Paving the Way for the Modern Era

Lauren Hartwich

Annotated Bibliography
PRIMARY

Editors, Europeana. “Europeana Collections.” ​Europeana Collections​, 2015,​ Modern Era​,

www.europeana.eu/portal/en/search?q=florence%2Bnightingale.
This website gives me a whole list of images relating to Florence NIghtingale. The
website also describes the images and its relation to her, There are 16 pages of images on
her that go from her as a child to life during Crimean War. This is helpful because I have
several images in one place and I can see how it connects back to her and her life.

"Florence Nightingale: Five Essential Points for a Healthy Household (1860)." ​World History:
The Modern Era​, ABC-CLIO, 2019, worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1478751.
Accessed 25 Sept. 2019.
This article has direct information from Florence Nightingale herself. She talks about 5
key parts of the house that can make it clean and sanitary. By following her steps, fewer
people have been to the hospital. This is useful because it gives an inside look into what
Nightingale believes can prevent health issues and gives evidence to how much Florence
Nightingale affected others.

“Florence Nightingale, English Nurse and Hospital Reformer, c1850s.... News Photo.” Edited by
Getty Images Editors, ​Getty Images,​ 2019,
www.gettyimages.com/photos/florence-nightingale?sort=best&mediatype=photography
&phrase=florence%2Bnightingale.
This source contains over 500 images of Florence Nightingale and the Crimean war. The
images are pictures of exact artifacts such as letters and poems. This source is helpful
because I can see a variety of different pictures showing Florence doing her work and I
can see the expresson on her face whilst doing work.

Florence Nightingale, ​Notes on Nursing: What it is and What it is Not​ (New York: D Appleton
and Company, 1860)
This book was written by Florence Nightingale herself. The book gives an in depth look
into what her opinion on hospitals and medical treatment were. The book gives info on
what methods she used to treat patients. The book shows what hospitals are like before
and after she changed it. Hospitals were dirty and unsanitary, and after, the sheets were
changed, bandages were replaced, and tools were cleaned thoroughly. The book shows
the effects of her changes in all hospitals. This is useful because the book gives support
on her impact towards others.
"Florence Nightingale: Quote on Hospitals." ​World History: The Modern Era​, ABC-CLIO,
2019, worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/350737. Accessed 25 Sept. 2019.
This quote shows Florence Nightingale's views towards hospitals. The quote reflects
Nightingales passionate towards fixing condition in hospitals. You can see in her choice
of words, that Florence was horrified . This quote shows you that she wanted to change
the hospitals from the moment she saw the conditions.

"Florence Nightingale: Quote on Hospital Patients." ​World History: The Modern Era​,
ABC-CLIO, 2019, worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/350738. Accessed 25 Sept.
2019.
This quote includes short descriptions of patients she saw during her night time visits. In
the quote, patients are described as tired and sore. These words show why Florence
Nightingale worked so hard to fix the hospitals care. You get a perspective from her, and
that perspective helps you see what motivated Florence Nightingale.

"Florence Nightingale: Quote on Nurses." ​World History: The Modern Era​, ABC-CLIO, 2019,
worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/350739. Accessed 25 Sept. 2019.
This quote shows that Florence Nightingale felt that nurses were vital in everyday life.
You can see from her point of view that nurses affected everyone. They did work to make
you feel better physically and mentally, and Florence displays her gratitude and respect
towards nurses like her.

"Florence Nightingale: Quote on Women." ​World History: The Modern Era​, ABC-CLIO, 2019,
worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/337468. Accessed 25 Sept. 2019.
This quote shows Florence Nightingale's opinion on women and their role during the
Victorian Era. Florence Nightingale believed that women have more worth than they are
supposed to, in men's eyes. This quote is being used in my project because it shows that
Florence Nightingale felt that woman could be used more in work that benefits others.
Her words describing women's roles was enough to get people to realize that women are
helping the world.

Images, AKG. “Miss Nightingale in the Barrack Hospital at Scutari.” ​Akg,​ 2010,
www.akg-images.co.uk/archive/Miss-Nightingale-in-the-Barrack-Hospital-at-Scutari-2U
MDHU7M00LL.html.
This picture gives a view on Florence Nightingale working hard in the Scutari hospital
during the war. You can see her expression and how serious she is. The picture shows
you exactly how Florence worked and this is important because you see, first hand, how
much she put into helping others.
Jackson, Guida M. "Victoria." ​World History: The Modern Era​, ABC-CLIO, 2019,
worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/316151. Accessed 8 Oct. 2019.
This picture is important because it shows the woman who helped Florence Nightingale
get her information out. Queen Victoria gave Florence Nightingale spotlight she needed
to get her word about sanitation out. Florence Nightingale received a medal from Victoria
and her husband Albert. Recognition from the Queen was what she needed to boost her
fame and get her books to be noticed.

London, Kings College. “About Us.” ​About Us | Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing,
Midwifery & Palliative Care | King's College London​, 2010,
www.kcl.ac.uk/nmpc/about-us.
This website is the official website of Kings College in London and within Kings College
is Florence NIghtingale's Training School. There are pictures of the school now and when
it frst opened. The website aldo dives into Florence education before becoming a nurse. It
had pictures on the school she went to for medical training in Germany.

Manning, Kenneth R. "Nightingale, Florence."​ World Book Student​, World Book,

2019,worldbookonline.com/student-new/#/article/home/ar391480. Accessed 8 Oct. 2019.
This picture shows what Florence Nightingale looked like during her time at the hospital.
You can see how the work aged her. She looked old even when she was quite young.
THis picture is useful because it shows how hard she worked on helping people during
the war. Stress and work made Florence Nightingale turned and it shows in the picture.

"Medicine Chest Used by Florence Nightingale." ​World History: The Modern Era,​ ABC-CLIO,
2019, worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/2010751. Accessed 25 Sept. 2019.
This picture is important because it shows what Florence Nightingale used for her
medical treatments. The chest is small and shows that she didn’t need much to impact
others. The picture also shows how organized she was with her tools. She carried
everything with her at all times, not having to worry about forgetting something
important.

"Nurses in the Crimean War." ​World History: The Modern Era,​ ABC-CLIO, 2019,
worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/347630. Accessed 25 Sept. 2019.
This picture shows nurses frantically working in the hospitals. The picture shows how
hard women worked during this time. Getting this view can help people realize that
nurses were vital during the war and without them, many would die. Nurses worked very
hard and the picture sheds light on it.

Pictures: "Florence Nightingale at Scutari." ​World History: The Modern Era,​ ABC-CLIO, 2019,
worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/910482. Accessed 25 Sept. 2019.
This picture shows Nightingale during the night with her lamp. The lamp is what gave
her the nickname “Lady of the Lamp”. The pictures gives a view of what it would have
looked like during her time at Scutari. This picture is useful because it could be used on
her point of view on the whole ordeal.
 SECONDARY

Altick, Richard D. “Eminent Victorianism.” ​American Scholar​, vol. 64, no. 1, Winter 1995, p.
81. ​EBSCOhost​,
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asm&AN=9501264229&site=ehost-liv
e​. ​This article gives an in depth look into social standards during the victorian era. This is
an important source because it shows what was expected of women like Florence
Nightingale. Victorian women were expected to marry, have children, and take care of
the house. The article shows why it was such a big deal for her to become a successful
nurse. This is useful because it gives background information on what the world was life
during Florence Nightingale's childhood and what was expected of her.

Archives, National. “Research and Learning - British Battles.” ​The National Archives,​ The
National Archives, 10 Sept. 2004, ​www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/battles/​.
This article gives a view on the war. The article gives background information on the war
and why it was important for Florence Nightingale to make her discoveries and help
people during this time. This article is useful for when I spek about the war and its
effects. The statistics of deaths are mentioned and you can see how the overall war
affected Europe.

Barbezat, Daniel, et al. "Europe."​ World Book Student,​ World Book, 2019,
worldbookonline.com/student-new/#/article/home/ar186660. Accessed 8 Oct. 2019.
This article gives a view on how the Crimean war affected Europe. The war affected the
whole continent, not just the countries in it. Europe’s overall economy decreased. This
article is helpful in my project because it shows me the effects of the war and how
Florence Nightingale’s help in the war affected everyone, not just those in the war.

Charlie, Deborah. “Florence Nightingale.” ​Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia,​ 2018.

EBSCOhost​, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=t6o&AN=88807037.
This article gives an overview of Florence Nightingale’s time during the war and why she
joined the effort in the first place. The article also gives reasons to why Florence
Nightingale was significant during the time. The article speaks of how her methods
during the war carried on much after her time.

Chatton, Melissaa. Interview by Lauren Hartwich. Florence Nightingale, 4 Sept. 2019,

https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?tab=rm&ogbl#inbox/KtbxLwGgGPdJStmJNSsKNnD
KZgpmfDqHgV. Accessed 4 Oct. 2019.
This is an interview I had with an assistant director of Learning and Community
Engagement. She works at the Florence Nightingale Museum in London. I asked her
questions about the reaction of Florence Nightingale’s family when she returned from the
war. Her answers are important to my project because she has had a first hand look at the
museum that includes her items she used during the war. The woman can see documents
that Florence Nightingale had access to and visit places she had in her job. She is a good
secondary source because she gives off information that I couldn’t find on an article.
"Crimean War." ​World History: The Modern Era​, ABC-CLIO, 2019,
worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/309640. Accessed 25 Sept. 2019.
This article gives an overview of how the Crimean war started. I used this source because
I needed background information to set up the setting for Florence Nightingale. If I didn’t
know the story of the Crimean war, I couldn’t have seen the true effect Florence
Nightingale had during the war. The war was bloody and Florence Nightingale decreased
the number of deaths during the war.

Editors, Biography.com. “Florence Nightingale.” ​Biography.com​, A&E Networks Television, 9

July 2019, www.biography.com/scientist/florence-nightingale.
This article explains Florence Nightingale as a scientist. The facts are proving how she
helped scientifiaslly. The source is useful because it gives information on her statistics
and help wth scientists and not just medical doctors and nurses. The article shows a
different point of view on how Florence Nightingale helped others besides medical
professionals. By having her effets on scientists, this can further prove my point that she
helped everyone in some way.

Editors, History.com. “Florence Nightingale.” ​History.com​, A&E Television Networks, 9 Nov.

2009, www.history.com/topics/womens-history/florence-nightingale-1.
This article explains how Florence Nightingale helped other women. The article shows
how Florence Nightingale inspired women to make changes in the world and stand up for
themselves. The article goes into detail about Florence Nightingale’s effects on all
women during the Victorian era. This is uesful because this proves that she had long term
effects, giving woman a reason to be proud of their gender and what they can do. I will
use this for my long term effects slide.

Enterprises, ThorFire. “Florence Nightingale.” ​Florence Nightingale | History of Nursing,​ 2018,

www.historybits.com/florence-nightingale.htm.
This article shows the history of nursing before and after Florence Nightingale. This is
useful because it shows the drastic changes between the two. The article contains
statistics that prove that she had an effect in the medical world. Before, nurses were men
and they didn’t really do much except assist and the article shows how after, woman
nurses had patients and cared for them.

"Florence Nightingale." ​World History: The Modern Era​, ABC-CLIO, 2019,

worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/317807. Accessed 25 Sept. 2019.
This article gives an overview of Florence Nightingale’s life. This includes her life
before, during, and after the war. This article alos talks aboiut why Florence Nightingale
pursued nursing. This is important because we can see why Florence Nightingale
believed it was important to help the medical field care for more people in a more
efficiant way. This is useful because I can add this to background information on her
reasons for starting nursing as a profession.
Ikeda, Daisaku. ​Florence Nightingale in Tribute to the Century of Women.​ Soka Gakkai
Malaysia, ​2004.
This book shows all of Florence Nightinagles work over her years. The book shows what
Florence Nightingale did before, after, and during the Crimean War. It showed her life as
a child, as an adult, in her dying days. This book, like its title states, is a tribute to
everything she did in her life. This book is useful because it gives an overview of
everything she did and its effects. I used it for the refelction I am gonna make. This book
gives evidence for my thesis.

Jackson, Guida M. "Victoria." ​World History: The Modern Era​, ABC-CLIO, 2019,
worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/316151. Accessed 8 Oct. 2019.
This article gives information on Queen Victoria. Queen Victoria was the ruler during
Florence Nightigales life. This is important because Victoria started the rules that
Nightingale had to live by during her childhood. I can use this in my project because this
gives me background information I can use to support the drastic changes made by
Florence Nightingale. Queen Victoria is one of the reasons why Florence Nightingale did
what she did.

LLC, Union Media. “Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory.” ​Union Test Prep,​ 2019,
uniontestprep.com/hesi-exam/blog/florence-nightingale-s-environmental-theory.
This article gives information on a theory created by Florence Nightingale. This is
important because this theory came from and describes Nightingales opinion on the
Earth. This is helpful because you can see exactly what Florence Nightingale worked on
after the war. She spenty years creating theories that could help people. This is one of
them.

Nurse, Vanderbilt. “Florence Nightingale Pledge.” ​Nurse News,​ 3 Nov. 2010,

www.vanderbilt.edu/vanderbiltnurse/2010/11/florence-nightingale-pledge/.
This article is about a pledge that all nurses have to go by in Florence Nightgales scgool.
This is imprtsant becaue you can see exactly what Nightingale believes it takes to be a
great nurse. These words were written by Nightinagle and summarized by the article
creators. The article breaks down the pledge and helps you understand her ideas for her
nursing school.

Saab, A. P. "Crimean War."​ World Book Student,​ World Book,

2019,worldbookonline.com/student-new/#/article/home/ar140700. Accessed 8 Oct. 2019.
This article is about the Crimean war, a war in wbich Florence Nightingale helped in. The
article gives an in depth look into life during the war for soldiers and those working. This
is important because I can use this to show how much Florence Nightingale helped
because of the horrible conditions she had suffered in.
Science Museum, UK. “Science Museum. Brought to Life: Exploring the History of Medicine.”
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910),​ 2019,
broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/florencenightingale.
This article talks about how medicine has changed through the years. It speaks of the
methods used in the past and how they improved with Florence Nightingale joining the
war. In the article, it describes the increase in people surviving which shows how she
improved medicine overall for everyone.

Selanders, Louise. “Florence Nightingale.” ​Encyclopædia Britannica,​ Encyclopædia Britannica,

Inc., 9 Aug. 2019, www.britannica.com/biography/Florence-Nightingale.
This article gives an overview of Florence Nightingale's life. The information supports
other websites facts. This webiste is useful because it gives a synopsis of Nightingale’s
impact as a child and adult and gives information on her childhood. You can see her
family and how they impacted her. This is important because you need to know why
Florence Nightingale turned out the way she did, and who influenced her.

Stroup, Donna F., and Rob Lyerla. “History of Statistics in Public Health at CDC, 1960-2010:
The Rise of Statistical Evidence.” ​MMWR: Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report,​ vol.
60, Oct. 2011, pp. 35–41. ​EBSCOhost,​
search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmh&AN=102910904.
This article is about the data on health in recent years. This is important because it shows
how the death rate and injury has decreased over the years. Florence Nightingale invented
the most modern statistics tracker that is still used today. Without her contribution, we
couldn’t see what stats are on for people aroynd the world. This is useful because I can
see how what hapened 100+ years ago is still effective.