BT2-P1-CDIO-PFIEV-Part 2 PDF

KẾT CẤU BÊ TÔNG 2 Reinforced Concrete Structures 2
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 2

(Part 2)
Course Materials/ Tài liệu học tập
[1] EN 1990:2002, Basis of structural design.
[2] EN 1991:2002, Actions on structures - Part 1-1: General actions -
Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings.
[3] EN 1992:2004, Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General
rules and rules for buildings.
[4] Mosley, B., Bungey, J. and Hulse, R., Reinforced Concrete Design to
EC2, Sixth Edition, Palgrave MacMillan, New York, 2007.
[5] TCVN 5574:2012, Reinforced concrete structures – Design
standard.
[6] TCVN 2737:1995, Loads and effects – Design standard.
BỘ MÔN CÔNG TRÌNH GV: PGS.TS. Nguyễn Minh Long

Khoa Kỹ Thuật Xây Dựng E-mail: nguyenminhlong@hcmut.edu.vn
Mục tiêu môn học / Aims of Course

 To provide the knowledge on loads acting on structures, the
behavior of members and parts of reinforced concrete (RC)
structures.
 To provide the knowledge on the conceptual principles of
design, calculation methods and detailing of members and
parts of RC structures.
 To provide the knowledge on practice of structural analysis
and design of a medium-scale RC building.

KHOA KỸ THUẬT XÂY DỰNG E-mail: nguyenminhlong@hcmut.edu.vn
Nội dung môn học / Course Outline

 Loads and actions on structures
 Structural behavior of members and parts of RC structures.
 Conceptual principles of structural design, calculation methods,
and detailing of members and parts of RC structures (such as
slabs, frames, strong walls, footings, deep beams, corbels,
beam-column connections, slab-column connections).
 Practice of structural analysis and design of a medium-scale
RC building.

KHOA KỸ THUẬT XÂY DỰNG E-mail: nguyenminhlong@hcmut.edu.vn
Chương 2 Thiết kế khung
2. DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES
2.1. Design of column

2.1.1. Introduction
2.1.2. Column classification and failure modes
2.1.3. Reinforcement details
2.1.4. Column subject to axial load and bending moment
about one axis
2.1.5. Column subject to axial load and biaxial bending
2.2. Shear walls
2.3. Wind load
2.5. Reinforcement details
Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 1

2.1. Design of columns

2.1.1. Introduction
 A reinforced column is a vertical
member designed to resist an axial
force and bending moments about the
two principal axes. Most reinforced
concrete columns are rectangular in
section, but circular sections are not
uncommon. This lecture notes cover
the design of columns with a
rectangular cross section where the
larger dimension is not greater than
four times the smaller dimension.
 Design of columns is governed by the
ULS. Deflection and cracking during
service conditions are not usually a
problem. However, correct detailing of
the reinforcement and adequate cover
are important. Fig. 2.1: Columns in buildings


a. Slenderness ratio of a column
 The slenderness ratio lo
is defined as follows:  (2.1)
i
 The effective length lo is defined as a length used to account for the shape
of the deflection curve; it can also be defined as buckling length, i.e. the
length of a pin-ended column with constant normal force, having the same
cross section and buckling load as the actual member.
Fig. 2.2: Examples of

different buckling modes
and corresponding
effective lengths for a an
ideal column


a. Slenderness ratio of a column
 The radius of gyration of the I

uncracked concrete section i i  (2.2)
can be calculated as follows: A
I is the second moment of area of the section about the axis. A is the
cross-sectional area of the column.
b. Effective length of a column calculated according to EN 1992 : 2004
 For braced members:
(2.3)
 For unbraced members:
(2.4)


b. Effective length of a column calculated according to EN 1992 : 2004
In Eqs. (2.3) and (2.4), k1 and k2 are the relative flexibilities of rotational
restraints at ends 1 and 2, respectively. At each end k1 and k2 can be taken as:
k 
column stiffness

EI / L column  I / L column
(2.5)
 beam stiffness  2 EI / L beam  2 I / L beam
It is assumed that any column above or
below the column consideration does not
contribute anything to the rotational restraint
of the joint and that the stiffness of each
connecting beam is taken as 2(EI/L) to allow
for cracking effect in the beam. For a typical
column for a symmetrical frame (Fig. 2.2): Fig. 2.2
k 
column stiffness

EI / L column 
 I / L column

1 I / L column
(2.6)
 beam stiffness  2 EI / L beam 2 x 2 I / L beam 4 I / L beam


c. Limiting slenderness ratio – short or long (slender) column
 Second order effects based on curvature NEd NEd
M0Ed
 This is additional action effects (also
M0Ed
called as second order moment), M2,
caused by structural deformations (Fig.
2.3).
M Ed  M 0Ed  M 2 (2.7)
= e2 +e 2
 The nominal second order moment, M2,

is calculated as follows: MEd M0Ed
NEd NEd
M 2  N Ed e 2 (2.8)
 The lateral deflection, e2, can be MEd

determined as follows: M2
lo2  1 
e2  (2.9)
c  r 
M0Ed
where, (1/r) is the curvature and c is a M0Ed
factor depending on the curvature Fig. 2.3: Second order eccentricity
distribution for a pin-ended strut

 Second order effects based on curvature
 For columns with constant symmetrical cross sections (incl. reinforcement),
the following equation may be used to compute the curvature:
1 1
 K RK  (2.10)
r ro
Kr is a correction factor depending on axial loads which should be taken as:
K R  nu  n nu  nbal   1 (2.11)
where:
n = NEd / (Ac fcd), relative axial force with NEd is the design value of axial force;
nu = 1 + ω;
nbal is the value of n at maximum moment resistance; the value 0.4 may be
used;
ω = As fyd / (Ac fcd), mechanical reinforcement ratio;
As is the total sectional-area of reinforcement;
Ac is the area of concrete cross section.


Kφ is a factor, which consider the effect of creep, should be taken as:
K   1  ef  1 (2.12)
The effective creep ratio, φef, can be determined:
M 0Eqp
ef  ( ,t
 )0 (2.13)
M 0Ed
where:
φ(∞,t0) : the final creep coefficient according to 3.1.4 (EN 1992-1-1 : 2004)
M0Eqp : the first order moment in quasi-permanent load combination (SLS)
M0Ed : the first order bending moment in design load combination (ULS)
The effect of creep may be ignored, i.e. φef = 0 may be assumed, if the
following three conditions are met: φ(∞,t0) ≤ 2; λ ≤ 75; and M0Ed / NEd ≥ h.
Here h is the cross section depth in the corresponding direction.


The basic curvature, 1/r0, is as follows:
1  ydf yd / E s (2.14)
 
r0 0.45d 0.45d
where:
fyd : design value of tensile strength of reinforcement;
Es : the modulus of elasticity of reinforcement;
d : the effective depth of column section.
 Differing first order end moments M01 and M02 may be replaced by an
equivalent first order end moment M0e :
M 0e  0.6M 02  0.4M 01 (2.15)
M01 and M02 should have the same sign if they give tension on the same side,
otherwise opposite signs, furthermore, │M02│≥ │M01│.


 Second order effects based on stiffness
 The total design moment, including second order moment, may be expressed
as a magnification of the bending moments resulting from a linear analysis,
namely:
  
M Ed  M 0Ed 1   (2.16)
 N B / N Ed   1
The factor, β, depends on distribution of first and second order moments:
2
 (2.17)
c0
where, c0 is a coefficient which depends on the distribution of first order
moment (for instance, c0 = 8 for a constant first order moment, c0 = 9.6 for a
parabolic and 12 for a symmetric triangular distribution etc.).
The buckling load, NB, can be calculated according to Euler equation:
 2EI
NB  (2.18)
l0


 The limit of the slenderness ratio of a single column, λlim
A B  C lo
lim 20
n 
1 n
N Ed i J
If not known A Ac f cd i
A can be 1  2ef  A
taken = 0.7
B  1  2
As f yd
If not known
C 1.7  rm 
B can be Ac f cd
taken = 1.1
M o1
rm 
M o2 M o2  M o1 
 If λ < λlim : the column behave as short column then second order effects can
be ignored.
 If λ ≥ λlim : the column behave as slender column then second order effects
must be accounted for design.

e1 e2
d. Failure modes
 Short columns usually fail by
crushing but a slender column Ast Asc Ast Asc
is liable to fail by buckling. The
failure mode of a column can
be one of the following:
 Material failure with negligible
lateral deflection, which usually
occurs with short columns.
 Material failure intensified by
the lateral deflection and
(a) (b)
additional moment. This
Fig. 2.4: Failure mode of RC
type failure is typical of
columns: (a) short columns; (b)
intermediate columns.
slender columns
 Instability failure which
occurs with slender columns
and is liable to be preceded by
excessive deflections.
2.1.3. Reinforcement details

 The total amount of longitudinal reinforcement should not be Asw
less than As,min: s
As,min = max [0.1(NEd / fyd); 0.002Ac] As

s
Fyd is the design yield strength of the reinforcement; NEd is the
design axial compression force. s
 The area of longitudinal reinforcement should not exceed
As,max: s
 For outside lap locations: As,max = 0.04Ac
 For lap locations: As,max = 0.08Ac
 The diameter of the transverse reinforcement (links, loops or
helical spiral reinforcement) should not be less than 6 mm or b
one quarter of the maximum diameter of the longitudinal
bars, whichever is the greater.
h
 The spacing of the transverse reinforcement along the column s should not exceed scl,tmax
= min [20ds,min; b; 400mm].
 The spacing s should be reduced by a factor 0.6 in sections within a distance equal to the
larger dimension of the column cross-section above or below a beam or slab and near
lapped joints.
2.1.4. Axially loaded short columns NEd

 An axially loaded short column fails when the concrete crushes
y
or the steel yields, or both. In practice, there are only few short
axially loaded columns. The ultimate axial load resistance is
calculated as follows: z x
f ck f yk
N Rd   A  A  N Ed (2.19) h
c c s s
b
where
Ac : the net cross-sectional area of the concrete; NEd
As : the total sectional-area of the longitudinal reinforcement;
fck, fyk : the characteristic strengths of the concrete and steel,
respectively;
λ : the reduction factor for the depth of the rectangular
stress block:
= 0.8 for fck ≤ 50 MPa; NEd
= 0.8 - (fck - 50)/400 for 50 < fck ≤ 90 MPa
η : the strength factor for a rectangular stress block. b
= 1.0 for fck ≤ 50 MPa
= 1.0 - (fck - 50)/200 for 50 < fck ≤ 90 MPa h
Fig. 2.5: Axially loaded short column

2.1.4. Column subject to axial load and bending moment about one
axis
 Generally columns are subject to an axial load and a bending moment about one axis.
The assumptions made in the design of sections in pure flexure can also be applied to
column sections which are subject to a combination of flexure and axial force.
 In practice, design of a column is usually based on interactive diagram (M-N). This
diagram is a visual representation of the combined loads (bending M and axial N) that
will cause the column to fail.
As1 = As2 As1 > As2 As1 < As2
As2 As2 As2
As1 As1 As1
N 0 N 0 N
0
Fig. 2.6: Biểu đồ
tương tác cho cột 1 1 1
chịu nén lệch tâm
một phương có 2 2
2
cấu tạo cốt thép 3 3 3
đối xứng và không 4 M 4 M 4 M
5 5 5
đối xứng 6 6 6

axis
NRd
 The interactive diagram (M-N) is used 0 Compression failure
to help visualize what magnitude of range (small
eccentricity)
loads and eccentricity of loads 1
concrete columns can safely handle. Balance
failure
 For any eccentricity e, there is a
unique pair of M and N. By plotting 2
series of pairs M – N corresponding to 3
a different of eccentricity, will result in 4 MRd
an interaction diagram.
5 Tension failure
 Cột được xem là thỏa mãn điều kiện 6 range
chịu lực nếu tọa độ của cặp lực MEd và (large eccentricity)
NEd sinh ra do ngoại lực nằm trong
biểu đồ tương tác. Fig. 2.7: Interactive diagram for a column
resisting axial load and one-axial bending
moment

axis
Point 0 x = h - Axial compression f
f cd   cc ck
1.5
ηfcd f yk
d’ f yd 
Fs 2  As 2 s 1.15
As2 zs2
h d Fc  bh f cd
As1 zs1
Fs1  As1 s
b σs = fyd
If εcu3 ≥ εyd
NRd 0 εcu3 If εcu3 < εyd σs = εcu3Es
1
f yd
 yd 
2 Es
3 N Rd  bh f cd As1 s As 2 s 
5
4 MRd M Rd  As 2 s zs 2  As1 s zs1
6
axis
Point 1 x=d
εcu3 ηfcd
d’
Fs 2  As 2 f yd f ck
f cd   cc
As2 zs2 f yd λd 1.5
h d  s2  Fc  b d f cd f yk
As1 zs1 Es f yd 
1.15
b N.A.
NRd 0
N Rd  b d f cd As 2 f yd 
1
M Rd  As 2 f yd zs 2  bd f cd 0.5  h  d 
2
3
4 MRd
5
6
axis
Point 2 x = xbal,1
εcu3 ηfcd
d’
Fs 2  As 2 f yd f
λdξbal,1 fcd   cc ck
As2 zs2 Fc  b dbal ,1 f cd 1.5
h d f yd
 s2  f yk
As1 zs1 Es f yd 
1.15
Fs1  As1 f yd
TTH
b
 s1 
f yd xbal ,1  cu 3
NRd 0 bal ,1 
Es d  cu 3   yd
1
N Rd  b xbal ,1 f cd As 2 f yd As1 f yd 
M Rd  As 2 f yd zs 2  bdbal ,1 fcd 0.5  h   dbal ,1   As1 f yd zs1
2
3
4 MRd
5
6
axis
Point 3 x = xbal,2
εcu3
TTH
ηfcd
d’ Fs 2  As 2 s
λx fck
Fc  b x f cd f  
As2 zs2 cd cc
1.5
h d xd '
 s 2   cu 3 f yk
As1 zs1 x f yd 
1.15
f yd Fs1  As1 f yd
b  s1  xbal ,2  cu 3
Es bal ,2  
NRd 0 d'  cu 3   yd
1
N Rd   As 2 s  b xbal ,2 f cd  As1 f yd 
2
M Rd  As 2 s zs 2  b xbal ,2 f cd 0.5  h   xbal ,2   As1 f yd zs1
3
4 MRd If x ≥ xbal,2 σs = fyd
5 If x < xbal,2 σs = εs2Es

axis
Point 4 NRd = 0
TTH d’
As2 zs2
h d f yk
As1 zs1 f yd 
1.15
f yd Fs1  As1 f yd
b  s1 
Es
N 0
1
N Rd  0
2 M Rd  As1 f yd zs1
3
4 M
5

a. The loading point is inside shadow areas z
MEd,z
If the slenderness ratios satisfy the following two
condition:
y z (2.20) MEd,y
2 and 2
z y
0.2h
h
y
ey
and, if the relative eccentricities ey/h and ez/b (see
Fig…..) satisfy one the following conditions: ez NEd
ey / h ez / b
 0.2 or  0.2 (2.21)
ez / b ey / h 0.2b
Separate design in each principal direction, b
disregarding biaxial bending, may be made as column Fig. 2.8: Miêu tả hình học về
subject to axial load and bending moment about one điều kiện độ lệch tâm cho cột
axis . Imperfections need to be taken into account only nén lệch tâm hai phương
in the direction where they will have the most
unfavorable effect.
M Ed , y M Ed , y
ey  ey 
N Ed N Ed

z
b. The loading point is outside shadow areas MEd,z
 If the condition of Expression (2.20 and 2.21) is
not fulfilled, biaxial bending should be taken
into account including the 2nd order effects in
each direction. MEd,y
0.2h
 In the absence of an accurate cross section
design for biaxial bending, the following h y
ey
NEd
methods may be used:
ez
b1. Approximate method – biaxial bending to
equivalent one-axial bending z
(2.22) Mz 0.2b
My Mz h'
If  : My '  My   Mz b
h' b' b'
My M Ed , y
Mz My b' h h’ ey 
If  : Mz '  Mz   My N Ed
b' h' h'
(2.23) M Ed , z
N ez 
  1  Ed b’
bhf ck N Ed
b


b. The loading point is outside shadow areas
b2. Approximate method – simplified criterion
 Determination of design value of moment resistance about y-axis, MRd,y
εcu3 ηfcd
As4
d’
Fs 4  As 4 Es s 4
As3 zs4 zs3 εs4 x λx Fc  b x f cd
h y d εs3 Fs 3 As 3 Es s 3
zs1 zs2 TTH
Fs 2  As 2 Es s 2
εs2
As2 Fs1 As1Es s1
b As1 εs1
Fig. 2.9: Section analysis of RC columns around y-axis
N Ed  b x fcd  As 4 Es s 4  As 3 Es s 3As 2 Es s 2 As1Es s1  (2.24)

4
M Rd ,y  b x f cd 0.5  h   x    Asi Es si zsi (2.25)
i 1


 Determination of design value of moment resistance about z-axis, MRd,z
εcu3 ηfcd
As3
d’
Fs 3 As 3 Es s 3
TTH x λx
zs3
d
εs3 Fc  b x f cd
h As2 Fs 2  As 2 Es s 2
z zs1 εs2
Fs1  As1Es s1
As1 b εs1
Fig. 2.10: Section analysis of RC columns around z-axis
N Ed  b x fcd  As 3 Es s 3As 2 Es s 2 As1Es s1  (2.26)

3
M Rd ,z  b x f cd 0.5  h   x    Asi Es si zsi (2.27)
i 1


 Criterion
(2.28)


b. The loading point is outside shadow areas z
b3. Method using 3D interactive diagram Mz
My
0.2h
h
N
0.2b
b
z
Mz
α My
α My
h
Mz
Fig. 2.11: 3D interactive diagram
b

 Example 2.1
Isolated column bending about the major axis in a non-sway structure.
Determine the steel reinforcement required in column in a non-sway structure
subject to first order actions of 1750 kN axial load and a bending moment of 110
kNm. The height of the column is 3.5 m.
 Example 2.2
A column in a non-sway structure is required to resisted an axial force NEd =
1800 kN and bi-axial bending moment MEdy = 130 kNm, MEdz = 85 kNm. The
height of the column is 4.5 m. Determine the steel reinforcement required in the
column.

2.2. Structural walls

2.2.1. Introduction
 In structural engineering, structural walls are also known as shear walls, which
are designed to resist lateral load acting on a structure.
 Wind and seismic loads are the most common loads that shear walls are
designed to carry.
Shear walls
Shear walls
Fig. 2.12: Shear walls in buildings


2.2.1. Introduction (cont.)
 Shear walls provide large
strength, stiffness, hence
reduce significantly lateral
sway of buildings in direction
of orientation.
Fig. 2.13: Shear walls in buildings


2.2.2. Shapes of shear walls
Tube - shape U - shape L - shape
I - shape T - shape Fish bone - shape Cross - shape Line - shape
Fig. 2.14: Common wall section

2.2.3. Position of shear walls in buildings

 Shear walls should be located symmetrically
to reduce ill effects of twist. Symmetry can be
along one or both the directions.
Good
 Shear wall can be located at exterior or
interior, more effective when they locate along
exterior perimeter of the building.
Poor Good
Poor Fair
Fig. 2.15: Position of shear walls in buildings

2.2.4. Center of Mass (CM) and center of Rigidity (CR)

 The center of rigidity is the stiffness Y
centroid within a floor-diaphragm
plan. When the center of rigidity is
subjected to lateral loading, the floor
CR CM
diaphragm will experience only
translational displacement. yCR yCM
 The center of mass of a distribution of X

(0,0)
mass in space is the unique point xCR ex
where the weighted relative position xCM
of the distributed mass sums to zero,
or the point where if a force is applied
it moves in the direction of the force x CM 
 x i mi
y CM   y i mi
without rotating. The distribution of  mi  mi
mass is balanced around the center
of mass and the average of the
weighted position coordinates of the x CR   x i K xi
y CR 
 y i K yi
distributed mass defines its  K xi  K yi
coordinates.
Fig. 2.16: Illustration of CM and CR

2.2.5. Behaviour of shear walls in buildings

 A shear wall is stiffer in its principal
axis than it is in the other axis. It is
considered as a primary structure
which provides relatively stiff
resistance to vertical and horizontal
forces acting in its plane. Under this
combined loading condition, a shear
wall develops compatible axial,
shear, torsional and flexural strains,
resulting in a complicated internal
stress distribution. In this way, loads
are transferred vertically to the
building's foundation.
 There are three critical failure
mechanisms; as shown in Fig.2.17.
The factors determining the failure
mechanism include geometry,
loading, material properties,
restraint, and construction. Fig. 2.17: Failure modes of shear walls
2.2.6. Design methods MEd

a. Method based on linear elastic distribution of NEd
stresses
 The wall is considered as a series of vertical strips.
Each strip is then designed as a column resisting the
appropriate vertical load and transverse moment.
N
 N ,i   N   Ed
Ac Compression: - ; Tension: +
x M i=1→n
 M ,i   M i   Ed x i
L/2 Ic
N Ed  M  x 
Ni   Aci   Ed  i 
Ac  L  L / 2 
b 1 2 n
where: a a a a a a a a
Ac is the area of concrete cross-section of the wall; -xi
+xi
Aci is the area of concrete cross-section of ith-strip; L
L is the length of wall cross-section;
xi is the horizontal distance from center of wall σN
cross-section to center of ith-strip.
Fig. 2.18: Section analysis of shear wall based σM
on linear elastic distribution of stresses
2.2.6. Design methods NEd

MEd
a. Method based on linear elastic distribution of
stresses (cont.)
 The required sectional-area of reinforcement of each
strip can be calculated based on assumption that the
strip behaves as a member resisting axially
compressive or tensile force.
 For a strip resisting compressive force:
f ck
N i   Ac
c
As 
f yk / s b 1 2 n
a a a a a a a a
 For a strip resisting tensile force: +xi -xi
Ni L
As 
f yk /  s σN
Fig. 2.19: Section analysis of shear wall based on linear σM

elastic distribution of stresses

NEd
b. Method based on boundary elements
 The first step is to determine whether
boundary is needed. Using the design
forces (NEd and MEd), the stresses along
wall cross-section is calculated as follows:
N Ed M Ed
   x
Ac Ic
a
 If the maximum compressive fiber stress b

(σmax=-σN,max - σM,max) exceeds 0.2fck at any x
point, boundary elements are required L
that part of the height of the wall where the
σN
maximum fiber stress exceeds 0.15fck.
This analysis method is simply way to σM
design. It is not intended to be
presentative of the true wall behavior. 0.15fck
Fig. 2.20: Section analysis of shear wall σmax ≥

based on boundary elements 0.2fck


NEd
(cont.)
 Boundary elements are regions at the
ends of the cross section of the wall which
are reinforced as columns with the vertical
reinforcements enclosed in hop
reinforcement.
a
 Boundary elements are assumed to act as
an axially loaded short column or tensile b
member. They are designed for a
compressive force (NEd + MEd/z) and a L
tensile force (MEd/z).
NEd
 M Ed   M Ed 
N c  N Ed     N    MEd/z
 z  L a 
Ed
Z MEd/z
 M Ed   M Ed 
Nt     Fig. 2.21: Compression and tensile forces
 z  L a 
acting on boundary elements


NEd
(cont.)
 For boundary element resisting
compressive force:
 f ck 
 N c   Ac 
c
As   
f yk /  s a
b
 For boundary element resisting
tensile force: L
Nt
As  NEd
f yk /  s
MEd/z
Z MEd/z
Fig. 2.22: Compression and tensile forces

acting on boundary elements

2.2.6. Design methods

c. Method based on the interactive diagram (M-N)
NRd
 Example 2.3 0 Compression failure
range (small
A shear wall in a building is eccentricity)
1
required to resisted an axial force
Balance
NEd = 18000 kN and bending failure
moment MEdy = 1330 kNm. The 2
thickness and the height of the
wall cross-section are 0.3 m and 3
2.2m, respectively. Determine the 4 MRd
longitudinal steel reinforcement 5 Tension failure
6
required in the wall. Given: range
(large eccentricity)
C30/37, fyk = 400 MPa.
Fig. 2.23: Interactive diagram for a wall
resisting axial load and one-axial bending
moment

2.3. WIND LOADS / TẢI TRỌNG GIÓ

2.3.1. Introduction / Giới thiệu
 EN 1991-1-4 gives guidance on the determination of natural wind actions for
the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the
loaded areas under consideration. This includes the whole structure or parts
of the structure or elements attached to the structure, e.g. components,
cladding units and their fixings, safety and noise barriers.
 Field of application of EN 1991-1-4 is as follows:
Buildings: Maximum height 200 m
Bridges: Maximum span 200 m
 Wind Actions are classified as variable, fixed, direct actions. According to the
structural response:
Quasi-static response (the majority of building structures)
Dynamic aero-elastic response (lightweight structures e.g. steel
chimneys)

2.3. WIND LOADS / TẢI TRỌNG GIÓ

Section 1: General
Section 2: Design situations
Section 3: Modelling of wind actions
Section 4: Wind velocity and velocity pressure
Section 5: Wind actions
Section 6: Structural factor CsCd
Section 7: Pressure and force coefficients
Section 8: Wind actions on bridges
ANNEX A: Terrain effects
ANNEX B: Procedure 1 for determining the structural factor CsCd
ANNEX C: Procedure 2 for determining the structural factor CsCd
ANNEX D: CsCd for different types of structures
ANNEX E: Vortex shedding and aero-elastic instability
ANNEX F: Dynamic characteristics of structures


 Fundamental basic wind velocity – vb,o/ Vận tốc gió nền - vb,o
Vận tốc gió được xác định trung bình trong 10 phút tại độ cao 10m trên địa hình
nông thôn mở, bằng phẳng (địa hình loại II), không kể hướng gió, chu kỳ lặp 50
năm.
 Basic wind velocity - vb / Vận tốc gió cơ sở - vb
Là vận tốc gió nền có xét đến hướng gió (cdir) và mùa (cseason)
 Mean wind velocity - vm / Vận tốc gió trung bình - vm
Là vận tốc gió cơ sở có xét đến ảnh hưởng của hệ số độ nhám (cr) và hệ số độ
dốc (co) của địa hình.
 Pressure coefficient - cp / Hệ số áp lực - cp
Hệ số kể đến ảnh hưởng của tải gió lên bề mặt ngoài hoặc trong của công trình.
Hệ số áp lực ngoài, cpe, được chia thành hai loại, hệ số cục bộ và tổng thể. Hệ số
cục bộ dùng cho cấu kiện nhỏ có bề mặt đón gió nhỏ hơn 1m2, trong khi hệ số
áp lực tổng thể dùng cho kết cấu có bề mặt đón gió lớn hơn 10m2.
 Force coefficient - cf / Hệ số lực - cf
Hệ số miêu tả tác động toàn cục của tải trọng gió tác dụng lên một công trình
như một thể thống nhất đã có kể đến hiện tượng ma sát.
2.3.2. Vận tốc gió và áp lực vận tốc/ Wind velocity and velocity
pressure
a. Vận tốc gió cơ sở - vb v b  cdir  c season v b ,o
trong đó:
cdir : hệ số kể đến hướng gió (có thể lấy = 1.0);
cseason : hệ số kể đến ảnh hưởng của mùa (có thể lấy = 1.0);
vb,o : vận tốc gió nền (xác định theo vùng – National Annex).
 Vận tốc gió cơ sở 10 phút có thể xác định theo công thức sau:
v b ,10min  cdir  c season v b ,o  c prob
trong đó, cprob là hệ số xác xuất được xác định:
v b ,10min  cdir  c season v b ,o  c prob
 Hệ số xác suất cprob
trong đó:
K : hệ số phụ thuộc vào sự biến thiên của giá trị phân phối đỉnh, = 0.2
n : số mũ, = 0.5
pressure
b. Vận tốc gió trung bình - vm
 Vận tốc trung bình vm tính tại độ cao z từ mặt mất phụ thuộc vào hệ số
độ nhám và độ dốc của địa hình, có thể xác định theo công thức sau:
v m(z) (z)c r(z)  c 0 v b
 Hệ số độ nhám cr(z) có thể xác định như sau:
c r(z) ln(k r/ z ) z o z min  z  z max
c r(z) (z c r ) min
z  z min
trong đó:
zo : chiều dài tượng trưng mô tả độ nhám của bề mặt địa hình; thực tế là
một tham số toán học trong các phương trình biểu diễn vận tốc gió theo
chiều cao công trình;
zmin : chiều cao tối thiểu;
zmax : chiều cao tối đa, zmax = 200m;
kr : hệ số địa hình kể đến ảnh hưởng zo.
z 0  0.19  z 0 / z 0,II 
0.07

pressure
Phân loại địa hình (EN 1991-1-4, Table 4.1)

pressure
 Hệ số độ dốc co(z) được xác định như sau: co  v m / v mf
Fig. 2.24: Minh họa sự gia tăng vận tốc gió theo độ dốc (EN 1991-1-4, Annex A3)

pressure
 Hệ số độ dốc co(z) được xác định dựa trên độ dốc φ và hệ số độ dốc cục bộ
s như sau:
where:
s is the orographic location factor;
Φ is the upwind slope H/Lu in the wind direction;
Le is the effective length of the upwind slope;
Lu is the actual length of the upwind slope in the wind direction;
H is the effective height of the feature;
x is the horizontal distance of the site from the top of the crest;
z is the vertical distance from the ground level of the site.
pressure
 Hệ số s cho địa hình dốc đứng hoặc vách (EN 1991-1-4, Fig. A2, Annex A3)
Fig. 2.25: Hệ số s cho địa

hình dốc đứng hoặc vách

pressure
 Hệ số s cho địa hình đồi núi (EN 1991-1-4, Fig. A2, Annex A3)
Fig. 2.26: Hệ số s cho địa hình đồi núi

pressure
 Hệ số s còn có thể xác
định dưa trên các công
thức thực nghiệm sau
(EN 1991-1-4, Annex A3):

pressure
(EN 1991-1-4, Annex A3):

pressure
(EN 1991-1-4, Annex A3):

pressure
 Gió rối – Wind turbulence
Fig. 2.27: Minh họa hiện tượng gió rối

pressure
 Gió rối – Wind turbulence
Cường độ gió rối Iv(z) tại cao độ z được xác định như là tỉ số giữa độ lệch
chuẩn của giá trị độ rối σv và vận tốc gió trung bình vm(z):
v  k rv b k l
Trong đó:
kI : hệ số rối; có thể lấy kI = 1,0.
co : hệ số độ dốc;
z0 : chiều dài tượng trưng mô tả độ nhám của bề mặt địa hình.

pressure
 Áp lực vận tốc đỉnh – Peak velocity pressure
The peak velocity pressure qp(z) at height z, which includes mean and short-
term velocity fluctuations, should be determined as follows:
Trong đó:
ρ : the air density, which depends on the altitude, temperature and
barometric pressure to be expected in the region during wind storms, =
1.25 kg/m3;
ce(z) : the exposure factor;
qb : the basic velocity pressure.
1
qb  v b 2
2

pressure
 Áp lực vận tốc đỉnh – Peak velocity pressure
Fig. 2.28: Illustrations of the exposure factor ce(z) for cO=1.0, kl=1.0 (EN 1991-1-4)
2.3.3. Tác động của gió – Wind actions

 Áp lực gió lên bề mặt – Wind pressure on surfaces
Fig. 2.29: Illustrations of wind pressure on surfaces (EN 1991-1-4)

2.3.3. Tác động của gió – Wind actions

 Áp lực gió lên bề mặt – Wind pressure on surfaces
 The wind pressure acting on the external surfaces, we , should be obtained

from:
w e  q p(z )e c pe
where:
qp(ze) : the peak velocity pressure;
ze : the reference height for the external pressure;
cpe : the pressure coefficient for the external pressure.
 The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure, wi, should
be obtained:
w i  q p(z )i c pi
where:
qp(zi) : the peak velocity pressure;
zi : the reference height for the internal pressure;
cpi : the pressure coefficient for the internal pressure.
2.3.4. Tải gió – Wind forces

 The wind forces for the whole structure or a structural component should be
determined:
- by calculating forces using force coefficients;
- by calculating forces from surface pressures.
 The wind force Fw acting on a structure or a structural component may be

determined directly by using force coefficients:
Fw  c s c d c f q p(z )e Af
or by vectorial summation over the individual structural elements:
Fw  c s c d 
elements
c f q p(z )e Af
where:
cscd : the structural factor;
cf : the force coefficient for the structure or structural element;
Aref : the reference area of the structure or structural element.
 The wind force Fw acting on a structure or a structural component may be

determined by calculating surface pressure:
 External forces Fw,e  c s c d 
surface
we Af
 Internal forces Fw,e  c s c d 

surface
wi Af
 Friction forces (The effects of wind friction on the surface can be

disregarded when the total area of all surfaces parallel with (or at a small
angle to) the wind is equal to or less than 4 times the total area of all
external surfaces perpendicular to the wind (windward and leeward))
Ffr  c fr q p(z )e Afr

where:
cfr : the friction coefficient;
Aref : the area of external surface parallel to the wind.


 Structural factor cscd (size factor and dynamic factor)
 The detailed procedure for calculating structural factor cscd if all of the
following requirements are met:
- the structure corresponds to one of the general shapes shown in Figure;
- only the along-wind vibration in the fundamental mode is significant, and
this mode shape has a constant sign.


 The detailed procedure for calculating structural factor cscd
where:
ze : the reference height;
kp : the peak factor defined as the ratio of the maximum value of the
fluctuating part of the response to its standard deviation;
lv(ze) : the turbulence intensity (see slide no.55);
B2 : the background factor, allowing for the lack of full correlation of the
pressure on the structure surface;
R2 : the resonance response factor, allowing for turbulence in resonance
with the vibration mode.

 The size factor cs takes into account the reduction effect on the wind
action due to the non-simultaneity of occurrence of the peak wind
pressures on the surface and may be obtained from the expression:
 The dynamic factor cd takes into account the increasing effect from
vibrations due to turbulence in resonance with the structure and may be
obtained from the expression:


 The background factor B2 allowing for the lack of full correlation of the
pressure on the structure surface may be calculated using the expression:
 The turbulent length scale L(z) represents the average gust size for natural
winds. For heights z below 200 m the turbulent length scale may be
calculated using expression:
with a reference height of zt = 200 m, a reference length scale of Lt = 300 m,

and with α = 0.67 + 0.05 ln(z0), where the roughness length z0 is in m.


 The wind distribution over frequencies is expressed by the non-
dimensional power spectral density function SL(z,n), which should be
determined using expression:
where:
Sv(z,n) : the one-sided variance spectrum;
fL(z,n) : a non-dimensional frequency determined by the frequency n = n1,x,
the natural frequency of the structure in Hz, by the mean velocity
vm(z) and the turbulence length scale L(z), may be calculated by
using following expression:


Fig. 2.30: Power spectral density function SL(fL) (EN 1991-1-4, Annex B)

 The peak factor kp, defined as the ratio of the maximum value of the
fluctuating part of the response to its standard deviation, should be
obtained from Expression:
where:
T : the averaging time for the mean wind velocity, T = 600 seconds;
ν : the up-crossing frequency, may be calculated by using following
expression:
where n1,x is the natural frequency of the structure. The limit of ν ≥ 0,08 Hz
corresponds to a peak factor of 3.0.


Fig. 2.31: Peak factor kp (EN 1991-1-4, Annex B)


 The natural frequency n1 (Hz) of multi-storey buildings, with a height larger
than 50 m, for simplicity, can be obtained from expression (EN 1994-1-4,
Annex F): 46
n1 
h
where h is the height of the structure in m.
 For cantilevers with one mass at the end a simplified expression to
calculate the fundamental flexural frequency n1 of structures is given by
expression (EN 1994-1-4, Annex F):
1 g
n1 
2 x1
where:
g : the acceleration of gravity = 9.81 m/s²;
x1 : the maximum displacement due to self weight applied in the
vibration direction in m.


 The resonance response factor R2 allowing for turbulence in resonance with
the considered vibration mode of the structure should be determined using
expression:
where:
δ : the total logarithmic decrement of damping;
SL(ze,n1x): the non-dimensional power spectral density function (see slide no.66);
Rh, Rb : the aerodynamic admittance functions.
 The aerodynamic admittance functions Rh and Rb for a fundamental mode
shape may be approximated using expressions:


 External pressure coefficient for buildings cpe
 The external pressure coefficients cpe for buildings and parts of buildings
depend on the size of the loaded area A, which is the area of the structure,
that produces the wind action in the section to be calculated. The external
pressure coefficients are given for loaded areas A of 1 m2 and 10 m2 in the
tables for the appropriate building configurations as cpe,1, for local coefficients,
and cpe,10, for overall coefficients, respectively.


Fig. 2.32: Reference height, ze, depending on h and b, and corresponding

velocity pressure profile (EN 1991-1-4, Fig. 7.4)

Fig. 2.32 (cont.): Reference height, ze, depending on h and b, and

corresponding velocity pressure profile (EN 1991-1-4, Fig. 7.4)


 The external pressure coefficients cpe,10 and cpe,1 for zone A, B, C, D and E
are defined in following figures:
Fig. 2.33: Key for vertical walls (EN 1991-1-4, Fig. 7.5)

 The external pressure coefficients cpe,10 and cpe,1 for zone A, B, C, D and E
are defined in following figures:
Fig. 2.33 (cont.) Key for vertical walls (EN 1991-1-4, Fig. 7.5)

Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for vertical walls of

rectangular plan buildings (EN 1991-1-4, Tab. 7.1)


 External pressure coefficient for flat roofs cpe
Flat roofs are defined as having a slope (α) of –5°< α < 5°. Pressure coefficients
should be determined for each zone.
e = b or 2h (whichever is smaller)
b – crosswind dimension


 Internal pressure coefficient cpi
 Internal and external pressures shall be considered to act at the same time.
The worst combination of external and internal pressures shall be considered
for every combination of possible openings and other leakage paths. The
internal pressure coefficient, cpi, depends on the size and distribution of the
openings in the building envelope.
 For a building with a dominant face the internal pressure should be taken as a
fraction of the external pressure at the openings of the dominant face:
- When the area of the openings at the dominant face is twice the area
of the openings in the remaining faces: cpi = 0.75cpe
- When the area of the openings at the dominant face is at least 3 times
the area of the openings in the remaining faces: cpi = 0.9cpe

Example
The plan of a building shown in
Fig. 2.34. The building uses flat-
6000
slab system that is designed to
carry a characteristic variable
load of 4 kN/m2 plus floor finishes
and celling load of 1.3 kN/m2. The
5500
17500
building consists of six floors,
which is located at VungTau city,
with floor height = 3.5m. The
building uses concrete and
6000
rebars, which have characteristic
strengths fck = 25 MPa (C25/30)
and fyk = 395 MPa, respectively.
Exposure class of the slab is
XC1. Calculate wind loads acting 4500 5000 5000 5000
on the building. 19500
Fig. 2.34: Plan of flat slab

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KẾT CẤU BÊ TÔNG 2 Reinforced Concrete Structures 2

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 2

BỘ MÔN CÔNG TRÌNH GV: PGS.TS. Nguyễn Minh Long

Mục tiêu môn học / Aims of Course

BỘ MÔN CÔNG TRÌNH GV: PGS.TS. Nguyễn Minh Long

Nội dung môn học / Course Outline

BỘ MÔN CÔNG TRÌNH GV: PGS.TS. Nguyễn Minh Long

2. DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES

2.1. Design of column

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 1

2.1. Design of columns

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 2

2.1. Design of columns

Fig. 2.2: Examples of

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 3

2.1. Design of columns

 The radius of gyration of the I

 For unbraced members:

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 4

2.1. Design of columns

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 5

2.1.2. Column classification and failure modes

 The nominal second order moment, M2,

 The lateral deflection, e2, can be MEd

2.1.2. Column classification and failure modes

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 7

2.1.2. Column classification and failure modes

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 8

2.1.2. Column classification and failure modes

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 9

2.1.2. Column classification and failure modes

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 10

2.1.2. Column classification and failure modes

2.1.2. Column classification and failure modes

2.1.3. Reinforcement details

As,min = max [0.1(NEd / fyd); 0.002Ac] As

2.1.4. Axially loaded short columns NEd

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 14

As1 As1 As1

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 15

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 16

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 20

2.1.5. Column subject to axial load and biaxial bending

2.1.5. Column subject to axial load and biaxial bending

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 23

2.1.5. Column subject to axial load and biaxial bending

Fig. 2.9: Section analysis of RC columns around y-axis

N Ed  b x fcd  As 4 Es s 4  As 3 Es s 3As 2 Es s 2 As1Es s1  (2.24)

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 24

2.1.5. Column subject to axial load and biaxial bending

Fig. 2.10: Section analysis of RC columns around z-axis

N Ed  b x fcd  As 3 Es s 3As 2 Es s 2 As1Es s1  (2.26)

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 25

2.1.5. Column subject to axial load and biaxial bending

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 26

2.1.5. Column subject to axial load and biaxial bending

Chapter 2: Design of reinforced concrete frames 27