch filter: gain = 0 at notch.
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
• Summary

Summary
13: Filters
• Filters
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
• For filters using R and C only:
Transformations (B)
◦ Scale R and C : Substituting R′ = kR and C ′ = pC scales
−1
• Summary frequency by (pk) .

Summary
13: Filters
• Filters
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
−1
◦ Interchange R and C : Substituting R′ = ω0kC and C ′ = kω10 R
flips the frequency response around ω0 (∀k ).
Changes a low-pass filter to high pass and vice-versa.

Summary
13: Filters
• Filters
• Opamp filter
• Integrator
Transformations (A)
Transformations (B)
−1
◦ Interchange R and C : Substituting R′ = ω0kC and C ′ = kω10 R
flips the frequency response around ω0 (∀k ).
Changes a low-pass filter to high pass and vice-versa.
For further details see Hayt Ch 16 or Irwin Ch 12.

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13: Filters

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 – 1 / 13

◦ Phones: Sample rate = 8 kHz : filter

• Computer cables: filter eliminates interference

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 – 2 / 13

◦ Phones: Sample rate = 8 kHz : filter

• Computer cables: filter eliminates interference

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 – 2 / 13

◦ Phones: Sample rate = 8 kHz : filter

• Computer cables: filter eliminates interference

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 – 2 / 13

◦ Phones: Sample rate = 8 kHz : filter

• Computer cables: filter eliminates interference

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 – 2 / 13

◦ Phones: Sample rate = 8 kHz : filter

• Computer cables: filter eliminates interference

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 – 2 / 13

◦ Phones: Sample rate = 8 kHz : filter

• Computer cables: filter eliminates interference

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 – 2 / 13

13: Filters 1/jωC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 – 3 / 13

13: Filters 1/jωC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 – 3 / 13

13: Filters 1/jωC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 – 3 / 13

13: Filters 1/jωC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 – 3 / 13

13: Filters 1/jωC

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 – 3 / 13

13: Filters 1/jωC

A low-pass filter because it allows low frequencies to pass but attenuates

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 – 3 / 13

13: Filters 1/jωC

A low-pass filter because it allows low frequencies to pass but attenuates

The order of a filter: highest power of jω in the denominator.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10116) Filters: 13 – 3 / 13

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Very high ω : 0.1q p q 10q

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3. Resistive input impedance - does

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13: Filters 1/jωC

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13: Filters 1/jωC

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13: Filters 1/jωC

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13: Filters 1/jωC

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13: Filters 1/jωC

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