DESCRIPTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND HISTORICAL

MONUMENTS OF SINDH

1. RUINS OF OLD CITY AT BADIN

The only remains which now exist of this old city also mentioned as Lahori
Bandar and which was finally destroyed by Mohsin Khan Pathan towards
the end of 18th Century A.D are a few shattered structures, potsherds and
brick-bats are also lying scattered on the site.
2. AMRI MOUNDS.
Named after a small village Amri situated between right bank of Indus and
the lucky hills along the left side of Indus Highway is a Chalcolithic
settlement were found by N.C. Majumdar in 1929. The excavations were
carried out from 1959 to 1962 down to virgin soil revel three different
occupations. Each layer marked by its peculiar objects and pottery. Glazed
and molded pottery bearing affinities with that of Thatta and Multan. A few
coins recovered from the layers indicate that the settlement belonged to the
Mughal period. Below the Muslim settlement were exposed remains of a
culture which date back to the 3rd millennium BC. The potsherds thick on
texture indicate a byproduct of the Harapan, Jhukar and Chanhujodaro
cultures which represent the late phase of Indus Valley civilization. The
lower level however has brought to light the mature culture of Harapa and
Mohenjo-Daro.
As to the age of this occupation it can be safely assumed that it roughly
corresponds to the Kot-Diji period and the undisputed stratigraphical
evidence shoes both the cultures preceded the Indus culture.
3. LAKHMIR JI MARI. (Mound)
This site is located at the southern part of naing village, at the foothills of the
Bhit Range, and on the left(western) bank of the Naing Nai. The site of
Lakhshmir ji Mari at Naing has a two part layout: a conically-shaped hill and
a lower town. The conically-shaped hill is approximately thirty meters in
height with a forty degree slope are the remains of traced walls which
perhaps were fortifications. It is evident that the conically shaped hill rests of
a natural rock outcrop, but shaped by the addition of earth. Below the hill, or
buthi, are numerous remains of stone foundation walls, indicating rooms and
houses.

4. DUMB BUTHI (Mound)

The site is located approximately ten kilometers southwest of Jhangara
village, ten kilometers north-west of Bandhni, and seven kilometers south-
east of Nika. The site is 320 meters N-S long, 300 meters E-W wide, 26
meters high and covers an area of 96,000 square meters. Damb Buthi . At the
southern end of the site is a spring known as Pir Ari Wahi. A sharp motif is
evident in the form of a conically shaped hill occupies one fourth of the total
area of the hill or Buthi. The base of the Buthi measured approximately 50
meters north south and 45 meters east west.
5. Piyarol ji mari (Mound)
The site is located approximately six kilometers south-southereast of Tando
Rahim Khan, and two kilometers east of Pir Ghazi Shah Mazar. The site is
160 meters N-S long. 130 meters E-W wide, 11 meters high and covers an
area of 20,800 square meters. The perennial spring which issues in the Bhit
range runs close to the site. A wide expanse of alluvial plain extends from
the foothills of Bhit Range rock outcrops which lies just west of Manchar
 lake. The site is a single mound. The sequence revealed by excavations is
similar to that of the Amri.
6. Ali Murad village Mounds.
The site is located approximately 13 kilometers from Pri-Ghazi Shah and 24
Kilometers south of Johi town. The site is 336 meters long, 305 meters wide,
8.23 meters high and covers an area of 102,480 Square meters. It is situated
on a rock bed which slightly elevates the site above the surrounding plain.
Ali Murad is a low mound with no architectural features exposed on the
surface on the site.
7. Masum ji Buthi (Mound).
Masumio Bhuthi a mound 27’ high 759’ long and 680’ broad, lies 1 miles to
the south of Karachet. It is situated to the east of the Kirthar range and the
north and west of the Kambu and Paphro hills respectively. Majumdar
during the exploration had a trial excavations at this place foundations of
ashlar stone masonry, chert blades.
8. Kohtrass buthi (un-surveyed land).
This site is located at Karchat village between the Kirthan and Kalerro
ranges and north of the Gunbok range . It is 239 meters in length, 207 meters
wide and 8 meters high. The mound of Karchat is located on the right bank
of the Suk Nai at a distance of approximately two and one half kilometers
from the channel of the Nai, close to the site are three springs.
The site is covered with black shingles pottery and in places surface of stone
foundation wall. The finds from Karachat indicate that it was settlement of
the mature Harappen phase. A number ceramic finds indicate a contact with
southern Balouchistan traditions which were contemporary with the Amri
culture.
9. Otham jo Buthi on way from Arab jo thano to wahi village N.W of
Bachani.
In Deh Karchat on the river Baran on the way from Arab jo Thano to wahi
village N.W of Bachani sandhi, Mohal kohistan unsurvey land. The surface
of the Hillock which more of less flat bears evident traces of pre-historic
occupation. The ruins cover on area of about 1000 feet by 800 feet and area
at a height of 50 feet from the bank of the river Baran . Over the inducting
rocky bed could be seen lines of stone buried in debris which as usual were
the foundations of the buildings that once stood here. The area was strewn
over with shingles and potsherds some of which washed down by rains were
resting on the slopes of the hill.
10.Loham jo daro.
The site is located about 350 meters north of the Piaro Goth rail road station
on the main line between Dadu and Larkana. The site is 213 meters E.W
long, 110 meters N-S wide, 7 meter high and covers an area of 23430 square
meters.
Lohum jo Daro is situated on a river terrace which slightly (one two meters)
raises the site above the surrounding flood plain. The general orientation of
the site is east-west with two high mounds in the western portion of the site.
These two high mounds, located north and south of each other, are separated
by a gap. Two periods were exposed by Majumdar’s excavations (mature)
Harappan occupation and a later Jhukar related occupation difference
between these two occupations were made on the basis of stratigraphy and
ceramic styles.
11.Pandhi Wahi (mound).
The site is located just north of the present-day village Pandhi wahi, north of
the Nari Nai Taluka Johi, District Dadu, It is 119 meters long, 107 meters
 wide, 6 meter high and covers an area of 12733 square meters. Some
excavations were conducted at the site previously which reveled earliest
levels dominated by Amri bichrome pottery mixed with black-on red pottery
similar to that of the Harappen period.
12.Fort at Sehwan.
On the north of the town Sehwan are lying the remains of the great fort,
which is said to be built by Alexander the Great as written by Richard Briton
due to find of a coin. According to the Majumdar this fort belongs to Muslim
period. The fort is now an immense mound of earth measuring roughly 400
x 200 yards and about 60 feet high. There are some structures which indicate
the different constructional periods of the fort.
13.Banbhore.
The site of Banbhore is situated on the northern bank of Gharo creek, about
40 Km east of Karachi on the highway to Hyderabad. Excavations at the site
exposed the three distinct periods the Scytho Parthian, Hindu-Buddhists and
the Islamic dateable from the 1st century B.C. to the 13th century A.C.
Banbhore seems to have met its end sometime during the 13 th century A.C.
at the hands of Jalaluddin Khwarzam Shah, who is known to have invaded
Sindh including Debul. The excavations at Banbhore have yielded sufficient
evidence to prove that this place was no other than the ancient city of Debul
where, for the first time, the standard of Islam was raised on the soil of the
sub-continent when this city feel into the hands of the young Arab General
Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712 A.C.
14.Diji-ji-Takri.
The site is situated 15 miles south of the town of khairpur, just apposite Koti
diji fort is the earliest known ruins of the great Chalcolithic civilization of
the Indus Valley.
 The ancient Kot Diji comprised a citadel where the ruling class lived and an
outer part of the city which was dwelling of the common populace. The
main axis of the 40 feet high mound runs from east to west and measures
600 feet in length and about 400 feet breadth. Excavations carried out in
1955-57 both vertical and horizontal, on the top and the eastern slope of the
mound have provided a complete cross section of the Kot Diji site, revealing
valuable information about the cultural sequence and the art and
architectural details of the occupational phases. Excavations have clearly
revealed the evidence of settled conditions when the kot Dijians
manufactured well-finished pottery and built their houses in mud-brick. The
people of Harappa borrowd some of the decorative designs and motifs on
pottery from the Kot Dijians and above all, they learnt the art of fortification
from the Kot Dijians to which their fortified cities, Harappa and
Mohenjodaro bear witness.
15.Nare Waro Dhoro mound.
A large rolling mound of sand measuring 2500 by 1500 feet, which rises
about 25 feet above the surrounding level is situated about 12 miles south-
west of Khairpur town and 6 miles north of Kot-Diji. Its surface is littered
with potsherds and other minor objects of typical Harappan culture.
Excavations revealed no evidence of any structure, the inhabitants seemed to
have lived in thatched huts. The diggings down to 20 feet produced nothing
under the pottery strewn surface but an accumulation of clean sand.
16.Jhukar Mounds (Mithodero).
About 6 miles north-west of Larkana- Wagan road the well known mounds
of Jhukar are situated. Excavations at the site revealed characteristics of the
Harappen period, still higher up the mound evidences of 3rd culture the Indo-
Sassanians and later Kushana of the 5th century A.D. Mr. N.G Majumdar ,
who commenced a tentative investigation of the mounds yielded pottery and
other objects belonging to several cultures.
17.Budhist Stupa & Prehistoric remains Mohenjodaro.
18.Mohenjodaro the metropolitan city of Indus civilization was discovered in
1911 and excavations started in 1922. The Civilization flourishing between
2500-1800 B.C is culturally as important as that of Sumer and Egypt. It is
the vastest of all the ancient civilization having more than a thousand sites
recorded so far from north Afghanistan to Indian Gujrat. The authors or this
civilization were highly advanced and their social Cultural, Economic and
religious conditions are reflected interlay through their town planning
through mainly agriculturists they maintained trade relation specially with
gulf countries and sumer their architecture is plain and utilitarian with
straight streets and covered drains, cultural continuity is Still manifest in the
make and use of Artifacts similar to those unearthed from the excavations.
Besides dexterous craftsmanship and artistic adroit they had their well
developed scripts this is inscribed on the World Heritage list.
Buddhist Stupa and monastery of Kushan period dating back to 2nd Century
A.D were constructed about sixteen centuries after the downfall of the Indus
civilization, and approach to the drum of Stupa lies in the middle of its
eastern side. Treasure Hunters dug inside the hollow drum of the stupa in
search of treasure and removed the relic casket long before the scientific
excavations were taken up in 1922. On all four sides of the courtyard of the
stupa are monastic cells and on the east there are two common rooms also a
large number of coins of king Vasudeva, belonging to Kushan period were
found from the monastery.

19.Three group of mounds Dhamraho jo Daro.

 A group of Mounds lie north-west of village Dhamrao, 6 miles from Badah
Railway station on Badah-Mehar road circular in plan and conical in shape.
It is strewn with potsherds and old brick bats to the extent that it gives
pottery color view from a distance. Several brick bats some of which are of
cut and a smothered brick such as it is observed in the construction of the
Great Bath at Mohenjodaro.
20.Bhiro Bham Mound.( Behim jo Daro)
Three miles south of village Bandhi near Amerji canal, District Banezir-abad
Deh Nasrat, lies a mound known as Bhiro Bham. It covers area of about 40
acres and is divided into two parts, the main lying north. The main mound
covering an area of about 25 acres with its long axis lying north south is
about 10 to 15 feet, high from the surrounding fields. A traces of masonry
work indicates fortifications having brick size of 12”x9”x2” besides huge
quantity of potsherds scattered all over the mounds with shell bangles,
terracotta animals, stone beads, copper coins .
21.Mansurah (Ancient city remains of Brahmanabad).
Ancient city of Mansura which served as the first important stronghold of
Muslims on the soil of sub-continent is located about 18 kilometers south-
east of Shahdapur. It was founded in the first half of the 8 th century A.D. and
appears to have come to an end in the 13 th centuary A.D. either due to
shifting of river Indus or some other calamity. The city as reported by Arab
geographers was situated on the western bank of the river Indus and was
surrounded by another branch from the river in such a manner that the land
on which the town stood looked like an island. Al-Biladuri is of the view
that Mansura was founded by Amr ibn Muhammad ibn-al-Qasim between
728 AD and 737 A.D. Al-Masudi, a Muslim geographer is of the view that
name of Mansura was after the name of last Ummayed governor of Sindh
 Mansur-ibn-Jamhur. Abu Rayhan Al-Beruni says tat Muhammad Bin Qasim
entered Sindh form Seistan and after his conquest give the name of Mansura
to Brahmanabad.
22.Mound Thulh.
The mound Thull is situated 15 miles east of Shahdapur Railway Station and
about 50 miles north east of Hyderabad on the main Shahdadpur Sanghar
Road. The site is to ward south about half miles inside along the water
channel. The mound is covered with heaps of brick-bats and potsherds. The
surface potsherds include both glazed and unglazed type. Sherds painted in
red and black bands on a buff slip and other painted in ochre red or yellow
slip represent the type commonly found from the upper layers of Banbhore.
23.Mumal ji Mari Mound.
Momal-ji-Mari is situated in village Mathelo, 8 miles south east of Ghotki
town. This mound is believed to represent the Moomal je Mari(Multi storey
building of Moomal). It stands about 50 feet high of the ground level and
can be seen traces of old bricks. This mound attributed to the daughter of
Nand Gujjar Rajpoot.
24. Kahu jo Daro (Buddhist Stupa).
About half a mile to the north of Mirpurkhas is a great heap of ruins known
as Kahu jo daro. Upto the time of the construction of the railway the ruins
were thought to be valueless, and the dug up bricks were utilized for making
concrete. During the excavations some ornamental bricks and two
remarkable figures were pronounced as Sikhi, the second Buddha, and
belong to the first half of 6th century A.D.
The mounds cover roughly about 10 acres towards the north end of the site
is the ruined stump in sundried bricks of an old stupa, which must be having
a decorated outer casting of beautifully carved brick work much of which
 still remains forming a circle surrounding the stupa a large mounds which
appear to the sites of monastic establishments.
25.Mound at Bhiro, Sherwah (pre-historic site)
It is an extensive site covering an area of 21 acres 39 ghuntas, lying at
village Bhiro in District Thar. The site is littered with small number of
potsherds. The period of the mound goes back to pre-historic times.
26.Mound at Shadipali.
The pre-historic mound situated in Deh Khuda Bux, district Umer Kot,
covers an area of 22 acres, 23 ghuntas, known as Shadipali. the surface of
the mound is extensively covered with cultural material.
27.Tomb of Yar Muhammad Kalhoro and Mosque.
The Tomb is situated in village Pakha, Deh Khuda Abad, District DAdu.
Mian Yar Muhammad kalhoro was first kalhoro ruler of Sindh, who after
wandering about northern Sindh and Baluchistan upon warlike expedition’s,
finally settled down at Khudabad. He died in 1718 A.D. It is said that Mian
yar Muhammad himself started construction work of his tomb measuring
214 feet length and 105 feet width on a raised platform duly embellished
with kashi glazed tiles. The tomb is built in a way that three sides of building
have rows of large arched windows fitted with perforated terracotta screens
of delicate geometrical tracery. Similar windows upon the front are fitted
with perforated glazed tiles.
28.Jamia Mosque Khudabad.
Khudabad is an old ruined fortified city between Sehwan and Dadu about
seven miles south of the latter place was for some time remained the capital
of Kalhoras before they finally settled down in Hyderabad.The great massive
Jamia Masjid (1710 A.D) has been lavishly adorned with enameled tiles in
 floral and geometrical pattern. The prayer chamber is divided into two equal
compartments with fresco paintings.
29.Rani Kot fort.
The fortification wall situated in Mahal Kohistan, Deh Rani Kot, District
Jamshoro, runs over 22 miles in length encircles hillocks which appear to
have never been inhabited by any regular population.The fort lies about 18
miles west of the Railway station Sann on the Kotri Larkana line of the
Pakistan Railway. It seems that the name of the fort was named after a
torrent (Rani Nai) which was the main source of supplying the water to the
whole area.
There is not much written record available to throw light on the fort. From
the scanty record available it comes to light that the fort was built in 1st
quarter of 19th century A.D by the Mirs, obviously to resist the pressure of
British forces over Sindh.The fortification wall runs on the three sides of the
area while on the northern side the lofty peaks of the higher hillocks serve as
a rampart has semicircular bastions at intervals.
30.Tomb of Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro.
The tomb of Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro the founder of Hyderabad, is one
of the most important monuments of city and represents the typical
architecture of Kalhora’s period. The tomb was constructed in 1772 A.D by
his son Mian Sarfraz khan Kalhoro. The tomb is a great massive structure
standing upon a square platform and surrounded by a massive wall in a
fortress shape. The whole of the exterior of the tomb was covered with
glazed colored tiles in great variety of geometrical and floral patterns. The
interior of the building has been painted elaborately and deep bend of
colored glazed tiles runs around the walls. A great deal of the decorated
surface is made up of medallion, panels and bands.
31.Pucca Fort, Hyderabad,
The present town and fort of Hyderabad were founded by the Kalhoro Mian
Ghulam Shah in A.H 1182 (1768 A.D) who made it his capital. In 1789 A.D
Mir Fateh Ali Khan the then ruling Talpur chief abandoning Khudabad near
Halla also made it his residence and constructed buildings within the fort for
his own accommodation and that of his relations. The fort wall runs one mile
in length with ornamental merlons in crenellated format and provided at
intervals suitable embrasures. Inside the fort there are many old and new
buildings.
32.Tomb of Ghulam Nabi Kalhoro.
The tomb of Mian Ghulam Nabi lies close of the central Jail, Hyderabad. He
was 15th in succession and ruled over Sindh form 1775 to 1776. The tomb is
a massive brick structure covered with lime niru plaster and decorated with
glazed tiles paneling. It stands over a square platform made of lime stone.
The tomb itself is octagonal in plan surmounted with a pointed dome
supported by sixteen sided drum and culminated by a finial fixed in the
shape of an inverted lotus pattern at the top. It has only entrance on the east
and a formal nich as mehrab in the western wall. There is a spacious
courtyard around the tomb which was originally surrounded by a high mud
wall pierced with an impressive entrance gateway in the east.
33.Buddhist Stupa at Tando Muhammad Khan.
The area roughly measures 98’-6”x76’-4”, situated near Tando Muhammad
Khan Railway station on Kotri Badin branch line and is 5 miles from Tando
Muhammad Khan town. Some dismantled bricks are lying in the site which
mesure12”x6”x4 ½” and of two types one with floral pattern in relief with
central lotus of eight petals and the other plain with 4” long double headed
frog in the shape elaborately displayed depicting some life scenes at the
 interior. The exterior of the chamber and platform bearing the chamber were
also once treated with fresco in floral designs, traces of which are still
available, though in rarity.
34.Mir’s tomb at Hirabad, Hyderabad.
The group of Talpur Mir’s tomb (C.1812-1843 A.D) has been built since the
British conquest Sindh in 1847. The enclosure contains tombs of Mir Murad
Ali, his sons Noor Muhammad and Nasir Khan, and his grandson Shahdad
Khan.
35.Two mosques and a tomb at Tando Fazal.
The village Tando Fazal lies 18 miles east of Hyderbad. The grand mosque
built of old type of bricks and plastered with lime contains a large prayer
chamber by three domes, the interior of which is ornamented with floral
design. The central dome is comparatively bigger. The area of the chamber
measure 46’-9”x18’ from inside and the width of eastern wall is 3’ and that
northern and southern walls is 4’-6”.
At a distance of about four furlongs from the grand mosque and on a heap of
about 30’ high from present level of ground exists another mosque with
prayer chamber only.
A single domed tomb plastered with lime contains only one entrance . the
interior of the tomb is lavishly decorated with floral designs resembling with
the decoration of the Mosque. It is square built measuring 11’-3”x11’-3”. A
close study of these monuments show that the tomb indeed had been a
magnificent one in its prime most probably belong to the period of Mir
rulers of Sindh.
36.Nasar ji Masjid.
This mosque is located in the north western part of the Misri Shah mohalla
Nasarpur town, near Hyderabad. The mosque is believed to have been
 constructed by Amir Nasar and is named after him. It is the earliest of the
three ancient Mosques at Nasarpur.
37.Kirarki ji Masjid.
The Mosque covers an area of 5368 sq:ft is said to have been built during
Kalhoro period (17, 18th century A.D) in Misri Shah mohalla, Nasarpur
town. It is a living mosque and oblong in plan measuring 39’ long and 19’
wide with three domes resting on octagonal drums are decorated with locally
made kashi tiles.
38.Mai Khairi ji Masjid.
In Naarpur town, Mai Khairi, after whom the Mosque has been named after
was the mother of Mir Fatah Ali Khan Talpur. The Mosque structure is
simple in plan measuring 24’x22’ in the covered portion and 43’x22’ in the
courtyard. The noteworthy feature of the Mosque is its kasha tile flooring of
yellow, green, turquoise blue and brown colors.
39.Wazir Mansion (Birth place of Quaid-e-Azam).
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the father of the nation was born in
Wazir Mansion ,New Naham Road, Kharadar Karachi on 25th December
1876. Athe instance of (Late) Mr. Ghulam Muhammad, formerly Governor
General of Pakistan this historic house was protected under the A.M.P Act in
1904. In the ground floor of the three storied building a public reading room
was established. In the first floor the furniture used by Quaid-e-Azam was
kept on display and the second floor was used to a house a library.
40.Chaukhandi Tombs, between Landhi and Sakro.
The Chukhandi graveyard spreading over a high ridge for a mile the
pyramidal tombs are of certain warrior Balouch families that settled in this
area somewhere in 17th and 18th century A.D. The graves are carved out with
figural and other conventional designs. The male interments have features of
 horseman with armaments like the shield, sword, arrow and bow crowned
with a boss and at the northern end of the top most slabs caricaturing the
turban. The female graves are symbolized with ornament like the necklace,
bracelet, anklet ringlet etc. The entombments on the platforms stand in
single, double, triple, quadruplet, sextuple and even multiple in numbers.
41.Lakho Shaikh (Baloch graveyard), south east of Malir Cantt:
The graveyard is spread over an extensive area and contains tombs of certain
warriors and people who settled in this area somewhere in 17th and 16th
Century A.D. similar tombs are also found at other many places all around
Karachi Lesbela and southern Baluchistan.
42.Khaliq Dina Hall and library, M.A Jinnah Road Karachi.
The Khaliq Dina Hall was erected on Bunder Road in Karachi and opened in
1906. There is one spacious hall for public meetings and two rooms. The
rooms according to the agreement were put at the disposal of the committee
of Native General Library. The hall was 70 feet in length and 45 feet broad.
The height was 30 feet. The hall could seat 600-700 persons. The front
portion had an area of 525 by 325 feet.
43.Frere Hall, Abdullah Haroon road, Karachi.
The Frere Hall, constructed by Sir Bartle Frere (1851-59) with an estimated
cost of Rs.147,000/=. The design of the building was prepared by Lieutenant
Colonel St. Clair Wilson. The Hall is in the Venetian Gothic style with an
octagonal tower crowned with an iron cage. It is built of the familiar
yellowish Karachi limestone, relieved very effectively by white colite
quarried near Bholari and red sandstone from Jungshahi.
44.Kot Diji Fort, Khairpur.
Mir Suhrab Khan Talpur established his headquarters at Kot Diji and built a
fort which due to close vicinity of Diji town came to be known as Kot-Diji
 (Fort at Diji). It is situated on a high hill which has on three sides been
scraped almost perpendicular. Approach to the fort is through three strong
gateways in east each situated on a different terrace. The fort which runs
north south in a narrow strip has no significant residential building except
narrow chambers running along the defenses. A pavilion built in beautiful
cut stone work command the eastern defenses and was probably the seat of
Nawab during peace times. The semi-circular bastions were commended
with heavy guns remains there.
45.Tajjar Building, Jinnah Bagh Larkana.
The Tajjar building a small but an impressive brick structure consists of 3
apartments, a central hall 38’x14’ with two side galleries each measuring
38’x8’. At the time of its construction the building was tastefully decorated
with glazed tile work and floral fresco paintings, the traces of which are
found out.
46.Tomb of Shah Baharo, Larkana town.
The Mausoleum of Shah Baharo is said to have been erected to his memory
by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro in 1774 A.D.( 1188 A.H) Shah Baharo held
a military command under Noor Muhammad Kalhoro and died in 1735 A.D.
The huge square tomb measuring 29’x29’ crowned with a segmental dome
surrounded by a decoration lantern was raised upon a high platform
measuring 71’x70’. The façade is embellished with arched turrets and its
dome surmounted by a decoration lantern.
47.Tomb of Mian Noor Muhammad Kalhoro.
The tomb of Mian Noor Muhammad Kalhoro is situated about 9 kilometers
towards west of Moro town in District Naushehroferoz. The tomb is located
on a raised platform measuring 80’x70’ in the western part of the walled
enclosures. The foundation of the tomb upto dado level is raised with stone
 while the supper-structure is constructed with bricks and later embellished
with kasha tiles in gwometic and floral designs. Rectangular in shape which
measures 48’ by 45’, the tomb is 57 feet high. It has a gallery at squinch
level and four octagonal kiosks on the roof. Internally, the plan of the tomb
is octagonal in shape.
48. Qubbo Mir Shahdad, Shahpur.
It is an extensive graveyard dating back to the first half of the 19 th century
A.D in which the main grave is of Mir Shahdad. This grave is of stone
carving and in itself worth exhibiting in a Museum. This graveyard is
divided into two portions with a number of graves, small tombs and a
mosque.
49. Graveyard of Qubba Mir Shahdad. Tehsil Shahdad pur, District
Sanghar.
The area of graveyard covers an area of 18.43 acres have 8 stone pavilion
tombs, 3 brick Mosques, 2 Mausoleums with curvilinear type of roofs and
several carved stone graves with inscriptions. Two tombs belong to 17th and
18th centuries respectively of Mian Nasir Muhammad Mir Fatah Ali bin
Hutak A.H 1105 (1693 A.D) and Mian Nasir Muhammd Mir Shahdad Bin
Hutak Talpur Qaum Baloch A.H 1147 (1734 A.D).
50.Minar & Tomb of Mir Masum , Sukkur.
The construction of Mughal period monument known as Minaret of Mir
Masum was started by Mir Muhammad Masum in 1595 A.D but later on it
was completed by his son Mir Buzurg in 1618 A.D. Mir Masum assumed
the poetical title of “Nami” and was writer of history of Sindh called after
him the Taikh-e-Masumi which he compiled in A.H 1009 (1600 A.D).
The Minaret built of burnt bricks is about one hundred feet high and eighty
four in circumference at the base. It provides magnificent view of the
 surroundings area from its top. It is surmounted by a dome to which access
is provided by an internal staircase. Close to the minaret several open stone
canopies and graves of Mir Masum, his father Mir Safai and his other family
members are located under the canopies.
51.Satyun-jo-than, shrine, Rohri Sukkur.

Mir Abul Qasim “Namkeen” constructed Namkin and his family members
belonging to Mughal Emperor Akbar’s Era. When in 1018 A.H, Mir Abul
Qasim was murdered; he was laid to rest at this place near Satyun-Jo-Astan.
During his life time Mir Abul Qasim Namkin used to hold mehfils of Rag
Rung at the time of full moon nights at this place. After his demise he was
buried and turned this place into a family graveyard of Sabzwari Syed.a
platform over a hillock and given name to this place “Safae Safa” and
Veterans tell about this historic place that when Raja Dahar and
Mohammad Bin Qasim had engaged in a bloody war, in those days seven
sisters resorted to suicide for saving their honour. However, there is no
description of this statement in the annals of history; there is a mention
about the graves of Mir Abul Qasim

52.Bakhar Fort .
It is a small oval shaped island between the towns of Sukkur and Rohri,
measuring 800x300 yards and 25 feet high from the surface of river banks.
The fort was constructed in 787 A.D. by Shaikh Abu Turab during Arab rule
in Sindh. During reign of Akbar it remained as a regional Headquarters. It
got its name Bakhar the dawn from Syed Muhammad Maki of religious
memory who uttered this word on his entry into the town early in the
morning some years after its foundation.
53. Stone Tool Factory at Rohri Hills.

In 1975-6, the Cambridge Archaeological Expedition made a preliminary

survey of the Paleolithic sites in the Rohri Hills. According to their findings,
the Rohri Hills were a source of chart for the manufacture of the parallel-
sided blades used by the Harappan culture of 2300 - 1750 BC . The most
clearly differentiated Paleolithic site in the Rohri Hills was at their southern
end, near the village of Chancha Baloch and only four kilometers from the
pre-Harappan settlement of Kot Diji. Spread over an area of about 5,000
square meters, on a largely sand- free area between the dunes, are found
Middle and Upper Paleolithic artifacts and factory debris. An extensive
series of working floors were also found close to a hamlet known as Nawab
Punjabi. The discovery of factory sites representing all phases of the Stone
Age in the lower Indus Valley has added more depth to our understanding of
civilization in prehistoric Sindh.

54.Cantilever bridge Rohri.

The river channel between Sukkur and Bukkur got bridged by 1885. This
bridge got completed with three girder spans of 90, 230 and 270 feet. An
engineer by the name of Sir Alexander Rendel was then called in and he
proposed a design consisting of two anchored cantilevers, each 310 feet
long, carrying a suspended span of 200 ft in the middle. Interestingly, this
design was considered feasible and later came to be known as the
Lansdowne Bridge. The girder work of this bridge was given to Westwood,
Baillie & Co. of London. By 1887 the steel work started to arrive at Sukkur
and Rohri. The bridge construction was then started under the supervision of
F.E. Robertson and Hecquet. Their names are written to date on a plaque on
 each cantilever of the bridge. Giant derricks, each weighing 240 tons and
each being 230 feet in length had to be erected leaning out over the water
and at the same time they had to incline inwards in the plane at right-angles
to the line of the bridge. And as if that was not difficult enough, horizontal
tie girders 123 feet long and weighing 86 tons each had to be assembled at a
height of 180 feet. This indeed was a challenge in 1880s. The construction of
Lansdowne Bridge claimed 6 lives. Four men felled from the dizzy heights
and 2 were knocked out by falling tools on them. The cost of bridge was Rs
2,696,000 including Rs 276,000 that were spent on foundations only.

55.Kanaya Lal Cottage, Rohri.

This beautiful building was built by Hindu businessman Mr. Kanaya Lal on
desire of his daughter during the years from 1924 to 1934. An imposing six
story building situated in Taluka Rohri, District Sukkur is partly embellished
with wooden tracery work on door, windows and carved balconies and stone
blocks, has an immense architectural value. The extensive usage of wood in
the building has made this building famous and fabulous for this reason it is
attributed in the vicinity of Sukkur region as a Kath Mari means “Wooden
Bungalow”. The facade of the building is laid down in stone and its
balconies are embellished with trellis and tracery work.
56.Birth Place of Akbar near Umerkot town.
A birth place of the great Mughal Shahinshah Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar,
a small ordinary pavilion was built in 1898 A.D. by a local zamindar named
Syed Mehar Shah in honour of Emperor Akbar the great who born here in
1542 A.D. reigned 49 year from 1556 to 1605. The present memorial was
built by Pakistan Army on the same place where the old pavilion was built.
57.A stone Mosque with white marble pillars, Bhodesar.
A small three domed Mosque known as Bhudesar Mosque which was built
by Allauddin in 1449 A.D. under the order of Muhammad Shah. The
Mosque which measures 50’x46’-6” is enclosed by compound wall with the
entrance from its eastern side. The chamber is supported by marble pillars
and stone beams.
58.Bhodesar Temple No.1
A small temple measuring 39’-6” and 32’-10” raised on a platform with
front courtyard having two niches of carved red sand stone projecting out
from the surface of courtyard wall. The main chamber which appears form
outside to have three cells is actually one long room with three
compartments roofed with three corbelled domes known as Vemana.
59. Bhodesar Temple No.2
Jain temple Nagar parkar supposed to have been built in 1375-1449 A.D
stands on a 3feet high raised platform measuring 42’-9” long and 39’-9”
wide covered with central dome and 26 cupolas. The roof is resting on 20
columns with 10 number cells around Mandap.
60. Naukot Fort.
The fort is said to have been constructed by Mir Karam Ali Khan Talpur in
1814 A.D. It is roughly square in plan measuring 640x600 feet. The
fortification wall of the fort gives a tapered look built with burnt bricks laid
in mud mortar. On south east corner, there exists an arched gateway flanked
by seme-circular bastions hiding the main entrance. The fort was used by
Talpur Mirs as a stronghold cum residence.
61.Umer Kot Fort.
Umerkot fort measuring 946x785 feet supported with semicircular bastions
was said to have been built by Umar the first King of Soomra dynasty
 (1050-1350 A.D.) In the first half of the 13the century the fort was occupied
by the Rajput ruler named Perma Sodha, whose successors held it for
centuries. Rana Parshad one of the rulers of that dynasty played host of
Humayn and his contingent on his way to Persia. Kalhoros took the
possession of Umerkot but one of the rulers of this dynasty sold it to the
Raja of Jodhpur. When Talpurs came to power, they recovered it in 1813
A.D. It remained in their possession till the British occupied Sindh.
62. Gori Temple, Vira wah.
Gori temple an oblong building measuring externally 125 by 50 feet was
said to have been built by Gori Marecho consisting of three chambers
commonly known as Artha Mandapa, Vimana with Cells around Mandapa.
The main courtyard has a pavilion supported with marble pillars and covered
with corbelled dome. There are 27 cells roofed with 48 cupolas with central
dome. The Shikhara was damaged by Col.Tyrwhitt at the time of Nagar
outbreak are quite remarkable.
63.Bhodesar temple No. 3.
The Jain temple at Bhodesar consists of one open hall called Mandapa with
an intermediate chamber (Arthi Mandapa) connected with cell like corridor.
The most sacred place in Jain temple is main chamber where the Icon of
deity might be placed. The main chamber is usually covered with a
cruciform Shikhara (tower).
64.Jain temple, Vira Wah.
The Jain temple at Verawah is about 15 miles north of Nagar parkar. The
temple is made of marble stone and consists of an open group of pillars with
carved capitals in portico. The main Mandap has been provided four open
doors. A processional passage has been provided around Shikara with an end
on Vimana.
65.Budhist Stupa (Thulh Mir Rukan).

It is a solid cylindrical structure tapering at the top, constructed with a brick

casing about 60 feet in height stands over a square base about 66 feet in each
side. It would appear to have been built in four tiers surmounted by a dome,
each tier being smaller than that below it and separated from it by a string
course of semicircular moulding. The face of each tier is ornamented by
pilasters at intervals, each having its base and ornamental capital.

66.Chitori Tombs at Chitori village, Deh No.24 District Mirpurkhas.

Malkani Talpur family graveyard commonly known as Chitori tombs,
consisting of 14 tombs, one Mosque and several old and new canopies and
graves are situated. The stone carving and details of designs are on the
pattern of Makli Hill monuments with inscriptions and decorated in
geometrical and floral designs. The tomb of Mir Fateh Khan and Mir Mirza
Khan are the most beautiful tombs due to trellised openings with honey-
comb design.
In the enclosure of the graveyard the tombs of following personalities are
existed there.
i. Brick tomb of Arzi Khokhar (1190 A.H. 1770 A.D)
ii. Tomb of Mir Khan Talpur S/O Karam Khan Talpur (1750 A.D.)
iii. Tomb of Mir Jado, (1750 A.D.)
iv. Tomb of Mir Murad Khan (1750 A.D)
v. Tomb of Mir Musa Khan (1750 A.D)
vi. Tomb of Mir Rajo S/O Mir Allahyar Khan (1209 A.H, 1794 A.D)
vii. Brick tomb of Shaheed Kapri Baloch (1794 A.D)
viii. Tomb of Mir Fateh Khan and Mir Mirza Khan (1194 A.H, 1780 A.D)
ix. Tomb of Aulia Pir Badshah Qureshi.
 x. Old tomb and Mosque.
xi. A ruined Mosque.
xii. There are several canopies and tombs bearing no epigraphical records
to through light on the royal personages who are buried in them.
67. Brick dome of sister of Fatah Khan, N.E of the tomb of Mubarak
Khan, Makli Hill Monuments Thatta.
This resting place is intended for the aspirer to the mercy of Allah the
arrangement for building (this shrine was made by the order of Tajuddin for
the sister of Mian Fatah khan Sultan one of Nizamuddin Shah; may Allah
perpetuate his dominion and sovereignty; in the year eight hundred and
ninety eight 898 A.H(1492 A.D).
68.Tomb of Mubark Khan S/O Jam Nizamuddin at Makli.
The short inscription in Arabic engraved on the tomb stone reads “This
resting place is for the exalted Khan Mubarak Khan the martyr son of Sultan
Nizamuddin”. The edifice (is built) in the time of the great Khan, Mian
Mubarak Khan son of Sultan Nizamuddin Shah the benevolent and beloved
of Allah; the construction began in the month of Jamadi- Awal -I in the year
895 A.H (April 1490 A.D).
69.Tomb and compound to the south of Jam Nizam’s tomb, Makli.
It is compound/enclosure with stone boundary wall having an entrance on its
south. The graves are built in stone on a raised platform belonging to the
Tarkhan dynasty. The graves are identified of Mirza Suleman and others.
70.Tomb of Sultan Ibrahim and others, Makli.
The tomb of Sultan Ibrahim (A.D 1558) son of Isa Khan Tarkhan the elder,
is a solid octagonal brick structure with a rather pointed dome set upon a
high drum. The eight sides of the building have deep arched recesses. The
north and south sides have doors leading into the sepulchral chamber. The
 plan is a similar to that of Diwan Shurfa Khan’s tomb. Though the building
is octagonal without the sepulchral chamber within is square, being 21 feet
each way. The dome was originally covered with blue tiles.
71. Enclosed stone tomb south of Mirza Baqi Tarkhan’s tomb (Tomb of
Habshad Bai) at Makli.
The graves are lying under a stone canopy standing on eight stone pillars.
There are three grave in the enclosure of which the central one is assigned to
Habshad Rai, who died in 994 A.H (1586 A.D) The other grave to the right
contains the ashes of the one Fath Rani presumably daughter of the Bai. The
date 1000 A.H (1591 A.D) is engraved on this tomb which is the date of
demise of Fath Rani. The third grave appears to be of a child and does not
bear any date. The above fact indicates that the nobles and princes of lower
Sindh were inter-related with those of Gujarat and Rajputana States.
72.Brick enclosure of tomb of Baqi Baig Uzbak, south of Nawab Isa Khan
younger’s tomb, Makli Hill.
This is a typical brick tomb enclosure measuring 138 feet on north south and
east-west is 130 feet wide approached from southern side. The grave of
Mirza Baqi Baig who died in (1585 A.D) is located on a 4 feet high raised
platform. Within this enclosure Mah Begum, wife of Isa Khan-I is also
buried in the same enclosure which is known as female graveyard.
73.Dabgir Mosque Thatta town.
Dabgir Mosque was built by Amir Khusro in A.H 997 (1588 A.D) the
Mosque measures 83 feet and 36’-6” and has three bays surmounted by one
large and 2 small domes. Amir Khusro was descendant of Changez Khan
and was taken captive by Mirza Isa Khan in his infancy lateron he rose to
eminence and became in-charge of Thatta. The Mosque was originally
decorated with fine colored tile and fresco work.
74.Muqam Qadam Shah at Goth Raj Malik, Gharo & Sakro road, Thatta.
This graveyard contains some tombs built in the local yellow sandstone and
belong probably the 17th & 18th Centuries A.D. The style of carving and
ornamentation on these graves has similarity with those of Baloch tombs
situated at Chaukandi & found at quite a few places in the areas of Sindh and
Balochistan. Among the decoration found on these graves are floral and
geometrical patterns and also ornaments of various types with human
representations.
75.Sonda Graveyard at sonda village. Thatta.
According to Mir Ali Shair Qane’ author of Tuhfat-ul-Karam, The village
Sonda derives its origin from the name of Rag Sondra. The graves of pious
personalities Makhdum Ramzan Vedani, Mula Ari, Mula Bayazid and Mula
Abu Bakar are situated in the graveyard. The decorations on the graves both
geometrical patterns as well as in human representation in the shape of
carving on yellowish stone are remarkable and unique features of the tombs.
76. Tomb of Jam Nizamuddin, Makli.
Jam Nizamuddin is one of the most important ruler of Summa dynasty ruled
from (1461 to 1509 A.D). Tomb is a stone structure with finest ornamental
carving, akin to 15th century Gujrat style. Its decoration consists of bands of
stone carved in relief running around the wall, and representing half and full
lotuses, arched panels set with sunflowers, calling to mind the Muslim
buildings around Ahmadabad in Gujrat. The stone work of this building
represents an excellent specimen of essentially Hindu workmanship.
77. Baradari, Makli Thatta.
A domed pavilion resting on 12 pillars built in 1686 A.D, the year in which
Mirza Tugral Baig had been died. It is built upon raised platform. The
corners of the square have been cut to form an octagon. The pillars of
 Baradari are richly carved with surface tracery and the capitals bear the
Honey Combed decorative motifs, similar as in the tomb of Isa Khan
Tarkhan the younger.
78. Tomb of Amir Sultan Muhammad S/O Amir Hajika, Makli
The main shrine contains four graves within an enclosure, the first grave
from left in the main shrine bears the date Rabi-I, 966 A.H. (January 1559
A.D.) engraved on the tomb stone, the third grave belongs to a lady Shahri
Banu and bears the date the of Ramzan in the year 952 A.H. (December
1545 A.D) and the fourth grave has no date. Close to the west but outside the
main shrine besides 8 small enclosures a solitary grave of Amir Sultan
Muhammad contains “The deceased Amir Sultan Muhammad son of Amir
Hajika, the Mughal, died on Thursday in the year 963 A.H. (1556 A.D.).
79. Tomb of Isa Khan, younger, Makli.
The Mausoleum of Isa Khan –II was Governor of Thatta under the Mughal
emperor Shah Jahan between 1627 and 1644 A.D. he was the cousin of
Mirza Gazi and grandson of Esa Khan-I the independent ruler of the lower
Sindh. He died in 1644 A.D at the ripe age of 90 and buried in this
mausoleum said to have been erected by him during his life time.
The mausoleum is a magnificent two storied building erected in the center of
a square courtyard enclosed by high stone walls. The central chamber
containing the graves is a crowned with a dome while the four sides have
spacious verandahs supported by stone pillars, exquisitely carved with
filigree design and topped by honey-combed capitals. The entire mausoleum
and its apartments are constructed in yellow sand stone and both the inner
and outer surfaces are carved with delicate tracery.
80. Tomb of Dewan Shurfa Khan, Makli.
 The tomb of Dewan Shurfa Khan is massive square structure surmounted by
a dome in Persian style, at one time covered with light blue tiles. It has four
round towers at the corners, each having a staircase leading to the roof. The
walls are made of unglazed red bricks alternating with light-blue filling in
the joits, providing a conspicuous note of colour. This colour scheme, simple
yet attractive, also carried to the inside, where bands of tiles have been set
near the springing line of the dome. Dewan Shurfa Khan was a Minister of
the Mughal Governor of Sindh, Nawab Amir Khan, during the reign of
ShahJehan. The mausoleum and the Mosque on the west were erected
respectively in the year 1639 A.D. and 1642 A.D.
81. Tomb of Mirza Tughral Biag, Makli.
Mirza Tughral Baig, who died in 1644 A.D. the corner of square tomb has
been cut and formed into an octagon, the dome being supported by two
pillars in each of the four sides of the pavilion. Lotus blooms and sunflowers
are carved on reliefs and zigzag pattern coloured tiles.
82. Tomb of Mirza Jani and Mirza Ghazi Baig, Makli.
The mausoleum of Mirza jani Biag Tarkhan presents a picturesque and
colorful sight is octagonal in plan measuring 78’-6”x71’-9” with arched door
frames richly carved in geometric tracery and above the doorways are
beautiful panels containing Arabic inscriptions, delicately written in white
enamel on dark-blue tiles. He was a poet with title “Haleemi” and reigned
from 1584 A.D to 1591 A.D.
83. Stone masonry enclosure containing Tomb of Jan Baba and 12 others,
Makli.
The tomb of Jan Bab (1608 A.D) on the south of the younger Isa Khan’s
Tomb, is a small quadrangle which was originally covered by three domes,
the central one is still surviving. The surface, especially on the mihrab, has
 richly carved tracery both inside and out, and looks as if it had been covered
with fine brown lace. The walls have beautiful designed carvings, each and
other intricate geometric and arabesque designs are so nicely intermingled
that the eye cannot detect the deliberately a symmetrical nature of the
patterns. The twelve pillared porch on south side, at the main entrance, was
added subsequently to the tomb.
84. Tomb of Mirza Baqi Baig Uzbek, Tarkhan, Makli.
The tomb measuring internally 75’x69’ along four other enclosed apartments
each comprising graves of Tarkhan family. The central apartment of this
series has five tombs of important personalities with names and date
inscribed on them.
First tomb: Sahibzada Shah Rukh Khan Son of Muhammd Baqi
Tarkhan died in 993 A.H. (1585 A.D).
Second tomb: Mirza Muhammad Baqi Son of Muhammad Isa Tarkhan
died on Thursday the 8th Shawal, 993 A.H (October,
1585 A.D).
Third tomb: Abul Fateh Son of Mirza Gazi Biag Tarkhan, date
indistinct.
Fourth tomb: Mirza Abdul Ali died on the 9th Rajab 1040 A.H (March,
1631 A.D).
Fifth tomb: Blank.
85. Tomb of Mirza Muhammad Isa Khan first ( I ) Tarkhan, Makli.
Isa Khan was the founder of Tarkhan rule in 1555 AD (963 A.H) and died in
1565 A.D (973 A.H). His tomb at Makli measuring 98.3x78.10 feet is a fine
example of carved structure built of very large stones, comprises a domed
chamber surrounded by two tiered gallery. The enclosure has six graves out
of which one large grave is of Isa Khan –I.
86. Kalan Kot, remains Thatta.
Ruined fort once known as “Kalan Kot” or “Tughlaqabad” five miles away
from Archaeological campus Makli, the fort is said to have been by Mirza
Jani Biag in the last quarter of sixteenth century A.D. on the site of an earlier
fort built by Jam Taghur of Taghlik, on the site of a still Hindu fort. The fort
is extensive and appears to be an irregular oblong in plan measuring 8416
Rft in all with circular bastions lined on either side with a layer burnt bricks
laid in mud mortar.
87. Nawab Amir Khan Mosque, Thatta town.
The Mosque is said to have been built by Nawab Amir Khan a reputable
Governor of Thatta during Shah Jehan’s period. It is a massive square brick
structure measuring 23’3” surmounted by a dome in Persian style. The only
door way exists in the center of the eastern wall. The walls on its exterior are
finished with light blue filling in the joints of masonry with unglazed cut and
rubbed red bricks. The interior of the mosque contains the most elaborate
display of glazed tile work.
88. Building with two domes, Thatta town.
The origin of the building is shrouded in obscurity. However, the structural
features indicate that the building must have been constructed sometime in
the 17th century A.D. during the Mughal period. It is also said that the
building was used a residence by Nawab Amir Khan, a reputable Governor
of Thatta appointed by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.
89. Shahi Mosque Thatta.
The most significant brick building of Thatta is the Shahjhan Mosque also
called Jami Masjd (1644-1647 A.D.).This massive structure is centered
round a courtyard, 305’x170’. The prayer chamber on the west is balanced
on the east by another chamber of similar size; both covered by a large
domes. The construction of the mosque was begun in 1054 A.H, (1644 A.D),
By Nawab Abul-baqa Amir Khan Son of Nawab Abul-Qasim Namkeen
Bakhri on the orders of Shahjehan. The mosque contains the most elaborate
display of tile work exquisitely laid in a mosaic of radiating blue and white
tiles and ninety three domes cover the entire structure