Professional Documents
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Nematode
Nematode
Abstract: This publication provides general information on these tiny worm-like organisms. A more
detailed description of the genera of nematodes that attack plants is provided as well as various methods
to diagnose, discourage and treat against plant parasitic nematodes in a least toxic, sustainable manner.
ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information service, operated by the National Center
for Appropriate Technology through a grant from the Rural Business-Cooperative Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture. These organizations do not recommend or endorse products,
companies, or individuals. NCAT has offices in Fayetteville, Arkansas (P.O. Box 3657, Fayetteville,
AR 72702), Butte, Montana, and Davis, California.
Light, sandy soils generally harbor larger popu- host. The most sustainable approach to nema-
lations of plant-parasitic nematodes than clay tode control will integrate several tools and strat-
soils. This is attributable to the more efficient egies, including cover crops, crop rotation, soil
aeration of sandy soil, the presence of fewer or- solarization, least-toxic pesticides, and plant va-
ganisms that compete with and prey on nema- rieties resistant to nematode damage. These
todes, and the ease with which nematodes can methods work best in the context of a healthy
move through the root zone. Also, plants grow- soil environment with sufficient organic matter
ing in readily drained soils are more likely to to support diverse populations of microorgan-
suffer from intermittent drought, and are thus isms. A balanced soil ecosystem will support a
more vulnerable to damage by parasitic nema- wide variety of “biological control” organisms
todes. Desert valleys and tropical sandy soils are that will help keep nematode pest populations
particularly challenged by nematode overpopu- in check.
lation (1).
Face view of lance nematode, Hoplolaimus sp. Sugarbeet cyst nematode juvenile.
5) Ploeg, Antoon. 2001. When nematodes 14) Fiola, J., and N. Lalancettle. 2000. 2000
attack……is important. California New Jersey Commercial Strawberry Pest
Grower. October. p. 12-13. Control Recommendation I. P. 2. In:
Rutgers Cooperative Extension Bulletin
6) Dunn, Robert A. 1995. Diagnosing FS193.
Nematode Problems. Florida Agricul-
tural Information Retrieval System 15) Peet, Mary. 1996. Sustainable Practices
(FAIRS) . Document RF-NG006, Depart- for Vegetable Production in the South.
ment of Entomology and Nematology, Focus Publishing, Newburyport, MA. p.
Florida Cooperative Extension Service, 75–77.
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sci-
ences, University of Florida. Reviewed: 16) Luna, J. 1993. Crop rotation and cover
April 1995. crops suppress nematodes in potatoes.
<http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/NG006>. Pacific Northwest Sustainable Agricul-
ture. March. p. 4–5.
7) Horst, Kenneth R. 1990. Westcott’s Plant
Disease Handbook. 5th ed. Van 17) Forge, Thomas A., Russell E. Ingham, and
Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY. p. Diane Kaufman. 1995. Winter cover
306–307. crops for managing root-lesion nema-
todes affecting small fruit crops in the
8) Kodira, U.C., and B.B. Westerdahl. 1995. Pacific Northwest. Pacific Northwest
Potato Pest Management Guidelines. UC Sustainable Agriculture. March. p. 3.
Statewide IPM. University of California,
Davis, CA. 3 p. 18) Wider, T.L., and G.S. Abawi. 2000.
Mechanism of suppression of Meloidogyne
9) Akhtar, M., and M. Mashkoor Alam. hapla and its damage by a green manure
1993.Utilization of waste materials in of Sudan grass. Plant Disease. Vol. 84.
nematode control: a review. Bioresource p. 562-568.
Technology. Vol. 45. p. 1–7.
19) Grossman, J. 1990. New crop rotations
10) Stirling, G.R. 1991. Biological Control of foil root-knot nematodes. Common Sense
Plant Parasitic Nematodes. CAB Inter- Pest Control. Winter. p. 6.
national, Wallingford, UK. 275 p.
20) Dr. Jack Brown
11) Akhtar, A., and A. Malik. 2000. Roles PSES Department
of organic soil amendments and soil or- University of Idaho
ganisms in the biological control of Moscow, ID 83844-2339
plant p a r a s i t i c n e m a t o d e s : a r e - (208) 885-6276
v i e w . Bioresource Technology 74. p 35.
21) Brown, Paul D., and Matthew J. Morra.
12) Barker, K.R., and S.R. Koenning. 1998. 1997. Control of soil-borne plant pests
Developing sustainable systems for using glucosinolate-containing plants. p.
nematode management. Annual Review 167–215. In: Donald L. Sparks (ed.) Ad-
of Phytopathology. Vol. 36. p. 165-205. vances in Agronomy. Vol. 61. Academic
Press, San Diego, CA.
62) Grossman, Joel, and Jamie Liebman. Use of Hot Water for Nematode
1995. Alternatives to methyl bromide— Control: A Research Summary
steam and solarization in nursery crops. <http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/
The IPM Practitioner. July. p. 3. mba/april96/noling.htm>
Grau, C.R. and R.L. Norgren. 1990. The Soy- University of Missouri
bean Cyst Nematode. Publication A3092. Co- Extension Publications
operative Extension Service, University of Wis- 2800 Maguire
consin. 2 p. <http://www1.uwex.edu/ces/ Columbia MO 65211-0001
pubs/new.cfm?currentdate={d ‘2000-01-04’} - (800) 292-0969
270.7KB>. extpubs@muccmail.missouri.edu
Describes life cycle, host range, how it spreads,
symptoms, and control. Bird, G.W. and F. Warner. 1990. Detecting and
Avoiding Nematode Problems. Publication E-
University of Wisconsin 2199. Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan
630 W. Mifflin St. State University. 6 p.
Room 170 Provides instructions for the detection meth-
Madison WI 53703 ods necessary to avoid or diagnose nematode
(608) 262-3346 problems.
carol.pollack@mail.admin.wisc.edu
Michigan State University
Kerr, E.D. and D.S. Wysong. 1984. Nebguide— Bulletin Office
Root and Soil Analyses for Nematodes in Corn. 10-B Ag. Hall
Publication G84-702. Cooperative Extension Ser- East Lansing MI 48824-1039
vice, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. 2 p. (517) 355-0240
<http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/plantdisease/ bulletin@msuces.canr.msu.edu
g702.htm>.
Describes how to interpret lab results of soil Anon. 1997. Scouting for Corn Nematodes. Pub-
samples submitted for nematode analysis, and lication IPM-53S. Cooperative Extension Service,
discusses ten species that are potentially dam- Iowa State University. 1 p. <http://
aging to corn. www.extension.iastate.edu/Pub
lications/IPM53S.pdf>.
Wysong, D.S. and E.D. Kerr. 1980. Nebguide— Helps distinguish root damage between her-
How to Take a Soil Sample for Corn Nematode bicide injury and nematode feeding, and helps
Assay. Publication G80-492. Cooperative Exten- to diagnose a corn nematode infestation.
sion Service, University of Nebraska-Lincoln. 2 p.
<http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/plantdisease/ Iowa State University
g492.htm>. Publications Distribution
Printing & Publishing Bldg.
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Ames IA 50011-3171
Distribution Services (515) 294-5247
105 Ag. Comm. Bldg. pubdist@exnet.iastate.edu
Lincoln NE 68583-0918
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agcm017@unlvm.unl.edu
April 2003