EXPERIMENT NO.

01

Aim: To study the passage of material through draw frame, study of important parts and
its functions.

Objects:

1) To remove fibres shorter than a predetermined length so as to enable spinner to produce finer
yarn than that can be spun from the same carded sliver.
2) To remove neps and impurities.
3) To produce uniform sliver of required wt/unit length.
4) To make the fibre straight and parallel so that yarn becomes even and lustrous.

Draw-Frame
Make:- LMW
Model:- LD 2 and RSB-851
1. Sliver creel 3. Drafting system 5. Evened and leveled sliver
2. Scanning roller 4. Delivery discs 6. Sliver deposit
The main object of draw frames is to draft the sliver and to blend or to mix up the fiber to give
the better performance. Generally for carded material 2 passages are given in draw frame after
carding. Whereas for combed material one passage is given after comber. The first passage is
called as breaker draw frame and second passage is called as finisher draw frame. In breaker
draw frame the machine is without autollelver is preferred where as in the finisher draw frame
term autollelver is use for the better count CV %.
The material received from carding is creel at creel of breaker draw frame with predetermined no
of doubling care is to take the can should not be repeat. After the received the cans, the cans are
placed in creel zone where we can feed the maximum 12 cans. Above the each and every can the
two rollers are there which is positively driven when the any sliver is break at this time machine
stop immediately after that sliver passes through between guides then it passes between two
rollers due that material get condensed.
After that condensed material pass through between pair of scanning roller. In this pair of
scanning roller one roller is fixed and another one is movable. Function of scanning roller is
measure the variation in the feed material. These scanning rollers are loaded with a pneumatic
loading system. The variation in the sliver mass reduced in the scanning roller. The distance
moved by scanning roller to the sliver mass fed. This displacement of scanning roller is
transformed into voltage by a signal converter and is fed to an electronic leveling processor. And
the action takes according to variation.
Then material comes in drafting zone. In drafting first break draft is given to the martial. In break
draft the natural convolution or twist is removing and mated. After B/D the main draft is given.
In break draft the stretch is given. In drafting zone there is suction pipes are fixed above the
rollers. This is sucking the dust. After that material passes through into the trumpet then guide
through pipe. Then materiel passes through calendaring or grooved roller and after all that
material is laid in can with the help of coiling.

The drafting arrangement:-

The drafting arrangement is the heart of the draw frame. Drafting is influence the quality of a
delivery sliver.

Fig. Drafting Arrangement

The drafting system is basically 3 over 3 with an additional “Deflection” roll (7) on the delivery
roll to direct the sliver toward the coiler. The top rolls are numbered (1, 2, 3) and corresponding
bottom rolls are, - back roll (4), middle roll (5) and delivery roll (6). There is a pressure bar (8)
located between the top rolls 2 and 3 to help control the fibres in the main draft zone.
The fundamental settings of the drafting system are the roll distances and the draft distribution.
Each greatly influences the quality of the delivered sliver.
Critical factors affecting the drafting action:-
1) Roll settings
2) Draft distribution
3) Roll pressure
4) Speed
5) Top roll cot condition
6) Removal of dust, fly and clearer waste.
Roller setting:-
 Drafting roll distances have to be set as close as practicable:
 To control the short and floating fibres,
 Not so close as to break the longest fibres, nor
 Not so close as create high drafting forces and over control.
 The roll setting has to be optimized according to:
1) Staple length
2) Fibre orientation
3) Sliver weight
4) Fibre crimp
5) Bulk and cohesion.
The number of fiber hooks are decreased and the degree of fibre orientation is increased each
drawing process. Therefore, it is necessary to set the roll spacing with this in mind.
Suction System:-

Fig. Suction System in D/F Arrangement

Dust Removal:-
The drafting action causes dust and flies to be released from the fibres. The airborne waste must
be removed or it accumulates and eventually returns into the sliver as contamination. The
integrated suction systems remove dust and fly from the sliver:
 At the feeding rolls
 The scanning rolls
 Above the drafting system
 Below the drafting system.
The integrated waste system is equipped with a pressure sensitive switch, which controls a wiper
over the filter screen, to release waste accumulations. The Draw frame should be kept as clean as
possible and periodic manual cleaning is necessary. The cleaning cycle depends upon the
cleanliness of the material being processed. Bottom roll clearers have to be manually cleaned.
Waste accumulated in the Draw frame can be released and gathered into the sliver. This waste
creates either subsequent machine stops or quality defects.
The actual mechanics behind the dust removing is to the while in parallelizing the fibre to fibre
friction because the action of falling down the dust which goes in the waste collection chamber
with the help of suction system which is shown in figure below.

Fig. Working Principle of draw frame

1-Feed can from card
2-Creel roll
3-Drafting arrangement
4-Drafted sliver guide tube
5- Coiler
6-Guide tube
7-Can

Conclusion: In this way we have studied different parts & material passage of draw frame

machine.
 Experiment No 2

Aim: To Study various types of drafting systems and top roller loading mechanisms.

Introduction :
Actions involved in Draw Frame
Drafting: It is the process of increasing length per unit weight of sliver. It is mainly due to
peripheral speed of the rollers.
Doubling: The process of combing two or more carded sliver into a single form is called
doubling. In draw frame m/c generally six slivers are fed to convert into one i.e. six doubling.
Drawing: In the cotton industry the term is applied exclusively to processing on the draw frame,
where the operation is one of doubling and drafting. Drawing= Drafting + Doubling.

Operating Devices
 Creel (Sliver Feed)
 The drafting Arrangement
 Suction systems for the drafting arrangement
 Coiling
 Can charger

Requirements of drafting arrangement

The drafting arrangement is the heart of the draw frame. Drafting arrangement exerts most
decisive influences on sliver quality. The requirements placed on the drafting arrangements are
mentioned bellow:-
1. Simple, uncomplicated construction.
2. Stable design with smooth running roller. IT means rollers should be centric and smooth
running.
3. A mode of operation giving a high quality product at even high running speeds.
4. High Degree of flexibility, suitability for all raw materials.
5. Optimal control over the movement of the fibers during the drafting operation.
6. High precision in both of operation and adjustment.
7. Rapid and simple adjustability of roller spacing and draft levels.
8. Ease of maintenance of cleanings.
9. Optimal ergonomic design.

Factors dependent upon the fiber materials

1. Mass of the fibers in the strand cross section.
2. Degree of order of the fiber.
3. Shape of cross section of the fiber strand.
4. Compactness of the fiber strand.
5. Length of fiber.
6. Adhesion between the fiber depends upon:-
 Surface structure
 Crimp
 Lubrication
 Compression of the strand.
7. Evenness of distribution of fiber length.
8. Twists present in the fiber strands.

Factors depending upon the drafting arrangement

1) Diameter of the rollers.
2) Hardness of the top rollers.
3) Pressure exerted by the top rollers.
4) Surface characteristics of the top rollers.
5) Fluting the bottom rollers.
6) Type and form of fiber guiding devices, such as pressure rods, pin bars, aprons, condenser etc.
7) Clamping distance.
8) Level of the draft.

Types of Drafting System

In general the number of roller and it how way arrange is known drafting system. The drafting
system is the heart of the draw frame and thus the part which exerts the most decisive influence
on quality. Many developments are made by the machine manufacturers for improving
performance of the drafting systems. When the fibres are drawn over the surface of the roatating
rollers, the fibre control is improved. Thus the nip to nip distance between the drafting pairs may
be set according to the staple length, but the effective distance may be closer. In many drafting
systems rollers are tilted forward and back word to rake care of shorter and longer fibres.
Following are some drafting systems available in draw frame machines.

Drafting systems:
I) 4-over-4 roller drafting system.
II) 3-over-4 roller drafting system.
III) 3-over-3 roller drafting system.
IV) 4-over-3 roller drafting system.
V) 5-over- 4 roller drafting system (Rieter).

Systems for Drafting Arrangement:

Dust is released in drafting zone and this is totally enclosed, so that cannot pass to the
surrounding atmosphere. The dust laden air should be extracted by suction. For this each roller
has an associated cleaning device and air passed via tubes directly to the exhaust ducts.
Causes of irregularities in drawn sliver:
a) Inherent properties of the material
b) Inherent short coming
c) Mechanical defective machinery
d) External factors – RH, temperature, workers, negligence, insufficient, management.
Top Roller Loading

The task of the top roller loading is to ensure the clamping of the fibres which is needed for an
optimal drafting process. The roller loading of older draw frames must be set rather higher than
for processing cotton. Modern draw frames already use high pressures for all fibres so usually no
change of the pressure is required when different materials are used. Only if high drafting forces
occur, higher top roller pressures are required. This can be the case, for example, when heavy
sliver weights or fibres with high drafting resistance are drawn.

In below Fig. and Table 12 examples for regular and high top roller settings on Rieter draw
frames are given.

In the case of high top roller settings an increased effective nip zone has to be taken into account
and the roller settings (see chapter 5.7.2.1.) have to be increased by 1-2 mm.
 Fig. – Top roller pressures on a 4-over-3 roller drafting system

Table 12 – Examples of top roller pressure settings on a 4-over-3-roller drafting system

Types of Top Roller Loading

Spring Loading

Pneumatic Loading
Machine Technical Detail:
Make LMW
Model RSB 851
Year ----
Sliver Monitor With
No of Deliveries Single
Delivery Can Dia 20"
Delivery Can Height 42"
Can Changer Auto
Creel Type Power Creel
Creel Length mm 3500
No of Doublings 8
Feed Can Dia 20"
Drafting Type 3 Over 3
Suction Individual
Voltage 420
Frequency 50
Delivery speeds, meters per minute : up to 800

Production per delivery, kg per hour : up to 300

Maximum feed weight kg : 55

Delivery hank, ktex : 3 to 7

Waste, in % : 0.5 to 1

Conculsion : In this way we have studied various types of drafting and top roller loading
used in draw frame drafting system.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 03

Aim: To understand the gearing diagram, drives and calculations of speed and production.
Apparatus: Draw-Frame
Make: LMW
Model: LD 2
Procedure: To draw the gearing diagram after observation of gearing and calculate respective
element speed and production.

Gearing Diagram of Draw Frame Machine

Let motor rpm is N = 1400

Finding roller rpm according to gear system

Calendar Roller RPM = 1504

Front roller = 2206
Second Roller = 549.98
Third Roller = 540.35
Back Roller = 363.87

Draft Calculation
BR and TR = 540 /363 = 1. 48
TR and SR = 1.01
SR and FR = 4.01
Total Draft BR and FR = 6.06
Production = Surface Speed of Calendar Roller X Linear Density of the sliver

Production of Machine per shift of 8 hrs at 85% efficiency where the sliver hank to be 3700
tex

Conclusion: We have studied gearing of Drawframe, to change drafts and to set the speed
of machine as per production target.
 Experiment No 4
Aim: To understand the gearing diagram, drives and calculations of speed and production.
Apparatus: Draw-Frame
Make: Rieter
Model: RSB-D 40
Procedure: To draw the gearing diagram after observation of gearing and calculate respective
element speed and production.
Conclusion: We have studied gearing of RSB D 40 Drawframe, to change drafts and to set
the speed of machine as per production target.
 Experiment No 5
Aim: To understand the draft change and to set draft parameters for new hank.
Introduction: Drawing is the operation by which slivers are blended, doubled and leveled. In
short staple spinning the term is only applied to the process at a draw frame. It's influence on
quality, especially on evenness is very big. If drawframe is not set properly, it will also result in
drop in yarn strength and yarn elongation at break. The faults in the sliver that come out of draw
frame cannot be corrected. It will pass into the yarn.

Following Table is used to Set Draft in the Draw Frame machine.

For the gearing diagram of RSB D 40, above table used to set mechanical draft on the machine.
In which 4 fatch , 6 fatch mention in the first row represents number of doublings/ number of
slivers feed to the drafting zone. Nw1 and NW1 and NW2 are the draft change wheels, used to
set the total draft of the drafting zone.
The total mechanical draft is represented V.
V = 5.98 x NW2/ NW1
VV is the break draft that is the draft between back roller and second roller.
VV = W4/ 52
VA is the tension draft in between the front roller and colander roller.
In draw frame actual draft and mechanical draft varies due to tension draft, and roller slippage.
Following table shows the observed actual and total drafts on the draw frame machines.
Sr. Draw Hank Hank Number Actual Nw1 Nw2 Mechanical
No. Frame Feed Delivered of Draft= Number Number Draft =
Number of
No Doublings Doublings X
of Teeth of Teeth 5.98 x
Hank
Nw2/Nw1
Delivered /
Hank Feed

1
2
3
4
5

If hank of the delivered sliver need to be change, we need to change Nw1 and Nw2 as per
required mechanical draft.
For Example on Machine number 301, Nw1 – 56 and Nw2 – 58 teeth.
Mechanical draft will be = 5.98 X Nw2/ Nw1 = 5.98 X 58 / 56 = 6.19
Now we want a mechanical draft of 7 with Nw2 of 58 Teeth gear, and Nw1 need to be
replace with appropriate gear. The number of teeth on the Nw1 is calculated as
Nw1 = 5.98 X Nw2 / Required Draft = 5.98 X 58 / 7 = 49.54
So we need to use the gear of 49 or 50 teeth.
With 49 teeth Draft = 5.98 X 58 / 49 = 7.07
With 50 teeth Draft = 5.98 X 58 / 50 = 6.93

Conclusion: We have studied the difference between the actual and mechanical draft, we
also studied how the set draft on the drawframe machine.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 06

Aim: To understand the principle of operation of autoleveller and its drive.

Apparatus:- Draw Frame
Make:- LMW
Model:- RSB-851
Autoleveller: -
Autoleveller is an additional device which is meant for correcting the linear density variations in
the delivered sliver by changing either main or break draft.
In D/F finisher open loop autoleveller is used: -
In open loop autoleveller, sensing is done at the feeding end & the correction is done by
changing either a main draft or break draft of the drafting system.

The major component in the autoleveller system: -

1) Scanning roller
2) Signal converter
3) Leveling CPU
4) Servo drive
5) Differential gear box
- Function of scanning roller is to measure the variation in fed material. All slivers feed to
the machine pass through a pair of scanning roller, a spring loading system or a
pneumatic loading system.
 - Pneumatic loading is always better because the pressure in kgs will be always same
irrespective of the sliver feed variation. But in the case of spring loaded the pressure on
scanning rollers may vary depending upon the feed variation.
- The variation in sliver mass of the incoming slivers displace the scanning roller. The
distance moved by the scanning is proportional to the sliver mass feed. This displacement
of electronic leveling process which servo amplifier digital system it a CPU.
- It is the electronic leveling processor which furnishes to the correct target value to the
servo drive (servo motor & servo leveler).
- Delivery speed of machine electric signal value arrived at by the slivers feed are the two
important signals for the correction.
- Servo drive takes the information and each converted in such a way that servo motor rpm
and direction is decided for appropriate correction.
- Planetary gearing with it is controlled output speed drives the middle and back roller i.e.
sliver entry of the drafting system.
- Because the servo motor and servo leveler generates a control speed of the planetary
gearing, the required change in main draft is accomplished, compensating for the weight
variation of sliver feed.
- If the slivers feed are heavy, the entry speed is reduced i.e. draft increased.
- If the sliver feed are too light the entry speed is increase i.e. draft reduced.
Stop motion in D/F: -
If any abnormalities delivered from the machine get stop by the stop motion functioning.
Stop motion from feed to delivery: -
1) If any sliver break on creel machine getting stop.
2) If the lapping occurred in drafting zone or top & bottom roller.
3) If the sliver getting choke-up in delivery calendar roller so machine get stop or coiler
chokes-up.
4) If empty cannot present in actual position.

Conclusion: In this way, we have understood the principle of operation of auto leveller and its
drive.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 07
Aim: To understand and set the calibration of autoleveller by correcting levelling intensity.
Introduction : Most of the modern autolevellers are open loop autolevellers. This system is
effective on short, medium and to some extent long term variations.Mechanical draft should be
selected properly in autoleveller drawframes. To decide about the mechanical draft, drawframe
should be run with autoleveller switched off. If the sliver weight is correct, then the mechanical
draft selected is correct. Otherwise, the gears should be changed so that the sliver is weight is as
per the requirement without autoleveller. Intensity of levelling and timing of correction are two
important parameters in autolevellers. Intensity of levelling indicates the amount of correction.
i.e If 12% variation is fed to the drawframe the draft should vary 12% , so that the sliver weight
is constant. Timing of correction indicates that if a thick place is sensed at scanning roller, the
correction should take place exactly when this thick place reaches the correction point(levelling
point). Higher the feed variation, higher the correction length. e.g. if feed variation is 1 %, and if
the correction length is 8 mm, if feed variation is 5% the correction length will be between 10 to
40 mm depending upon the speed and type of the autoleveller. Higher the speed, higher the
correction length. Whenever the back roller setting, guide rails setting, delivery speed, break
draft etc are changed, the timing of correction should also be changed. U% of sliver will be high,
if timing of correction is set wrongly . If intensity of levelling selected is wrong , then 1 meter
C.V % of sliver will be high. Most of the modern autolevellers can correct 25% feed variation. It
is a general practice to feed 12% variation both in plus and minus side to check A%. This is
called as Sliver test.

A% is calculated as follows
If no of sliver fed to drawframe is N, Check the output sliver Hank with "N", "N+1", "N-1"
slivers. Then,
Observation table

Sr. No Draw Frame Number : Hank of

Sliver:
Hank With N-1 Hank with N Hank With N+1
Sliver
1
2
3
4
5
Mean Hank

Calculations:

Based on observed value of A%, correction in the levelling intensity will be made to reduce the
value of A%.

1) A% N-1 = (Hank N-1 - Hank N) X 100

Hank N

( If A N-1 + then Overcompensation , A N-1 then Undercompensation)

2 ) A% N+1 = (Hank N+1 - Hank N) X 100

Hank N

( If A N+1 + then Undercompensation , A N+1 then Overcompensation)

The A% should not be more than 0.75%.

Leveling intensity
The leveling intensity setting ensures that the leveler will correct the sliver weight if there is a
major swing in mass of the in feed material. To check and set the leveling intensity a “Sliver
Test” has to be performed. The delivered sliver produced from the normal feed is compared with
slivers produced from feeds of normal plus one sliver and normal minus one sliver. The %
deviation is then corrected by changing the leveling intensity at 20.3 in the menu.
Exceptions: If a sliver test reveals an over compensation and an under compensation, of the
leveling device then one of the following could apply:

The wrong size scanning rollers are installed,

The pressure of the scanning rollers is wrong for the application,
The scanning roller is not able to move freely throughout its full range.

Conclusion: In this way we have understand and set the calibration of autoleveller by
correcting levelling intensity.
EXPERIMENT NO. 08

Aim: To study the drafting roller setting on breaker and finisher draw frame.

Introduction: The roller settings (distances between the roller pairs of a draft zone) have to be
adjusted according to the fibre lengths of the raw material. Settings which are too narrow cause
fibre damage while too wide settings increase the number of floating fibres and result in higher
unevenness of the sliver.

For polyester and polyamide fibres the following roller settings can be recommended

 break draft field: fibre cut length +20 %

 main draft field: fibre cut length +5 to 10 %.

Rather wider settings become necessary with:

 processing of low-pill fibres

 processing of high-strength fibres
 processing of fine fibres
 processing of fibres with considerable crimp
 processing of fibres with poor spin finish
 use of low break drafts.

In the case of acrylic fibre, too narrow settings in the main drafting field can lead to cold draw
setting and thus to a higher shrinkage level in the end product. If fibres longer than 40 mm are to
be processed, it is advisable to remove all fibre-guiding elements, e.g. the pressure bars, from the
drafting arrangement. Examples of roller settings on a 4 over 3 roller drawing frame depending
on different raw materials are given in Table 11. These settings should only be used as a start-up
recommendation while optimum settings always have to be found out by experiment.

General settings for standard fibres (regarding pilling behavior, strength, crimp etc.) can be
found on the 5 over 3 roller drafting system in Fig. 37. For special fibre types the settings have to
be adjusted.

Fig. 36 – Roller settings in 4 over 3 drafting system

Drafting roll distances have to be set as close as practicable:

To control the short and floating fibers,

Not so close as to break the longest fibers, nor
Not so close as create high drafting forces and over control.
The roll setting has to be optimized according to:
§ Staple length, ( 2.5% on HVI or AFIS and 1.0% on the Peyer AL-101)
§ fiber orientation,
§ sliver weight
§ fiber crimp, bulk and cohesion.

The number of fiber hooks are decreased and the degree of fiber orientation is increased each
drawing process. Therefore, it is necessary to set the roll spacing with this in mind.

Setting tip
From the practical setting perspective, the main draft rolls should be set first, followed by the
setting of the break draft zone. Any change of the distance between rolls (5) and (6)
automatically changes the distances between rolls (4) and (5). Consequently, a change of setting
of the main draft zone must be followed by an adjustment of the break draft rolls. The converse
is not so. A change of the distance of the break draft zone does not change the positions of rolls
(5) and (6).

The main draft zone roll – setting (H V D)

§ The main draft rolls have an actual minimum setting of 35.5 mm, which is used for all fibers
with staple length shorter than 27 mm. For fibers of staple length 27 mm or longer, the rolls are
normally set at 8 ….10 mm over the 2.5% length value.

Break draft zone - roll setting (V V D)

The break draft roll setting is dependent upon the condition of the supplied sliver. The maximum
and average staple lengths, the degree of fiber orientation, the fiber hooks, the drafting
resistance, and the draft distribution all have an influence on how close the rolls can be set. A
simple test for the break draft resistance is to use a 1 or 2 mm feeler gauge and push it between
the first and second rolls into the slivers. The fibers should yield but with resistance. The rolls
are too close if the slivers do not allow the feeler to be pressed through.
§ Closest roll setting is 36 mm

§ Common roll settings range from 10…15 mm over the 2.5% staple length.
Table 11 – Examples for Roller settings with different materials (4 over 3 roller)

Fig. 37 – 5-over-3 roller drafting system

Observation Table:

Breaker Draw frame

Effective Length of Break Draft Zone Main Draft Zone
fibre Setting Setting
29 44 38

Finisher Draw frame

Effective Length of Break Draft Zone Main Draft Zone
fibre Setting Setting
29 42 38

Conclusion: In this way we have studied drafting roller setting on breaker and finisher
draw frame machines.
EXPERIMENT NO. 09

Aim: To understand the passage of material through unilap/lap former/super lap, study of
important parts and its functions.
Apparatus:- Super-Lap
Make:- LMW
Model:- LH 10
Function of Unilap:-
1) Form a lap from no. of draw frame which suitable for combing process.
2) Creating a lap with sufficient cohesion to ensure good unwinding lap.
3) Orienting the fibres to the point that they are optional for both the lap condition &
combing action.
4) Produce a lap in with the fibres are uniformly distributed in lap cross section.
Passage of material through sliver lap:-
1) The sliver is passing over from the feeders. There is driven to the feeders i.e. negative
driven. There is a sensor on creel at feeding then the all stands of sliver are then passing
over the steel polished table there are number of stationary guide rollers are present on
staple.
2) Then sliver is passed through tension roller which gives same tension on the sliver &
easily passed the material without stretch.
3) Then the material is passed through the drafting arrangement 4over4 are used in drafting
arrangement to roller help of cleanness plate which is help the cleaners.
4) Then the drafting material is passed through the steel polished drum. The function of this
drum applied pressed and drafting stand of sliver after completion of drafting zone, there
in one spool drum. This drum is rotate with positively drive and also give the rotary drive
to the spool due to their winding is done.
Creel draft: - It is the draft between feed rollers to creel roller.
Feed draft: - It is the draft between feed rollers to drafting back roll.
Table draft: - It is draft between calendar rollers to 1st table.
Main calendar roller draft: - It is the self weighting device.
Total machine draft: - For deciding the total draft to be use in the drafting for achieved the
required lap shed weight the following procedure to be adopted first calculated.
= no. of doubling * feed sliver weight
 Required lap sheet wt. (gm)
Total draft in drafting: - After calculating the total machine draft required the total draft to be
used in drafting can be achieved by,
Total draft in drafting = Total machine draft
1.069
The total drafts in drafting include break draft intermediate draft and main draft.
Adjusting total draft in drafting: - If the delivered lap weight has to be fine turned and it can
be done by calculation.

Technical Details
Raw material is cotton up to 60 mm in length,
 § feed weight up to 160 ktex (g/m) or 2250 g/yard. – 28 ends up of 5.7 ktex or 28 ends of
80 g/yard.
 § delivery bat weight 60 to 80 ktex or (845 to1125 g/yard.)
 § lap weight up to 25 kg.
  § lap width 300 mm.
 § lap diameter up to 650 mm.
 § production rate up to 360 kg/ hr.
 § delivery speed is variable between 50 and 120 m/min depending upon the raw material.

Creel
The sliver cans in the creel can be up to 1000 mm diameter and 1200 mm in height. The sliver is
pulled over a static creel. There is a stop motions for each sliver.
The creel height can be adjusted to allow sliver ballooning between the cans and the creel
without dragging over the sliver column.

Drafting units
 § Each drafting unit is a 3 over 3 system with two draft zones, break draft zone and a
main draft zone.
 § The back and middle bottom rollers have straight grooving and the front bottom roller
has a spiral groove.
 § The top rollers have rubber cots of 83 shore hardness.
 § The break draft and the main draft can be individually adjusted.
 § The top rollers are pneumatically loaded. The pressure of up to 1600 N per roller is
controlled by a central setting.
 § A stop motion is provided to stop the machine in the event of a roller lap.

Batt calender system

 § There are four calender rollers that compress the bat before feeding it to the first Lap
roller.
 § The rollers are loaded through a leaf spring arrangement that exerts a calender load
pressure of up to 16’000 N
UNIlap winding unit
The calender rollers (1) are followed by the two lap rollers (2) between which the Lap (8) is
formed.
 The surface of first of the lap rollers is grooved to positively drive the lap, the surface of
the second lap roller is smooth
 The perforated lap tube (3) is held in place by the winding discs on each of the lap rollers.
 As the lap is wound onto the tube, the system exerts a load of up to 10,000 N to created a
firmly wound lap.
 A negative air pressure of 350 PA is provided inside the lap tube to secure the lap end
upon the start of winding.
 As the lap builds up in diameter and weight, the pressure exerted by the loading cylinder
(6) is varied to ensure the required pressure of the lap against the winding rollers.

Aspects of lap quality

The quality of laps is judged by the physical properties and the performance in unwinding at the
comber. Primarily
they fall into the following categories:
 homogeneous lap build-up,
 no lap weight drift in winding,
  minimal lap hairiness during unwinding at the comber,
 optimal fiber arrangement in the batt for good fiber selectivity on the comber,
§ no lap damage in transportation between the preparation and the comber.

Uniformity of lap build-up

The batt mass consistency, CV%m, depends upon the uniformity of the slivers being supplied to
the UNIlap, but is also influenced by:
 the batt breaking strength
 the geometric or constructive machine conditions to avoid lap weight drift
 the machine settings and drafts
EXPERIMENT NO. 10

Aim: To understand and estimate the standard lap weight of given mixing.

The lap winding assembly:

After passing the web table, the web runs through four calender rollers (Fig. 09). The pressure
generated by two membrane cylinders can be adjusted up to 16 000 N. The calender rollers are
followed by two winding rolls (2) and a lap tube holding device (3) with a lap weighting device;
these have to cooperate to form the lap.
The required weighting pressure (up to 10 000 N), derived from a piston, is transferred via a
pivoting lever to the weighting frame and thus to the lap tube. The UNIlap has an automatic lap
pressure control which adapts the pressure according to the lap diameter. An increase in diameter
of the lap raises the weighting frame, in the course of which the pressure increases. The size of
the increase can be set by adjustment using setting screws. The machine stops when a preset lap
length is reached, whereupon an automatic device replaces the full lap by an empty tube.

Fig. 09 – The lap winding device of the UNIlap machine

Apparatus: UNIlap
Make: LMW
Model: LH10
Procedure: to check the lap weight of delivered material according to draft and calculate gm/mt
of lap.
Conclusion: to set the lap weight according to feed and delivered material.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 11
Aim: To understand the Passage of material through combing machine and detailed study
of important parts and its functions.

Apparatus:- Combing Machine

Make and Model: - LMW – LK 54
Make and Model : - Rieter- E65
Objects of comber
1) Elimination of precisely pre-determined quantity of short fiber.
2) Elimination of remaining impurities.
3) Elimination of a sliver having maximum possible evenness.
Passage of material through comber
1) The even load distribution between the bottom detaching roller still and the top detaching
roller ensure “defined” detaching of the fiber.
2) A continues web guide guaranties & optimum support of web even with short staple raw
material.
3) With delivery rollers & the positions of table trumpet web extractions is strongly an eccentric
this result in an even distribution of the piecing line in the sliver.
4) The lap preventions bridge eliminates the electrostatic charges of the web & thus avoids
lapping of the top detaching rollers.
5) The table trumpets maintenance free the table trumpet & table calendar roller condense the
web to provide a sliver suitable for the transport to drafting unit.

Type of feed:-
1) Backward feeding: - The lap is fed while nipper is rocking backward i.e. after detaching but
before the circular comb, combs the fringe of is called backward feeding.
2) Forward feeding: - The lap is fed during the backward stock the material is fed during the
forward motion of nipper i.e. during detaching is called as forward feeding.
Functions of each part:-
Lap guide:
To set the lap spool properly to avoid the lap shifting from either left or right.
Lap feed roller:
To feed the lap forward.
Lap tray:
To support the lap sheet.
Feed roller:
To feed the material to the nipper & unicomb.
Nipper:
Open or close as per the feeding requirement & to forward the material at front position.
Top comb:
The top comb consists of a single row of needle (26to30 needle/cm) that combs the back fringe
of detaching way.
» The deeper the penetration of the top comb, the noil level will also increase.
» The short fiber & trash restrain by the top comb are primarily retained in the remaining lap &
then comb out by next action of circular comb.
Unicomb:
To forward the material, after comb when length increasing so effective length of fiber are
forward & short length fiber just backward by unicomb.

Bottom & detaching roller:

To grip the material from nipper & moved forward when the combing action is done by the top
comb & unicomb the detaching roller get the material & again back. The material for removing
the neps to the top comb the setting of the detaching roller is called incartment setting. There are
2 over 2 layout of detaching roller & the loading on detaching roller by pneumatic.
Trumpet:
To compact the web uniformly.
Funnel:
To compact the web & convert it in to uniform sliver.
Table calendar roller:
To condense the sliver & pass to forward position.
Combing cycle:-

1) Batt feed (backwards)

The feed rollers “S” move the batt “W” forward in steps of 4
to 6.6 mm while the nippers Zo and Zu are open.
 4) Nipping:-
The upper nipper is lowered onto the cushion plate Zu” to clamp
the fibres.

3) Rotary combing:-
The combing segment “K” sweeps its saw – teeth or needles
through the fibre fringe ”B” and removes anything not held by
the nippers. During this action the nippers move concentrically
and maintain a constant combing distance.

4) Nippers forward movement:-

The nippers open and move towards the detaching rollers “A”.

5) Web return:-
During the forward movement of the nippers, the detaching
Rollers “A” have reversed rotation and returned part of the
web “V”.
This was previously withdrawn. The returned portion of the
web
Protrudes from the back of the detaching rollers.

6) Piecing:-
The forward movement of the nippers carries the projecting fibre
fringe “B” to the returned web “V” to be subsequently gripped by
the detaching rollers to make a piecing.
7) Detaching:-
The detaching rollers begin to rotate in the forward direction and
draw the leading fibres out of the batt “W”. The batt is securely
held by the feed rollers “S”.

8) Combing by the top comb:-

Before the start of the detaching operation, the top comb “F” is
lowered into the fibre fringe. As the fibres are drawn out by
the detaching rollers, the trailing part of the fringe is “combed”
as it passes through the top comb.

9) End of cycle:-
The nipper assembly is retracted and the top comb is raised in
preparation for the next combing cycle. The raw material delivered
by the card m/c cannot be fed directly to the comber lap preparation
is a must a good lap fed to the comber should have.

10) Removing noil from the circular comb:-

The circular comb rotates continuously and in the lower
position the combing segment passes a revolving brush. The
high-speed brush cleans the combing segment of fibres and
impurities and ejects them into an aspirator that conveys the
noil to a collecting drum.
Conclusion: This practical is one of the most important practical for spinning section. By this
practical we learn about different parts & material passage of comber machine.
 Experiment No 12

AIM: To measure and study the process noil parentage measurement on comber.

Introduction:
The comber should remove all fibres in the lap which are shorter than detachment setting- which
are shorter than the minimum distance‘d’ mm. Between the nippers and the grid of the back
detaching rollers. Also it_ mm is lap feed per nip than all fibre longer than d_ should always go
to into the sliver.
Fibre with intermediate length would go either into the waste or into comb sliver depending upon
their position in the fed cycle. This theoretical inspection is based on two sample assumption. 1)
All fibre in the comber laps are straight without hooks and parallel to the length of the lap. 2)
Fibre movement is not influence by any frictional contact between neighboring fibres even a
perfecting maintain comber therefore cannot remove short fibres as relatively as could be
inspected from its mechanism. The word efficiency refer to degree to which comber succeed in
removing all the fibres shorter than detachment setting and without loosing any fiber longer than
the detachment setting plus reed difference A periodic check on the fractionating efficiency of
comber search two purposes as it permits the assessment of improvement in the fibre length in
reaction to comber waste percentage and b) it helps indirectly to judge mechanical condition of
comber.
Procedure:
1) Stop the comber and change the running can with the empty can.
2) Set the noil sleeve into the noil duct on the back side of the comber.
3) Start noil test.
4) Start the comber for some time ( 1 min.)
5) Collect the sliver produced by the comber after can change during noil test time ( 1 min)
6) Remove the noil sleeve from the duct and collect the noil trapped inside the noil sleeve.
7) Measure the weight of the collected sliver and noil.
8) Calculate the noil percentage by the formula
Noil % = Wt. in gm of the noil X 100 / (Wt. in gm noil + wt in gm sliver)

Observation table:
Wt of Noil in Gm Wt of Sliver in gm

Conclusion: In this way we have studied the process of Noil percentage measurement and noil
percentage of the comber is _____ .
 Experiment No 13
Aim: To understand the Passage of material through speed frame, study of its important
parts & their functions.
 Model – LAKSHMI LF 1400 A (LMW).

 Task of S/F –
1) To attenuate the sliver.
2) To impart the protective twist to the roving in order to increase the strength.
3) To wind the roving on to the packages suitable for next machine.

 Passage of material through speed frame machine –

1) D/F sliver is presented to the S/F in large cans, arranged behind the machine.
2) Positive driven transport rollers provided above the cans at creel zone draws the slivers from
cans& forwarded to the drafting arrangement.
3) The drafting system attenuates the sliver with a draft of between 5 & 20. The delivered strand
is too thin to hold itself together & a strength imparting step is necessary immediately at the
exit from the drafting system.
4) This performed by inserting protective twists, usually in the range of 30 – 65 turns per metre.
5) These are created by rotating flyer & are transmitted into the unsupported length between
flyer & nip of front pair of drafting.
6) The flyer itself forms part of driven spindle & is rotated with the spindle.
7) Then the roving is run through the flyer top & hollow flyer leg, to ensure the safely passing
& without damage to the wind up point & it is wound 2-3times around the pressure arm,
before reaching to the bobbin.
8) To enable winding, the driven bobbin is given a higher peripheral speed than the flyer &
thus the roving is drawn off the flyer leg.
9) The coils must be arranged very closely & parallel to one another, so that as much material as
possible is taken up & for this purpose the bobbin rail with the packages on it , must move up
& down continuously with the help of supporting lever. The speed of the movement of the
bobbin rail must be reduced by a small amount after each completed layer, since the diam. of
packages increase with the each wound layer.
10) Also the bobbin rotation rate must be reduced after each layer, because the delivery is
constant & hence the difference between the peripheral speed of the packages & flyer must
also held constant throughout the winding operation.

Conclusion : In this way we have studied the Passage of material through speed frame, study of
its important parts & their functions.
 Experiment No 14
Aim: To study Important parts of machine with their functions of the speed frame.
1) The creel –
Above the feed cans, there are several rows of driven rollers to help the sliver on their way to
the drafting.
Therefore, the transport rollers are positively driven to avoid the creation of false draft & to
ensure the passing of slivers to the drafting without any disturbance.

2) The drafting arrangement –

In general, 3- over-3 drafting system is used, but 4 cylinders may be needed for high drafts.
It comprises fluted lower rollers & rubber coated pressure rollers. The hardness of top rollers
lies between 800 & 850 shores, but the rollers over which the aprons run often have hardness
only slightly above 600 shores. This enables better enclosure & guidance of the fibre strands
during drafting.
The main effect of B.D. is seen in the roving evenness. The drafting is having the double
apron arrangement.

3) The aprons –
The aprons are made either by leather or of synthetic rubbers, & have a thickness of about 1
mm. the upper apron is short & held taut by tensioning devices. The lower apron is longer;
they run over guide bars to positions close to the nip line of delivery rollers.
They co-operate with each other to guide & transport the fibres during drafting & they exert
the very significant influence on the drafting. It is important that aprons should extend as
closely as possible to the nip line. The guiding length referred to as cradle length, must be
adapted approximately to the staple length.

4) The condensers –
Condensers are provided to guide the fibres as they flow through the drafting system. The
sizes of the condensers have to be selected according to the fibres being processed and the
bulk the material passing through the draft zone.
 The choice is important in that it affects the roving quality and the running performance of
the machine.
Condensers that are too small can lead to fibre accumulations and uncontrolled stretching.
Condensers that are too large lose control of the fibres and result in a deterioration of the
roving evenness (CV %). The condenser widths are
colour coded for easy identification. There is a greater
variation in the delivery condensers as the range of
roving size is considerable.

5) Cradle spacer plates

The roll setting and the cradle opening distance at the nose
affect the fiber control with the double apron drafting
system. The smaller the cradle opening the more the apron
restrains the fibers. It is necessary to find the optimum
opening for roving quality and running performance.

6) Cradle opening:
The cradle opening “X” affects the fiber control in the main
draft zone. Advantage of reducing the cradle opening is to
improve the uniformity of the roving. Disadvantages of
reducing the cradle opening are:
§ Worse running behavior of the roving frame.
§ Drafting problems at sliver splicings
§ Increased slubs created by an “over control” of fibers.
§ Increased susceptibility to changes of climatic
variations.
§ Increased susceptibility to changes of blend level.
§ Increased sensitivity to changes of:

Cradle Length (mm) Material

36 Cotton – up to 1/8” ;
40 mm synthetic.
43 Cotton – up to 1/8” ;
50 mm synthetic.
50 Synthetic fibres – 60 mm.
7) False Twister
The actual twist level in roving is not sufficient to gather the fibers as they emerge from the
drafting zone. To supplement the twist, a “false twisting” device is provided at the top of the
Flyer to temporarily create twist between the flyer and the delivery rolls. This false twist does
not pass beyond the top of the flyer.
These false twisting devices are referred to as “Twist Crowns” (grommets). The roving rolling
over the surface of the twist crown generates the false twist. In addition to the false twist aiding
in the collection the fibers at the delivery rolls it imparts strength to the fiber strand enabling it to
travel from the delivery roll to the flyer top.
There are several types of twist crowns, composed of different materials, number of notches and
shapes. The Rieter standard twist crown is with 12 notches.
The diameter of the hole through which the roving passes has to be selected according to the
fibers being processed.

8) The spindle –
This is simply a support 7 drive element for the flyer, without any ancillary function. It is a
long steel shaft, mounted at its lower end in the bearing & supported in the middle by
vertically reciprocating shaft of the package tube acting as a neck bearing.
The spindle is conical & provided with a slot. When the flyer is set on the spindle cone, a pin
on the flyer projects into the slot, so that the flyer & spindle are converted into a unit for
drive.
9) The flyer –
As well as imparting the roving twists, the flyer has to lead the very sensitive strand from the
flyer top to the package without introducing false draft. For one thing the strand has only
protective twits & is very liable to break. For another, the flyer is rotating alone with roving
at a rate up to 1500 rpm.
The fibre strand must therefore be protected against strong air currents. For this purpose, one
of the two flyer leg has usually been “Hollow”, i.e. with deep guide groove that is open in the
direction opposite to the direction of rotation. The strand is drawn through this groove.

10) The presser arm –

The steel yoke is attached to the lower end of the hollow flyer leg. The arm has to guide the
roving from the exit of the flyer leg to the package. The no. of wrap turns determines the
roving tension. If it is high then a hard, compact package is obtained, if it is too high, false
draft or roving breaks may cause.

Conclusion: In this way we have studied important parts of machine with their functions of the
speed frame.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 15
Aim: To understand the Bobbin leading and flyer leading mechanism on the speed frame
Builder Motion:
Builder motion is used to wind the roving in a parallel wound package with conical ends as
shown in Figure 1. The package is formed layer by layer. The lift of each layer is shortened by a
small length which decides the taper angle ‘α’.The animation A1 demonstrates the basics of
formation of the roving package.

Figure 1. Roving package formation

The rovings are wound in coils around the bare bobbin to start with. The winding of coils starts
from the bottom position determind by the position of the bobbin rail. As the bobbin rail moves
up the coils are wound upwards forming the first layer of rovings on the bare bobbin. After
reaching the top position of the lift for the first layer, the bobbin rail reverses the direction of
movement and starts to move downwards. Now the coils are placed downwards and second layer
of roving are wound on the first layer of rovings. This time the bobbin rail does not go all the
way to the starting point of the first layer. Instead, it returns and start to move upwards from a
level just above the starting level of the first layer, the difference in these levels is called as
‘shift’ (S). The third layer of roving is wound over the second layer of rovings upwards. Again
the bobbin rail does move all the way up to the starting level of the second layer but returns from
a level just lower by ‘S’ and starts forming the fourth layer. The distance ‘S’ decide the taper
angle. Higher is S, smaller will be α.
The roving can be wound onto the bobbin using either Flyer lead method or Bobbin lead
method.
Flyer Lead
• Flyer surface speed is faster
• Flyer winds the roving on the bobbins surface
Bobbins Lead
• Bobbins surface speed is faster
• Bobbins winds the roving onto itself
Advantages of Bobbins Lead
• In case of roving break, the direction of roving on the bobbins provides stable
outer layer
• The drive to the spindle is shortest hence it starts faster than the bobbins.
• This leads to more roving breaks in flyer lead while staring.

Figure 2 : Spindle speed and Bobbin speed for different Winding methods
In both the cases, the spindle speed remains constant through out the winding process,
since changing the spindle speed will change the twist density in the roving. The bobbin
speed is changed according to the requirement. Figure 2 shows the manner in which the
bobbin speed has to be changed in case of bobbin lead and flyer lead methods.
In both the cases, the roving delivery speed is constant decided by the surface speed of
the front pair of drafting rollers. But, as the bobbin builds up the diameter and the
circumference of the bobbin increases. If the bobbin rotates at a fixed speed, then the
roving will get stretched more and more in case of bobbin lead method since the bobbin
is leading and winding the roving on to itself as the winding proceeds; the roving will get
slackened more and more in case of flyer lead method as in this case the flyer is leading
and winding the roving onto the bobbin. The difference between the peripherals speeds of
the flyer and the bobbins needs to be kept constant for proper winding.
Hence, in case of bobbin lead method the bobbin speed has to be gradually decreased and
in the case of flyer lead the bobbin speed has to be gradually increased in order to keep
the roving tension constant while winding the rovings on the bobbin.
For cotton system, because of the advantages of bobbin lead method and the difficulties
associated with flyer lead method, the bobbin lead method is always used.
Flyer Lead
• Flyer surface speed is faster
• Flyer winds the roving on the bobbins surface
Bobbins Lead
• Bobbins surface speed is faster
 • Bobbins winds the roving onto itself

Conclusion: In this way we have studied the difference between flyer leading and bobbin
leading mechanisms used for bobbin building of speed frame.

Experiment No 16

Aim : To Study the gearing diagram and cone drum differential drive to the bobbin of the
speed frame.

Introduction:
Based on the above discussions, in order to have proper winding of the rovings on the bobbins,
the following requirements should be met:
The rotational rate of the bobbin should be reduced for layer formation
Shorten the lift after each layer to form tapered ends on the bobbin
Reverse the direction of movement of the bobbin rail after each layer formation
The speed of the movement of the bobbin rail should be reduced after formation of every layer,
as it will take more time to lay one coil as the bobbin builds up.

Drive system in Roving Frame :

The main shaft received the drive from the motor and rotates at a constant speed. It provides the
constant drive to the differential gear assembly, top cone, drafting system and the spindle as
shown in Figure 3. The bobbin rails gets it motion directly from the bottom cone drum. The
bobbins get their drive from the output of the differential drive which combines the fixed speed
from the main shaft and the variable speed from the bottom cone drum. The operating principles
of cone drums and the differential drive are explained below.
Cone drive transmission:
The reduction in the rotational rate of the bobbin and the reduction in the speed of movement of
bobbin rail are obtained with a cone drive mechanism. In this mechanism, shown in Figure 4
there are two cone drums out of which the top cone drum receive a constant rate of rotation from
the motor. Depending up on the position of the drive belt between them, the speed of the bottom
cone drum changes. Hence, at any given position of the belt the sum of diameter of the top cone
drum (d1) and diameter of the bottom cone drum (d2) should be a constant.
Cone Profile
• Variation in bobbins rotation rate occurs in small steps owing to shifting of the
cone belt after each lift stroke

Where K is the delivery rate, D is the diameter of the bare bobbin, dr is the diameter of
the roving, and nt is the number of roving wound.
• The bobbins winding speed reduces in a hyperbolic fashion as the bobbins
building up. If the shifting of belt is constant for each lift stoke then the cone profile should be
(i) Convex for top (driving cone)
(ii) Concave for bottom (driven cone)

Figure : 4 Cone belts shifting mechanism

Top cone drum rotates at fixed speed of U1 rpm. Speed of bottom cone drum depents upon D1 and
D2 which depend on L.
Moving belt in direction X increases U2
Moving belt in direction Y increases U2
 Figure 5 : Differential gearbox mechanism
Figure 5 represents speed of flyer and wind-on speed with differential gear box. Over the cone
pulleys belts are shifted, due to which differential speed is obtained from differential gear box as
U output = U1≠ U2 rpm.

Conclusion: In this way, we have understood the gearing diagram and cone drum differential
drive to the bobbin of the speed frame.