Questions na lumabas nong Sept 2016 LET Major AFA

1. which refers to the propagation of fruits ,vegetable,and ornamental plants

c. horticulture********
d. agricultural economics
2. which grafting method is used to bypass a damaged area of a tree trunk
a. approach grafting
b. bark grafting
c. inarching grafting ******
d. side-veneer grafting
3. what is referred to as Capra hircus
a. goat***
b. sheep
c. duck
d. buffalo
4. which avian disease cause by virus its symptoms are leg weakness and
paralysis of one or both legs.
a. avian malaria
b. coccidiosis
c. marek's disease*****
d. avian new castle diseasd
5. which avian disease usually appears during summer season.
a. fowl cholera
b. tuberculosis
c. fowl typhoid******
d. fowl paralysis
6. which crop disease is distinguished by the appearance of rings of diff. shades
of brown ,green or yellow spots on the leaves.
a. galls
b. leaf spot*****
c. mildew
d. mosaic
7. Therapeutic bath in 0.7% salt solution from 3 to 20 days is the treatment for.
a. trichodinasis
b. whit spot ******
c. red sore
d. skin fluke
8. which is done by covering the surface of the soil with organic materials to
prevent the growths of weeds
a. mulching *****
b. cover cropping
c. soil sterilization
d. heat treatment
9. which method of control uses crop rotation ,relay cropping ,cover cropping
and green manuring.
a. biologic method
b. chemical method
c. cultural method ******
d. physical method
10. which insecticide are formulated by exacting toxic compounds of plants that
have pesticidal properties
a. environmental insecticide
b. botanical insecticide*******
c. biological insecticide
d. physical insecticide
11. which organic farming cultural practice breaks the life cycle of insects and
disease
a. cover cropping
b. crop rotation*********
c. organic fertilizer
d. composting
1 which type of pollination involves wind as the agent
a. biotic
b. abiotic
c. anemophily****-
d. hydrophily
13. which rearing of fish and aquatic products under controlled
a. fish capture
b. fish rasing
c. fish cultivation*****
d. fish reproduction
14. invertebrates are animals without a backbone or spinal column .some of our
potential marine invertebrates fir export except .
a. shrimp
b. squid
c. dolphin****
d. blue crab
15. which fin fish belong to family lutjanidae high value marine fishes great
potential fir export in japan
a. carp
b. pompano
c. goby
d. red snapper*******
16. very common fish reared by children in an aquarium which has a very bright
color and a small member of the carp family
a. sea bass
b. salmon
c. angel fish
d. gold fish*****
16. how is mud crab harvested
a. trap
b. hand net
c. hand picking*****
d. purse seine
17. which fishing method uses funnel shape that are towed behind a fishing
vessel through the water column an a predetermined depth.
a. purse seine net
b. troll
c. trawl net*******
d. gilnet
18. which refers to the phisical equipment that is used when fishing
a. fishing techniques
b. fishing method
c. fishing tackle*******
d. fishing
19. a natural or artificial method enhancing reproduction of survival of fish.
a. fish cultivation
b. fish propagation****
c. fish conservation
d. fish implementation
20. collection of petals is called
a. corolla*****
b. calyx
c. pedicels
d. receptacle
21. ginger is classified to .
a. tubers
b. rhizome******
c. corms
d. bulb
22. male rabbit is called
a. buck ******
b. bull
c. colt
d.ram
23. female rabbit called.
a. ewe
b. mare
c. doe*
d. heifer
24. method of propagation use a rootstock
a. inarching
b. bark grafting ****
c. splice grafting
d. saddle grafting
25. protective covering made of sawdust ,compost ,gravel,paper,and etc on the
ground to enrich the soil
a. mulch******
b.cover crops
c. ratoon croping
d. trap crop

Questions n lumabas ngayong 2018

1. Sunflower originated in
a. Cental Asia
b. North America
c. South America
d. South Asia
2. Banana originated in
a. Malaysia
b. Popua New Guinea
c. Philippines
d. Indonesia
3. How do we call a swine not yet giving birth
A. Boar
B. Sow
C. Gilt
D. Doe
Bbc

Questions na lumabas nong Sept 2016 LET Major AFA

1. which refers to the propagation of fruits ,vegetable,and ornamental plants
a. crop producton
b. farm engineering
c. horticulture********
d. agricultural economics
2. which grafting method is used to bypass a damaged area of a tree trunk
a. approach grafting
b. bark grafting
c. inarching grafting ******
d. side-veneer grafting
3. what is referred to as Capra hircus
a. goat***
b. sheep
c. duck
d. buffalo
4. which avian disease cause by virus its symptoms are leg weakness and
paralysis of one or both legs.
a. avian malaria
b. coccidiosis
c. marek's disease*****
d. avian new castle diseasd
5. which avian disease usually appears during summer season.
a. fowl cholera
b. tuberculosis
c. fowl typhoid******
d. fowl paralysis
6. which crop disease is distinguished by the appearance of rings of diff. shades
of brown ,green or yellow spots on the leaves.
a. galls
b. leaf spot*****
c. mildew
d. mosaic
7. Therapeutic bath in 0.7% salt solution from 3 to 20 days is the treatment for.
a. trichodinasis
b. whit spot ******
c. red sore
d. skin fluke
8. which is done by covering the surface of the soil with organic materials to
prevent the growths of weeds
a. mulching *****
b. cover cropping
c. soil sterilization
d. heat treatment
9. which method of control uses crop rotation ,relay cropping ,cover cropping
and green manuring.
a. biologic method
b. chemical method
c. cultural method ******
d. physical method
10. which insecticide are formulated by exacting toxic compounds of plants that
have pesticidal properties
a. environmental insecticide
b. botanical insecticide*******
c. biological insecticide
d. physical insecticide
11. which organic farming cultural practice breaks the life cycle of insects and
disease
a. cover cropping
b. crop rotation*********
c. organic fertilizer
d. composting
1 which type of pollination involves wind as the agent
a. biotic
b. abiotic
c. anemophily****-
d. hydrophily
13. which rearing of fish and aquatic products under controlled
a. fish capture
b. fish rasing
c. fish cultivation*****
d. fish reproduction
14. invertebrates are animals without a backbone or spinal column .some of our
potential marine invertebrates fir export except .
a. shrimp
b. squid
c. dolphin****
d. blue crab
15. which fin fish belong to family lutjanidae high value marine fishes great
potential fir export in japan
a. carp
b. pompano
c. goby
d. red snapper*******
16. very common fish reared by children in an aquarium which has a very bright
color and a small member of the carp family
c. angel fish
d. gold fish*****
16. how is mud crab harvested
a. trap

c. hand picking*****
d. purse seine
17. which fishing method uses funnel shape that are towed behind a fishing
vessel through the water column an a predetermined depth.
a. purse seine net
b. troll
c. trawl net*******
d. gilnet
18. which refers to the phisical equipment that is used when fishing
a. fishing techniques
b. fishing method
c. fishing tackle*******
d. fishing
19. a natural or artificial method enhancing reproduction of survival of fish.
a. fish cultivation
b. fish propagation****
c. fish conservation
d. fish implementation
20. collection of petals is called
a. corolla*****
b. calyx
c. pedicels
d. receptacle
21. ginger is classified to .
a. tubers
b. rhizome******
c. corms
d. bulb
22. male rabbit is called
a. buck ******
b. bull
c. colt
d.ram
23. female rabbit called.
a. ewe
b. mare
c. doe*
d. heifer
24. method of propagation use a rootstock
a. inarching
b. bark grafting ****
c. splice grafting
d. saddle grafting
25. protective covering made of sawdust ,compost ,gravel,paper,and etc on the
ground to enrich the soil
a. mulch******
b.cover crops
c. ratoon croping
d. trap crop

AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY ARTS

Directions: Choose the best answer from the choices given.
1. Which of the following should be taken into account before preparing the farm lots?
a.Soil and water supply
b.Sunlight & air circulation
c.Accessibility & proximity to market
d.all of the above
2. Which of the following is a characteristic of good soil?
a. Should be viable
b. Fresh & mature
c. Damage free & free from seed-borne diseases
d. All of the above
3. It is the first and most important tillage operation in preparing the land for to make it
more moisture-retentive.
a. Cleaning
b. Plowing
c. Harrowing
d. Pulverizing
4. Is an organic material consisting of very fine rotted animal waste, plant parts and
other organic & biodegradable material.
a. Biomass
b. Compost
c. Heap
d. Fertilizer
5. This method of fish-culture is characterized by the use of net enclosures in shallow
protected areas of inland waters
a. Cage method
b. Fishpen method
c. Aquarium method
d. Open-water method
6. The objective of applying fertilizers to fish ponds
a. Promote fish growth
b. Enhance production
c. Neutralize acidity
d. Enhance the color of the water
7. This type of plants contains nitrogen in its roots which is converted to nitrates by
rhizolia, thus, contributing to soil fertility
a.Vine crops
b.Root crops
c.Legumes
d.Tubers
8. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of fish-culture?
a. Fish cultivation
b. Fish propagation
c. Fish conservation
d. Fish marketing
9. The object is represented by the sides seen at one time
a.Perpective
b. Projection
c.Orthographic
d.Isometric
c 10. The system of representing the true shape of any object arranged on a plane in two
or more views at right angle to each other
a. Perspective
b. Dimension
c. Orthographic dimension
d. Oblique drawing
11. Isometric projection is drawn on tree axes namely the vertical and 2 _____ degree
line
a.90
b.60
c.40
d.30
12. Earnings of corporations which are distributed among stockholders
a.Profit
b.Retained earnings
c.Stocks
d.Dividends
13. As an entrepreneur, he must be aware if his business is good. He must then identify a
good business through?
a. Availability of supply, interest in business, capacity and skills
b. Pricing of the products and services
c. Human-resources oriented
d. Profit-oriented
14. It is the profile of an entrepreneur’s intuitions, philosophy, ideals, perception and
details of a planned project
a. Thesis
b. Project proposal
c. Project description
d. Rationale
15. Provides the entrepreneur information on market, sources and consumption of
products and services
a. Consultancy assistance
b. Organizational
c. Training assistance
d. Marketing assistance
16. There are agencies that provide counseling or consultancy serviced to entrepreneurs
who have difficulty solving their own business problems
a. Technology and livelihood Center
b. National Manpower and youth Council
c. UP Institute of Small Scale Industries
d. All of the above
17. What is meant by a 15-30-15 fertilizer?
a.15 parts Nitrogen, 30 parts Potassium, 15 parts Phosphorus
b. 15 parts Nitrogen, 30 parts Phosphorous, 15 parts Potassium
c. 15 parts Nitrogen, 30 parts Magnesium Sulfate, 15 parts Sulfur
d. 15 parts Nitrogen, 30 parts Manganese, 15 parts Potassium
18. Protective covering made of either sawdust , moss, compost or combination, spread
or left on the ground to enrich the soil.
a.Mulch
b.Greenery
c.Fertilizer
d.Cover cropping
19. Type of gas released during photosynthesis.
a.Carbon dioxide
b. Hydrogen
c. Nitrogen
d.Oxygen
20. Organic fertilizer produced from decayed plants and animals.
a.Mulch
b.Loam
c.Green manure
d.Compost
21. Transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower in
separate plants.
a.Mono-pollination
b.Cross-pollination
c.Dual- pollination
d.Multi – pollination
22. These are pasture and forage crops that are growth, cut, fermented and preserved
before being fed to animals.
a.Soil crops
b. Beverage crops
c.Silage crops
d.Grain crops
23. Process of transferring young and tender seedlings from seedless into containers.
a. Potting
b. Hardening
c. Pricking out
d. Sowing 21.

24. Refers to any crop which is intended by the grower to become main source of
income.
a. Main crop
b. Intercrop
c. High Value crop
d. Cash crop
25. Type of irrigation which is also know as trickle irrigation, micro or localized
irrigation.
a.Drip irrigation
b. Cub irrigation
c.Sprinkler irrigation
d. Menchanized
26. Refers to feeds that have high percentage of food nutrients per given weight.
a.Concentrates
b.Forage
c.Bulk foods
d.Superfood
27. A group of organisms with specific characteristics that distinguish them from other
groups within that species.
a.Inbreed
b.Cross-breed
c.Breed
d.Hybrid
28. Collective term for domesticated birds that are raised for either meat or eggs.
a. Flock
b. Fowl
c. Avian
d. Poultry
29. Fungal disease of plants which causes seedlings to rot at the soil level.
a. Blight
b. Canker
c. Damping off
d. Leaf spots
30. Plant disease which causes round swellings or growth on plants.
a. Canker
b. Mildew
c. Galls
d. Mosaic
31. Is a way of controlling plant diseases by isolating a patch of or a single diseased
plant.
a.Fumigation
b. Quarantine
c.Isolation
d.Integration
32. The process of treating the soil by applying heat before planting to kill pathogens.
a. Fertilization
b. Cover cropping
c. Heating
d. Soil sterilization
33. A method of control which uses crop rotation, relay cropping, cover cropping and
green manuring.
a. Biological method
b. Chemical method
c. Cultural method
d. Scientific method
34. A cultural practice in organic farming that breaks the life cycle of insects and
diseases.
a. Cover cropping
b. Crop rotation
c. Organic fertilization
d. Composting
35. Farming of two or more crops in alternating strips.
a. Cover cropping
b. Strip cropping
c. Crop rotation
d. Intercropping
36. These insecticides are formulated by extracting toxic components or compounds
from plants that have pesticide properties.
a. Environmental insecticides
b. Biological insecticides
c. Botanical insecticides
d. Natural insecticides
37. It is the periodic rise and fall of sea surface water twice a day which affects fish
distribution.
a. Tide
b. Current
c. Tidal Bore
d. Undercurrent
38. Mangrove farming is encouraged for it helps in combating global warming. The
shoot, seed and fruit used to propagate or spread is called _______ .
a. Propagule
b. Rhizophora
c. Mangroverse
d. Cutting
39. Land-based facility enclosed with earthen or stone material to impound water for
fish growing.
a. Aquaculture
b. Fishpond
c. Mangrove farm
42.c d. Hatchery
40. The primary purpose of applying lime to fishpond.
a. To correct soil acidity
b. To eliminate dangerous organisms
c. To add fertility to the soil
d. To kill predatory aquatic organisms
41. The process of approximating the salinity and temperature between the fish
container and the fish pond.
a. Acclimatization
b. Salinization
c. Equalization
d. Approximation
42. The number of eggs laid by a fish is an evidence of _____ .
a. Health
b. Productivity
c. Fecundity
d. Fertility
43. The rearing or growing of fish and other aquatic products under controlled
conditions.
a. Fish cultivation
b. Fish Propagation
c. Fishery
d. Fish Conservation
44. Refers to the physical equipment that is used when fishing.
a. Fishing techniques
b. Fishing methods
c. Fishing tacle
d. Fishing Operation
45. It is a preservation method in which bottled or canned food is heated at the
temperature of 100C-121C.
a. Pasteurization
b. Sterilization
c. Fermentation
d. Incubation
46. A marine habitat that is extremely important for biodiversity for it provides over
25% of all marine life.
a. Atoll
b. Coastal area
c. Lagoon
d. Coral reef
47. Mature fishes that are maintained for breeding purposes.
a. Parent stock
b. Juvenile
c. Fingerlings
d. Stock
48. Mang Esteban noticed that his cultured bangus has a surfacing behavior early in the
morning. This indicates that there is _______ .
a. Inadequate feeding
b. Cold water temperature
c. Acidic soil in the fishpond
d. Very low oxygen concentration
49. Red tide occurs mostly right after summer. These are minute single-celled organisms
that causes red tide phenomenon that affects shellfish.
a. Trematodes
b. Fungi
c. Dinoflagellates
d. Red algae

Seed Production
 Spawners are usually sourced from the wild but spawners grown under
controlled conditions are now preferred for biosecurity reasons
 Specific Pathogen Free (SPF)
 Females are 70-150 g while males are 45-120 g at a ratio of 1-2 females per
male stocked at 3-5 shrimp/sq. m
 To hasten ovarian maturation, ablation is done
 Gonad inhibiting hormone (GIH) is located in the eyestalk
 Feed spawners with commercial pellets (with 6% lipid) and natural food
like mussels and squid
 Reduce light intensity to 100 lux
 Spawning tanks are painted black or grey with white sand substrate
 Use a flow through system that will enable 100-400% daily water exchange

Larval Rearing
 LRT size could range from 2-20 tons
  Stock with nauplii at a rate of 50-100 nauplii per liter
 Feeding scheme
 Algae (Skeletonema or Chaetoceros)
 ZI-PL5
 Artemia nauplii
 MI-PL5
 Formulated larval feed
 Beyond PL5

Growout
 Extensive
 10000-50,000 pcs/ha
 40-50 cm water depth
 Occasional water change along with the tides
Semi-intensive
 50,000-100,000 pcs/ha
 100-120 cm water depth
 Regular water change along with the tides and with the use of a
pump
 Use of natural food, supplemental feeds, and commercial feeds
 Use of natural food with occasional feeding
 Intensive
 100,000-400,000 pcs/ha
 120-150 cm water depth
 Constant water change using pumps with supplemental aeration
 Sole use of commercial feeds
 Super-Intensive
 400,000-800,000 pcs/ha
 150-200 cm water depth
 Constant water change using pumps with supplemental aeration
using long arm paddle wheels
 Sole use of commercial feeds
 Probiotics are sometimes used

Harvesting
 Bagnets mounted on wooden frames are place in grooves of the gate
 Water is drained and shrimps are collected in the bagnet
 Remaining shrimps in the ponds are hand-picked
 Immersed in chilled water for 5-10 minutes, sorted, and packed in crushed
ice

Mitigating Environmental Impact

  Use of semi-intensive method
 Practice of zero water exchange
 Biofloc system
 Treatment of waste water in reservoirs stocked with fish, while
mussels, oysters, and seaweeds can act as biofilters
 Chlorination eliminates pathogens
 Aerated to remove toxic gases
 Treated water is reused for grow out

Seaweed Culture
 Seaweeds are also referred to as macroalgae or macrophytes
 Classified by pigmentation
 Green algae – Chlorophyta
 Brown algae – Phaeophyta
 Red algae – Rhodophyta
 Blue-green algae - Cyanophyta

Economic Importance
 Used as food
 Over 60 species are eaten in the Philippines
 Used as medicinal herbs
 Prevents goiter and internal disorders
 Treats wounds, burns, and rashes
 Used as a laxative
 Digenea simplex is used as a vermifuge (pang-purga)

Economic Importance
 Source of phycocollooids
 Polysaccharides that can for colloids or gel systems in water
 Carageenan
 Used in dairy products as a stabilizer and as a gelling agent
in cosmetics, paints, and pharmaceuticals
 5 types: kappa, iota, lambda, mu, and gamma
 Kappaphycus alvarezii – kappa carageenan
 Eucheuma denticulatum – iota carageenan
 Agar
 Used as medium for microbial specimens, clarifying agent
in wine, beer, and coffee production, stabilizer in bakery
products
 Extracted from Gracilaria, Gelidium, Gelidiella, and
Pterocladia
 Alginic Acid
  Used as emulsifier and stabilizer in food, paper, paint, and
textiles
 Extracted from Sargassum, Laminaria, and Turbinaria

Culture
 Most common species cultured in the Philippines are Kappaphycus alvarezii
(Eucheuma cotonii) and Eucheuma denticulatum (Eucheuma spinosum)
 Site selection

 Sheltered from strong waves and currents

 Moderate water movement

 Sandy or coralline bottom

 Far from freshwater sources (stenohaline)

 At least 1 m depth during low tide

Farming Methods
 Fixed off-bottom method

 For shallow areas

 Pointed wooden stakes are driven into the substratum

 10 m long monofilament lines are tied between stakes with 1 m

interval between lines

 Distance to the ground is adjusted to ensure that seaweeds are not

exposed to the air or sun during low tide

 Lines are positioned parallel to the water current

Farming Methods


  Fixed off-bottom method

Farming Methods
 Floating method
 For deeper areas
 4-5 nylon lines are attached to wooden supports with corner ends
anchored to the substratum
 Floaters are attached to the wooden supports
 Lines are spaced 30 cm apart
 Gracilaria (gulaman)
 Grown in ponds
 Suitable sites
 Located near seawater and freshwater supplies
 Optimal salinity is 14-24 ppt
 Protected from strong winds
 Pond bottom should be near zero tide level
 Gracilaria (gulaman)
 Rice planting method
 0.5-5 ha pond size
 Sandy, muddy pond bottom is preferred
 Seedstocks 15-20 g are staked on the ponds bottom
 Distance between plants is 10-15 cm
 Harvested after 45-60 days

Grouper Culture
 Considered a high value fish especially when sold live
 Over 40 species distributed in tropical waters
 Species cultured in the Philippines
 Epinephelus coioides (Green grouper)
 Epinephelus malabaricus (Malabar grouper)

Breeding
 Considered as protogynous hermaphrodytes
 Mature as females and turn into males with age
 For E. malabaricus, fish become males after 5 years
 Sex reversal
 Incorporation of methyltestosterone in feeds given 3 times a week
for 2 months at a dose of 1 mg/kg fish
  2-3 year old groupers were already able to produce milt
 Induced Spawning
 Achieved by injecting human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and
pituitary gland extract

Pond Culture
 Prepare pond similar to milkfish culture
 Adjust water depth to 1-2 m
 Stock with adult tilapia at 5000-10,000 per hectare and allow to reproduce
 Tilapia fingerlings will serve sa food
 Stock grouper juveniles (>7.2 cm) at 5000 pcs/ha
 Give chopped trash fish every other day at 5% grouper biomass divided
into two feedings per day
 Cultured until groupers reach 400-600 g

Cage Culture
 Site selection is typical of any mariculture cage operation
 Water depth should not be less than 3 m at low tide
 Cage module consist of 4-12 compartments supported by either a bamboo
or steel frame
 Each compartment can measure 5x5x3 m
 Nursery cages use nets with a mesh size of 0.5-1 cm while growout cages
use nets with a mesh size of 2-5 cm
 Shelters made of PVC pipes (5 cm diameter or bigger) are placed inside the
cages
 Nursery cages
 2-10 cm TL; 50-75 fish/sq m
 Feed with trash fish at 10% body weight
 Growout cages
 10-15 cm TL: 10-20 fish/sq m
 Feed with trash fish at 5% body weight
 Harvesting is done when fish reach marketable size (400 g) by gently lifting
up the cage and scooping out the fish

MudCrab Culture Inhabit brackish and marine waters and prefer

muddy and sandy bottoms
 Cultured Mudcrabs
 Scylla serrata – King mudcrab
 S. olivacea – native crab/orange mud crab
 S. tranquebarica – purple mudcrab
 S. paramamosain – green mudcrab
Reproduction
 Male mudcrabs deposit sperm in the spermathecae of newly molted
females

 Females can store sperm good for 2-3 spawnings

 Each female can release to as much as 2M eggs per spawning

 In order for eggs to attach to the pleopod hairs on the female abdominal
flap, a sandy substrate is provided in spawning tanks

 Ablation can also be done to hasten gonad maturation and spawning

Life History
 Zoea
 5 stages (Z1-Z5)
 Megalopa

 Molts only once and turns into instar

 Crab Instar
 Crablet
 Adult

Culture
 Ponds
 Milkfish or shrimp ponds can be used
 Fenced with bamboo or nylon net to prevent escape
 Extends 30 cm above water line and 60 cm below pond
bottom
 Stocked with juveniles at 5000-10000 per hectare
 Initially fed with 10% biomass then reduced to 5% biomass (trash
fish, snails, animal entrails, etc.)
 Harvest is done after 120-150 days using the pasulang method
 Cages
 Pens in mangroves
 aquasilviculture

Other Cultured Species

Marine/Brackish Water
 Perna viridis
 Modulus netcalfei
 Crasostrea iradalei
 Haliotis asinina
  Lates calcalifer
 Lutjanus sp.
Hippocampus sp

Fresh Water
 Macrobrachium rosenbergii
 Clarias gariepinus
 Clarias macrocephalus
 Clarias batrachus

 Pangasius hypothalamus t

 Pangasius bocourti b

 Aristichthys nobilis

 Cyprinus carpio

 Hypopthalmicthys molitrix

 Chana striata

Genetic Concepts
 Crossbreeding
 Hybrid vigor (Heterosis) – offspring surpass its parents for one or
more traits
 T. niloticus x T. aureus – cold tolerant
 T. niloticus x T. mossambicus – saline tolerant
 Red tilapia
 Inbreeding
 Mating of closely related individuals
 Done to concentrate genes of a highly desired trait

Genetic Concepts
 Triploidy
 Has 3 sets of chromosomes
 Done by shocking egg immediately after fertilization (UV or
chemicals)
 Increased growth rate
 Sterile
Transgenesis
 Transfer of novel DNA gene into the genome of cultured animal to improve a
particular trait
Genetic Concepts
 Detection Methods
 Southern blot – uses DNA
 Northern blot – uses RNA
 Western blot – uses protein
 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – amplifies specific fragments of
DNA

Shrimp Culture
 Eggs hatch after 12-15 hours
 Nauplius stage (NI-NVI) – 2-3 days
 Zoea stage (ZI-ZIII) – 5-6 days
 Mysis stage (MI-MIII) – 4-5 days
 Post larval stage (PL) – those used for growout ar PL15-25
 Reach sexual maturity after 10 months