J Indian Prosthodont Soc (December 2014) 14(Suppl.

1):S110–S118
DOI 10.1007/s13191-014-0378-7

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Effect of Preparation Taper, Height and Marginal Design Under

Varying Occlusal Loading Conditions on Cement Lute Stress:
A Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis
Siddhi Tripathi • Gowdagere Shamanna Amarnath •

Byrasandra Channapa Muddugangadhar •

Ashish Sharma • Suchismita Choudhary

Received: 19 March 2014 / Accepted: 22 June 2014 / Published online: 10 July 2014
Ó Indian Prosthodontic Society 2014

Abstract To assess the effect of preparation taper, height
and margin design under different loading conditions on
cement lute stress. A 3-D FE model of an upper second
premolar and molar was developed from CT scan of human
skull using software programmes (MIMICS, Hypermesh
and ANSYS). 10° and 30° taper, 3 and 5 mm preparation
height and shoulder and chamfer finish lines were used.
Type 1 Glass ionomer cement with 24 lm lute width was
taken and the model was loaded under 100 N horizontal
point load, vertical point load distributed axial load. The
maximum shear stress and Von Mises stress within the
S. Tripathi (&)
Department of Prosthodontics Including Crown and Bridge and
Implantology, Kothiwal Dental College & Research Centre,
Mora Mustaqueem, Kanth Road,
Moradabad 244001, Uttar Pradesh, India
e-mail: drsiddhi.tripathi@gmail.com
G. S. Amarnath
B. C. Muddugangadhar
Department of Prosthodontics Including Crown and Bridge and
Implantology, M R Ambedkar Dental College & Hospital,
Bangalore 560015, Karnataka, India
e-mail: amaranth.shamanna@yahoo.com
B. C. Muddugangadhar
e-mail: drbcmuddu@gmail.com
A. Sharma
Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Kothiwal Dental
College & Research Centre, Mora Mustaqueem, Kanth Road,
Moradabad 244001, Uttar Pradesh, India
e-mail: ashgdc06@yahoo.co.in
S. Choudhary
Department of Prosthodontics Including Crown and Bridge and
Implantology, College of Dental Science and Research Centre,
Near Bopal ghuma road, Manipur, Ta. Sanand Dist.,
Ahmedabad 382115, Gujarat, India
e-mail: ashgdc06@yahoo.co.in
cement lute were recorded. The maximum shear stresses
ranged from 1.70 to 3.93 MPa (horizontal point loading),
0.66 to 3.04 MPa (vertical point loading), 0.38 to 0.87 MPa
(distributed loading). The maximum Von Mises stresses
ranged from 3.39 to 10.62 MPa (horizontal point loading),
1.93 to 8.58 MPa (vertical point loading) and 1.49 to 3.57
MPa (distributed loading). The combination of 10° taper
and 5 mm height had the lowest stress field while the
combination of 30° taper and 5 mm height had the highest
stress field. Distributed axial loading shows least stress,
better stress homogenization and gives a favorable prog-
nosis for the fixed prostheses. Smaller preparation taper of
10° is biomechanically more acceptable than a 30° taper. It
is desirable to decrease taper as height increases. The
chamfer margin design is associated with greater local
cement stresses toward the margins that could place the
cement at greater risk for microfracture and failure.
Keywords Finite element analysis
Cement lute
Taper

Height
Finish line
Occlusal loading
Introduction
The patients’ need in the area of dental prostheses is a
restoration that closely replicates the original natural tooth
in both function and appearance [1–3]. Many studies have
suggested that the average life of crown and bridge is
between 10 and 15 years. However, these restorations do
eventually fail and the common causes are due to lack of
retention and/or caries [4–7]. Factors such as degree of
convergence of the opposing walls of the preparation, the
preparation height and width (and hence the height to width
ratio), the preparation surface area and the surface rough-
ness have an important role in achieving desired resistance
and retention form for an extracoronal restorations [8–16].

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It is anticipated that crowns within the mouth are sub- images was converted to Initial Graphics Exchange Spec-
jected to functional and parafunctional forces of varying ification format (IGES) leading to the generation of the
magnitudes and directions [17, 18]. These forces can geometric model. The geometric model was then converted
generate stress in the luting agent. Therefore, the integrity into finite element model by using software called Hyper-
of the cement lute and how this responds to occlusal mesh (Version 9.0). ANSYS (Version 12.0) was the solver
loading during eating, swallowing and parafunctional used to do the analysis of the present study.
activity is critical to the success of crown and bridgework The model comprised of a buccolingual cross-sectional
[19]. view of maxillary second premolar and first molar. Each
A clinical evaluation of luting agents is not easy because model for both premolar and molar had a crown height of
much of the material is hidden by the seated restoration. 5 mm (long preparation) and 3 mm (short preparation).
Studies have shown that failure occurs within the cement Both the ‘long’ and the ‘short’ preparations were further
layer instead of the interfaces between cement and tooth or modified to give a total preparation taper (convergence
restoration. Cement fractures lead to microleakage and angle) of 10° and 30° (Fig. 1a). The thickness of porcelain
changes in stress distribution to supporting tissues [4]. was maintained between 1.2 and 1.4 mm. The thickness of
Although various researchers have determined failure the alloy was kept at 0.3 mm. The final representative
stress for different cements available, little work has been values for porcelain fused to metal crown are depicted in
carried out to evaluate actual stresses existing in the Fig. 1b. The integrity between ceramic veneer and metal
cement layers. coping were defined using a ‘glued contact option’ within
Various investigators have reported the use of photo- the software. Both the models were prepared with a
elastic methods to analyse stress distributions in metal shoulder margin on buccal side and chamfer margin on the
ceramic crowns [20–24]. Though general design concepts palatal side and restored with porcelain fused to metal
were focused upon but the effect of stress development in crown. The cement chosen was type 1 glass ionomer
the cement layer was not considered in these studies. Apart cement and the film thickness of the cement layer was kept
from being tedious and time-consuming, the accuracy of 24 lm wide.
the results is affected by the observer’s ability to achieve
proper identification of the fractional fringe orders. Though
the results of photoelastic analyses are a useful adjunct to
finite element stress analysis, the computerized stress
analysis approach can handle a greater variability in the
material properties and is an extremely accurate approach
[25].
FEA has been used to investigate many aspects of crown
preparation including cement microfracture, luting cement
thickness and physical properties, the influence of margin
design on cervical stresses and the influence of crown
metal thickness on cervical stresses [19, 26–34]. However
the interplay between preparation taper, preparation height,
and marginal configuration on the stresses developed
within the cement lute has not been investigated. Therefore
a three dimensional finite element stress analysis study was
planned from a comprehensive perspective to assess the
influence of preparation taper, height and margin design
under different loading conditions on luting cement.

Materials and Methods

The study was conducted at M R Ambedkar Dental College

and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. A Computed
Tomography scan of human skull was used as a reference
to model the geometry of maxillary second premolar and
first molar. The images were recorded in Dicom format. Fig. 1 Representation of properties specified to the finite element
Using MIMICS (Version 8.11), the Dicom format of the model

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Fig. 2 Three dimensional

meshed FE model of maxillary
second premolar and maxillary
first molar

Table 1 Number of elements and nodes for each model place. The separation force was set to a very high level
Tooth type Preparation Preparation Nodes Elements
([500 N) in order to ensure that no separation could occur.
length (mm) taper (°) The finite element model was rigidly constrained in the x, y
and z directions at the base of the model. In clinical reality
Premolar 3 30 12,428 46,042 this set of boundary conditions is likely to represent a
Molar 3 30 12,328 45,111 crowned tooth that has been loaded by a relatively high
Premolar 5 30 12,428 46,042 occlusal load causing the tooth to ‘bottom out’ in the
Molar 5 30 12,328 45,111 alveolar housing.
Premolar 3 10 12,885 47,675 As this study was concerned primarily with the cement
Molar 3 10 13,096 47,790 lute stress and the influence of preparation geometry,
Premolar 5 10 12,885 47,675 modelling of the supporting tissues and alveolar bone was
Molar 5 10 12,885 47,790 omitted. Similarly, the effect of the pulp was considered
negligible due to its comparatively low volume and the
comparatively high stiffness characteristics of the sur-
Using Hypermesh Pre-processor (Version 9.0), the 3-D rounding dentine and cement. Furthermore, Rubin et al.
finite element model corresponding to the geometric model [32], Morin et al. [33] and Anusavice and Hojjatie [35]
was meshed and the model was divided into large number have shown that modelling the pulp as a void has no effect
of elements and nodes (Fig. 2). An overview of the meshes on the magnitude of the coronal stress field. The modelling
used in study and the number of elements and nodes for of root was omitted as it was found that the root experi-
each model is given in Table 1. enced minor stresses as compared to the coronal portion of
For the accurate analysis of the problem and interpre- the tooth. It was assumed that all materials were homog-
tation of the results, Young’s modulus of elasticity and enous, linearly elastic, and isotropic and perfect bonding
Poisson’s ratio were utilized. The corresponding values of existed between all layers.
Young’s Modulus (E) and Poisson’s ratio (m) of dentine An attempt was made to simulate actual clinical situa-
was chosen as 20 GPa and 0.31, glass ionomer cement as tion. The magnitude of normal masticatory forces ranges
7.5 GPa and 0.35, porcelain as 80 GPa and 0.30 and Ni–Cr from 9 to 180 N (2–40 lbs) with a duration of from 0.25 to
alloy as 172 GPa and 0.32 respectively according to liter- 0.33 s [36]. The finite element models were loaded in three
ature survey [26]. ways: (i) Point load of 100 N applied horizontally to the
Before applying the boundary conditions, the system of top edge of palatal cusp of maxillary 2nd premolar and
equations is not completely defined. This is because, any mesio-palatal cusp of maxillary 1st molar (Fig. 3a). (ii)
model which is generated, has to be constrained depending Point load of 100 N (Fig. 3b) applied vertically on the
upon the requirements of the study. Thus, boundary con- occlusal surface of palatal cusp of maxillary 2nd premolar
ditions are applied to have enough fixed nodal displace- and mesio-palatal cusp of maxillary 1st molar. (iii) Dis-
ments to prevent the structure from moving in space as a tributed load of 100 N (Fig. 3c) across the entire occlusal
rigid body when external loads are applied. The contact surface acting apically.
between the cement layer, the tooth and crown were After applying load on each model, a record of the
described using the ‘bonded contact’ option. This created patterns and values of maximum shear stress and maximum
tying equations that described the contact, both normal and Von Mises stress within the cement lute was displayed
tangential to the contact segments. This contact option using color coded figures. The shear stress was chosen as
allowed specifications to be entered regarding the circum- this would be greater numerically than the local tensile or
stances at which separation at the interfaces would take compressive stresses. The Von Mises stress was chosen as

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Fig. 3 Representation of loads specified to the finite element model. a Point load of 100 N applied horizontally, b point load of 100 N applied
vertically, c distributed load of 100 N across the entire occlusal surface

it provides an overall picture of the stress field, since it

contains components of both the local tensile and shear
stresses. Both of these stress parameters are likely to pre-
dict failure.

Results

The maximum shear stress and maximum Von Mises stress

within the cement lute were calculated and represented in
color-coded figure. (Fig. 4; Tables 2, 3). A representative
stress plot is depicted in Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8 showing the
maximum Shear stress and Von Mises stress in the cement
lute for each combination of tooth type, taper and prepa-
ration height. For loadcase-l, which depicts a lateral force Fig. 4 Shear stress contours in premolar with 3 mm height and 10°
taper under point load of 100 N applied horizontally to the top edge of
applied near the occlusal surface of the crown, the maxi-
the crown
mum shear stresses ranged from 1.70 to 3.93 MPa, while

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Table 2 Maximum shear stress Height Taper Shear stress Von Mises Shear Von Mises Shear Von Mises
and maximum Von Mises stress (mm) (°) in stress in stress in stress in stress in stress in
in premolar under different horizontal horizontal vertical vertical point distributed distributed
loading conditions point load point load point load load (MPa) load (MPa) load (MPa)
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa)

3 10 2.39 6.39 1.69 4.95 0.48 1.62

3 30 2.52 7.53 1.94 6.31 0.52 1.63
5 10 1.70 3.39 0.66 1.93 0.44 1.55
5 30 3.40 8.75 3.04 6.64 0.87 3.57

Table 3 Maximum shear stress Height Taper Shear stress Von Mises Shear Von Mises Shear Von Mises
and maximum Von Mises stress (mm) (°) in stress in stress in stress in stress in stress in
in molar under different loading horizontal horizontal vertical vertical point distributed distributed
conditions point load point load point load load (MPa) load (MPa) load (MPa)
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa)

3 10 2.61 8.48 2.37 5.77 0.57 1.54

3 30 3.00 9.81 2.82 7.37 0.62 2.17
5 10 2.47 6.36 2.36 5.63 0.38 1.49
5 30 3.93 10.62 2.83 8.58 0.79 2.29

Fig. 5 Variation of maximum

shear stress and Von Mises
stress with height in maxillary
second premolar and maxillary
first molar at 10° taper

Fig. 6 Variation of maximum

shear stress and Von Mises
stress with height in maxillary
second premolar and maxillary
first molar at 30° taper

the maximum Von Mises stresses were in the range
3.39–10.62 MPa. For loadcase 2, which depicts an apically
directed occlusal load, the maximum shear stresses were in
the range 0.66–3.04 MPa, while the maximum Von Mises
stresses were in the range 1.93–8.58 MPa. For loadcase 3,
which depicts the load applied by a food bolus, the
maximum shear stresses were in the range 0.38–0.87 MPa,
while the maximum Von Mises stresses were in the range
1.49–3.57 MPa.
The stress fields in the cement lute were consistently
highest under 100 N horizontal Point load followed by
100 N vertical Point load and least under 100 N

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Fig. 7 Variation of maximum

Shear stress and Von Mises
stress with taper in maxillary
second premolar and maxillary
first molar at 3 mm height

Fig. 8 Variation of maximum Stress V/s Taper (Height 5 mm)

shear stress and Von Mises
stress with taper in maxillary 10
second premolar and maxillary
8
Stress (MPa)

first molar at 5 mm height PM_Shear stress

6 PM_Von Mises
stress
4 M_Shear stress
2 M_Von Mises stress

0
0 10 20 30 40
Taper (Degree)

Distributed load for both premolar and molar. In compar-
ison to the 10° taper, the stress fields in the cement lute
were consistently higher in premolar and molar with a 30°
preparation taper under all three loading conditions. The
combination of 10° taper with a long preparation (5 mm)
had the lowest stress field and the combination of 30° taper
with a long preparation (5 mm) had the highest stress field
under all three loading conditions. The stress fields were
higher in the chamfer region and at the junction of shoulder
and chamfer region in comparison to the shoulder region.
Discussion
The present study investigated the cement lute stress based
on preparation height, taper and margin design under dif-
ferent occlusal loading conditions using three dimensional
FEA rather than the two dimensional FEA method because
it would more accurately model the complex stress distri-
butions encountered clinically and give an actual repre-
sentation of the stress behaviour in the cement lute. Also
the two-dimensional models have fewer elements and
structural details and may lead to incorrect interpretation
due to higher stress values. In comparison to clinical trials,
which could have been complicated and expensive owing
to an array of factors affecting microleakage under artificial
crowns, advanced computer modeling techniques allow
virtual manipulation of clinical variables relating to cement
microfracture [26].
Maxillary premolar and molar were chosen for the
investigation as various FEA studies have been conducted
on the same for stress analysis [19, 26–34]. Also, Trier
et al. [37] found that over 95 % of all castings that failed by
becoming uncemented lacked resistance form and amongst
that 63 % of the failures were molars, 35 % were premo-
lars, and 2 % were anterior teeth. The source of data for the
investigation was taken from a CT scan of a human skull to
precisely simulate the dimensions and shape of the max-
illary second premolar and first molar.
The cement lute width was kept 24 lm wide in accor-
dance to the study conducted by Fusayama and Iwamoto
[38] who advocated an optimum cement thickness between
30 and 50 lm. Further, Jorgensen and Esbensen [39] stated
that increase in film thickness from 20 to 140 lm
decreased the retentive strength of crowns by approxi-
mately 33 %. Likewise, study conducted by Mayhew et al.
[40] indicated that cast gold crowns cemented with a film
thickness of 44 lm were significantly more retentive than
those cemented with a film thickness of 113–255 lm.
Convergence, a primary feature of preparation geome-
try, is the angle between opposing axial walls and has been
shown to affect crown retention with optimal retention
occurring between 5° and 12°. Clinically, ideal axial wall
convergence is not routinely obtained. Studies have
reported mean convergence values ranging from 14° to 20°.

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Reported mean total occlusal convergence (TOC) angles
range from 12.2° to 27°, depending on whether the prep-
arations were completed in the preclinical laboratory or in
clinical situation [3, 5, 7–9, 12–14]. Hence in the present
study, a convergence angle of 10° and 30° was selected to
approximate clinical situation.
The functional masticatory forces exerted by stomato-
gnathic system in the oral cavity are small compared to
static isometric closing forces. Under normal masticatory
conditions, the forces exerted on the occlusal surface sel-
dom exceed 10–15 pound [17, 18]. In the present study
three different occlusal loading conditions were applied i.e.
100 N point horizontal load, 100 N point vertical load and
100 N distributed load across the occlusal surface acting
apically to simulate clinical condition.
The first load case where the load was applied hori-
zontally near the occlusal surface, represented a load that
could well displace a crown by rotation, particularly where
the preparation height was low. The second load case,
where a point load was applied to the occlusal surface in an
apical direction, represented a typical swallowing load. The
third load case where the load was distributed uniformly
over the entire occlusal surface of the crown simulated the
effect of crushing a food bolus. The results obtained
showed that the maximum stress occurred in the first case
during horizontal Point loading followed by vertical Point
loading and least in distributed loading. The magnitude of
the stresses were rather smaller in distributed axial loading
than the previous two load cases, as a result of distributing
the load over a wider area leading to better stress homog-
enization. The results of this analysis concur with findings
of Kamposiora et al. [26] who concluded that stresses
under oblique stressing were higher than under axial
stressing.
It would seem logical that the combination of a short
preparation with 30° taper would present the most unfa-
vourable stress field. However, the combination of a 30°
taper with a long preparation had the most unfavourable
stress field which is in direct opposition to the traditional
teaching of fixed prosthodontics. One possible explanation
for this finding may be the juxtaposition of the 30° taper
with the maximum shear stress plane, which occurs at 45°
to the vertical axis of the preparation. Therefore, as the
taper increased from 10° to 30°, the sampling plane in the
cement lute became increasingly influenced by the maxi-
mum shear stress [19]. The maximum stresses with the 10°
preparation taper were consistently smaller than with the
30° taper. Standard texts on Fixed Prosthodontics [41, 42]
suggest that the optimal taper for a crown preparation is
between 5° and 10°, this assumption being based on lab-
oratory based biomechanical studies carried out in the
1950’s and 1960’s. The results from this study seem to
suggest that a smaller preparation taper of 10° is also
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J Indian Prosthodont Soc (December 2014) 14(Suppl. 1):S110–S118
biomechanically more acceptable than a 30° taper, as the
stress distribution is more favourable.
Various researchers [43, 44] have suggested that the
majority of dental structure failures are attributable to a
process that finds its catastrophic end only after many years
of service. This is where a fissure grows slowly under
fatigue stress, structurally weakening the component until
final breakage occurs. When combined with the stress
analysis results found in this study, such a concept is useful
for indicating where fracture initiation is most likely to
occur.
The applied stress in this investigation was 100 N. It
should be recognized that mastication is a complex pro-
cedure influenced by age, gender, food texture, occlusal
scheme, time, and presence of temporomandibular disor-
ders. As a consequence, opening and closing velocities,
directional changes, and width of lateral movements vary
considerably among individuals. Additionally, in vivo
temperature fluctuations and chemomechanic and micro-
biologic influences create a hostile environment for the
longevity of the restorations. Although the differences in
the magnitude of the stresses were small under the various
parameters specified, it is possible that after many years of
function, the slightly higher stress field of the 30° taper
crown would result in crack initiation and propagation and
ultimately loss of retention.
Fatigue, which is defined as progressive fracture under
repeated loading, should be used for predicting cement
failure for clinical situations involving low stresses and
significant cyclic loading. Endurance limit is approxi-
mately 40 % of the ultimate strength of the material rep-
resents the limit up to which a material can be subjected to
an infinite number of cycles without failing [26]. The
ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the cement used in this
study ranged from 9 to 20 MPa. Resultant stresses in the
present study were very low and did not reach the esti-
mated endurance limit. However under horizontal stress-
ing, stress values were higher than the endurance limit, and
some conditions actually exceeded the UTS of the cement.
Further, the results showed that models with chamfer
margin exhibited increased stresses in comparison to
shoulder margins. There was a relative increase in stress
magnitude at the junction of shoulder and chamfer finish
line but it was lesser in magnitude compared to chamfer
region. This finding is consistent with the study conducted
by Kamposiora et al. [26] who stated that stresses at the
margins of crowns with chamfer marginal configuration
were higher than those with shoulder margins. However
few studies also exist which contradict the aforementioned
result. Farah and Craig [22] compared chamfer, chisel, and
shoulder with a bevel with absence of cement interface and
concluded that most uniform stress distribution was
exhibited by chamfer finish line. Chai and Steege [45]
J Indian Prosthodont Soc (December 2014) 14(Suppl. 1):S110–S118
evaluated the effects of labial margin design (chamfer,
rounded shoulder with knife-edge metal finish, rounded
shoulder with beveled metal finish) on stress distribution of
metal–ceramic crowns, and concluded that there were no
differences at the cement–dentin and metal–cement inter-
face of the different margins.
In this study, it is important to analyze qualitative rather
than quantitative comparison from the result values because
of the simplifications in the modeling procedure owing to
some limitations. The stress variations under average con-
ditions have been simulated without attempting to simulate
individual clinical situations. Firstly the root, periodontal
ligament and supporting alveolar bone were not modeled
which could lead to some errors. Secondly, the loads applied
were static loads that were different from dynamic loading
seen during function. Thirdly, these models examined just
one crown in isolation. However, in the mouth, teeth contact
adjacent teeth and dissipate some load to them via the
proximal contact areas. There is biological variation due to
intra-oral factors such as tooth size, arch shape and occlusal
load. Finally, in the model used for the study, all material was
assumed to be linearly elastic and homogenous in nature
whereas, tooth is a viscoelastic, anisotropic, and heteroge-
neous material. The resultant stress values obtained may not
be accurate quantitatively but are generally accepted quali-
tatively. Further research comprising computerized tech-
niques combined with experimental techniques and long
term clinical evaluation should be conducted to establish the
true nature of the biologic system.
Within limitations of the study, the following conclusions
were drawn (i) The stress fields in the cement lute were
highest under horizontal point loading followed by vertical
point loading and least under distributed loading. Distributed
axial loading shows the least stress, better stress homogeni-
zation and gives a favorable prognosis for the fixed pros-
theses. Therefore the forces should be directed along the long
axis of the tooth. This can be achieved by carefully planning
the occlusion. (ii) Smaller preparation taper of 10° is bio-
mechanically more acceptable than a 30° taper, as the stress
distribution in the cement lute is lesser. (iii) As the maximum
stress field was associated with a combination of 30° taper
and long preparation (5 mm) it is desirable to decrease taper
as height increases. (iv) Increased cement stresses may be
associated with chamfer margin design resulting in increased
risk of microfracture and failure.
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