REDEVELOPMENT OF CITY PARK MARKET

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
SCHOOL OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING SCIENCE

project report
MWOKA MARK MILU
B02/35507/2010
©2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background Info. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Problem Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Project Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Project Philosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Site Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Site Justification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Client’s Brief. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Case Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Site Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Spatial Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Conceptual Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Building Plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Elevations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Detailed Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
“What we do for ourselves dies with us. What we do for others remains and is immortal”
- Albert Pike -
PRELIMINARIES
Background Info sites were used for their intended purpose therefore leading to the congestion Problem Statement
in the already existing markets. The city council of Nairobi established under
The marketplace has a wide presence in most developing countries and Kenya CAP 265 of the Kenya Government law, in its endeavour to render its services For a long time, the culture and soul of the African people has been inherent
is no different. With one of the fastest growing economies in Sub Saharan Africa, to all residents of Nairobi through the departments of Social Services and in the spirit of the market place. However, there has been a gradual loss of
Kenya is projected to show an expansion of 6.5% in 2015 [IMF, 2015]. Our Housing runs these market to: identity and expression in the market place. There is need to rethink the
marketplaces have direct socio-economic impacts to an area and its environments. character of the market place and provide a common architectural platform
In Sub-Saharan Africa alone, the sector provides 60% of all jobs – 90% of all Provide a trading facility and a conducive environment for such activities that encompasses the local culture, endorses social cohesion and provides
new jobs created in the 90’s [Mitullah, 2003]. Direct economic impacts include to take place. opportunities for economic growth.
job creation, profits to business owners, tax revenues while indirect benefits
Provide a linkage between the agricultural sector, retailers and wholesalers.
include improvement of social interaction in urban neighbourhoods as well as Another problem facing the market is poor infrastructure with poor storm
urban development. Offer self-employment opportunities and eradication of poverty.
water drainage, lack of water and security from fire. In the recent past more
In 2014, the county government received a total of Sh. 4.2 billion for market than 6 markets have been consumed by fires. The destruction of markets and
The Nairobi City County Government is established under the 2010 constitution insufficient spaces for trade has led to the scourge of hawkers in the city’s
and operates under auspices of the city and urban areas act and the Devolved developments [Sh. 2.7 billion from the World Bank, Sh. 800 million from the central business district. According to estimates, there are estimated to be over
Government Act. The Market Docket act is under the Ministry of Trade and African Development Bank with Sh. 700 million set aside for the expansion of
15,000 hawkers in Nairobi’s CBD alone [Ministry of Local Government, 2014].
Industrialisation. The dockets runs a total of 43 markets and 6954 stalls [Nairobi existing ones], the development of new markets and expansion of existing ones This had led to the putting up of informal structures within the city’s streets with
Government, 2014]. The city county through its planning department provides is important for more retail establishments, creation of profit opportunities for
producers and alleviation of the country’s current financial situation. more and more hawkers being charged for trading in undesignated areas.
a site for a market facility in every neighbourhood. However not all

Project Justification

Nairobi is one of the fastest growing cities in the world. Supporting this growth
are the numerous markets located in the city which increase cash flows. One
of the trading hubs was the City Park Market in Parklands. Located within a
densely populated suburb, the market accommodated the needs of people
all around the city by providing fresh produce, eateries and other services.
However, earlier in February, the market was destroyed by a night fire. This
The Client caused loss of property and relocation of people.

The client of the project is the Nairobi County Government which has already The project is also in line with the Vision 2030 goals and county development
earmarked the market for redevelopment. strategies whereby each county intends to promote wealth creation as well
as provide a clean and safe environment for its people to live and work.
There is need for the construction of a new permanent market that can offer
locally grown produce just as the previous market did as well as additional
retail opportunities. Moreover it shall create jobs for traders and create a
place that caters for experience and interaction.

Project Emphasis

The project aims at the idea of providing a permanent space for a market to
encourage the consolidation of the current market’s efforts within the Parklands
area. By vendors [both wholesale and retail] having a space and coming
together, this will create more competition and product variety attracting more
residents to the mark.

Link to Thesis

This project will serve as a chance to demonstrate the lessons learnt in the
authors written thesis titled ARCHITECTURE AND THE SENSORIAL EXPERIENCE:
A Comparative Study of Social Spaces in Nairobi. The case areas chosen were
aimed at understanding the influence of perception as a program generator to
create a holistic experience. In the design project, the author intends to highlight
the market place and its innate capacity to express itself as a space for existential
experiences. Secondly, it establishes the opportunity for engaging the narrative
responses and integrate it with functionality.
5
Project Benefits Project Objectives

The market shall consist of the following functional components: Architectural Social

I. COMMERCIAL:This will be the main function as it will attempt to create
economic opportunities to the neighbourhood as well as the surrounding areas
by giving them an opportunity to showcase their produce.
II. SOCIAL: The proposed project provides the opportunity to encourage
social interaction among people of different ages, cultures and socio-economic
backgrounds promoting cohesion within the neighbourhood.
III. CULTURAL: The proposed project will convey a high standard of architectural
quality as a prevalent form of cultural expression. The market place has always
been central to the African culture therefore the form, aesthetic impact and
material manifestation must make a positive and lasting contribution to the
cultural environment.
To evolve a contemporary model for the conventional Kenyan market that
addresses a character similar to the traditional marketplace.
To create a space that forms a node for sustaining and experiencing social,
cultural and commercial activities within the local community.
To develop a benchmark that will in the long run promote sensual
considerations to heighten architectural experiences.
To preserve all the urban landscape from visual imperfections
To encourage social and economic independence by providing spaces for
interaction and opportunities to further economic progress.
To provide communal amenities that foster social cohesion, unity and good
neighbourhoods.
To create a space that forms a node for sustaining and experiencing the
culture of the locals.
To provide a versatile market place that acts as both market and revitalise
the neighbouring City Park.

Project Philosophies

1. Communal Facilities: Creating a Community

This will involve creating opportunities for people to meet, interact and do business
in a safe and secure environment. The City Park presents numerous opportunities
for this project to do the above. Communal activities should be located in such
areas. Each market type for example is to have its own shared facilities. These
are the activities related to the core commercial activity being carried out
there. For example, the fresh produce type will have communal washing and
storage facilities, the meat and fish section will have communal cold stores and
the furniture type will have communal showrooms etc.

2. Promoting Informal Sector Activities

Informal Transport: Push carts [mikokoteni] can be promoted by restricting entry

for vehicles making deliveries of specific goods at specific times. Goods will
be off loaded at specific points within the market and be transported to their Commercial
respective stalls through the carts.
Hawking: The market may provide opportunities for hawking to thrive. This could
be achieved by making some streets hawking streets and by further introducing
wide pedestrian promenades along the spine of the park and make it accessible
to hawkers. However, this is to be considered at a later stage.

3. Pedestrian Oriented Development

This will be achieved by restricting vehicular traffic within the site by providing
a loop road and provide for separate pedestrian walkways. The transition to
a pedestrian oriented development will also promote a sense of community.

4. Multi-sensory Approach

The project will offer a platform to explore the possibilities for an architecture in
search of a sensory balance by placing user experience at the forefront of the
design. It will examine the potential of what a single space could do to enhance
the market place while catering to experience of customers and vendors. Social Cultural
6
Site Location Site Justification Swot Analysis

The proposed site is in Parklands towards the North West of Nairobi’s CBD of The site was previously occupied by a popular market which was a source STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Kenya’s capital, Nairobi. It is located along Limuru Road and bordered by City for fresh foods, eateries and other social activities. It was consumed by a fire
Park Road and Nairobi Hockey Union to the sides and a community football on the 5th February 2015 and the site is therefore in need of rehabilitation.
pitch to the East. Towards the West of the site is the Aga Khan Hospital. The site is Close to CBD Poor Infrastructure
adjacent to a densely populated residential area with few commercial buildings. The site is easily accessible to pedestrians, private and public transport Community attraction Poor Structures
It is approximately 5 acres [2 Ha] and gently slopes towards the field to the East. facilities and is close to the central business district. Accessibility is vital
for servicing the market and suppressing fire. Local Bus Route
Site Ownership + Use
The close proximity to a high density suburb with cultural diversity is important OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
The site is owned by the Nairobi City County where an informal market in increasing foot traffic within the area and enhancing social cohesion.
currently stands as a result of resettling vendors and hawkers after a fire broke City Park Garbage sites
out in February 2015, and engulfed their market. Plans for the construction of The site has already been selected and approved for the redevelopment Street rejuvenation Lack of proper drainage
a new market poised to open its doors in February although there has been of the City Park Market.
no adequate progress. Employment Monkeys from Park

CONTEXT From Limuru

Africa
Continent
5 acres

From City Park

KENYA
East-African
Country

Nairobi
Capital City From CBD Location plan Aerial site image
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Client’s brief Project fulfilment

THEME: Spaces required Area for

each [m2]
No. Total
Area [m2]

MARKET Perishable Foodstuffs

Retail 3 1015 3,150
as Processed Foodstuffs
Meat and Fish Selling 2.25 20 45
PLACE Storage
Eateries
6 20 120

Current statistics on site Restaurants 12 12 180

Kitchens 7.5 12 112.5
Juice bars 4.5 8 36
Activity No. Fruit parlours 4 3 12
Seating [150pax] 1.2 150 180
FRUIT + VEGETABLE STALLS 1015
Stalls

MEAT + FISH VENDORS 2 Curios 9 25 108

Textiles stalls: Boutiques, Shoes [including display and changing] 9 20 72
Beauty stalls: Salons, Barber shops 9 15 63
Eateries 12 Utensil stalls: Hardware 4 15 8
Kiosks and Mpesa stalls [Agency banking kiosks] 4 10 28
Furniture stalls [including workspace and display] 12 5 24
FURNITURE STALLS 2
Administration
TEXTILES 8 Market Supervisor 15 1 15
County office 12. 5 60
Market Inspector 12 1 12
BEAUTY 7 Waiting area 20 1 20
Boardroom
Staff Toilets 12 2 24
UTENSILS 2 Security 12 1 12
Support Spaces
KIOSKS 7
ATM’s 0.45 10 4.5
Banks 50 5 250
TOTAL no. Of stalls 1055 Public Toilets 108 1 108
30
Dispensary 30 1
AP CAMP 1 Water Taps 0.25 4 1
Store 1 6 6
Parking 12.5 120 1500
OFFICES 3 Circulation 600
Service Area 300
Washing Area 80
TOILETS 1 Changing Area 55
Cold Storage 80

8
CASE STUDIES
 Nairobi City Market jewellery and clothing was introduced giving the market another dimension as a
tourist venue. This function currently occupies the focus of the market. Moreover,
the market is busiest in the afternoons where people from nearby buildings
Architects: Not Established spend their lunch hour at the meat section. Forex exchange bureaus are also
Client: Nairobi City Council operational as a necessity for the tourists who frequent the market. The market
Construction: 1932 forms a major node west of the central business district.
Contractor: Not Established
Built Area: 7,030M2
Cost: Not Established 02. Contextual Analysis

01. Introduction Historical Background

The City Market is the only market within the central business district and the
oldest market in Nairobi. It is owned and managed by the Nairobi City County
and is classified as a rental market. Its main purpose was to provide space
for the sale of meat products and horticultural goods like fruits, vegetables
and flowers from areas around Nairobi. Later on, the sale of curios and other
African arts like wood carvings, drums, spears, shields, soapstone, Maasai
In the 1920s, Nairobi was developing in many directions at once with the
expansion of its boundaries and the improvement of the central area. There
was a need for a municipal market of modern design and competitive designs
were called for locally. In 1932, the Jeevanjee market, which stood along
Gulzar Street [now Tubman Road], between Stewart [now Muindi Mbingu]
and Sadler Street [now Koinange] was brought down and replaced by a new
market [current city market] along Stewart Street. The building consists of the
main market hall, offices and low rise market stalls.

Location [South East Monsoon] and two rainy seasons. The climate is dominated by manner that people always walk in front of the stalls. It is located along Koinange
The market is located in the central business district bounded by four streets, strong solar radiation, often with moderate to cool air temperature. and Muindi Mbingu Street which has high vehicular traffic. Parking is done on
Koinange Street, Muindi Mbingu Street, Tubman Road and Market Street. The ground level along the four streets and is shared with the neighbouring buildings.
buildings along Koinange Street are mainly tall office buildings; Market Street 04. Spatial Analysis Delivery into the market is done during the night through mostly pick-ups, vans
has Post Bank building; Tubman Road and Muindi Mbingu Street have low level and push carts [mkokoteni] although to a minimal degree. The first floor is only
building dominated by retail business. The main access is along Muindi Mbingu Layout Plan accessed through a series of staircases within the hall. This proves very difficult
Street which is the main frontage of the building. There are seven entry points into
The market comprises of a central hall flanked by stalls on all sides. Meat for the handicapped since there are no elevators. Within the first floor, kikoy
the market, 3 off Muindi Mbingu Street, one off Tubman Road, one off Market stalls and other retail outlets are located at the building periphery and are and other clothing items are displayed on the railings along the walkways. These
Street, one off the parking and one at the rear of the building. accessed separately. The main front abuts Muindi Mbingu Street with three walkways are relatively narrow only allowing passage of two people at a time.
access points leading to the meat shops and one into the market hall that sells Moreover the stalls encroach on these walkways making movement difficult.
03. Climatic Conditions curios, flowers and fruits. The planning of the market is such that the central hall Within the main hall, there is no clear zoning of activities, however, the location
is surrounded vending stalls around at ground and first floor level. The hall is of the meat and fish annexes within the open areas is successful as there are no
Nairobi lies within the part of Eastern Africa influenced by the monsoonal systems the focal point of the building. The meat shops are found to the periphery of odours within the main market hall.
of Asia and the Indian Ocean. The Climate here is controlled by the large scale the building along Market Street and Tubman Road. These two meat selling
pressure systems of the Western Indian Ocean and the adjoining continents. It is points have internal courtyards where most flower vendors are situated. 06. Construction Materials + Technology
hot due to proximity to the equator however, its altitude of about 1700 metres
results in temperatures which are neither uncomfortably low at night nor high 05. Circulation The market structure is made of reinforced concrete. The central hall is covered
during the day with an annual average temperature of 170C. There are four by a reinforced concrete vaulted roof with sextuple volume space which is a
distinct seasons namely the hot season [North East Monsoon], the cold season Most of the traffic into the market is pedestrian. The stalls oriented in such a dominant visual feature. The perimeter walls along Market and Tubman Streets
10
are many of masonry walls to obscure the activities within the market. The floors
are made of terrazzo with some stalls having ceramic tiled flooring. Incident rays
Stack Ventilation facilitated
07. Environmental Strategies by high louvered openings

Located within the tropics, passive strategies had to be incorporated into the
design to create desirable comfort levels for its occupants. The building orientation
was governed by the surrounding streets. All the openings are located on the
Northern and Southern façades to minimise solar heat gain. The market also
uses courtyards to direct warm air out of the building by convection providing
cool interiors. Sun shading elements are also used to cut out solar radiation. Its
steeped roofing provides external light shelves into the interior breaking it into Reflected rays
even diffuse light.

Natural ventilation is also made possible through these openings by stack ventilation
with warm air rising and getting expelled through the louvres allowing for cool
air to get in through lower located openings. This facilitates adequate human
comfort levels by creating a cool interior.

08. Services Ground floor plan

Water within the market is provided by the city council as are other services TUBMAN ROAD
such as garbage collection. Garbage collection is important due to the nature of
the goods being sold and is collected three times a day to avoid accumulation
as it’s located within a dense urban location. Roads around the market are in
good conditions with surface drains along the road. The market is raised by 2
900mm to avoid flooding.

09. Summary of Relevance

MUINDI MBINGU STREET

I. Courtyard Layout 5
The building’s courtyards double up as a spaces for retail as well as a cooling
strategy. These courtyards expel warm air and allow cool air to get into the 4 1
building providing sheltered outdoor spaces. They also allow natural lighting
into the surrounding interior spaces reducing the need for artificial lighting
during the day.

II. Sustainable Strategies

The market uses relatively small sized windows where the overall window surface
percentage in relation to the overall wall surface area is relatively smaller also
cutting down on heat build-up due to direct solar radiation. Sun shading devices 3 2
are utilised to cut down solar heat gain. Use of thick walls provides a large
thermal mass for thermal cooling and a longer time-lag. Stack ventilation was
also provided for through use of high level louvered openings.
MARKET STREET
III. Permeability
The market can be accessed from more than one point along the main streets.
This ensures permeability making it possible for pedestrians to linger and even
take short-cuts through the market. 1 Main Entrance 3 Parking 5 Stalls

2 Meat and Fish Annex 4 Market Hall

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02. Functional Requirements
The overall structure built on one level, would shelter the following facilities:
1,863 small shops [boutiques] divided into 928 units [8sqm], 648 units [12sqm],
287 [16sqm], 992 stalls [9.25sqm] located in the covered halls, an administration
building [700sqm], a small post office, a dispensary, a police station, sanitary
facilities, water fountains and parking spaces.
03. Form + Planning
The ground plan is laid out on a grid pattern echoing the existing urban pattern.
The major idea was to create a central alley cutting through the market on the
north-south axis and running parallel to the Avenue Coulibaly [also called the
Avenue des Libanais]. The central alley divides the market symmetrically. The
main gates are located on the central alley; secondary entrances are situated
at the corners and are connected to the covered halls [on the east-west axis]
by diagonal pathways.
Niamey Grand Market 01. Contextual Analysis
Historical Background
In 1926, Niamey was just a small village when the French Colonial administration
Architects: Kalt, Pouradier, Duteil & Vignal decided to make it the capital of Niger. In 1953, the city had 18,000 inhabitants.
Paris, France At the time of independence, it developed rapidly with over 400,000 inhabitants
Christian Rey currently, majority of which are rural immigrants. The traditional market of Niamey,
Niamey, Niger which was built in the fifties, burnt down in 1982. A new market was established
Bonnet-Bideau P. in Wadata on the outskirts of the city to house commercial activities, but this move
Niamey, Niger proved unsuccessful. This led to a decision by the public authorities to build a new
Client: Ministère du Commerce market on the old market site. The new building was opened in January 1987.
Completed: December 1986
Contractor: SETAO Site
Built Area: 30,000M2 The market is located in the old city centre of Niamey where the houses are
Cost: US$ 16,046,000 made of banco [mud] giving the streets their ochre colour. Most of the houses
are recent [less than thirty years old] having been built by their inhabitants. The
houses are one-storey with a central courtyard arranged in a colonial grid
pattern. The streets are wide with the density of the town giving the feeling of
being in a large rural setting.
There are exactly 1,863 shops built around the covered halls. Six different
entrances give access to the area enclosed by the peripheral wall. The shops
are arranged in a simple grid pattern which repeats the existing grid layout of the
city. Their sizes range from 8 to 16 sqm. The passages are straight and narrow
[3 m wide] and their character is very much that of traditional African markets.
The façades of the shops facilitate the opening and closing of the shops and
providing protection from the sun.
Based on the client’s wishes, a security wall was built around the entire market.
It is an architectural reference to the type of protective wall found in village in
the Tahoua region of the Sahel. It is simple and sparsely decorated at the top,
and gives a feeling of urban calm in contrast to its actual function, which is to
hide and protect the bustling commercial life within its enclosure.
The architects distinguish three different types of entrance: the main gates,
the secondary entrances and the tertiary doors. The two main entrances are
located on the central alley. They are treated in reference to the architecture
The covered halls are surrounded by shops arranged in a grid pattern. of the covered halls, with tall columns and semi-circular elements in reference
An administrative building, including a post office, a dispensary, a police to the vaults. These entrances create a symbolic and monumental effect. They
station and sanitary facilities is also located in the central market area. Highresemble very tall palm trees [this was the architects’ intention], and function as
concrete vaults [7 m] cover the central halls - their volume is impressive and landmarks for the market.
almost monumental. The surrounding shops are low and present a striking
contrast with the main halls. The project contains five distinct elements: the The secondary entrances are situated at each corner of the market. Their design is
covered halls, the individual shops, surrounding walls, the entrances and the identical to that of the main entrances, but slightly less monumental. They contrast
administrative building. pleasantly with the low and unadorned market wall while the tertiary entrances
are doorways with very simple architectural treatment which give direct access
The covered halls are the tallest structures in the market and contain the to the narrow passageways of the boutique area.
stalls. The roof is supported by concrete columns and is alternately flat and
vaulted, thus creating very impressive naves. The indoor space is divided Thie administration building is located close to the covered halls and connected
into two parts: two rows of narrow vaults define the pedestrian area of the to these by a public square. The design integrates the vaulted elements of the
main alley and the main covered halls. The roofs covering the walkways covered halls and the feeling of the African market wall. It is a small building,
are semi-circular shells of reinforced concrete, and those covering the stall and less significant than the other structures of the market.
areas are light aluminium structures. This contrast between the long vaulted
roof and the flat roof structure expresses, in simple architectural terms, the
functional difference between the public alleys and the stalls. The space is
easy to read and elegant.
12
04. Environmental Strategies the site. The flat part of the roof was made in profiled aluminium sheets, resting Despite its monumental character, it is entirely in harmony with its surroundings.
on glued laminated beams from Abidjan. The market wall and the administrative
The interior is protected by large vertical wooden sun-breakers which allow building were built in reinforced concrete and in-filled concrete blocks. Most
for natural ventilation and light. The main halls remain cool and shady, and of the materials were locally produced and 90% of the labour was local.
are pleasant to walk in. This was an intelligent solution to the climatic problems
of heat and bright light. The high boundary walls inspired by those protecting 06. Functional Assessment of the Project
the surrounding villages delimits the market area and contributes to creating a
micro-climate within. Moreover, because of the roof height and design within The rebuilding of the market was economically necessary to the city of Niamey.
the main hall, it allows for effective natural ventilation. Not only as the capital of Niger but as a populous city, Niamey needed a
central structure to house its commercial activities. The market has taken
05. Construction Materials + Technology on new symbolic meaning within the urban fabric. Its reinforced concrete
structure rising above the traditional banco city express in a spectacular
The market consists of both prefabricated elements as well as construction in situ. way the idea of a democratic structure which acts as a focal meeting point
The reinforced concrete structure of the shops was prefabricated [about 7’000 for Niamey’s inhabitants. Although the design and materials are modern,
pieces] except for the columns, which were made on the site. The infill partitions the market provides a traditional space for the merchants and shoppers. Its
were built with concrete blocks and the roofs were constructed with profiled character is very African and it enhances the old city centre. The street plan
aluminium sheets. The façades were fabricated in France and assembled on the of the market echoes that of the city and its entrances are related to the
site by the local contractor. The entire structure of the covered halls was done on location of the major public thoroughfares.

Ground floor plan

Corner Entrances

Halls

07. Summary of Relevance

Public
1. Maximum Benefit, Minimum Investment square
The traditional building material in Niger is banco. However, it would have been
impossible, both economically and technically, for the architects to construct the
central market using such a material. Instead, they used reinforced concrete
which was cheaper and more practical, as it allowed them to create a large
public space.
Administration
2. Contextual Integration building
The market design evokes a monumental presence; however, it is successful in
achieving a domestic feel within a relatively residential setup. In addition to this
symbolic value, the arrangement offers the functional advantage of attracting
people to the centre of the market to do their daily shopping.
Main Entrance
3. Sustainable Strategies
Passive design practices were utilised such as porous sun shading screens which
filter the sunlight and allow for natural ventilation and a high roof that ensures
efficient air circulation within the indoor environment. The project also enhances
social sustainability that creates connections between building occupants and
the surrounding community.
13
 Koudougou Central Market the capital of Boulkiemdé province. With a population of 75,000 inhabitants, it is
the third largest city in the country. The Central Market project was conceived
in 1997. The Swiss Agency [SDC], as the partner in the Medium-sized Towns
Architects: Laurent Séchaud Development Programme, had finished another grand market in the country
Client: Koudougou Municipality and was ready to implement the rest of its scheduled projects. However, this
Design: 1999-2004 was a troubled time, socially and politically, so it was not until June 1999 that
Construction: 2001-2005 the bilateral project committee was officially installed.
Contractor: SETAO
Site
Built Area: 27,750M² The first task of the committee was to choose the site for the new market with
Cost: US$ 2,473,579 two alternatives proposed. The first was the site of the original Central Market,
which covered an area of 27,750 square metres and was situated in the
01. Contextual Analysis commercial and administrative zone.

Historical Background The second site, which was chosen, was twice as big, at around 46,850 square
Koudougou is located 100 kilometres west of Ouagadougou, the capital of metres. It also had the potential to be extended whenever the growth of the city
Burkina Faso. It is on the main railway line that links the capital to Abidjan, the required it twice as big, at around 46,850 square metres. It also had the potential
capital of Ivory Coast. The city covers an area of 272 square kilometres and is to be extended whenever the growth of the city required it.

similar to a whole settlement than a single household. Local material consisting

mainly of sun-dried mud blocks [banco] is still extensively used, although concrete
blocks are increasingly found in the quadrangular constructions. These buildings
used to be covered with flat mud roofs supported by tree trunks, but single-slope
low-pitch tin roofs are now common both in mud and concrete-walled buildings.
The circular rooms have conical thatched roofs.

The main objective was to use the compressed earth blocks not only for walls
but also for roofs. The blocks were locally fabricated; different shapes and sizes
were developed for the needs of the project. A rigorous dimensioning ensured
they could be used whole, with no leftover parts; hence the block was used
as the construction module. Load-bearing walls are 29.5 centimetres thick and
made of earth blocks stabilised with 4 to 12 per cent industrial cement, cast
in hand presses on site and bound with an earth mortar. Partition walls are 14
centimetres thick, and also made of compressed earth blocks.

In the stalls zone a series of arches support dome-shaped roofs. The choice of this
02. Functional Requirements [39°C] and the lowest in December and January [16°C]. Winds are relatively structural system was dictated by the need for longer spans to accommodate the
gentle, except at the beginning and end of the rainy season, when they can use of tables and stools in the stalls and allow free and easy circulation between
The functional programme called for a very dense market with a maximum number reach speeds of up to 120 kilometres per hour. them. Reinforced concrete was used only for the foundations, for the underground
of individual stalls. In total, the new market was to provide 1,155 shops, 624 water tank and for the slab covering the sewage system.
stalls, two administrative buildings, offices for financial services, a guard’s room The site is situated in the central plain of the province. A few hills reaching
as well as the necessary ancillary services such as public toilets and water taps. barely 300 metres can be found in the northeast and southwest of the city. 05. Form + Planning
The construction of the market was carried out in two phases; the first phase These hills form a kind of enclosure, so during the wet season the central part
[January 2001 to June 2002] provided 755 individual shops, two administrative begins to resemble a large basin sprouting water plants. Vegetation is varied, The market covers a total area of 29,000 square metres on a rectangular plot
buildings, parking areas and floor tiling and the second phase [May 2003 to with trees and thick bushes in the south and near-desert conditions in the north. oriented roughly Northwest to southeast. Around its periphery are shops that can
June 2005] added a further 440 shops and 624 stalls. stay open beyond the general opening hours of the market, animating the city
04. Local Architectural Character centre even when the market is closed. These shops also articulate the boundary
02. Climatic Conditions + Topography between the market and the rest of the neighbourhood. The market is enclosed
Burkina Faso is a predominantly rural country; about 90 per cent of the by the shop buildings around the periphery and by gates that are locked at
Burkina Faso is situated in the inter-tropical zone, which is marked by a climatic population are spread over more than 8,000 villages. Traditional architecture night. It is bordered on two sides by car parks, or more exactly motorcycle
transition between the Sahelian North and the Equatorial South and divided into varies by region and ethnic group. In Koudougou, where the Mossi ethnic parks. Twelve public toilet blocks are regularly distributed along the eastern and
the Sahalien, Sudano-Sahelian and Sudanese zones. The province of Boulkiemdé group predominates, rural houses consist of round compounds enclosed by western elevations, opening directly onto the streets. The market’s layout is quite
is in the Sudano-Sahelian zone and is characterised by the alternation of two walls, with circular and quadrangular one-room structures arranged around simple and regular. A first orthogonal grid – with rows of shops running east-west
seasons: a dry season from October to April and a wet season from May to a central open space. This central space can in turn be subdivided into along the width of the market defines the alleys. A second orthogonal grid with
September. The highest temperatures can be observed from March to May courtyards and circulation alleys, forming networks that are sometimes more shops directed north-south along its length defines the small gathering places.
14
This grid is interrupted by the stalls zone, which has been conceived as an open 06. Environmental Strategies thick and made of earth blocks stabilised with 4 to 12 per cent industrial cement,
vaulted space, supported by a series of high arches that permit a visual continuity. cast in hand presses on site and bound with an earth mortar. Partition walls are
The juxtaposition of the two grids creates a special rhythm despite the high densityDue to the extreme temperatures in the region, various strategies had to be 14 centimetres thick, and also made of compressed earth blocks.
and the repetitiveness of the construction. It also opens up views all along the employed to ensure human comfort. The planning and layout of the market
length or breadth of the market. This organisation allows for good air-circulation allow for passive ventilation in all the spaces and also provides efficient cover In the stalls zone a series of arches support dome-shaped roofs. The choice of
and gives every building the benefit of shade created by the other constructions. from solar radiation. The specialists in vault and dome construction were from this structural system was dictated by the need for longer spans to accommodate
the local area facilitating community participation and social sustainability. the use of tables and stools in the stalls and allow free and easy circulation
The meat market, an existing structure built with the help of the Dutch government, Moreover the main construction material [earth] was extracted from a hill between them. Reinforced concrete was used only for the foundations, for the
was kept on the site. Existing trees were retained. Paved circulation areas occupy two kilometres from the site. This reduces the material embodied energy and underground water tank and for the slab covering the sewage system.
13,837 square metres and the parking occupies 1,080 square metres. A covered its carbon footprint.
structure of nearly 3,136 square metres contains around 624 stalls, mainly for At first, the roofs were conceived in the form of domes, but a comparative study
women vendors. The stalls are made of benches of compressed earth blocks 07. Construction Materials + Technology showed that vaults were a simpler solution for such a large-scale project. In all,
[BTC: Blocs de Terre Compressés] and have lockers, allowing merchandise to be the project incorporates 85 domes, 658 vaults and 1,425 arches. For ease of
left overnight. The two administrative buildings contain three offices, one meeting The main objective was to use the compressed earth blocks not only for walls maintenance, corrugated metal sheets were used to reduce the vulnerability of
room, one machinery room and one surveillance post. Fire safety devices include but also for roofs. The blocks were locally fabricated; different shapes and the earth roofs and domes and make them more waterproof. A gap of about
four fire posts and public fire extinguishers, and four fountains connected by sizes were developed for the needs of the project. A rigorous dimensioning 35 centimetres was left between the domes and the corrugated metal sheets
pumping engines to an underground water tank of 95 cubic metres. A covered ensured they could be used whole, with no leftover parts; hence the block to allow air circulation and improve the interior climate.
sewage network with 10,557 metres of pipe collects the market’s sanitary waste. was used as the construction module. Load-bearing walls are 29.5 centimetres

Structural use of wood was limited to the beams used to fix the corrugated metal
sheets. Steel was used for gates, louvres and doors, applying a technology with
which local craftsmen are long familiar. A major innovation was the introduction Administration
of counterweighted top-hinged doors, which cover the whole shop front when Building
closed and form a canopy over the street when open. Stabilised compressed
earth has also been used for the pavement slabs, except in the shop interiors,
where the floors are in polished cement, and in the gutters, which are made of
concrete drain tiles. The public utilities network provides water, electricity and Butchery
telephone access to each shop.

08. Functional Assessment of the Project

The complex integrates with its surroundings and appears to perform well in Stalls
terms of climatic comfort and in its overall spatial organisation. The structure will
not require heavy maintenance as the masonry work does not need special
treatments such as rendering. In this project a local traditional material, the earth
block [banco], has been optimised in terms of both its dimensions and constitution.
By showing the range of architectural forms that can be achieved with this
material, the Central Market could also contribute to its more widespread use.
The market users are the people of Koudougou and the nearby villages. Both
the direct users of the project and the local authorities seem to be very satisfied
with it. Complaints mostly concern the rents, which are considered quite high
for the average shopkeeper. Moreover, some shops, although assigned, are Parking space along road
still not occupied. Some people complained about speculation, as it seems that
many of the first tenants of these shops are waiting to sublet them to newcomers. Site plan Phase 2 Phase 1

09. Summary of Relevance

I. Spatial Layout
The market layout is successful in integrating to its context. This is made possible
by the peripheral shops and stalls which act as a fence making it possible for
these spaces to remain open beyond the opening hours of the market, creating
an articulation between the market and its neighbourhood.
II. Image + Character
The market evokes the character of its context through materiality and its
grid layout mimicking that of the surrounding urban fabric. Local construction
materials and techniques were utilised and a grid layout all combining to
create a building that emerges from its local context.
III. Community Involvement
Being labour-intensive, this project generated more jobs than a construction in
concrete. The raw material was extracted by locals and all blocks were made
on site at a rate of 1,000 bricks a day per worker. Training was also one of the
key positive aspects. No less than 140 masons obtained their certification in the
new techniques of constructing vaults, domes and arches without form-work. A
few of these masons are women, who now work as freelance entrepreneurs.

15

02. Climatic Analysis
N’Djamena has a semi-arid climate with a short wet season and a lengthy dry
season. Despite the fact that the city receives on average approximately 510
mm of rain annually, due to the area’s very high evapotranspiration, N’Djamena
still falls into the semi-arid climate category. The wet season lasts from June to
September, with the heaviest precipitation occurring in August. The dry season
essentially covers the remaining eight months.
Based on annual temperatures, N’Djamena is one of the hottest major cities
on the planet. In only one month of the year [August] do average monthly high
temperatures fail to cross the 32 °C mark. The city’s highest temperatures are
usually seen between March and June, just before the onset of the heavier rains.
However, outside of the warmest months of the year, nights in N’Djamena are
generally tolerable
N’Djamena Central Market
Architects: Gérard Leclaire had a population of 1,092,066 people where Islam is the predominant religion.
Client: N’Djamena Municipality
Design: 1996-1997
Construction: 1998-2000
Site: 24’000 M²
Built Area: 15’000 M²
Cost: US$ 9,830,000
03. Form + Planning
The site is divided into two parts: The first is on the north side, representing
approximately one third of the surface. Overall, this feeds into the open forecourt
plaza at the entrance of the Roi Faycal Mosque which can accommodate a
large number of people during prayer hours offering them a space to meet
and interact without disrupting the city traffic. The semi-circular forecourt is
smaller although symmetrical to that of the mosque and has a pond and
a fountain as its main focal point. The plaza also has some covered stalls
forming a semi-circle with luxury products such as crafts, jewellery, perfumes
and antiques being sold. The second part of the market which occupies about
two-thirds of the site. It consists of two pathways, a main one and a secondary
one through the main square. The square is enclosed by eight buildings with
a shopping arcade along the road. The buildings contain shops, warehouses
and a hall. The arcade consist of shops accessed through pedestrian corridors
open to the street through star shaped openings after every three metres. The
corridor also provides shelter from the sun. The building corners are flanked
by towers to articulate pedestrian and vehicular entries.
01. Contextual Analysis
Historical Background
The project is located in N’Djamena, the capital city of Chad. As of 2012, the city
The project to design the Central Market was commissioned in January 1996.
It was through a competition open to architects selected by the city council. Six
architectural firms were short-listed whereby Architect Gérard Leclaire was
awarded in May 1996. The site is bordered by the Great Mosque to the South
and a main street to the North.
Site
The first task of the committee was to choose the site for the new market with
two alternatives proposed. The first was the site of the original Central Market,
which covered an area of 27,750 square metres and was situated in the
commercial and administrative zone. The second site, which was chosen, was
twice as big, at around 46,850 square metres. It also had the potential to be
extended whenever the growth of the city required it.
04. Component Analysis
Stalls
There a two types of spaces reserved for stalls. The first is lockable stalls where
the goods can be stored overnight past the market opening hours. The size of
these stalls range from 6m2 to 9m2. The second type of spaces is reserved for
traders who can repack and unpack their goods during the opening hours and
do not need any storage. These stalls are open and mostly deal with foodstuffs
such as fruits, vegetables, spices, cereals and butcheries. These stalls are 9m2,
6m2, 4m2, 3m2 or 2m2 and are secured by two leafed louvered metallic doors.
Sanitary
Two separate sanitary units for men and women, each of 30m2 are integrated
into the buildings on the East and West. These units contain both latrines and
showers. Integrated in these units are water kiosks placed side by side. The
wastewater from the units is collected and reused in the market. The two water
booths are independent and run by the market management..
16
 Water Collection 05. Construction + Infrastructure Electricity and Lighting
Both for cleaning and for the risk of fire, the market is autonomous in its ability to Electricity in the market is powered via a 100KVA transformer station. The
produce water. Two facilities each include a depth of 40 meters. A 10m3 water Stalls street lighting is managed by the management. It is then fed into the market to
tower supplies water to the market through pumps powered by photovoltaic Superstructures consist of a post and beam construction with chained lintels the individual traders from 4 different points.
panels. Water collected is used for fire safety with 8 terminals spread over and anchored parapets. The façade elements are made of prefabricated
the entire market. This ensures that there is always water in the market and concrete panels. 06. Functional Assessment of the Project.
therefore fire security.
Frame It should be noted that its location in the centre of N’Djamena and proximity to
Covered Walkways The frame is made of metal joists spaced two slopes every 3 meters with a the Great Mosque made it the most attractive shopping centre the city. The area
It is executed in reinforced concrete slab forming a terrace which is water skylight allowing good natural ventilation within the internal corridors. The flocked to such an extent that the municipality, overwhelmed, could not prevent
tight with evacuation of water over rainwater directed and collected towards cover is aluminium lacquer tray rib fixed by hooks on IPN failures which are uncontrolled construction of a large number of precarious constructions in areas
gargoyles in the façades. This practice ensures that water is collected all points braced and bolted. reserved for pedestrian walkways, parking lots and green spaces.
of the market.
Foundations To safeguard the right architectural coherence of the whole, it would be desirable
Water Kiosks The site is covered by poor soils with stable soil located 4.5 metres below the that these areas can be redeveloped into shops and stalls, a way more coherent
The sale of water and maintenance of sanitary blocks are linked and act as a surface. The foundation are linked by concrete stringers and anchor beams and respectful to the market. This will ensure that the character of the market is
trading activity and are managed by the market management. However, there forming a crawlspace. maintained and improve the overall urban image portrayed.
are two kiosks which are independent.

site plan

Stalls Stalls
Main Avenue [Charles de Gaulle]

07. Summary of Relevance

Market Square Parking Main promenade
I. Street as an Extension of the Market
The project utilises the busy street as an attractor by improving the conditions
of the walkways which provide shading from the extreme solar radiation and
Stalls Stalls a space for trade. This gives the street a unique character while supporting
informality which is vital to their economy.

II. Image + Character

The market evokes a character similar to that of Islamic architecture. This is due
to the majority of the population having an Islamic background and proximity
to the great mosque which attracts large numbers of people from all over the
city during prayer hours.

III. Sustainable Practice

The market makes use of rain water to run its functions. The water is collected,
pumped and used for fire hydrants, sanitary purposes, cleaning and at drinking
points. This ensures that the market remains autonomous in its ability to produce water.

17
SITE ANALYSIS
Land Use residential components are mainly high density - high rise flats that cater to
the lower middle income economic group. The commercial developments 1 KM

A Parklands mainly consist of small scale shops, restaurants and hotels.

muthaiga
city park
This area mainly consists of mixed residential and commercial developments. D Ngara estate

The residential components are mainly medium density - low rise and high parklands

rise flats that cater to the middle income economic group. The commercial This area mainly consists of both residential and commercial developments.
developments mainly consist of low rise office buildings, and shopping malls. The residential components are mainly high density - high rise flats that
cater to the lower middle income economic group. The commercial
B Muthaiga developments mainly consist of small scale shops, supermarkets and hotels.

This area consists of mostly residential developments. These are low density – low E City park
rise homes for the high income economic group. The commercial developments
mainly consist of low rise office buildings, and shopping malls. This park is covered by the City Park which was established in 1921 and pangani

declared a public park in 1925. The area is a recreational area receiving

C Pangani people from all over town on a daily basis. The park is predominantly ngara
forested with some few restaurants and county houses.
This area mainly consists of both residential and commercial developments. The Catchment Areas

6 b 1 Aga Khan University Hospital 4 City Park War Cemetery

A

1 5 4

e
2 Aga Khan Academy 5 Football Field
2

d
3 Forest Rd - Limuru Rd Interchange 6 Hockey Pitch

19
Climatic Analysis at higher altitudes. The higher incidence of cloud cover diminishes incoming Winds
radiation and reduces evaporation rates. Little rain occurs in the first half of
Climate of Nairobi the season but later increases during the latter half. Prevailing winds are North Easterlies and Easterlies with secondary winds from
The site for is located in Parklands along Limuru Road, Nairobi. Nairobi falls the North and Southeast. These are predominantly in January and December.
within part of Eastern Africa that experiences the Tropical Upland climate 3. Hot Season [North-East Monsoon] Typical wind speeds are roughly 20kph. The speeds usually follow a distinct diurnal
influenced by monsoonal pressure systems of the Indian Ocean. It is hot due to pattern; after calm nights, breezes slowly pick up shortly after reaching a peak in
proximity to the equator however, its altitude of about 1700 metres results in Occurs in December and March experience this, which is characterized by mid-afternoon with a moderate but declining breeze continuing to the evening.
temperatures which are neither uncomfortably low at night nor high during the persistent North Easterly winds between 15 Knots and 25 Knots. The winds There is need to take advantage of the wind for natural ventilation by orienting
day. The differences in topography leads to diversity of climates with Nairobi’s are an advantage because they diminish the effect of heat from the sunny, openings and pedestrian paths towards to cool the building during hot periods
higher side being cooler than the lower zones with air temperatures falling by warm and hot days. and therefore achieve thermal comfort.
0.60C for every 100 metre rise in altitude. The major seasons experienced are:
4. Late Rainy Season Solar Radiation
1. Rainy Season
Occurs form late March to May which are the long rains. The wind experienced Occurs in November and is moderately warm with light easterly winds Throughout the year, mornings are cold up to 11 am with cold afternoons in
at this period are light and variable or light easterly winds. changing south-easterly to North-easterly. April and May also have instances June and July. Afternoons are very hot between September and November.
of few rain days and dry spells. Throughout July to September, comfort levels are achieved between 1200hrs
2. Cold Season [South-East Monsoon] – 1500hrs. There is need to utilise passive design strategies such as natural
Takes place from June to October, it is characterized by cloudy or overcast ventilation so as to achieve adequate comfort levels throughout the day.

Rainfall

Nairobi receives an average of 925mm of rainfall annually with two distinctive

rainy seasons i.e. the long rains and short rains. The long rains are characterised
prevailling by heavy rain between late March and early May. The short rains are
wind
characterised by intermittent showers from late October through November.
Rainwater can be harnessed from roofs and floor surfaces, filtered, stored
and used throughout the entire project.

Temperature + Humidity
sun path
Differences in topography leads to a diversity of climates within Nairobi’s AVERAGE wind temperature AVERAGE wind frequency
higher sides. The diurnal range of temperatures is quite large averaging
100C in May and 150C in February. Annual average temperature is 170C.
d a
ru ro

Relative humidity ranges from 30% to 98% throughout the year, rarely dropping
limu

below 24%. The air is driest around February 12, at which time the relative
humidity drops below 33 % [comfortable] and most humid around April 11,
exceeding 98% [very humid].
city
pa
rk ro
ad

AVERAGE humidity AVERAGE RAINFALL

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES ARE MODERATE GENERALLY tHE AMOUNT OF SOLAR RADIATION RECEIVED PEAKS THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS FAIRLY EVEN THROUGHOUT The area receives RELATIVELY HIGH CLOUD COVER THE AMOUNT OF CLOUD COVER HAS A DIRECT
FALLING IN THE 20-250 RANGE. TEMPERATURE TRENDS DURING WEEK 1 TO 8. THE INTERIOR SPACES SHOULD THE YEAR WITH HIGH MORNING AND LOW AFTERNOON THROUGHOUT THE YEAR, PROBABLY DUE TO thick RELATIONSHIP WITH THE WIND SPEEDS EXPERIENCED.
ARE EVEN THROUGHOUT THE YEAR WITH SLIGHT DIPS. BE PROTECTED BY SUN SHADING TECHNIQUES. HUMIDITY LEVELS. city park vegetative cover. THESE can be considered for thermal comfort.
20
 mahoney tables
TABLE 1: Weather data
Location

Longitude
Nairobi National Laboratories

360 46'E
MAHONEY TABLES
Latitude 01015'E
Altitude 1737m above sea level

Air temperature: °C
TABLE 3: Recommendations TABLE 4: Detail specifications
J F M A M J J A S O N D High AMT
H1 H2 H3 A1 A2 A3 H1 H2 H3 A1 A2 A3
Monthly mean max. 25.2 26.4 26.0 24.3 23.0 21.9 20.9 21.6 23.9 24.9 23.3 23.7 26.4 23.8
2 0 0 10 0 0 2 0 0 10 0 0
Monthly mean min. 12.6 12.8 13.8 14.4 13.4 11.9 10.3 11.1 11.6 12.8 13.5 13.1 11.1 12.6
Monthly mean range 12.6 13.6 12.2 9.9 9.6 10.0 10.6 10.5 12.3 12.1 9.8 10.6 Low AMR
Layout Size of opening

Relative humidity: %
0 - 10 v 1 Orientation north and south (long axis east-west) 0, 1 0 1 Large: 40 – 80%
11 - 12 5 - 12 1 – 12 2 Medium: 25 – 40%
Monthly mean max. am. 70 70 77 85 85 84 84 83 78 78 82 78
0-4 2 Compact courtyard planning 2–5
Monthly mean min. pm. 44 40 43 55 62 58 59 57 45 45 56 54
Average
6 – 10 v 3 Small: 15 – 25%
57 55 60 70 73.5 71 71.5 70 61.5 61.5 69 66
Spacing 11, 12 0–3 4 Very small: 10 – 20%
Humidity group 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
11, 12 3 Open spacing for breeze penetration 4 - 12 5 Medium: 25 – 40%
2 – 10 v 4 As 3, but protection from hot and cold wind
Rain
0, 1 5 Compact lay-out of estates Position of openings
Rainfall, mm 53 48 102 219 174 43 19 26 24 55 135 83
3 – 12 6 In north and south walls at body height on windward side
Air movement 1 –2 0–5
3 – 12 6 Rooms single banked, permanent provision for air movement 6 - 12 v 7 As above, openings in internal walls
TABLE 2: Diagnosis
1, 2 0-5 0 2 - 12
6 - 12 v 7 Double banked rooms, temporary provision for air movement
°C J F M A M J J A S O N D AMT
0 2 - 12 Protection of openings
Monthly mean max. 25.2 26.4 26.0 24.3 23.0 21.9 20.9 21.6 23.9 24.9 23.3 23.7 23.8
0, 1 8 No air movement requirement 0–2 v 8 Exclude direct sunlight
Day comfort: upper 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29
2 - 12 9 Provide protection from rain
lower 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23
Openings
Monthly mean min. 12.6 12.8 13.8 14.4 13.4 11.9 10.3 11.1 11.6 12.8 13.5 13.1
0, 1 0 9 Large openings, 40 – 80% Walls and floors
Night comfort: upper 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23
lower 11, 12 0, 1 10 Very small openings, 10 – 20% 0 –2 10 Light, low thermal capacity
17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
Thermal stress: day O O O H H O O O O O H O
Any other conditions v 11 Medium openings, 20 – 40% 3 – 12 v 11 Heavy, over 8hr time-lag

night C C C C C C C C C C C C
Walls Roofs

Indicators Totals 0 –2 12 Light walls, short time-lag 10- 12 0 –2 12 Light, reflective surface, cavity

Humidity H1 2 3 - 12 v 13 Heavy external and internal walls 3 – 12 13 Light, well insulated

v v
H2 0 0–9 0 –5
H3 0 Roofs 6 – 12 v 14 Heavy, over 8hr time-lag
Arid A1 v v v v v v v v v v 10 0 –5 14 Light, insulated roofs
A2 0 6 - 12 v 15 Heavy roofs, over 8hr time-lag
A3
0

ES
Table 3: Recommendations V. Walls when there is no cool season or it lasts not more than 2 months. The sun should
Both internalDIAGRAM
STEREOGRAPHIC and external walls should be heavy. be admitted during the cool period.
I. Layout N OPTIMUM ORIENTATION

PSYCHROMETRY
N
50 km/h hrs 50 km/h °C 345° 15°
494+ 45+ 345° 15°

Building should be oriented with the long side along the East-West Axis.
40 km/h
444
395
345
296
40 km/h
40
35
30
25
VI. Roofs 330°
O
IV. Walls & Floors 30°
RIENTATION BASED ON AVERAGE
DAILY INCIDENT RADIATION ON 330° Compromise:
30° 22.5° SELEC
30 km/h 247
197
148
30 km/h 20
15
10
Roof should be heavy, with substantial thermal capacity, giving a time lag For thermal storage, masonry of about 200mm thickness will be adequate. A
10°
A VERTICAL SURFACE

of at least 8 hours. lesser thickness, down to 100mm is satisfactory for internal walls.
20 km/h 98 20 km/h 5

II. Spacing 10 km/h

<49

10 km/h
<0 315°
20°
270°
45°
315° 45°

Open spacing for breeze penetration is important. 30°

60°
300°
Table 4: Detail Specifications 40°
60°
V. Roofs 300° 60°

III. Air Movement 1st Jun 50° 1st Jul A heavy roof should be used with a time lag of 8 hours or more.
Rooms may be double-banked, but the plan should allow for temporary 285°
1st May I. Size of Openings 60°
1st Aug
75° 285° 75°
75°
PHY
cross-ventilation[e.g. by interconnecting doors]. If wind is unreliable, or site Openings should be small, 15 to 25% of wall area. 70°

80°
1st Sep
OUT
Wind Frequency (Hrs) Average Wind Temperatures

limitations restrict planning for cross ventilation, ceiling mounted fans may be 1st Apr
PLO
270° 90° 90°
AME
EAST
considered. These would require a room height of not less than 2.75m, which
50 km/h % 50 km/h mm
II. Position of Openings 1st Oct
0.30
INTE
The rooms may be double banked, with the internal walls having adequate
1st Mar

will affect the basic built form.

95+ 27.0+
85 24.3 0.60
40 km/h 75 40 km/h 21.6 13 12
65 18.9 14 11
15 10 1st Nov

105° 30 km/h
55
45
35
25
30 km/h
16.2
13.5
10.8
8.1
255°
1st Feb
openings. In this case the optimum solar orientation should take precedence
18
17
16 9
8
105° 255° 0.90 105°

over orientation for wind.

1st Dec

IV. Openings 20 km/h 15 20 km/h 5.4 1st Jan 7 1.20

<5 <2.7 112.5°
10 km/h 10 km/h 1.50

120° Total area of fenestrations should constitute between 20-40% of the wall area. 240° 120° 240°
1.80
120°

These need not be fully glazed, but should be protected from the sun, sky glare III. Protection of Openings Best
2.10

and rain, preferably by horizontal overhangs. Complete exclusion of direct solar radiation throughout the year is recommended, 225° 135° Worst 225°
2.40
135°

2.70

210° 150°
Annual Average
Underheated Period
210°
kWh/m²
150°
21
Market Activities + Processes Service Yard Sanitary
The market has no designated service yard with the adjacent field serving as There are two toilet facilities with the main one located outside the site area.
Stalls the main delivery point. This causes congestion during delivery times along City Both charge a fee of Ksh. 10 for usage. These toilets are in poor condition and
The market stalls range in size depending on the space needed, the ability of Park Road with subsequent effect on and Limuru Road. Moreover, this area tucked far away from the customers and vendors with no available signage.
the vendor to afford the space and the type of goods being sold. The smallest gets muddy and messy during the rainy season making manoeuvrability difficult. There is need to provide a toilet block for both the customers and vendors. These
and most prominent market unit is the fruit and vegetable stalls each varying in There is need to have a service yard that is functionally accessible to all traders. toilets could incorporate recycling technology.
size between 1200-1500 mm. These are erected in wattle and corrugated iron This service yard will be all-weather like unlike the current market situation.
sheets as the main roofing material. Most of the stalls are raised off the ground It will provide efficient delivery and weighing facilities with no interference
Security
with a storage space underneath. There is need to revamp the stall existing market with the market circulation. The traders leave their goods overnight below their display stands or leave
an offer permanent stall structures that can withstand the weather elements. their merchandise under polythene paper for protection from monkeys. They
Parking are charged a fee of Ksh. 100 per month by the council for overnight security.
Offices There is no designated parking area with the vendors and customers having There is also a small administration police camp on site. This area is not prone to
Located within the market are the city county offices. These offices are in poor to flash park along City Park Road and the adjacent football field. Parking insecurity, however there is need to protect their merchandise from the monkey
condition and are not well lit. After the fire, pressure of resuming the market within the site is limited to vehicles in the car wash area. There is need to menace within the park. Proper storage facilities will be provided to the vendors.
hindered proper construction. There is need to relocate these offices to a central create ample parking that does not inconvenience the market activities. The
space that is easily accessible to facilitate proper administrative functionality. parking area will be landscaped to reduce on the urban heat island effect.

Activity No.
Fruits + Vegetables Textiles
FRUIT + VEGETABLE STALLS 1015
Eateries Offices
MEAT + FISH VENDORS 2
Barbers and Salons
Eateries 12

FURNITURE STALLS 2 Restaurants

There are eating spaces dotted all over the market to cater for the customers
and the traders themselves. Most of the eateries are unsightly and cramped
TEXTILES 8 with low hygienic standards. Moreover, the traders use firewood for cooking
which is not a sustainable practice. The market does not have a water supply
forcing the restaurant owners to cater for themselves by obtaining water off-site.
BEAUTY 7 There is need to design for eateries that are responsive hygienically to cater
d a
ru ro

for both the buyers and traders. The restaurants, juice bars and fruit parlours
limu

will all be located in one zone to respond to the service requirements such as
UTENSILS 2 water availability and garbage collection. A biogas generating system will also
be provided as a source of fuel.
KIOSKS 7 Market Processes

Delivery
TOTAL no. of stalls 1055
Delivery of goods is by means of trucks and pick-ups. The goods are unloaded
AP CAMP 1 from the vehicles, weighed and transported for display in the stalls. This necessitates
city
pa
rk ro
ad the use of human labour. They are transported by use of push-carts [mkokoteni]
OFFICES 3 and wheelbarrows. Since delivery to the display areas is done by means of
wheelbarrows and push-carts, the circulation area will need to be addressed
in order to avoid conflict with other passers-by. There is also need to provide
TOILETS 1 a common washing area as water is scarce within the site and also a common
weighing area which can be utilised by both wholesale and retail traders.
Activity map
22
Display and Storage
The display areas vary depending on the goods being sold. The
fruits and vegetables are placed on the stalls about 1000mm from
the ground, clothes are hung while furniture is placed on the ground.
The goods are stored in small crucibles and spaces underneath the
stalls under protection from the rain and monkeys. Since fruits and
vegetables are perishable, there will be waste. This waste will be
collected and used to light and fuel the market using a biogas plant.
Adequate space for storage will be provided for each stall as well
as storage for surplus.

Garbage Collection
There is a lot of waste within the market which is dumped near the
main entrance at the car wash area. Garbage collection happens
once in a month which is very inefficient considering the amount of
waste produced on a daily basis. To take advantage of the waste
being produced, the proposal will incorporate a sustainable approach
through a biogas treatment area to produce energy for the eateries. Delivery Unloading Weighing

Activities

23
Existing Site Conditions + Infrastructure
Existing Structures in Market
1 Informal Stalls
Description: After the market burnt down in early 2015, the vendors were forced
to build their structures using makeshift materials such as wattle and wooden 3
posts to erect their structures which is not sustainable as it requires frequent
repair and is susceptible to destruction by rain.
Impact on Design: These structures will be put down to allow the development of
the new market using building materials with low embodied energy and carbon The structure has not been used for a while and is now in a dilapidated state.
footprint. These should also be easy to install and maintain.
2 Council Offices
Description: The current offices are located in an old site office which existed
during the construction of the original market.
The structure is in a poor state with cracked floor slabs and exposed roofs 4 Stalled Market Project
in some parts.
Description: There are shed like structures on site which were part of the first
Impact on Design: The overall structure will be removed with the functions phase of the market after the fire. However, construction came to a halt and
being relocated to an administration block. the site has now been abandoned.
Old Compost Manufacturing Plant These structures however disused as a point of scrutiny by the traders because
even if operational, they can not fulfil their needs. This constructions was 6 months
Description: This was a small scale compost manufacturing plant which took abandoned as of November 2015.
advantage of the waste from the market.
Impact on Design: These abandoned structures will be put down to pave way
for redevelopment of the market. The structures are mundanely constructed
It is constructed of iron sheet walling and a steel skeleton. and do not suit the needs of the vendors. The materials utilised can be reused
in the new construction.
Impact on Design: The overall structure will be removed with the skeleton
structure being reused in the new scheme.

1. old compost manufacturing plant 5. existing market

There is a dilapidated structure on site The existing market structures are made of
which used to be a small scale compost wattle and wooden posts These structures
manufacturing plant are susceptible to destruction by rain.
Response Response
The overall structure will be removed with These structures will be put down to allow
the skeleton structure being reused in the the development of the new market.
new scheme.

6. fencing
2. drainage
The site is separated from the hockey
There are no viable storm drains within the site.
union by a mound fenced with corrugated
Response
iron sheets.
The water will be recycled and reused
Response
for landscaping. Along Limuru Road, the
A proper fence is necessary for security
drainage channel wil be covered to allow
and to keep off monkeys. Stalls on the
walkable surfaces.
site edges can act as a fencing strategy.
ad
ru ro

7. mound
limu

3. council offices
There is a mound separating the field and
The market offices are located in an old site
the market and is reinforced by corrugated
office which existed during the construction
iron sheet fencing.
of the original market.
Response
Response
The mound can be retained to separate the
The overall structure will be demolished
field and the redeveloped market.
and relocated to an administration block.

4. soil city
8. electricity lines
pa
The market is covered by black cotton soil. rk ro
ad The site is serviced by KPLC electricity
This soil is poorly drained and becomes lines running along both Limuru Road and
waterlogged when it rains. City Park Road.
Response Response
The nature of the soil dictates a pad or Natural lighting and energy saving light
wide strip foundation. fixtures wil be used where applicable.

24
Traffic Analysis Parklands area and is the main spine that feeds the 1st - 6th parklands
Time ACTIVITY
avenue roads. There are 3 main vehicular access points into site. The main
Access + Circulation access is along Limuru Road that services the market and also provides an 4AM - 8AM Vehicular traffic starts building up from as early as 6:00 am during
Pedestrian entrance point for the car wash on site. The accesses along City Park Road the week. Traffic mainly consists of private and public service vehicles
The market can be approached from either Limuru Road or City Park Road. also serve as an entry point for services such push carts [mkokoteni] and ferrying people from the residential areas to the CBD. Also, some
There are three pedestrian access points. This is through Limuru Road and two wheelbarrows. There is no access separation between service areas and of the traffic is funnelled into the market area for delivery.
along City Park Road which is the main spine which gives the public access to the main market circulation. 8AM - 12AM Vehicular activity gradually builds up as more vehicles can be spotted
the park. The field is also used as a short-cut to Limuru Road through the market. on the roads. This mainly consists of matatus, buses, lorries and
LIMURU ROAD
personal vehicles. This continues until vehicle numbers reach their
There pedestrian accesses need to facilitate easy movement of both buyers and peak at 9:00 a.m. This period is characterised by high numbers
vendors. It will also be necessary to provide adequate circulation for those using of slow moving traffic.
the market as a transition space through both Limuru Road and City Park Road
without disrupting the functions of the market. These paths should be all-weather 12pM - 4pM Vehicular traffic numbers gradually builds up but is fairly sporadic
and wide enough to allow easy passage of people. at noon. However it starts building up from 3:00 pm onwards.
Traffic increases as rush hour approaches.
Vehicular 4pM - 8pM Vehicle volumes progressively rise during this period. During this rush
The site is bordered to the East by a 6 metre tarmac Road i.e. Limuru Road which hour period, most of the traffic consisting of private vehicles ferrying
serves as the main access to the site. The road is one of the main accesses to people from the CBD to the residential areas around the market.

CITY PARK ROAD Pedestrian CIRCULATION VEHICULAR CIRCULATION

Time ACTIVITY
4AM - 8AM Vehicular traffic starts building up from as early as 4:00 am on
Tuesdays and Fridays which are the busiest days in the week. On
the less busy days, it starts at 5:00am. The first vans and trucks
start delivering items such as fresh produce, meat and bales of
clothes to the market.
8AM - 12AM Vehicle numbers slowly increase. This consists of trucks and pick-ups
making deliveries and collecting goods from the market. The market’s
activities start. Overflowing onto the roads as shoppers start arriving
at the market. The road experiences slow but moving traffic.
12pM - 4pM Vehicular traffic numbers gradually reduces during this period.
However, the roads still experiences relatively slow moving traffic
mainly as a result of the market’s activities overflowing onto the
road and the cars parked in undesignated spaces along the road.
4pM - 8pM Vehicle volumes progressively rise during this period. Traffic during this
period consists mainly of private and public service vehicles ferrying
people from the CBD to the residential areas around the market.

Pedestrian Main Vehicular Secondary

Routes Vehicular Routes

25
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
Fruit and Vegetable Stall

≤ 12m

The maximum distance between cross-aisles should be 12 metres.

Meat and Fish Stall

The overall dimension of a stall would need to be based on the reach

of the trader and a width of 1.8 metres and depth of 1.2 metres are
the optimum dimensions with heights of around 450 to 600 mm above
the floor level [FAO, 1991]. Stall widths of 2 metres and depth 1. Administration 2. COLD STORE 3. SALES AREA
of 1.5 metres will be used for storage purposes.

Loading Bay and Parking

According to the Retail Markets Planning and Design

Guide [FAO, 1991], visitors’ car parking range between
2 - 5 spaces per 100 m² of sale area
with preferred maximum distance
of 100 metres from market.

Parking for traders and delivery vehicles are limited

to 1-2 per four stalls [in a highly motorized
society: equal to the number of stalls].

27
Public Toilets
Table II: Sanitary facilities for customers in shops and shopping malls having a net sales area more
than 1000 m2 and assuming equal numbers of male and female customers [AJ Metric].
Sales area of shop Appliances Male Female

1000 m2 to 2000 m2 WC 1 2
Urinal 1 Nil
Wash basin 1 2
Toilet for disabled people 1 unisex
Baby-changing facilities 1 unisex not in
Disabled toilet

2001 m2 to 4000 m2 WC 1 4
Urinal 2 Nil
Wash basin 2 4
Toilet for disabled people 1 unisex
Baby-changing facilities 2 unisex Male toilets: 3.5 x 9 = 31.5
Female toilets: 3.5 x10 = 35
Greater than 4000 m2 In proportion to the size Disabled toilets: 1.5 x 2
of the net sales area x2=9
Baby changing area: 2 x
2x2=8
Therefore, minimum number of appliances provided for the male toilets will be 3 WCs, 4 wash basins, 4 urinals and 1 Circulation [30%]: 25
toilet for the disabled and a baby changing room. The minimum number of appliances provided for the female toilets will TOTAL: 108.5 M2
be 4 WCs, 4 wash basins, 1 toilet for the disabled and a baby changing room. According to the Retail Markets Planning
and Design Guide [FAO, 1991], toilet facilities should be located at a maximum distance of 100 metres from users.

Restaurant Total area for 4 people: 2.0x1.7 = 3.4 Kitchens

Total for 150 pax: 3.4/4 by 150 = 127.5
Circulation 15% of 1127.5 = 19.125
TOTAL: 127.5+19.125 = 146.625M2

Cold store: 0.05 x 150 = 7.5

Dry store: 0.15 x 150 = 22.5
Vegetable store: 0.10 x 150 = 15
Vegetable preparation: 0.10 x 150 = 15
Meat preparation: 0.09 x 150 = 13.5
Staff washing: 0.50 x 150 = 7.5
Circulation [15%]: 12.15
TOTAL: 81 + 12.15 = 93.15M2
28
CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS
concept:

spirit of the African market

1
informality
2
dynamism

3
ephemeral

Semi-Open
Informality

Fluidity Hierarchy
30
31
LINK TO THESIS:
USING THE SENSES AS A DESIGN GENERATOR
senses

sight hearing touch smell movement

sensory linkages
spaces

ENTRANCE OPEN STALLS EATERIES SHOPS/STALLS CIRCULATION ADMIN

•light filled •light filled
•visual links [inside-outside] •brightly coloured [yellow,
•neighbourhood sounds green]
•tactile material [rough] •sound of activities
•high open space •tactile flooring [soft]
•fresh produce
•open space
•light filled •light filled •filtered light •visual links [inside-outside]
•brightly coloured [red] •neighbourhood sounds •filtered views •intimate spaces
•neighbourhood sounds •sounds of activities •visual links
•falling water •tactile material [rough] •sounds of activities
•tactile material [rough] •intimate spaces •tactile material [soft]
•open spaces •intimate spaces

32
FORM DEVELOPMENT

1. SITE 2. CONTEXTUAL REFERENCE 3. VEHICULAR ACCESS + PARKING 4. ANCHOR SPACE

The plot site consists of 5 acres. The urban setback will be The strategy was to contextualise the building with the The edge of the site along the park will be extension of The strategy was to utilise City Park Road for vehicular access
part of the site and will be used for a commercial frontage to surrounding through a non-imposing building spread over the park in the form of plaza for hawkers that seamlessly as well as to separate vehicular and pedestrian circulation.
a create an informal street market with edge-zone vending. 2 floors above ground. The reason being the sensitivity of flows into the open air market. The anchor space will be The parking and service entry will also be accessed through
the site with the adjacent park and cemeteries. The scale
will ensure non imposition on the site. the open air fruit and vegetable market which will be the this road with the service entry running along the eastern
heart of the market. edge of the site.

5. pedestrian access 6. EXTERIOR ENVELOPE 3. PROGRAM DISPOSITION 8. STRUCTURE

Create a pedestrian oriented development with four accesses Modify the volumetric layout and introduce masses to create The design responds to both the functional and spatial The market’s overhead plane will be supported by a structure
provided. These will be provided along both roads to make a street presence, optimise daylighting and natural ventilation relations between programmatic elements to create a inspired by the surrounding canopy of the park trees and
the market porous and escape routes for security purposes. and extend some of the market activities vertically. coherent free-flow circulation within the market. The market will provide an opportunity for rain water harvesting while
will utilise a vertical privacy gradient. admitting natural light into the heart of the market.

33
MODEL PHOTOS

34
DRAWINGS
 RAINWATERHARVESTING
rain water is harvested from the roof for cooking, washing and
flushing SOLARRADIATION
the market is protected by MATERIALITY
materials with high thermal uses locallyavailablematerialswith
WASTEMANAGEMENT mass and sun shading elements
biodigestors and a reed bed system lowembodiedenergy
are used to take advantage of waste

COMPOSITEROOFING
an extra layer of sisalation provides
STACKEFFECT adequate insulation reducing heat loads
warm air is expelled
through the temperature
differences created

AMBIENTLIGHT
diffuse and indirect

CROSS-VENTILATION
wind driven ventilation
through the spaces

RAINWATERHARVESTING
rain water is piped into storage tanks after
treatment and filtration

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
36
Vehicular Green spaces

Pedestrian Informality vis-a-vis formality

Transition into market street Services

Evacuation Waste Management

37
site plan

Aga Khan Primary School

Aga Khan Sports Club

Aga Khan University Hospital

Bus Stage

City Park

Hockey Union

38
ground floor plan

first floor plan

Roof Level +11500

First Floor Level +3000

Ground Floor Level +300

01 EATERIES 02 ANCHORSPACE 03 ADMINISTRATION

This dining area is partially covered to create a variety of spaces serving also The market square’s overhead plane plays a role in the duality of function The market administrative functions are located on the upper levels. Identity
those who prefer outdoor dining. It can be accessed from the street through an and aesthetics in the market through rhythmic patterns and hierarchy [in its along the street is created through the use of bold exposed concrete masses
entrance taking pulling potential customers from the institutions around. high volume] which creating a bold sense of identity. showing rhythm and repetition on the facade.

A FRONT ELEVATION
Roof Level II+11500

Roof Level I+7200

elevations
A First Floor Level +3000

Ground Floor Level +300

C
1:150

01 OPENAIRHAWKER’SMARKET 02 PARKING 03 SERVICELANE

B
B SIDE ELEVATION

Roof Level +11500

First Floor Level +3000

Ground Floor Level +300

01 PARKING SERVICELANE 02 MEATSERVICEYARD 03 FRUITANDVEGETABLESERVICEYARD SERVICELANE 04 WASTEPICKUP

C REAR ELEVATION
Roof Level +11500

First Floor Level +3000

STORAGE

Ground Floor Level +300

Service Level -1050

01 SERVICEAREA 02 PRIMARYCIRCULATION 03 ANCHORSPACE 04 PRIMARYCIRCULATION

The fruit and vegetable market is served by a service yard to an delivery point The main market street runs around the anchor space and is flanked by the Themarketaccommodatesthefruitandvegetablesquareasitsanchorspace. The main market street runs around the anchor space and is flanked by retail
where the goods are can be picked up by a mkokoteni [push cart] pusher or roasted and raw meat market. It is defined by material with a cobblestone The space is porous and easily accessible from all directions. At the centre of stalls. It is defined by material with a cobblestone floor finish that is durable and
by the individual stall owner to the respective selling point. This area is separated floor finish that is durable and can withstand heavy traffic. This is mainly due the square is an existing tree which creates a focal point and a landmark, a can withstand heavy traffic. The upper level [curio market] is served by two
from the main pedestrian circulation to avoid conflict of movement. to the movement of the mobile stall within this area from the delivery areas. characteristic similar to the ancient African markets. 1:12 ramps which are accessed from this street.

Roof Level +7200

First Floor Level +3000

sectional elevations Ground Floor Level +300

LONGITUDINAL+CROSSSECTION 1:100
KIOSK

Roof Level +11500

First Floor Level +3000

STALL

Ground Floor Level +300

DETAILED SECTION

42
AXONOMETRIC DIAGRAM
43
 MARKET SQUARE
The market square which is the anchor
Display space of the market is the final point of the
Washing process from delivery to display to the sale
of the goods to customers

RAMP ACCESS
MARKETPROCESS Ramp access from service yard to main
market square. The market is raised from
the yard following the site slope and to
avoid flooding

WASHING
The market has a washing area with a flat
slab washing area where the vendors can
ensure hygienic standards for their fruits.

SORTING AND WEIGHING

Adequate space has been allocated to the
fruits and vegetable service yard ensuring
the proper market process where the goods
can be sorted by the individual vendors,
weighed and transported for display
WATER AVAILABILITY
The pump room contains the machinery
necessary to ensure that the entire project
especially the washing areas have adequate
Delivery water supply from the storage tanks

SCREEN WALL
2200mm high screen wall to act as a screen
during the delivery process and hinder sight
lines from the customer circulation area

Collection COLLECTION AREA

This is the collection point for the fruits for
delivery to the main display area in the
market square. The goods are picked up
by mkokoteni pushers [or stall owners] and
Storage moved to the square.
COLD STORAGE
The market has an optional cold storage area
for fruits and vegetables where the vendors
can store [when necessary] before pick up
 MEATAREA
 EATERIES

DINING AREA

DRY STORE

KITCHEN
STALL

KITCHEN
STALL
SERVICE AREA

KITCHEN
STALL

SECTION

1% SLOPE TO DRAIN
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

standard barge/verge board by roofing 25mm thick compacted tarmac on 150mm thick sand bed on
manufacturer well compacted hardcore fill to civil engineer's specification
p.c concrete channel block
water proofing gasket by specialist 250 x 125mm p.c concrete road kerb
pre-painted [white] CGI roofing sheets on 600 x 600 x 50mm p.c paving slabs on 50mm thick sand
sisalation insulation sheets laid along profile blinding on compacted hardcore to C.E's details
50 75
of structure walkway

85
65
200mm thick light gauge steel structure ROAD

100
weep hole to expel any trapped water

100
100mm thick bed and haunch of concrete to structural /civil
engineer's details

100mm thick brick facing on concrete

Slab soffit blockwall

600 10mm dia m.s. bars at 25mm centres to

Timber pelmet box form grating and to be flush with quarry
tile surround

r.c top and beam to S.E's details

with quarry tile, finish to schedule

250
175mm deep m.s fire box formed out
of 4mm thick sheet. Top to have 25mm
steel angle to receive grating and
bottom to be perforated with 25mm dia
holes
12

200
75mm deep ash box formed out
20mm thick M.D.F bulkhead cover to finishes schedules of 18g m.s sheet with poolhandle
80

and supported on 40 x 40mm

25x25mm R.H.S bulkhead support angle fixed to wall

900
25
varies as per specs of the roller shutter

Galvanised steel laths --x--nominal width forming

rolling curtain manual/power operated
100mm thick brick facing on
Roller shutter housing 100mm thick concrete blockwork
wall

450
22

clay tiles floor finish to schedule

Steel roller shutter door
75 varies as per specs of roller shutter

R.C. lintel to S.E. details

GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

47
COBBLESTONE CABRO BRICK PAVING CONCRETE TILES OUTDOOR MATERIAL PALETTE
The outdoor spaces were vital in enhancing the experience of the market. These form the key spaces
for interaction and as such, they are designed to be stimulating various colours and textures and are also
used to give each zone a distinct character. Due to high pedestrian traffic, courts are hard paved. To
counter the negative effects of hard scaping, permeable paving blocks are used. These allow rainwater
to pass through them, mimicking the natural rainwater infiltration process.

WHY TACTILE MATERIALS?

Asoneoftherecommendationsformyresearchthesis,itwasestablishedthattactilematerialsarouseour
senseofsightandtouch.Thatnaturalmaterialsshouldbeintroducedtocreateanincreasedconnectedness
MAZERAS RAW CONCRETE CERAMIC TILES with nature. These materials should be incorporated especialy in outdoor areas and areas where
people can come into contact with them and be accentuated by ilumination [either natural or artificial]
and some greenery.

“You converse with material through the pores of your skin, your ears and your eyes. The dialogue
does not stop at the surface, as its scent fils the air. Through touch, you exchange heat and the material
responds immediately.
- Sverre Fehn

BambusaVariegata Gardeniaternifolia RhapisExcelsa Chamaedeorea Cataractarum Combretumfragrans Rumexusambarensis

A
B C
Reference line
850x850x350mm RC
850x850x350mm RC slab cover
slab cover

Galvanised pipe Galvanised pipe

100mm dia inlet
PVC T-Junction pipe
150x75x100mm brick wall 150x75x100mm brick wall

Ground Level

Inspection
chamber
R = 2.0m

R = 5.5m

16m2 expansion
chamber

BIODIGESTOR DETAILS
GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

48
stall details
To Note

This sheet can form an A4 pocket size instruction manual. Following the simplified instructions, anyone can Low Cost Assemblage

2,100

2,100
2,000
60
take the parts and integrate them into the multifunctional unit that is capable of hosting functions such as
retailing, displaying and storage. The units can further be dismantled to take up less space for sufficient
storage. To be noted, instead of relying on nails and glue to assist the supporting system, the modular stall 800

0
50
1,
partsareinterlockedthroughjoineryandlooselyscrewedbolts.Whennotinuse,itcanbedisassembled
andreconstructedinanotherlocation,reflectingitsportabilityandadaptability.Additionally,assemblingthe

0
80

40
Storage Mobile Cooperation 800
unit wil require cooperation through communication which wil promote social harmony. A B C1 C2 C3
1,200

1,750
1,750
1,750
80°

50° 50°

1 Opendisplaypermutation
800
C3
A 1,950 1,950 1,000

A C1
Open
A 1,200
B
C3
A

1,750

1,750
1,750
800
1,850 1,850
1,000
In transition

2 Turnshelves[A]untilflatandRaise B 3 RotateC3uptowardsC2
2,200

2,200

2,200
40°

800
1,250 1,250 1,000
5 Raise both parts C2 and C3 Closed
4 AlignC3with C2 untilastandingpoint GSPublisherVersion 0.0.100.100

1,200
49
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