AC Machines Part 1 AC Generators (ALTERNATORS) “THE ESTABLISHED LEADER IN EE REVIEW” MULTIVECTOR Review and Training Center Ground Floor, Cuevasville Tower F. Cayco corner Earnshaw Sts. Sampaloc, Manila Tel. No. 7317423MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER oad A AC MACHINES Parti AC GENERATORS (ALTERNATORS) GENERAL TYPES OF ALTERNATOR 1. Synchronous generator its speed is called synchronous speed and it s used in almost all types of application 2, Induction generator (Asynchronous generator) — itis an induction motor which is run as a generator with a speed above the synchronous speed. Its power factor is leading and usually connected in parallel with # synchronous generator in order to supply lighting and power loads. 3, Inductor alteraator ~ it generates voltages at higher frequencies (500 HZ to 10,000 HZ). It is used to supply power to induction furnaces in order to heat and melt alloys and steel. ‘Two Possible Constructions of an Alteraator 1. Stationary field and a revolving armature ‘Stator ~ as field Rotor — as armature 2. Stationary armature and a revolving field ‘Stator — as armature Rotor ~as field ‘Note: The latter (2™) arrangement is more preferable. PRIME MOVERS FOR ALTERNATORS A. For large AC generators: B. For small AC generators: 1. Steam turbine 1. Internal combustion engine 2. Hydrautic turbine 3. Gas turbine 4, Internal combustion engine Frequency of Generated Voltage raPNs 120 where: = frequency, HZ. of ops P=no.of poles [Ne= synchronous speed, rpm Generated Voltage in an Alternator Ene 2 316% volts Eye ~ average generated voltage, volts Nno. of tums in coil 4 - flux per pole, lines/pole or maxwells/pole ‘t—time for flux to change by @, seconds. (any MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER or Ee NE volts (if is in webers/pole) Ex" 4fN$x10" volts ———> 1 For sinusoidal flux-density distribution, effective voltage is Em Lt Ene E=4441N$x10* volts, ———-» 2 For a 36 alternator, Ey=4441N, 6x10" volts —__p 3 "y= generated voltage per phase Ny- no, of tums per phase ‘Note: Equations 1, 2, and 3 are used for altemators having concentric armature windings and full pitch coils ARMATURE WINDINGS FOR ALTERNATORS -Altemator windings are very similar to the de lap winding. Coils in ac armatures are joined together by ‘merely connecting the proper coil ends in the correct sequence. Two(2) General Arrangements of Coils Employed: 1. Half-coited (single layer) — one coil side/slot. 2. Whole-colted (double layer) ~ two chil sides/stot Note: The whole-coiled winding is the more usual of the two arrangements. Coit Pitch ~ the distance between the two sides of a coil. I is usually express as a percent of full pitch Coil piteh Coil sides A. Full-piteh coll ~ a coil having a distance between its two sides exactly equal to 180 electrical degrees 7 Note: For fut co, generated voltage in bots ‘ coil sides are exactly im phase.MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER 8. Fractional pitch coil —a coil having a distance between its two sides les than 180 electrical degrees Note : Fors fractional pitch coil, generated voltages in the two(2) coil sides, ol Pitch Factor ~ the ratio of the voltage generated in the fractional-pitch col othe voltage generated in the fullpitch coil. =sin Et Kemsin E where: Kp pitch factor in decimal P’ = span of the coil in etectrical degrees For a full-pitch coil, Kp = 1 (unity) For a fractional-pitch coil, Ky <1 Distribution Factor ~ the factor by which the generated voltage E must be muiplied because the cols are distributed in several slots under the poles instead of being concentrated in single slots under the poles. K,~-sma(d'2) asin (€72) where: X47 distribution Srctor, decin ‘n= no. of slots per pole per phase d'= no. of electrical degrees per stot For concentric winding, Ky = 1 (unity) For distributed winding, Ke< 1 ‘Corrected Voltage of an Alternator Ey = 444 Ke Ky, $x 10" volts ALTERNATOR SCHEMATIC WIRING DIAGRAM. a g . DC source BP (Exciter) aa . > b Pe J FR DC field t winding ——__ ‘Armature Windingsom ). MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENT! ER EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS 1. For WYE connected armature windings: one wavy, ; ah : aE very : L- By 3 EE Per Phase Equivalent Circuit Diagram: (Wye or Delta Connected) where = generated or open circuit or no-load voltage per phase Ee fevered or open ciclo to-led line oe volnge V, = terminal (output) voltage per phase Vi. line to line terminal voltage Re effective or ac resistance of the armature per phase synchronous reactance per phase armature leakage reactance per phase‘Vem voltage drop across the field Alternator Voltage Regulation VR = Vane x 109 Vn. : sev = BMA Factors affecting the drop or rise of the alternator terminal ‘voltage: 1. magnitude of the load - 2 al oealpoe ctor of be camino Effect of various types of load on the alternator terminal voltage: 1. Resistive loads (.e. incandescent lamps, heating devices) or loads with unity power factor. ~ 8% to 20% drop in terminal voltage below its no-load value 2. Inductive Loads ((e. induction motor, electrical welders, uorescent lighting) or loads with lgeing power factor. = 25% to $0% drop in terminal voitage below the no-load vaiue, 3+ Capacitive loads (i.e. capacitor devices or special types of synchronous mator) or loads with leading power factor. ~ tend to raise or increase the terminal voltage of the alternator above the no-load value. Three (3) factors responsible for the change in voltage of an alternator: 1. resistance drop in the armature eircuit (1,R,) 2. change in flax of armature-reaction effect (I,X) 3. armature reactance drop (1,X.) Alternator Phasor (Vector) Diagrams: ‘4. For lagging power factor ». For unity power factor &. For leading power factor 5 5 From the phasor diagrams: 1. In-complex form, Ey=Vy-+ 2, 2, Inmagnitade, Ey = WV, cos 8+ ERY + (V, sm OL TLR ‘where: 6.- power factor angle ofthe jond @ - for lagging power factor (© - for leadting power factorat CS MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER «Three (3) tests necessary to perform in order to obtain data for the calculation of the regulation of an L. Armature de resistance test 2. Open-circuit test or no-load test 3. Short-circuit test ‘The Armature DC Resistance Test With the de field winding open, measure the de resistance between each pair of terminals. The average of the three sets of resistance values is called R, ‘Open de field wae DC Source 3 = RotRothy 6G = Veco R Y He, Ram REM) — R 2 For Dete-comecied armen rng, y= For Wye-connected armature windings, Ry, = ‘To get the equivalent effective or ac resistance of the armature, use a factor of 1.25 to 1.75. Say, Ryor R= 125 Rag The Open-Circuit Test or No-load Test With the armature-winding circuit open, the altemator is driven at synchronous speed. A de source is ‘connected to the field, making provision to adjust the field current so that, starting at zero, it may be raised until the ac voltage between any pair of terminals of the armature winding is somewhat above the rated voltage. FR, Open armanure DC Source windings 2 AC voltmeter (Open circuit voltage per phase, Eue= Mie: a MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER ‘The Skort-Circuit Test ‘The alternator is driven at synchronous speed. Starting with a very low direct field current, progressively increase is value as the ac ammeters increase their deflections to rated current and above, Shorted armature windings ‘Synchronous reactance per phase, X,= V(Z=(R ALTERNATOR EFFICIENCY: Be = — Pax 100 n= pt x10 a + Total losses Alternator losses inctade: 1. Rotational Josses Friction and windage b. Brush friction a the field collector rings (often neglected ; quite small) ©. Ventilation to cool the machine (ifnecessary) 4d, Hysteresis and eddy currents in the stator Electrical losses 2 Field winding b. Armature winding ©. Brush contacts (often neglected; quite small) 3. Losses in the exciter used for field excitation 4, Stray-toad 105s (negligible: for small alternators)& MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER OPERATION OF ALTERNATORS IN PARALLEL Requisites for connecting alteruators in paralfel 1. Their voltages must be the same. 2. Their wave forms (frequencies) must be the same. 3. Their phase sequences must be the same. {fany of the sbove requisites is not met, there will be cross current between the alternator ‘windings thru the common bus bars. With the cross-current, the alternator cannot be synchronized. Alternator Under Faults 1, Three phase (34) fault atthe alternator terminals (either wye or delta connected alternator) Note: In a 36 fault, the feule currents are symmetrical (balanced) {alternator resistance is neglected, then eran (300 Hep “Torma (ee) 2. Phase to phase fault at the alternator terminals (wye connected alternator) 40.2 phase to phase faolt, the fault currents are asymmetrical (unbalanced). One fault current is zero. The other two fault currents will have a magnitude of BU Norans (Gey eazy, N —>alterator resistance is neglected, 3. _ Line to ground or phase to ground fauh (wye connected altemator) Ina line to ground fault, the fault currents are asymmetrical (unbalanced). Two fault currents are zero ‘The remaining one will have a magnitude of SS ‘ 3 ne SRT ex eR, Ameo stance end metal wie impedence ae ‘4. Double line to ground fault (wye connected alternator) Ina double line to ground fault, the fault currents are asymmetrical (unbalanced). One fanlt current is ze. ‘The other two fault currents will have a magnitude of 100 Tgeaat [ a Lae - BX TFA, te, ~ thre pase faut ine curent eet tated line curent ofthe altemator Tyg Fated phase curent ofthe alternator % Z= percent positive phase sequence impedance 9% X,~ pereeat positive phase sequence rescimce % X= percent negative phase sequence reactance %6X,~ percent zero phase sequence reactance where:MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER Cn AC MACHINES PART | - ALTERNATORS EXERCISES: 1. The no. of cycles generated in a 10 pole alternator in one revolution is A2 BS Cc. 10 D.20 2. What is the number of electrical degrees made per revolution for a special purpose 40 pole alternator? A. 28,800 B. 14,400 $. 7,200 D. 1,600 3. Altemators are usually designed to generate A. variable frequency —_B. constant currents” constant frequencies D. constant pf. REE - May 2008 4, A three-phase wye-connected 50 HZ 2-pole synchronous machine has a stator with 2,000 turns of wire per phase. What rotor flux would be required to produce a terminal (line to line) voltage of 5 KV? A.8.4mWb B.6.5 mWb C. 5.2 mWb D. 7.8 mWb REE ~ April 2006 5. A 3-phase, 8-pole generator is delta connected. The terminal voltage is 2,400 v while the line current is, 500 amperes. If the machine is converted to wye, what will be the terminal voltage in volts? A.4,800v B.4A87 C. 4,600 v D.3,800v 6. Ifthe alternator winding has a fractional pitch of 4/5, the pitch factor ky is A.0.833 B. 0.966 C.0,972 D. 0.951 7. Asix pole, three phase altemator has 72 slots and a coil span of 1 to 10, what is the pitch factor? 40.924 B. 0.939 C..0.966 D. 0.985 8. Calculate the distribution factor for a 36-slot 4 pole three phase winding, A. 0.924 B. 0.951 G.0.960 D.0.975 9. The following information is given in connection with an alternator: slots = 144; poles = 8; rpm = 900; tums per coil = 6; @=1.8 x 10® coil span = slots 1 to 16; winding is whole-coiled three-phase; winding connections = star. What is the voltage generated between terminals? A.1,276V B.2,210V C.635V D. 1,100 V 10. A part of an alternator winding consists of six coils in series, each coil having an emf. of 10 V (r.m.s.) induced in it. The coils are placed in successive slots and between each siot and the next, there is an electrical phase displacement of 30°. Find the e.m.. of the six coils in series A.77.28V B.9.66V ¢.38.64V 0. 19.32V 11. A 4-pole alternator, on open circuit, generates 200 V at 50 Hz when the field current is 4 A. Determine the generated e.m,f. at a speed of 1200 r.p.m. and a field current of 3 A, neglecting saturation in the iron parts. A40V B.240V c.60V 2 120V 12. A 100 MVA, 13.8 KV, 36, Y-connected alternator will have a per phase nominal impedance of A350 B.2.90 G.199 D750 REE - March 1998 13.A generator is rated 100 MW, 13.8 kV and 90% power factor. The effective resistance to ohmic resistance is 1.5. The ohmic resistance is obtained by connecting two terminals to a d.c. source. The current and voltage are 87.6 amperes and 6 volts, respectively. What is the resistance per phase? A.0.0617 0 B. 0.05130 C. 0.0685 0 D. 0.3420 REE — April 2006 14. A single phase altemator gives 250 amperes at 1,200 volts. What is the output of the machine in KVA? ‘A. 300 B. 450 c. 400 D. 350 AC Machines | Page 1 of 8Cy) MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER ie AC MACHINES PART | - ALTERNATORS REE - Sept. 2004 15.A 3,600v 500-KVA, 60 HZ, 3-phase Y-connected generator on test yields the following results: Mechanical and iron losses are 10 KW; field current at full-load 100% pf. is 50 A; field current at full- load 80% pf. is 70 A; resistance per phase of armature winding is 0.4 ohm. The exciter voltage is constant at 120 volts and voltage control is done by means of rheostat. Determine the full-load armature current at 80% lagging p.f. A.96.5A B.99.8A C.64.2A D.80.2A REE - April 2006 16.A single-phase generator delivers 80 A at 240 v and 75% lagging pf. What kind of load is the generator supplying? A. capacitive B. resistive Ginductive D. reactive REE ~ April 2005 17.A single-phase 2,400-volt synchronous generator delivers 450 amperes at unity power factor. The synchronous impedance of the generator is 0.08 + j2.8 . What is the regulation in percent? i142 B. 16.3 C. 20.1 Dd. 18.4 REE — Sept. 2010 18.A three-phase, wye-connected wound rotor synchronous generator rated at 10 kVA, 230 v has a synchronous reactance of 1.2 ohms/phase and an armature resistance of 0.5 ohm/phase. What is the percent voltage regulation at full-load with 85% lagging power factor? A. 18.3% B. 24.7% G. 20.8% D. 22.5% REE ~ Sept, 2010 19. A 36 wye connected, wound rotor synchronous generator rated at 10 KVA, 230 v has a synchronous reactance of 1.2 ohms/phase and armature resistance of 0.5 ohm/phase. What is the percent voltage regulation at full-load with 80% leading power factor? A.-0.92% B.-5.14% C,-3.08% D.-3.91% 20. A 1,000 KVA, 3,000 V, 50 Hz, 3-@ star-connected altemator has an armature effective resistance of 0.2 Q. A field current of 40 A produces a short-circuit current of 200 A and an open-circuit e.mf. of 1040 V (ine value). Calculate the full load percentage regulation at a power factor of 0.8 lagging. A.=21.43% B. 21.43% C= 24.31% D. 24.31% 21.A 25 kVA, 220 Volt 34 alternator delivers rated KVA at a power factor of 0.84. The effective ac resistance between armature winding terminals is 0.18 Q. The field takes 9.3 amps at 115 volts. If friction and windage loss is 460 watts and the core loss is 610 watts. Calculate the percent efficiency. A. 87.82% B. 84.27% G. 86.41% D. 88.33% 22. Adjustment of field excitation on one of the two altemators operating in parallel will A. increase its load B. change its frequency C. decrease its load D. change its power factor REE — Sept. 2001 23. A generator is being synchronized to a large system. The actual system voltage and frequency are 13.7 KV and 60 hz, respectively. The generator voltage and frequency are 13.6 kV and 60 hz, respectively. When the generator is switched to the system, choose which one happens. A. generator delivers MVAR B. generator takes MVAR C. generator delivers MW D. generator delivers both MW and MVAR AG Machines | Page 20f 8MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER Cm AC MACHINES PART | —- ALTERNATORS REE - Sept. 2009 24. Two alternators operating in parallel supply 2,500 kW to a load at a power factor of 80% lagging. if one machine delivers 1,200 kW at a power factor of 95% lagging, what is the power supplied by the other machine? A. 1,400 kW B. 4,600 kW G. 1,300 kW D. 1,500 kW REE - April 2015 25. Two exactly similar turbo-altemators are rated 5 MW each. They are running in parallel. The speed- load characteristics of the driving turbines are such that the frequency of alternator one drops uniformly from 60 Hz on no-load to 57.5 Hz on fultload, that of alternator two from 60 Hz to 58 Hz. How will the two machines share a load of 8,000 kW? A. 3,556 KW, 4,444 kW C. 3,500 kW, 4,500 KW B. 4,000 kW, 4,000 kW D. 3,636 kW, 4,364 kW 26. Each of two single-phase alternators has an armature winding whose resistance and synchronous reactance are respectively, 0.025 and 0.08 ohm. If the machines are operating without load, calculate the circulating current in the windings if the alternators are paralleled, when the emfs are equal at 230 volts, but are displaced 30° from a position of phase opposition. A915 B. 1,830 C.457.5A D.119A 27. In Prob. No. 26, when the voltages are in phase opposition, but one voltage is 230 and the other is 200 volts. A.462A B. 231A C. 400A D. 800A 28. A 600 kVA, 2,400 V, 3¢ alternator has a zero phase sequence reactance of 12%, and a positive and negative phase sequence reactances of 8%. If the alternator resistance is negligible, determine the fault currents that the alternator can sustain if a 34 fault occurs at its terminals. A. 1,042.4 B. 1,804.4 C.3,1254 D. 602A 29. In Prob. No. 28, determine the fault currents delivered if a phase to phase fault occurs at the alternator terminals, A1,562 A B. 902A C. 1,804 A D.3,125A REE - Sept. 2017 30. Which of the following type of fault used only the equivalent positive sequence impedance of the circuit in the short-circuit calculation? A. Line to line B. Line to ground C. Double line to ground. Three-phase fault REE - Sept. 2017 31. Which of the following type of fault used only the equivalent positive and negative sequence impedance of the circuit in the short-circuit calculation? A. Double line to ground B. Line to line C. Three-phase D. Line to ground REE - Sept. 2013 32. The positive, negative, and zero-sequence reactances of a 20 MVA, 13.2 KV synchronous generator are 0.3 pu, 0.2 pu, and 0.1 pu, respectively. The generator is solidly grounded and is not loaded. A line to ground fault occurs on phase a. Neglecting all the resistances, determine the fault current. A.2,916A B.4374A C.2,525A D. 5,050 A SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS 1. Calculate the average voltage generated in a six turn fultpitch coil of a 25 cycle alternator if the flux per pole is 7.2 x 10° maxwells, A4V B.42V C432 D.48V AC Machines | Page 30f 8MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER AC MACHINES PART | - ALTERNATORS 2. When the speed of an alternator is changed from 3,600 rpm to. 1,800 rpm, the generated emf / phase will become Ae one halt B. twice C. four times D. one fourth 3. An ac generator has wye connected armature windings with an effective resistance of 0.2 ohm/phase and synchronous reactance of 2.2 ohms/phase. If the terminal voltage is 500 volts when the load takes 50 amperes at unity p.f., what is the line to line open circuit emf? A. 866 volts 8,551.3 volts C. 288.7 volts D.NOT 4. The stator of a 3-phase, 20-pole alternator has 120 slots and there are 4 conductors per slot accommodated in two layers. If the speed of the alternator is 300 r.p.m., calculate the e.mf. induced per phase, Resultant flux in the air gap is 55 mWb per pole. Assume that the coil span is 150° electrical. AonV B. 1822V C.455.5V D. 1368.5 V 5. If ina 3-phase altemator, a field current of 50 A produces a full-load armature current of 200 A on short circuit and 1,730 volts on open-circuit, then its synchronous impedance is A.8.66 ohms B. 4 ohms G5 ohms D. 34.6 ohms 6. A 1500 kVA, 6,600 V, 3-phase, star connected alternator has an effective resistance of 0.5 2 per phase and a synchronous reactance of 5 © per phase. Find the percentage change of voltage when the full-rated output at power factor 0.8 lagging is switched off 46.23% 5 12.47% C.4.18% D. 24.94% 7. Calculate the pitch factor for the armature windings of an altemator having 36 stator slots, 4 poles, coil span 1 to 8 A.0.856 B-0.940 D C. 0.766 D-€883 8. The winding of a 4-pole alternator having 36 slots and a coil span of 1 to 8 is short-pitched by degrees. A140 B.80 c.20 Dao 9. The harmonic which would be totally eliminated from the alternator emf using a fractional pitch off is A.3 B.7* oe D.9* 10. The disadvantage of a short-pitch coil is that A. harmonics are introduced B. waveform becomes non-sinusoidal Gevoltage around the coil is reduced D. both a and b 11.A 36, 60 Hz, 6 pole alterator has an air gap flux which is sinusoidally distributed. The stator has 5 slots per pole per phase and each slot contains 4 conductors arranged in two layers. The coil pitch is 12 slots with normal excitation and rated speed, the voltage induced per conductor is 25 volts. The open-circuit emf of this Y-connected machine between lines when all conductors per phase are connected in series is nearest to A. 2730 volts B. 2370 volts 4730 volts D. 4370 volts 12. The imaginary or fictitious part of synchronous reactance on alternator takes care of A. inductive reactance B. leakage reactance . agmature reaction D. copper losses 43. Synchronous impedance test is taken on a 3-phase generator. Under short circuit condition, the currents in the three lines are 26.2 A, 23.7 A, and 27.4 A. What current should be used for the test? A.26.3A B.24.6A G257A D.25.4A [AC Machines | Page 4 of 8ST ay) yy) MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER ay AC MACHINES PART | - ALTERNATORS 14. A 6.6 kV, 6 MVA, Y-connected, 36 altemator has an effective ac resistance of 0.436 ohm between terminals. The field current of 103 Amp produces an open circuit emf of 6,600 Volt between terminals, The field current required to produce rated full-load current at short circuit condition is 82 Amp. What is the synchronous impedance per phase? A. 10 ohms B. 5.78 ohms G7.26 ohms D. 12.6 ohms 15. The power factor of an alternator is 75%. The operator is ordered to increase the power factor to 80%. What shall he do? A. increase the voltage B. operate the governor . increase the excitation Drdecrease the excitation 16.A 3 MVA, 50 Hz, 11 kV, 3 wye-connected turbo-alternator when supplying 100 Amp at zero pf. leading has a line to line voltage of 12,370 Volts, when the load is removed, the terminal voltage falls down to 11,000 Volts. The effective resistance of the stator is 0.4 ohm per phase. Find the percent (%) regulation of this alternator when supplying full load at 80% pf. lagging 15.65% B. 16.5% C13.6% D. 14.5% 17.A 34, 1,200 KVA, 6.6 KV, wye-connected turbo altemator with effective resistance of 0.4 ohm and reactance of 6 ohm per phase delivers full-load at 0.8 p.f. lagging and normal rated voltage and speed. The terminal voltage for the same excitation and load current of 0.80 pf. leading is nearest to A. 7,560 V B7,900 V C. 4,560 V D. 7,360 V 18. Two 1200 KVA ac generators running in parallel supplies the following loads: 400 kW unity p.f., 500 kW at 0.90 pf. lagging and 600 kW at 0.866 pf. lagging. One machine is loaded to 1000 KW at 0.95 pf. lagging. The p.f. of the other machine is nearest to ‘A. 0:89 lagging B. 0.98 lagging C.0.98 leading D.0.89 leading 19. Two 36 synchronous generators connected in parallel are driven by waterwheel whose speed-load characteristics are as follows: The speed of the first falls uniformly from 624 rpm at no-load to 600 rpm at full-oad at 1000 kW. The speed of the second waterwheel falls uniformly from 630 rpm at no-load to 600 rpm at 1000 KW loading. The output of each generator when the load is 1250 kVA, 0.80 pf. are nearest to A. 500 kWeach (Br445 kW and 555 kW. C. 667 kW and 333 kW D. none of these 20. Two identical 2000 kVA alternators operate in parallel. The governor of the first machine is such that the frequency drops uniformly from 50 Hz at no-load to 48 Hz at full-load. The corresponding uniform speed drop of the second machine is 50 Hz to 47.5 Hz. What is the maximum unity power factor load that can be delivered without overloading either machine? 4.3800 kW B. 6300 kW C. 4000 kW D. 1723 kW 21.A 36 star connected 1000 kVA, 6.6 KV turbo synchronous alternator with 20% reactance but of negligible resistance is supplying fullload at 80% p4. lagging to a large power system (infinite bus- bars). if steam supply is suddenly cut-off, what is the new current? Neglecting losses. A.77.58A 557.58 A C.47.58A D.67.58A 22. A 3-phase, star-connected altemator has an armature resistance of 0.1 Q per phase. When excited to 86 line volts and short-circuited, the machine gave 200 A. What should be the e.m4(in line terms) the machine must be excited to, in order to maintain a terminal p.d. of 400 V with 100 A armature current at 0.8 pf. lagging, A253 V B.758V 438 V D. 506 V ‘AC Machines | Page 5 of 8y : ey MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER (An) AC MACHINES PART | - ALTERNATORS 23.A 3 Y-connected, 1000 kVA, 6.6 kV turbo-alterator has a synchronous reactance of 8.7 ohms per phase but negligible resistance. It is supplying 87.5 Amp at 80% pf. lagging to a large power system and the emf is increased by 25% (excitation was increased) the new value of armature current and pf. are respectively. A. 182.48 A, 0.476 lagging B. 175.31 A and 0.567 lagging (§190.82 A and 0.367 lagging D. 181.48 A and 0.467 lagging 24. High speed alternators have a rotor construction A. similar to d.c. machines °F nor-slent ype C. of salient type ). none of these 25. A 1000 KVA, 3.3 kV, 60 Hz, 4 pole, 34 star connected, wound rotor synchronous altemator reactance ‘of 1 ohm per phase and negligible armature resistance. The generator is operating at full-load, 0.80 pf. lagging on an infinite bus. If a disturbance causes the power angle to swing by 1° (mechanical). What is the synchronizing power per phase and synchronizing torque respectively? 133.6 kW and 708.9 N-m B. 148.5 KW and 508 N-m 190.8 kW and 367.6 N-m D. None of these 26. A 100 MVA, 2 pole, 60 Hz alternator has a moment of inertia of 50 x 10° kg-m*. What is the energy stored in the rotor at rated speed? A. 5533 MJ B.3355 MJ 3553 MJ D. 5335 MJ 27.A 10 MVA, 10 kV, 36, 50 Hz, 1500 rpm alternator in parallel with others much generator capacity. The moment of inertia of the rotor is 2 x 10° kg-m? and the synchronous reactance of the machine is 40%. ‘What is the natural time period of oscillation? A.5 sec B.2sec C.4sec 5-6 sec 28. The per unit reactances of a synchronous generator are X = 1.0, X'=0.35, X” = 0.25. The alternator supplies a 1.0 per unit load at 0.80 power factor lagging. Calculate the voltage behind the sub- transient reactance. A. 1.79 p.u. B. 1.24 p.u. a1 17 pu. D. none of these 29. The emf generated in a coil of an altemator is 20 V. Calculate the emf between the ends of two such coils connected in series if they are separated on the alternator core by 30 electrical degrees. A/88.64 V. B. 26.64 V C. 35.87 V D. 56.87 V 30. The field system of a 50 Hz alternator has a sinusoidal flux per pole of 0.1 Wb. Calculate the emf generated in one tum which spans two-thirds of a pole pitch. A174V B192V C.12.2V. D.96V 31.A 4 pole, 50 Hz, 3, A connected alternator has a single-layer stator winding carried in 36 slots, each slot containing 12 conductors. The flux per pole is 42 mWb. Calculate the emf between the terminals. A645 V B.1290V C. 322.5 V. D.739V 32. An alternator requires an altemating current of 2.1 A to produce on short circuit its full-load current of 50 A. The same excitation produces on open-circuit an emf of 320 V. The armature resistance is 1 0. Find the fullload percentage regulation with a lagging pf. of 0.6 when terminal p.d. on load is 2000 V. A7.2% B. 28.8% C. 3.6% P14.4% 33. Two alternators working in parallel supply a lighting load of 2500 kW together with a motor load of 4000 kVA which has a lagging pf. of 0.707. One alternator is loaded 4000 KW, its pf. being 0.8 leading. Calculate the load in kVA and pf. of the other alternator. 178 KVA, 0.22 lagging B. 2989 kVA, 0.11 lagging C. 5978KVA, 0.11 lagging D. 2989 kVA, 0.44 lagging ‘AC Machines Page 6 of 8MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER (ap AC MACHINES PART | - ALTERNATORS 34. The voltage generated across one inductor of an alternator is 8.11 volts. There are 120 slots and 4 turns in every coil. The conductors are all in series and connected in double layer lap windings distributed sinusoidally in several slots. The coil pitch is 10 slots, frequency is 60 Hz and synchronous speed is 720 rpm. Calculate the line to line generated voltage is the alternator windings are connected wye. A. 2,400 V Ra 160V C.4,800V D. 856 V 35. A three-phase Y-connected alternator delivers a unity power-factor load at 230 volts. If the synchronous-reactance voltage drop is 60 volts per phase, calculate the percent regulation, neglecting the resistance voltage drop. AgB.TA% B. 7.94% C. 12.74% D. 14.27% 36. In huge alternators, the moving part is. A. brushes: B. armature G poles D. none of these 37. In a 3-phase, 4-pole, star-connected alternator the e.m.f. per phase is 1,000 V at a frequency of 50 Hz Calculate the speed and line voltage. A.750 rpm, 3000 V.--4500 rpm, 1732 VC. 3000 rpm, 1414 V D. 1500 rpm, 2000 V 38. The voltage generated across one inductor of a three phase alternator is 6 volts. There are 120 slots and 4 tums in every coil. The coil pitch is short by 2 slots, number of poles is 10 and frequency is 60 Hz. The armature winding correction factor of the alternator is nearest to A.0.957 B,9.025 C.0.987 D.0967 39. A 3-phase, star-connected alternator is rated at 2,000 kVA, 13.5 KV. The armature effective resistance and synchronous reactance are 1.3 Q and 20 O respectively per phase. Calculate the percentage regulation at full load for power factors of 0.8 lagging and 0.8 leading. A.7.76% , - 5.06% BL 16.52%, -10.12% C. 2.91%, - 2.1% D. 6.56%, - 4.73% 40. Two alternators running in parallel! supply the following loads: (i) 1500 kW at 0.9 lagging pf. (ii) 1000 kW at 0.8 lagging p.f. (ii) 800 KW at unity p.f. (iv) 600 kW at 0.8 leading pf. The load on one machine is adjusted to 2,000 kW at p.f. 0.95 lagging, Find the load and pf. of the other machine. 4e1900 kW, 0.98 lagging B. 950 KW, 0.96 lagging €. 1900 kW, 0.98 leading D. 950 kW, 0.96 leading REE - May 2009 41. A 30 KVA three-phase 230 v wye-connected synchronous generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.8 ohm per phase. The armature resistance is negligible. What is the percent regulation on 25% full load at 80% power factor lagging? A.68% B.7.8% C.6.2% 97.2% REE - May 2008 42. A three-phase wye connected wound rotor synchronous generator rated at 20 KVA, 240 V has a synchronous reactance of 1.5 ohms/phase and an armature resistance of 0.6 ohm/phase. What is the percent voltage regulation at full-load with 80% lagging p.f.? A38 B.34 c.47 pest REE ~ Sept. 2005 43.A 3-phase, 8-pole, 2,400-volt delta connected generator has a line current of 500 amperes. If converted in wye, what is the tolerable current? A3715A B288.7 A ©. 245.1A D.315.2A AC Machines Page 7 of 8a MULTIVECTOR REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER AC MACHINES PART I - ALTERNATORS 44. Two exactly similar turbo-altemators are rated 20 MW each. They are running in parallel, The speed- load characteristics of the driving turbines are such that the frequency of alternator one drops uniformly from 50 Hz on no-load to 48 Hz on full-load, that of alternator two from 50 Hz to 48.5 Hz. How will the two machines share a load of 30,000 kW? A. 14.56 MW, 15.44 MW 912.80 MW, 17.20 MW C. 17.47 MW, 12.53 MW D. 16.92 MW, 13.08 MW 45.A 36 11 kV, 10 MVA alternator has a sequence reactances of positive sequence, X; = j0.15 p.u., negative sequence, X2 = j0.15 p.u. and zero sequence, X, = j0.05 p.u. with negligible neutral wire reactance. Ifthe alternator is on no-load, calculate the line to ground and 3 phase fault currents. S499 A, 3499 A B.2814A,2187A C. 499A, 3030 A D. 1842 A, 854 A 46. A 144-slot stator has a whole-coiled 12 pole three phase winding. What is the number of coils per phase and per group, respectively? A1284 B.24&4 C.3684 4384 REE ~ May 2010 47.A three-phase wye-connected wound rotor synchronous generator rated at 10 kVA, 230 v has synchronous reactance of 1.2 ohms per phase and armature resistance of 0.5 ohm per phase. What is the power factor such that the voltage regulation at full-load is zero? A. 0.837 leading B. 0.894 leading 0.869 leading D. 0.877 leading 48. A 25 KVA altemator has a total loss of 2,000 watts when it delivers rated KVA to a load at a power factor of 0.76. Calculate its percent efficiency. B-20.48% B. 92.32% C. 91.58% D. 89.12% 49. A 4-pole, 3-phase, star-connected alternator armature has 12 slots with 24 conductors per slot and the flux per pole is 0.1 Wb sinusoidally distributed. Calculate the line emf generated at 50 Hz, A. 1,086 v B.3,198v Gt.846v D. 5,538 v 50. A 3, wye connected alternator having a sinusoidal line potential with a 5% 5” harmonic content, 3% 7" harmonic content, 1.5% 11" harmonic content and 0.85% 13” harmonic content. What is the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the system line voltage? A11% B.9% ge% D.3% AC Machines | Page 8 of 8