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5 PDF
M P Deosarkar
Chemical Engg Dept
VIT, Pune-37
Shear Stress Distribution
Consider a steady fully developed flow of constant density fluid
through a Circular horizontal pipe. Consider a disc shaped element
of fluid of radius r and length dL
P P + dP
r
rw dL
Let
P = Pressure on the upstream side face
P+dP = Pressure on the downstream side face
r=0 τ=0
r
τ
rw
τw
r
rw dr
rw r rw
du τw r
∴ =− ----------------(3)
dr rw µ
Rearranging and integrating equation (3) within limits :
u = 0 to u and r = r to rw
u r u rw
τw τw
∫0 du = − rw µ r∫ rdr ∫0 du = rw µ r∫ rdr ----------------(4)
τw 2 2 1
u=
µ rw
( rw − r )
2
----------------(5)
u 2
r −r 2
r
2
= w
2
= 1 − ----------------(7)
umax rw rw
rw
Shear Stress and Velocity Distribution
A =πr 2
w
dA = 2π rdr
Kinetic Energy Correction Factor
2
A =πr w
dA = 2π rdr
Hagen-Poiseuilli Equation
•Fully developed, steady, laminar flow of Newtonian fluid
•Horizontal circular pipe of length L
P1 P2
D
rw
V1
V2
L
∆P D 8µ L 8µ L
τw =
4 L
∆PD 2
Vmean =
32µ L
The mean velocity is given by
32 µ LV
τ w rw ∆P =
Vmean = D2
4µ
Hagen Poiseuilli Equation
Friction Factor
Friction factor is the ratio of shear stress to
the product of density and velocity head
τw
f =
ρV 2 ∆P 4 fLV 2
= = h fs
2 ρg 2 Dg
f ρV 2
τw =
2
4τ w L 4 ρV 2 f L
∆P = = Darcy- Wiesbach Equation
D 2 D
∆P 4 fLV 2
=
ρ 2D
Prove that for laminar flow friction factor f = 16
Re
τ w rw
Vmax = The fanning friction factor
2µ
2τ w 2(8µV )
Vmean = 0.5Vmax f = 2
=
ρV ρV 2 D
τ w rw τ w rw
Vmean = 0.5 =
2µ 4µ µ
D
f = 16
But → rw = ρVD
2
τ w D τ wD ρVD
∴Vmean = = But → Re =
µ
4µ 2 8µ
16
8µV ∴f =
τw = Re For Laminar Flow
D
Next Lecture
• LAMINAR FLOW THROUGH INCLINED PIPE
– Derivation
– Numerical
LAMINAR FLOW THROUGH INCLINED PIPE
LAMINAR FLOW THROUGH INCLINED PIPE
2π rτ dx
dx
r ∂P
(P + dx)π r 2
∂x
z
rw θ
Pπ r2
• As the pipeflow
Consider is not
ofhorizontal
Newtonian in addition
fluid
to pressure
through and viscous
a pipe inclinedforces
at angravity
angle
force alsohorizontal
θ to the will be significant
ρ gπ r 2 dx sin θ •
• Weight of the fluid element = ρgπr2dx
Pipe radius =rw
• Gravity component =ρgπr2dx sinθ
• Consider a small concentric fluid
= ρgπr2z
element of radius r and length dx
• In the vertically upward direction z
represents a change in elevation
corresponding to length dx of the
fluid element.
• From the figure sinθ =z/dx
Applying force balance over the fluid element
2 ∂P
Pπ r − ( P + dx)π r 2 − ρ gπ r 2 z − 2π rτ dx = 0 − − − − − − − −(1)
∂x
∂P z 2τ
− − ρg − = 0 − − − − − − − −(2)
∂∂xx dx r
∂ r
τ = − ( P + ρ gz ) − − − − − − − (3)
∂x 2
∂ P r
τ = ρ g[ − ( + z )] − − − − − − − (4)
∂x ρ g 2
But (P/ρg + z ) = h = Piezometric Head
r ρ g ∂h
∴τ = − ( ) − − − − − − − −(5)
2 ∂x
du
For Newtonian fluid: τ = − µ
dr
du r ρ g ∂h
= ( ) − − − − − − − (6)
dr 2 µ ∂x
r 2 ρ g ∂h
u= ( ) + C1 − − − − − − − (7)
4 µ ∂x
At r = rw : u=0
rw2 ρ g ∂h
C1 = − ( ) − − − − − − − − − −(8)
4 µ ∂x
Substitute equation (8) into equation (7)
ρ g −∂h 2 2
u= ( )(rw − r ) − − − − − − − − − (7)
4 µ ∂x
u 2
r −r 2
r
2
= w
2
= 1 −
umax rw rw
Example
Lubricating oil of Sp. gravity 0.82 and dynamic viscosity
12.066x10-2 Pa.s is pumped at a rate of 0.02 m3/s
through 0.15 m diameter 300 m long pipe. Calculate
the pressure drop, average shear stress at the wall
and the power required to maintain the flow
a) If the pipe is horizontal
b) If the pipe is inclined at 150 with the horizontal and the
flow is in
1) Upward Direction
2) Downward Direction
Also determine the slope of the pipe and direction of flow
so that the pressure gradient along the pipe is zero
Concept of Reynolds Number
Concept of Reynolds Number
• Reynolds Number
• Ratio of Inertia Force to Viscous Force
2
ρV ρVD
Re = =
µV µ
D Re = Reynolds Number
ρ= Density of fluid
V = Velocity of flow
µ = Viscosity of fluid
D= Diameter of pipe
Laminar, Transition and Turbulent Flow
• Flow Regimes
– Laminar Flow
– Turbulent Flow
• The amount of fluid friction, which
determines the amount of energy required to
maintain the desired flow, depends upon the
mode of flow
Laminar Flow
Heat Transfer:
• Determining rate of heat transfer
• Developing governing equations
• Design of heat exchange equipments
Mass Transfer:
• Determining rate of Mass transfer
• Developing governing equations
• Design of heat exchange equipments
Darcy Wiesbach Equation
2
4 flV
Darcy Wiesbach Equation hf =
2 gD
τw
Darcy/Fanning friction factor f = 2
ρV
2
4τ w
Moody friction factor f '= 2
ρV
2
Friction Factor
• The viscous head term is scaled by the pipe friction
factor f.
• In general, f depends on the Reynolds Number Re of
the pipe flow, and the relative roughness e/D of the
pipe wall.
Absolute Pipe Roughness
Relative Pipe Roughness