GURU JAMBHESHWAR UNIVERSITY

OF
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY HISAR

A SEMINAR
REPORT
ON
E-COMMERECE

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

M/S. Saroj Ma’am Sumit Soni
Professor in GJU S&T MCA 2nd Sem
Hisar 180010120047
 Acknowledgement

I would like to thank respected M/S. Saroj Ma’am for giving me such a wonderful
opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines to
present a seminar report. It helped me a lot to realize of what we study for.

Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as i

went through my work and helped to modify and eliminate some of the
irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs.

Thirdly, I would like to thank Hardik and Vishnu who helped me to make my work more
organized and well-stacked till the end.

Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like
MS Word. It helped my work a lot to remain error-free.
Last but clearly not the least,
I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to complete my report on time.
 Preface
I have made this report file on the topic E-Commerce, I have tried my best to
elucidate all the relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report. While
in the beginning I have tried to give a general view about this topic.

My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has ended

on a successful note. I express my sincere gratitude to M/S Saroj Ma’am
who assisting me throughout the preparation of this topic. I thank her for
providing me the reinforcement, confidence and most importantly the track
for the topic whenever I needed it.
E-commerce (EC)
An abbreviation for electronic commerce, is the buying and
selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic
network, primarily the internet. These business transactions occur either as business-to-
business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), consumer-to-consumer or consumer-to-
business. The terms e-commerce and e-business are often used interchangeably. The
term e-tail is also sometimes used in reference to the transactional processes for online
shopping.

History of e-commerce

The beginnings of e-commerce can be traced to the 1960s, when businesses started
using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) to share business documents with other
companies. In 1979, the American National Standards Institute developed ASC X12 as
a universal standard for businesses to share documents through electronic networks.

After the number of individual users sharing electronic documents with each other grew
in the 1980s, the rise of eBay and Amazon in the 1990s revolutionized the e-commerce
industry. Consumers can now purchase endless amounts of items online, from e-tailers,
typical brick-and-mortar stores with e-commerce capabilities and one another.

E-Commerce has evolved to make products easier to discover and purchase through
online retailers and marketplaces. Independent freelancers, small businesses, and
large corporations have all benefited from ecommerce, which enables them to sell their
goods and services at a scale that was not possible with traditional offline retail.

Global retail ecommerce sales are projected to reach $27 trillion by 2020.

Electronic commerce or e-commerce (sometimes written as eCommerce) is a business

model that lets firms and individuals conduct business over electronic networks, most
notably: the internet. Electronic commerce operates in all four of the following major
market segments:

 Business to business
 Business to consumer
 Consumer to consumer
 Consumer to business.
Types of Ecommerce Models
There are four main types of ecommerce models that can describe almost every
transaction that takes place between consumers and businesses.

1. Business to Consumer (B2C):

When a business sells a good or service to an individual consumer (e.g. You buy a pair
of shoes from an online retailer).

Business to Business (B2B):

When a business sells a good or service to another business (e.g. A business sells
software-as-a-service for other businesses to use)

3. Consumer to Consumer (C2C):

When a consumer sells a good or service to another consumer (e.g. You sell your old
furniture on eBay to another consumer).

4. Consumer to Business (C2B):

When a consumer sells their own products or services to a business or organization

(e.g. An influencer offers exposure to their online audience in exchange for a fee, or a
photographer licenses their photo for a business to use).
Examples of Ecommerce

Ecommerce can take on a variety of forms involving different transactional relationships

between businesses and consumers, as well as different objects being exchanged as
part of these transactions.

1. Retail:

The sale of a product by a business directly to a customer without any

intermediary.

2. Wholesale:

The sale of products in bulk, often to a retailer that then sells them directly to
consumers.

3. Dropshipping:

The sale of a product, which is manufactured and shipped to the consumer by a

third party.

4. Crowdfunding:

The collection of money from consumers in advance of a product being available

in order to raise the startup capital necessary to bring it to market.

5. Subscription:

The automatic recurring purchase of a product or service on a regular basis until

the subscriber chooses to cancel.

6. Physical products:

Any tangible good that requires inventory to be replenished and orders to be

physically shipped to customers as sales are made.
 7. Digital products:

Downloadable digital goods, templates, and courses, or media that must be

purchased for consumption or licensed for use.

8. Services:

A skill or set of skills provided in exchange for compensation. The service

provider’s time can be purchased for a fee.

Disruption to physical retail

Given the stratospheric rise in e-commerce in recent years, many analysts, economists
and consumers have debated whether the online B2C market will soon make physical,
brick-and-mortar stores obsolete. There is little question that online shopping is growing
at a significant rate.

Research from BigCommerce has found that Americans are about evenly split on online
versus offline shopping, with 51% of Americans preferring e-commerce and 49%
preferring physical stores. However, 67% of millennials prefer shopping online over
offline. According to Forbes, 40% of millennials are also already using voice
assistants to make purchases, with that number expected to surpass 50% by 2020.
An example of the impact e-commerce has had on physical retail is the post-
Thanksgiving Black Friday and Cyber Monday shopping days in the United States.
According to Rakuten Marketing data, in 2017, Cyber Monday, which features sales that
are exclusively online, saw 68% higher revenues than Black Friday, which is
traditionally the biggest brick-and-mortar shopping day of the year.

According to data from ShopperTrak, physical store traffic on Black Friday declined by
1% year over year, and the two-day Thanksgiving-Black Friday period saw a 1.6%
decline in traffic. Nearly 40% of sales on Black Friday came via a mobile device, up
nearly 10% from the previous year, an indication that e-commerce is becoming m-
commerce.
Mobile e-commerce (m-commerce)

M-commerce is a type of e-commerce on the rise that features online sales transactions
made via mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets. M-commerce includes
mobile shopping, mobile banking and mobile payments. Mobile chatbots also provide e-
commerce opportunities to businesses, allowing consumers to complete transactions
with companies via voice or text conversations.

E-commerce applications

E-commerce is conducted using a variety of applications, such as email, online catalogs

and shopping carts, EDI, the File Transfer Protocol, web services, and mobile devices.
This includes business-to-business activities and outreach, such as using email for
unsolicited ads, usually viewed as spam, to consumers and other business prospects,
as well as sending out e-newsletters to subscribers and SMS texts to mobile devices.
More companies now try to entice consumers directly online, using tools such as digital
coupons, social media marketing and targeted advertisements.

The benefits of e-commerce include its around-the-clock availability, the speed of

access, the wide availability of goods and services for the consumer, easy accessibility
and international reach. Its perceived downsides include sometimes limited customer
service, consumers not being able to see or touch a product prior to purchase and the
wait time for product shipping.

The rise of e-commerce has forced IT personnel to move beyond infrastructure design
and maintenance to consider numerous customer-facing aspects, such as
consumer data privacy and security. When developing IT systems and applications to
accommodate e-commerce activities, data governance-related regulatory
compliance mandates, personally identifiable information privacy rules and information
protection protocols must be considered.
Government regulations for e-commerce

In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Payment Card
Industry (PCI) Security Standards Council are among the primary agencies that regulate
e-commerce activities. The FTC monitors activities such as online advertising, content
marketing and customer privacy, while the PCI Council develops standards and rules,
including PCI Data Security Standard compliance, which outlines procedures for the
proper handling and storage of consumers' financial data.

Aspects of Electronic Commerce

E-commerce offers consumers the Advantages:

 Convenience. E-commerce can occur 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

 Increased selection. Many stores offer a wider array of products online than they
carry in their brick-and-mortar counterparts. And many stores that solely exist
online may offer consumers exclusive inventory that's unavailable elsewhere.

E-commerce carries the Disadvantages:

 Limited customer service. If you’re shopping online for a computer, you cannot
simply ask an employee to demonstrate a particular model's features in person.
And although some websites let you chat online with a staff member, this is not a
typical practice.
 Lack of instant gratification. When you buy an item online, you must wait for it to
be shipped to your home or office. However, retailers like Amazon make the
waiting game a little bit less painful, by offering same-day delivery, as a premium
option for select products.
 Inability to touch products. Online images don’t necessarily convey the whole
story about an item, therefore e-commerce purchases can be dissatisfying when
the products received don't match consumer expectations. Case in point: an item
of clothing may be made from shoddier fabric than its online image indicates.
 References

 www.wikipedia.org
 www.google.com
 www.studymafia.org
 www.investopedia.com
 www.searchcio.techtarget.com
 www.shopify.com