Subject: - “ARAMCO” Examination‘s of Master &Mates

As most of you will be aware, “ÁRAMCo” are conducting their own examinations of all Master and Mates on board all Contracted
vessels. Depending on the result of such examination, the respective person either “PASS” or “FAIL”, as far as “ÁRAMCo”
inspectors are concerned.
If the Former, the individual has clearance from “ÁRAMCo” to be appointed on board, but if the latter, the individual is not
considered to be acceptable to “ÁRAMCo” for employment on any vessel working in their offshore areas, and the Company have no
option then in turn has to be examined by “ÁRAMCo”.
Obviously this has caused major administrative and financial problem for the Company, over which we unfortunately have no control.
It is stressed that for obvious reason we need all Master and mates to “PASS” the examination, and to this end, we show below, as list
of the items upon which questions are likely to be asked by the “ÁRAMCo” examiner.

Questions for Evaluation of Master & Mates (to be completed 15-30 minutes)
Knowledge of International Regulation for Preventing Collision at Sea: ALL (WHOLE)

1. Day & Night & Fog signal for vessel under way?
= (Two-Side; Two-Top; Stern // “▬” every 2 minutes, ‘ T’)

2. Day & Night & Fog signal for vessel not make way from water?
= (Two-Side; Two-Top; Stern // Two red light 360,0o // “▬ ▬” every 2 minutes – 2 sec, ‘M’)

3. Day & Night & Fog signal for vessel at anchor?

= (Ball // White Bow-Stern mast light 360,0o // “▬ ” Rapidly ring
after signal, ‘R’)

4. Day & Night & Fog signal for vessel aground?

= (Three Ball // Two Red light 360, 0o //
“” separate stroke on the bell
“ ▬ “ Rapidly ring after signal + given
“” separate stroke on the bell, (‘S’‘R’‘S’)

5. Day & Night & Fog signal for vessel Pilot? ?

= (Top-White/ Down-Red; Side; Stern // “▬” + “”,‘H’)

6. Day & Night & Fog signal for vessel trawling (seismic)?
7. Day & Night & Fog signal for vessel tow?
= (Ball – Diamond – Ball // Diamond //
Two-Side; Three-Four-Top; Stern; Tow; Red –White - Red; “▬
”,‘D’)

8. Day & Night & Fog signal for vessel towing?

= (Diamond // Two-Side; Stern; // after tow signal “▬ ” every 2
min) ( or … ?)
9. Day & Night & Fog signal Vessels constrained by draft?
= (Cylinder // Two-Side; Two-Top; Stern // Three Red light 360,0o //
“▬ ”, ‘D’)

10. Day & Night & Fog signal Vessel restricted in their ability to manoeuvring?
= ( Ball – Diamond – Ball // Red –White - Red light 360,0o // “▬
”, ‘D’)

11. Day & Night & Fog signal Vessel engage mine clearance?

=(  Three ball, Three green light 360,0o //
Two Diamond – Two Ball from side)

12. Day & Night & Fog signal Vessel dredger operational?
= (Ball – Diamond – Ball // Two Diamond – Two Ball;
Two-Side; Two Top; Stern; Red –White - Red; Two Red 360,0o/ Two
Green 360,0o “▬ ”,‘D’)

13. Day & Night & Fog signal Vessel Not Under command?
= ( Two Ball // Two Red light 360,0o) // “▬ ”,‘D’)

14. Visibility, arc navigation lights?

Masthead 225,0o - 6 miles; Side 112,5o – 3 miles; Stern –Tow 135,0o – 3 miles;
Stern –Tow 135,0o – 3 miles;
Anchor 360,0o – 3 miles, Red/White/Red – 3 miles
Time of sounding short blast = 1-2 sec; Prolong blast 5 second

15. Maneuvering signal?

= (“”’E’ – Alter my course s/s; “” ‘I’– a/c P/side; “” ‘S’– My engine work the stern)

16. Overtake signals? (“▬ ▬ ”’G’- Overtake S/s; “▬ ▬ ”’Z’– Overtake P/s; “▬  ▬ ”’C’– Agree)

17. Warning signal? =(“” – Attention, I cannot understand your intention)

18. Single letter signal and their significance?

A ALFA ▬ DIVER DOWN, KEEP CLEAR
 B BRAVO DANGEROUS CARGO
C CHARLIE ▬▬ YES
D DELTA ▬ KEEP CLEAR, MANEUVERING W/ DIFFICULTY
E EKHO  ALTERING COURSE TO STBD
F FOXTROT DISABLE
G GOLF ▬▬ WANT A PILOT
I INDIA  ALTERING COURSE TO PORT
J JULIET ON FIRE—KEEP CLEAR
K KILO ▬▬ I WISH TO COMMUNICATE WITH YOU
L LIMA STOP INSTANTLY
M MIKE ▬▬ I AM STOPPED
N NOVEMBER ▬ NO
O OSKAR ▬▬▬ MAN OVERBOARD
P PAPA ▬▬ ABOUT TO SAIL
Q QUEBEK REQUEST PRATIQUE
R ROUMIO ▬ NONE
S SIERRA  ENGINES GOING ASTERN
T TANGO ▬ KEEP CLEARE FROM ME
U UNIFORM  ▬ YOU’RE RUNNING INTO DANGER
V VICTOR REQUEST ASSISTANCE
W WHISKEY REQUEST MEDICAL ASSISTANCE
X X-RAY STOP YOUR INTENTION
Y YANKEE ▬▬ I AM DRAGGING ANCHOR
Z ZULU ▬▬ REQUIRE TUG

19. Action to take when vessels are reciprocal course? (Rule 14, Head-on Situation)
(“”’E’ – Alter my course s/s; “” ‘I’– a/c P/side; “” ‘S’– My engine
work the stern)
MEETING HEAD-ON - Power vs Power
Neither vessel is the stand-on vessel. Both vessels should
alter their course to starboard (right).

20. Action to take when vessels are crossing vessel? (Rule 15, Crossing Situation)
The give way vessel shall keep out of the way of the stand-on vessel and avoid
crossing ahead of the other vessel – thus pass the stern of the stand-on vessel.
If the action of the give way vessel is not sufficient, stand-on vessel shall take
action to avoid collision but not altering her course to port for a vessel on her
own port side (Rule 17 – Action by stand-on vessel)

21. Action to take when vessels are overtaking one another? (Rule 13, Overtaking)
Any vessel overtaking any other vessel shall keep out of the way of the vessel
being overtaken. (“▬ ▬ ”’G’- Overtake S/s; “▬ ▬ ”’Z’– Overtake P/s;
“▬  ▬ ”’C’– Agree)
- Coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 deg abaft
her beam.
- At night she would be able to see only the stern light of the vessel but
neither of her sidelights.

22. a. If you are on a crossing situation with other vessel on your stbd side, which is the give way vessel and and
which is the stand-on vessel?
Your vessel is the give way vessel (you should take action)

b. What is the first thing you should do in that situation?

In any situation with other vessels, I have to check if risk of collision exists by monitoring the bearing and
distance of the other vessel. There is a risk of collision if the bearing is steady (almost steady) and the
distance decreases.
23. What is the sound signal for restricted visibility?
 “▬” every 2 minutes, ‘ T’, 1 prolong every 2 minutes

24. What are the necessary precautions to be taken when vessel is on restricted visibility?
St/by to maneuvering for prevent collision (safe speed- eng. ready for immediately maneuver- make fog
signal - radar on – 2 watch keeping

25. Precautions to adopt in condition of poor visibility?

What will you do, when in poor visibility?
- Keep 2 look-out outside at bridge wing, 2 radar working
- Reduce speed, st/by for maneuvering
- Sound signal to be activated

26. Action to take when vessels are negotiating areas of shallow water?
Reduce speed and st/by anchor-st/by eng to maneuvering- echosounder on

27. Lights & Fog signal for Oil platforms ? = (“ ▬” // “U”)

28. What to do before leaving or enter the harbor? = (Ask Permission)

What to do before enter or leaving OIL FIELD? = (Ask Permission)

29. Maximum speed in harbors and estuaries?

5 knots in harbors, 8 knots in estuaries (MIM 1193.001 – Marine Port Information & Regulations)

30. Explain: - 4 Cardinal marks (North; South; East; West – what color?)
North Topmark points up, black band above yellow band
East Topmark points outward, (The apex point OUT WARDS), black band above and below yellow band.
South Topmark points down, black band below yellow band.
West Topmark points inward, black band between yellow bands

31. Light & Sharpe Special Buoys. (What are special mark buoys). Refer the page below.
32. Chart symbols for; - Light, Depth, and Nature of Bottom.
Definition Racon (ARAMCO-Additional sheet.)

Identify Oil pipelines: Use & Disused Trenched (Berried), Power

lines, Trunk lines, Marked pipeline.

Drying Heights

Depth of water over Pipelines, Crossing Pipelines, Drying heights, Wreck symbols,

TIDAL HEIGHTS - Information and Prediction

So much for the theory of the tides.

What we want to be able to do in practice is predict a) how deep the water is and b) how fast
it is moving at any given time. This section outlines all the sources of tidal information and
explains how you use them.

However before we start, let us look at the tidal terms that are used so that we can fully
understand the information as it is given to us.

Tidal Terms and Explanation

First high water and low water.
This refers to when the tide is fully “up” and fully “down”. We talk about the time of high or
low water, and the height of high or low water.

Next tidal range.

This is the difference between the heights of high water and low water at any particular
place. It is generally given in meters. As explained above, the range is greater at spring tides
and smaller at neap tides (spring range is greater than neap range).

If we want to work out the depth somewhere at a particular time, what we need is to know:

a) what is the absolutely minimum depth that can ever happen, and
b) how much extra depth we are getting because the tide is part way up.

The first part of this is very easy, because it is the depth that is printed on the chart
(charted depth).

Depths are referred to the level of chart datum, which is the level of lowest astronomical
tide (LAT): i.e. the lowest low water that we can ever expect in normal circumstances.
Figure 5 illustrates this.

A note in passing: the weather can affect the height of

the tide but this generally by a small amount, and
difficult to predict. So we tend to ignore it. Lowest
astronomical tide means the lowest tide caused by the
moon and sun, but the water could get even lower in
exceptional weather.

The extra depth we get because of the tide is called

the height of tide at the particular time we’re
interested in, and the following sections work out how
to predict this.

So then the actual depth will be: charted depth +

height of tide.

There are some places on the chart which are above

the water when the tide is low. For these places the
chart needs to tell you the “depth” at LAT, and of
course in this case it will be a negative depth. It is marked as such on the chart by
underlining it, and it is called the drying height. Figure 5 illustrates this.

One more set of terms for completeness:

• mean high water springs (MHWS)
• mean high water neaps (MHWN)
• mean low water springs (MLWS)
• mean low water neaps (MLWN)

This idea is pretty simple. It is convenient to know

roughly how high and low the tide goes at a particular
place, so the average heights of high and low water can
be quoted for both spring and neap tides.
Figure 6 shows how these heights relate to each other.

You can use this information to tell you some things you
might want to know: for example, the MHWS added to the charted depth at a particular
place shows the average depth you will get there at high water on spring tides -
approximately the greatest depth you are ever going to get there.

Use MLWS and it will tell you approximately the least depth you will ever get.

Finally when the tide is coming in we call it flooding, and when it’s going out it’s ebbing.

Selection of chart symbols

Danger line in general

Wreck, least depth unknown but usually deeper than 20 metres

Visible wreck
Wreck of which the mast(s) only are visible at Chart Datum

Wreck, least depth known obtained by sounding only

Wreck, least depth known, swept by wire drag or diver

Rock which covers and uncovers, height above Chart Datum

or
Rock awash at the level of Chart Datum
Underwater rock of unknown depth, dangerous to surface
navigation
Underwater rock of known depth, dangerous to surface
or navigation
Remains of a wreck, or other foul area, non-dangerous to
navigation but to be avoided by vessels anchoring, trawling etc.
Depth unknown, but considered to have a safe clearance to the
depth shown
Sounding of doubtful depth; Existence doubtful; Reported, but
not confirmed
Position approximate; Position doubtful
Wind turbine
or
Chimney
Tower; radio/television tower
Monument
Marina - boat harbour
Mosque, minaret
Silo
Tanks
Placeholder examples: Church (Ch) Tower (Tr) Hotel Cupola
(Cu) Chimney (Chy).
CAPITALS indicate that the landmark is conspicious.
Quarrie, mine
Major light; minor light
More on lights in chapter 9

Limit of safety zone around offshore installation

Position of tabulated tidal stream data with designation “A”;

Tidal levels data “a”
 Green or black buoys (symbols filled black): G = Green ; B =
Black
Single coloured buoys other than green and black: Y = Yellow ;
R = Red
Multiple colours in horizontal bands, the colour sequence is from
top to bottom
Multiple colours in vertical or diagonal stripes, the darker colour
is given first. W = White
More on buoys in chapter 9
Lighted marks on multicoloured charts, GPS displays and chart
plotters. A yellow coloured lobe indicates a White light! Also
note that beacons (here the rightmost symbol with the green
light) has an upright G, instead of an oblique G

Information in the chart

Depths reduced to chart datum: A sounding like 35 indicates 3½ metres of water under Lowest
Astronomical Tide (when the chart datum is “L.A.T.”). An underlined sounding like 04 indicates a height of 40 cm
above L.A.T. Heights above Chart Datum on drying areas are given in metres and decimetres. The metres
figure is underlined. Depths are given from 0.1 to 20.9 in metres and decimetres, and from 21 to 31 in
metres and half metres. Greater depths are rounded down to the nearest safest metre (for example, 32.7
metres is rounded down to 32 metres).
The geographical position of a sounding is the centre of the depth figure.
Isobaths: Lines connecting positions with the same depth: depth contours.
Heights reduced to chart datum: Heights of for instance, lighthouses, mountains and cliffs are more
often reduced to another datum such as Mean High Water (M.H.W.) or Mean High Water Spring.
Tidal information: Details of both the vertical (see chapter 7) and the horizontal (see chapter 8)
movement of the water is often included in the chart.
Lighthouses, Buoys & marks: Lights, lateral and cardinal marks, see chapter 9.
Seabed qualities: Pebbles, seaweed, rocks, wrecks, pipelines, sand and other seabed
characteristics for anchoring.

33. Ascertain depth of water under keel. Minimum keel clearance. Centimeters.
33A South Safanya 1100 hrs, 29th June 2003, you have a draft 4, 3 m, a sounding of 6,2 m.
What is overall depth of water under keel? = (1, 9 meters)
33B What is depth of water at West pier Spit Buoy at 1000 hrs, on 29th December 2004 year.
= 4,7+0,72=5,42 meters.

34. Determine whether tide flooding or tide ebbing with tide table.

35. Familiarity with ARAMCO tide tables, Interpolation, & International & Explain terminology.
36. Do you know how to use Aramco Tide Table?
This is practical question, you must practice to calculate UKC using Aramco tide table especially within
shallow water at South of Safaniya (SUR 1816)
37. Charted depth 3.7 m // draft 3.2 m // height of tide 1.6 m – what is the Under Keel Clearance? Is it allowed
to pass a pipeline at this clearance?
Charted depth (3.7 m) + height of tide (1.6 m) = 5.3 m (total depth)
Total depth (5.3 m) – draft (3.2 m) = 2.1 m
Allowance 1 m for pipeline height, then clearance = 1.1 m (not allowed to cross pipeline)
Remark: minimum UKC while crossing pipelines/subsea installation is 5.0 m and unless crossing pipelines/subsea
installation minimum UKC is 1 m or more. (MIM 1193.005, Minimum Under Keel Clearance for Marine
Vessels)

38. Definition of: L.A.T – Lowest Astronomical Tide (Chart datum - Zero of chart)
I.S.L.W – Indian Spring Low Water
H.A.T – Highest Astronomical Tide
M.S.L – Mean Sea Level
I. A. L. A– International Association Lighthouse Authority.
B.A. – British Admiralty Chart
S. U. R – Saudi Aramco Chart.
S. C. B. A– Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus.
E. E. B. D – Emergency Escape Breathing Device.
EPIRB – Emergency position indicating Radio Beacon.
SART – Search and Rescue Radar Transponder.

39. Calculate. Explain mean stability, and all abbreviations:

W KG M Ship’s D =1000; KG =4.0m, load W=200kg; KG = 5.0m. Find KG after load.
1000 4.0 4000
200 5.0 1000 5000 : 1200 = 4.16 (4.17) KG after load.
1200 ? 5000

G Centre of gravity LBP Length between perpendiculars

KG Centre of gravity above keel. ø Angle of inclination.
M Metacentre LOA Length over all.
B Moulded breadth of ship MLD Moulded draft of ship
GM Metacentric high
GZ Actual righting arms measured from G. KM Vertical distance of transverse metacentre M before
loading/discharging
LCF Longitinual centre of floatation MTC Meter per centimeter
LCB Longitinual centre of buoyancy MTI Inch per centimeter
 How to Calculate the Curve from a Stability Booklet

(1) Enter with your Draft & Trim

(2) Find Displacement & KM from HYDROSTATIC Curve tables
(3) Construct table moments, using the following:-

Lightship Weight + KG
Capacities & KG's of Compartments/Tanks
Loaded KG
F.S.E.
GM/KG

Then Enter KN Curves to produce GZ's

Construct Curve
Check this against the Minimum Stability Criteria

How to calculate stability

Stability sums made easier

Stability Sums made easier

Drawing a stability problem makes it easier to understand

When working with a stability sum use the KG's for the vessels displacement and the weight that's being loaded/discharged or
shifted, forget the weights at the moment
Draw a big "E" as follows and insert 4 dots.
Name the bottom dot "K"
Name the middle dot "G"
Name the top dot "M"
Find if the weight being loaded/discharged is bigger than the vessels own KG or below it, if its bigger then put g1 above the
vessels own KG, if less than the vessels KG, then put g1 below the vessels KG

From the Keel lay off the distance for the vessels displacement (KG)
From the Keel lay off the distance for the weight loaded/discharged (Kg)
Subtract (KG from Kg1) this gives small "d"
If the weight is a shifted weight subtract where the weight was and where it is now (Kg1 - Kg2) = "d"

Using the formula:- Gg1 = w x d = W d (+ if loaded, - if discharged) (only use W if a shifted weight) (don't use small d for
shifted weight)
If using more than one weight, best to do a Table of moments

Remember these Formulas they are important

KG = KM - GM
GM = KM - KG
KM = KG + GM

Always add F.S.E. to KG or Subtract it from GM

 Tables of Moments

Formula for a moment is Weight x KG

Loaded weights

item weight (tonnes) kg Moment (+) Moment (-)

Loaded Discharged
weight (+) weight (-)

Vessel 100,000 8.4 metres 840,000.00

Grain 20,000 2.9 metres ( + ) 58,000.00
Fuel 1,000 1.5 metres ( + ) 1,500.00
Water 300 1.9 metres ( + ) 570.00
Stores 3.8 3.9 metres ( + ) 14.82

Total 121303.8 900,084.82

KG = Total Moments
Total Weight

KG = 900,084.82 = 7.420088
121,303.8

if required to round it up to 3 decimal figures (KG = 7.420)

Vessels final KG is 7.420 metres, the vessel has more draught and less freeboard

Discharged weights

item weight (tonnes) kg Moment (+) Moment (-)

Loaded Discharged
weight (+) weight (-)

Vessel 100,000 8.4 metres 840,000.00

Grain 20,000 2.9 metres ( - ) 58,000.00
Fuel 1,000 1.5 metres ( - ) 1,500.00
Water 300 1.9 metres ( - ) 570.00
Stores 3.8 3.9 metres ( - ) 14.82

Totals 121,303.8 840,000.00 60084.82

( - ) 60,084.82
779,915.18

KG = Total Moments
Total Weight

KG = 779,915.18= 6.429437330075397
121,303.8

if required to round it up to 3 decimal figures (KG = 6.430)

Vessels final KG is 6.430 metres, the vessel has less draught and more freeboard

Stability formulas
 Stability Formulas

KM = KG + GM
KG = KM - GM
GM = KM - KG

Gg1 = w x d
........W ± w

"w" is the weight being loaded/discharged/shifted and "d" is the distance the centre of gravity is going to move

"W" is the total weight of the boat and "w" is the weight being taken onboard/discharged/shifted

Table of Moments

To find the total moment for the item being used including the vessel, multiplying the items weight by the
items KG
(Weight x KG = Moment)

Find the moments first then - If all items are loaded, add all the weights together as well as adding all the
moments together, then divide the total weights by the total moments to give you your new KG

Find the moments first then - If all items are discharged, subtract all the weights from the vessels weight as
well as subtracting all the moments from the vessels moments, then divide the total weights by the total
moments to give you your new KG

Find the moments first then - If items are loaded/discharged, add all the weights being loaded to the vessels
weight then subtract the discharged weight from the total loaded weight then all the loaded moments to the
vessels moments then subtract all the discharged moments from the total loaded moments, then divide the
total weights by the total moments to give you your new KG

Example

Weight tonnes metres Moments

Item loaded discharged KG Moment Moment
loaded (+) discharged (-)
Vessel 2000 (+) 4.2 8400
Fuel 200 (+) 1.9 380
Stores 10 (+) 3.9 39
Grain (discharged) 500 (-) 3.4 1700
Totals 2210 500 8819 1700
500 - 1700 -
Final Totals 1710 7119

KG = Final weight
.......Final moment

KG = 1710
....... 7119

KG = 0.24020227 metres
KG = 0.240 (3 decimal figures)

More Formulas

Centre of Gravity = Total Moment

Total Weight

M.S.S. = W x Gz M.S.S. is Moment of Statical Stability

 Gz = GM Sin Θ Where Θ is the angle of heel (Θ Theta symbol)

T.P.C. = 1.024A.....Where (A) is the area of waterplane in Metres 2

100
Displacement inches
Sinkage from SW to FW =
40 TPI

Sinkage = F.W.A. x 1.025 - dock water inches

1.025 -1.000

GZ = KN - KG x Sine Θ Where Θ is the angle of heel (Θ Theta symbol)

Always Add FSE to KG or Subtract FSE from GM

Ship stability made easier

Ships Stability Made Easier

The word "Stability" means if the vessel is heeled by an external force it has the ability to right herself
whether its transverse, statical or longitudinal stability.

From Author - Make sure you know what’s in the stability book before going for an Oral Exam

Most vessels have a stability book and a common question from the captains is what are the loading
conditions in a stability book, this can vary for different vessels, best to have a look and see how many
loading conditions you have, this is an example

(1) The bare vessel without any stores or weights before going to sea
(2) The vessel loaded ready to go to sea
(3) Fishing vessels when they arrive at their fishing ground
(4) When they finish their fishing trip with 20% maximum catch onboard before leaving the fishing
grounds
(5) Before they arrive in harbour with 20% maximum catch
(6) When they finish their fishing trip with 100% maximum catch onboard before leaving the fishing
grounds
(7) Before they arrive in harbour with 100% maximum catch

Every vessel must check their vessels if taking a heavy load onboard to make sure the vessel does not
become top heavy, making the Centre of Gravity to rise up maybe above the Metacentre giving the vessel
a capsizing lever.

Caution must be maintained regarding vessel stability when working North in winter months, Ice accretion
can easy catch an experienced seaman out, never let ice accumulate on your vessel, this will give you an
angle of loll.

Cargo vessels have to make sure they can carry any materials by working out the area they have in their
hold and working out the mass of the material they're going to be taking aboard to make sure they can
take that material, every material has different masses

Fresh water has a mass of 1.000t per metres cubed

Sea water has a mass of 1.025t per metre cubed
These figures are important for summer and winter loadlines on cargo vessels
While coming into port with a fresh water river, if the vessel has been loaded up to her maximum loadlines
in a port that has sea water she will sink in a port with fresh water.
If your doing modifications to your vessel, get a stability captain down to make sure your vessel is safe to
go to sea, your altering the vessels stability, you might capsize.

A lot of vessels have been lost because of the effects of F.S.E.(Free surface effect) F.S.E. makes your
vessels GM smaller and is very dangerous
Try this for a demonstration of F.S.E.
Place a half full plastic lemonade bottle on the flat of your hand
don't grip the bottle and let the liquid move slowly
It will fall off your hand
Imagine what this does to a vessel!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Keep F.S.E. to a minimum.
Keep all water tight doors and hatches closed while at sea.
Keep the bilge's dry.
Never let freeing ports to become blocked.
When at sea, never turn your vessel with any quantity of water on your deck.

You have to now the stability criteria for your vessel,

(1) Area under curve up to 30 degrees not less than 0.055 metres radians
(2) Area under curve up to 40 degrees not less than 0.09 metres radians
(3) Area between 30 and 40 degrees not less that 0.03 metres radians
(4) Maximum Gz to occur at an angle not less than 25 degrees but maximum Gz should occur at an angle
exceeding 30 degrees
(5) Initial GM not less than 0.35 m for fishing vessels and 0.15 metres for merchant navy vessels
A radian equals 57.3 degree's

40. Which operation every day do it with ballast? Sounding

41. What happens with stability in time of loading ? Reduce

42. What is Free Surface Effect? Explain?

43. What is specific gravity of seawater? 1,025

What is specific gravity of fresh water? 1,000

44. What is the meaning of “fresh water allowance”?

Is the number of millimeters by which the mean draft changes when a ship passes from salt water to fresh water, or
vice versa, whilst floating at the loaded draft.
45. What is meant by TPC / TPI (Tons Per Centimeters / Inch)
Tons to be loaded (discharged) to change draft by 1 cm (or inch) or tons of cargo to be loaded to immerse the vessel
by 1 cm (Ton Per Centimeter Immersion)

46. Load Line? Appropriate Load Line & Seasonal Zone/Draught Mark?

TF Tropical fresh water load line

F Fresh water load line
T Tropical load line
S Summer load line
W Winter load line
WNA Winter north Atlantic load line

47. a. What is the meaning of Permissible Load on Deck? Where can you find this information?
Means how many tons the ship deck can load on one square meter. This can be found in Cargo Securing
Manual or vessel Stability Booklet.
b. A box weighing 48 tons with dimensions – length 4 m – width 3 m – heights 5 m. Can you load it on
deck if you know that permissible load on deck is 5 tons?
Length x width = 4 x 3 = 12 square meters
Weight / area = 48 / 12 = 4 tons….. Answer: Yes

48. Squat: - Explain, and action for reduce. Calculate.

Squat
Squat is the increase in draught and trim that occurs when a ship moves on the surface of the sea. At low speed, a ship
sinks bodily and trims by the head. At high speed, a ship bodily lifts and trims by the stern. At especially high speed,
the ship can plane. However, squat is greatest in shallow water where the resulting increase in draught and trim can
cause grounding. This, of course, provides a further limit on speed in shallow water, consideration of grounding due
to squat being especially important if the under-keel clearance is 10% or less of the draught and the speed is 70%
or more of the limiting speed. In shallow water, squat can be estimated by adding 10% to the draught or 0.3 meters for
every 5 knots of speed.
= (F max = 2 x CB x VK2 / 100 (CB=0,70m; K – Speed in Knots)) Brown’s Page 625-626.
For a vessel underway, the bodily sinkage and change of trim which are caused by the pressure distribution on the
hull due to the relative motion of water and hull. The effect begins to increase significantly at depth-to-draft ratios
less than 2.5. It increases rapidly with speed and is augmented in narrow channels.

49. What is GHA and Declination of a celestial body?

Greenwich hour angle. . Angular distance west of the Greenwich celestial meridian; the arc of the celestial equator,
or the angle at the celestial pole, between the upper branch of the Greenwich celestial meridian and the hour circle of
a point on the celestial sphere, measured westward from the Greenwich celestial meridian through 360; local hour
angle at the Greenwich meridian.
Declination. , n. 1. Angular distance north or south of the celestial equator; the arc of an hour circle between the
celestial equator and a point on the celestial sphere, measured northward or southward from the celestial equator
through 90, and labeled N or S (+ or -) to indicate the direction of measurement. 2. Short for MAGNETIC
DECLINATION.

50. Calculate compass error by SUN. Explain how you do it?

Explain how to determine error of a celestial body (SUN)?
1.Time UTC; 2.Latitude; 3.Longitude; 4.Declination (D); 5.GCo - Deg º; 6.MCo - Degº;
7. In time UTC, find in Brown’s almanac GHA SUN, only hours.
8. Also in Brown’s find Increments (ICR) minutes & seconds, if data in table increase, it’s (+) or decrease (-).
9. GHA SUN + (long) = LHA (Pay attention 1º = 60’ // 60’ = 1º)
10. Go in table NORIE’S, entry the table “A”, only with LHA (deg) & (lat), find “A”.
11. Entry the table “B”, only with D and LHA, find “B”
12. If “A” South and “B” South then plus (+), “A+B=C”; if “A” North and “B” South deduction “A-B=C”.
13.”C”given name biggest mark South or North.
 14. With “C” and (lat), entry the table “C”, find Azimuth.
15. Azimuths have combination name, with receiving mean “C” & LHA. Name East or West, where stay
ship.

50. ” M.O.B / Williamson turn ” – Understood and Explain.

- Vessel turns wheel hard-over to appropriate side (to the
side of casualty)
- When vessel reaches 060 degrees on off original course,
wheel is put hard over in appropriate direction
- Vessel continues turns until steady on reciprocal
(opposite) course.

THE MEAN WILLIAMSON TURN FOR MAN OVERBOARD RECOVERY IN OPEN WATER
1. Man overboard is declaring.
2. If victim in sight, first throw life ring “as soon as possible”.
3. If at night, second ring with light signal thrown “as soon as possible”.
4. Word is passed quickly to the bridge. The time is noted.
5. Ring thrower is the spotter until chief officer arrives.
6. Captain // Mate note course, maintains speed, turns full right rudder.
7. When at original course plus 60 then turns port full rudder.
8. As approaching original course plus 180 rudders goes to.
9. Mate spotter directs master until victim in master’s sight.
10. For recovery safety victim to be to kept weather side of the vessel.
11. Mate supervises for crew victim recovery.
12. Ring with line is thrown to victim, vessel propulsion at stop.
13. Victim recovered from the sea, vessel back to underway.
14. First aid & evacuation procedures to be followed victim injured.
15. Entries to be made in vessel log book noting:
- Time overboard reported; Time recovery; Time Elapsed.
- Location/Weather/Sea condition.
- Comments for improvements – DRILLS.
- Name of crewmember - real incident.

51. a. VHF & SSB Distress frequencies.

Calling Frequency (VHF Ch-16) or a SSB Safety and Hailing Frequency (2182, 4125, 6215, 8291, 12290 or 16420 kHz, SSB)

b. International channel. 16

52. Five Distress signal. (Name & method of indicating)

(a) a gun or other explosive signal fired at intervals of about a minute;
(b) a continuous sounding with any fog-signaling apparatus;
(c) rockets or shells, throwing red stars fired one at a time at short intervals;
(d) a signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signaling method consisting of the group . . .– – –. . . (SOS) in
the Morse Code;
(e) a signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken word “Mayday”;
(f) the International Code Signal of distress indicated by N.C.;
(g) a signal consisting of a square flag having above or below it a ball or anything resembling a ball;
(h) flames on the vessel (as from a burning tar barrel, oil barrel, etc.);
(i) a rocket parachute flare or a hand flare showing a red light;
(j) a smoke signal giving off orange-colored smoke;
(k) slowly and repeatedly raising and lowering arms outstretched to each side;
(l) the radiotelegraph alarm signal;
(m) the radiotelephone alarm signal;
(n) signals transmitted by emergency position-indicating radio beacons;
(o) approved signals transmitted by radio communication systems, including survival craft radar transponders.
53. Four signal “ALARM”
FIRE continuous ringing
MOB 3 long
Abandon (general) 7 short + 1 long
GAS 2 long + 1 short
54. Hydrostatic releases: - purpose and Functions.
For automatically and hydrostatically releases of safety equipment attached to it (L/Raft, EPIRB, etc) as of:
- Once coming below the water by pressure 2.5, or
- Automatically on a release depth of 1.5 – 4.0 m.

55. Life raft (Supply, Time check)

56. Knowledge of Safety Equipment (Individual & General)

57. Scrambler Net. Know. Explain

Each side for the vessel has 1 scrambler net (used in life salvage) on
main deck port/starboard sides.

58. F. R. C. Know (Supply, Release) Explain.

Rescue boat for automatically release

59. How to determine the presence of H2S at an Oil platform. What precaution action to be taken?
It starts with a smell like rotten eggs. Precautions to be taken:
1. Always enter any potential H2S Hazard Zone from the Upwind Direction.
2. Unless specifically instructed otherwise, always assume that an H2S Hazard exists.
3. Vessel crew should all wear SCBA units when entering a potential H2S hazard zone.
4. H2S heavier than air and readily soluble in water.
5. The potential H2S Hazard can be substantially reduced by operating the vessel's Protective water spray
System & Fire Fighting Monitors in a full spray pattern.

60. In time of GAS ALERT! When ship tie-up to RIG, what will you do?
- Sound the alarm (- - .)
- Cast off all crew from deck and gather at H2S muster station (bridge).
- Steam the vessel away to upwind position.
- Report to nearest reporting station (port control, field service, etc)

61. What you do? For pull out from Rig, in time GAS ALERT?
Same as above; however for deck crews who letting go the mooring lines, scott air pack must be worn.

62. When ship tie-up to RIG. You OOW, if on deck collapse man, from poisoning. What will you do?
Move affected person to fresh air. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If breathing has stopped, give
cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. Keep person warm and quiet.

63. If you are along side the platform and you found out that there is a leaking. What will you do?
 1. Do not enter any significant floating crude oil realize area.
2. Unless specifically confirmed by the Incident Command Post (ICP) always assumes that an H2S Hazard
exists.
3. Approach the crude oil realize from the Upwind Direction.
4. Operate the Vessel Protective Water spray System to minimize the potential ignition hazard.
5. Utilize the Vessel Fire Monitors in a protective water spray nozzle pattern to disperse the floating crude
oil or to protect rescue craft or persons in the open sea.

64. Determine compass Error: Convert Compass to True True to Compass. Apply magnetic error.
(Variation is 30 W, Deviation is 20 E, Bearing 2430 Compass, Defined try bearing) = True -2420
Remember the cadet rule: compass to true add easterly, subtract westerly.
True to compass add westerly, subtract easterly.

65. Deviation on Magnetic Compass. Update chart variation to sailing year.

66. Chart plotting. (Current; Set and Drift) Explain with help graphic (drawing). 80 100 90 110 10 (page 334-335)
(Calculate drift from wind & current : 80 100

90
10 110

Step By Step guide to learning Chart work

How to do a Set and Drift (Chart work) (1) Plot your starting position,
call this "A"
(2) Find the true course you are steering.
(3) Draw a line from "A" and lay off your true course.
(4) Call the end of your course "D"
(5) Find the amount of time you have steamed for.
(6) Find your speed.
(7) On the line (A,D) measure the distance you will go in the time
your given. (E.g.) if your going at 10 knots for 3 hours then the
distance is 30 miles so you would measure 30 miles on the (A,D) line.
(8) At the end of the line you steamed for call this "B"
(9) Find out the course and speed of the tide, make sure the hours
your are steaming for and the tide are the same. (E.g.) you steamed
for 3 hours and the tide is set at 0400 2 knots, you would have to
multiply 2 knots by 3 hours which is 6 miles of tide.
(10) At "B" measure off your tide for its course and distance.
(11) At the end of the tide call this "C"
(12) Give the line (B,C) 3 arrows.
(13) From "A" draw a line to "C" this is the course you will be
streaming.
(14) Give the line (A,C) 2 arrows.
(15) The rate of the tide = (B,C) speed of tide
The amount of hours steamed
Track Made good, the course the tide will take you.
(1) Plot your start position "A"
(2) Find the true course you are steering.
(3) From "A" draw a line for the true course.
(4) At the end of this line call this "D"
(5) On the (A,D) line measure the distance you will go in 1 hour.
(6) Call this "B"
(7) Find the course and speed of the tide.
(8) From "B" lay of your course of the tide for 1 hour.
(9) Call this "C"
(10) From (A - C) this is the course and speed you will go in 1 hour
(Ground track)

1 arrow = true course. Authors tip;

2 arrows = the course and speed made good.
3 arrows = speed and course of tide.
Make sure all distances are for 1 hour,
some questions gives you the tide for 1
hour but you're steaming for 6 hours.
Measure the distance covered as well as the
course from (A to C)

Running fix (Without tide or wind)

(1) You are given 2 bearings of a point of land and the times when
they where taken.
(2) Measure these courses off on your chart.
(3) Anywhere on the 1st bearing of the point of land, draw a line for
your true course.
(4) Call the starting position "A" and the end "D"
(5) The time given between the 2 bearings, work out the distance you
will go in that time.
(6) From "A" measure this distance on the (A,D) line.
(7) Call this "B"
(8) Using a parallel rules, lay them on the line from "A" to the point of
land, move the parallel rules onto "B"
(9) Draw a line from "B" along the parallel rules onto the 2nd bearing
of the point of land.
(10) This is your ships position.

Running fix (With tide and/or wind)

(1) You are given 2 bearings of a point of land and the times when
they where taken.
(2) Measure these courses off on your chart.
(3) Anywhere on the 1st bearing of the point of land, draw a line for
your true course.
(4) Call the starting position "A" and the end "D"
(5) The time given between the 2 bearings, work out the distance you
will go in that time.
(6) From "A" measure this distance on the (A,D) line.
(7) Call this "B"
(8) From "B" lay off the tide for 1 hour.
(9) At the end of the tide call this "C"
(10) Using a parallel rules, lay them on the line from "A" to the point
of land, move the parallel rules onto "C"
(11) Draw a line from "C" along the parallel rules onto the 2nd
bearing of the point of land.
(12) This is your ships position.
Counteraction course (countering against tide/wind)
(1) Plot your start position and call this "A"
(2) Plot your finished position and call this "D"
(3) Draw a line from "A" to "D" (This is the course you want to steer
on)
(4) Find the speed and course of the tide.
(5) From "A" lay off the tide for 1 hour.
(6) At the end of the tide, call this "B"
(7) With a set of compasses, measure the distance your vessel will go
in 1 hour.
(8) From "B" cut an arc on the "A" - "D" line, call this "C"
(9) Draw a line from "A" to "C"
(10) This is your course to steer and speed you make good (speed
you will do)
(11) Measure the line "A" - "D" and the line "A" - "C"
(12) The time is takes from "A" - "D" = distance AD
Distance AC

Horizontal and/or vertical Sextant angles.

(1) Find the positions of the land bearings on a chart.
(2) Draw a line from the 1st to the 2nd to the 3rd positions, call them
"A", "B" and "C"
(3) If the angle is less than 0900 then subtract it from 0900
(4) If the angle is more than 0900 then take the angle and subtract
0900 from it.
(5) If the angle is less than 0900 draw the angle towards the sea.
(6) If the angle is more than 0900 draw the angle towards the land.
(7) Using a protractor and the 00 is facing point "B" is on the line at
point "A" mark the degrees.
(8) From point "B" facing "A" mark the degrees.
(9) From point "B" facing "C" mark the degrees.
(10) From point "C" facing "B" mark the degrees.
(11) Where "A" and "B" intersect, using a set of compasses, measure
the distance from the intersection to "A" and "B" they should both be
the same, draw a circle
(12) Where "B" and "C" intersect, do the same again.
(13) Where both circles cut this is your ships position.

67. Navigation chart work.

68. Use Radar. Take bearing & Distance.

69. How frequently need defined position confined water? MIM 1192.001
15 mins within the boundaries of any offshore oilfield, 30 mins in clear water outside of oilfield boundaries.

70. How many people must be on watch? = (OOW & AB lookout)

71. What meant by expression “”BACKING” when applied to wind.

Backing (of wind): Shift of wind direction in an anticlockwise manner, for example from North to west (opposite
of veering)
Veering (of winds): Clockwise change in the direction of the wind; opposite of backing

72. Normal sea state condition for at shore structure? = (1,0 – 1,5 meters)

73. General knowledge of own vessel?

74. Explain mean Anchor Handling operation? = (Shank, Crown, Palm/Edge, Fluke, Anchor grown shackle)
75. How many people must be on deck in time anchor handling operation? = (1-Officer; 2 – AB)

76. Which tool must be use for anchor handling?

1. Certificated and SWL stamped shackles. 11. Wooden wedges for pipe, general cargo and pennant
2. Certificated Pelican hook & Pennant wire. buoy securing.
3. Buoy catcher lasso. 12. Deck tool kit.
4. Safety hooks. 13. Continued.
5. Anchor handling hook. 14. Webbing strops.
6. Snatch blocks. 15. Oxygen/acetylene cutting gear.
7. Wire slings. 16. Boat hooks.
8. Rope coils.
9. Bull dog grips.
10. Hand thrown grapple hook & line.
77. Which instruments necessary for connection tow line?

78. What action will do Rig Master, day before Rig Move? What you will do?

79. What consist towline? Explain.

80. What mean “Gob Chain”? Explain?

81. Operational Instruction Manual (OIM) No: 1,519

This instruction describes the NA oil operation and marine department guidelines for the work procedures
which will provide a safe work environment and protect Saudi Aramco offshore producing facilities,
minimize production losses and marine equipment standby costs.
1. Intent.
2. 14 prior notice.
3. Work review and planning meeting
4. Responsibilities.
5. Buoying requirements
6. Moving equipment into, within, and out of oil fields.
7. Anchoring within the oil field.
8. Depressurizing underwater pipeline and platform topside piping and de-energizing subsea cables

82. Physical demonstration of maneuvering the vessel.

(Special awareness of actual Tidal & Wind conditions. Use of engine’s and Helm to control the vessel

83. Certificate & STCW, Medical

84. Расчет поправки компаса ГК по таблице NORIE'S Nautical Table.

The examine may ask additional questions to the above, and request further practical display of boat
handling capability.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

DECK TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT SUGGESTED BEING CARREID BY AHTSS VESSELS.

1.Certificated and SWL Stamped Shackles:

2 x 75 – 85 SWL; 4 x 55 SWL; 4 x 35 SWL; 4 x 12 SWL; 4 x 8 SWL; 6 x 5 SWL;

10x 2 SWL;

2.Certificated Pelican Hook and pennant wire; -

 A. Pelican Hook of suitable size and SWL for 52 mm diameter anchor pennant Wire
B. Pelican Hook Pennant Wire of suitable length and SWL

3.Buoy Catcher Lasso;

2 x buoy catcher lasso. These are to be made up of 2 x (3 m x
19 mm strops) connected to 1,5m of 13 mm
Open link chain (grade 80). Chain to strop connection to be
made with suitable SWL Hinge Link connectors.

4.Safety Hook.

1 x safety hook for each Tugger winch available of suitable SWL for Winch.

5.Anchor Handling Hook;

1 x anchor-handling hook of 25 tones SWL

6.Snatch Blocks;
4 x snatch blocks of same SWL as Tugger Winch Maximum Pull.

7.Wire Slings;
A wide selection of certificated Wire Slings for use during anchor handling and cargo
duties to include, but not limited to 1o mm, 13mm, 19mm, and 24 mm F S W of
varying length.
(A couple of 10 mm dm. Strops about 1 meter in Length will be invaluable)

8.Rope Coils;
An adequate supply of wire, man made rope, and natural rope coils to effectively
cover all eventualities. To included but not limited to replacement of heaving lines,
cargo Securing lashings, and tugger wire replacement.

9.Bull Dog Grips:

An adequate supply of BULL DOG GRIPS of various sizes to fit the wire coils supplied.
10.Hand thrown grapple hook and line.
2 x hand thrown grapple hook and line to be readily available.

11.Heaving Line
4 x Heaving Line to be readily available

12.Wooden Wedges for pipe, general cargo and pennant buoy securing;
A selection of large sized wooden wedges, (not the damage control box items) for the securing of casing pipes,
deck cargos and anchor pennant buoys.

13.Webbing Strops
A selection of various SWL webbing strops of varying lengths.

14. Oxygen/Acetylene Cutting Gear.

To include full spare bottles, regulators and flash back arresters. Houses long enough to reach beyond the
stern roller. Cutting torch with spare nozzles. Nozzle cleaning kit and Sparkers with spare flints.

15.Boat hook.
Boat Hook 2 x Boat Hook of at least 10 feet in length of approved factory standard
(Not ship made inferior type)

16.Deck Tool Kit:

The following items but limited to are to be included in the deck tool kit:
-Sledge Hammers 2 ‫ مطرقة زلجاة‬x 7 lb -Mauls 2 x 4 lb
-Ball pain Hammers 2 x 2 lb -Long Handed Axe 1piece
-Crow Bars Heavy Duty 2 piece. -Crow Bars Medium Duty 2 piece
-Cold chisels Heavy Duty 2 x 1” -Pliers Heavy Duty 2 piece
-Mole grips Large 1piece -Marline spikes 1x12“ / 1x18“
-Hacksaw Heavy Duty 1 piece -Hacksaw heavy Blades 12 pieces
-Seizing Wire Reel -Adjustable Spanners 1x 8“/ 1x12”
-Seizing Twine Reel -Thimbles to fit tugger wire.
-Nails 2”& 6” -Pipe wrench 2x12” / 2 x 24”
-Wire Brush to clean shackle threads x 2 pieces
-Split Pins Adequate supply of all required sizes.
-Spare Handles for sledge, maul, hammers and axes.
-Ring spanner 2 x each size to fit bull dog grips supplied to vessel
-Pipe wrench ‫ مفتاح ربط النأابيب‬Necessary for releasing small and large shackle pin nuts.

DAMAGE CONTROL BOX – LIST OF DAMAGE CONTROL ITEMS:

1. Timber (Коуш) 4”x 4” or similar size, 10-foot (3m) length – 6 pcs.
2. Claw hammer ‫شاككوُش بكمماشة‬ ‫( ش‬Киянка) – 1 piece.
3. Rip Saw ، ‫( منشار تمساح‬Продольная пила) for wood – 1 piece.
4. Nail ‫( ممسمار‬Гвозди) assorted 3”x 6” – 2 lb (1 kg)
5. Wedges ِ‫ شومتد‬. ‫( إسفين‬Клинья) wood various size & shape – 24 pieces.
6. Hack saw ‫( منشار معادن‬Ножовка) 12” (with 3 spare blade) – 1 piece.
7. Shovel ‫( جاروف‬Лопата) – 1 piece.
8. Marlin spike (tool shaped like a spike for loosening rope or wire strands )(Свайка) steel 18” (300mm) – 1 piece.
9. Cement ‫( إسمنت‬Цемент) quick dry, long life – 1 bag.
10. Sand (Песок) – 1 bag.
11. Hammer sledge ‫( مطرقة زلجاة‬Кувалда) 10 lb (4-5kg) – 1 piece.
12. Crow bar / Wrecking bar ‫( عتلة‬Лом) 24” (600mm) – 1 piece.
13. Flash light (Фонарь) (with spare batteries) – 1 piece.
14. Work gloves (Рабочие перчатки) – 2 pair.
15. Canavas (Брезент) 15 feet – 5 meters.

ADDITIONALY: Mats or any materials that may be used to stop ingress of water. It is recommended that a
separate box used solely for the purpose of storing these items should be used. The box should be clearly
Marked and stowed in a position allowing easy and clear access. Long length of timber can be stowed
separately but should be: - Clearly marked “D A M A G E D C O N T R O L BOX “

SAFRA
FUEL OIL OI MUD OIL FUEL OIL SAFRA OIL MUD OIL
L US
Cubic Ga US US US
meter Barrels MT
llo Ga Ga Ga
(MT) (MT) (MT) n Barrels Barrels Barrels
llo llo llo
n n n
1 0,844 0,80 1,44 264,20 6,30 1 312,98 7,45 330,25 7,86 133,47 4,37
2 1,688 1,60FROM 2,88 528,40 12,60 2 625,96
TO 14,90 660,50 15,72
MULTIPLY 366,94
BY 8,74
3 2,532 2,40 FEET4,32 792,60 18,90 3 METERS
938,94 22,35 990,75 23,58
0,3048 550,41 13,11
4 3,376 3,20 METERS 5,76 1056,80 25,20 4 1251,92
FEET 29,80 1321,00 31,44
3.2808733,88 17,48
5 4,220 4,00 INCHES 7,20 1321,00 31,50 CENTEMETRES 37,25
5 1564,90 1651,25 39,30
2.5400917,35 21,85
L E N G T H

6 5,064 4,80 8,64

CENTEMETERS 1585,20 37,80 6 INCHES
1877,88 44,70 1981,50 47,16
0.39371100,82 26,22
7 5,906 5,60 10,08 1849,40 44,10 7 2190,86 52,15 2311,75 55,02
YARD FEET 3 1284,29 30,59
8 6,752 6,40 11,52 2113,60 50,40 8 2503,84 59,60 2642,00 62,88
YARDS METERS 0,91441467,75 34,96
9 7,596 7,20 12,96 2377,80 56,70 9 2816,82 67,05 2972,25 70,74 1651,23 39,33
METERS YARDS 1.904
10 8,440 8,00 14,40 2642,00 63,00 10 3129,80 74,50 3302,50 78,60 1834,70 43,70
MILES KILOMETERS 1.609
20 16,88 16,00 28,80 5284,00 126,00 20 6259,90 149,00 6605,00 157,20 3669,40 87,40
KILOMETERS MILES 0.6214
30 25,32 24,00 43,20 7926,00 189,00 30 9389,40 223,50 9907,50 235,80 5504,10 131,10
40 33,76 32,00 57,60 10568,00 252,00 40 12519,20 298,00 13210,00 314,40 7338,80 174,80
SQUARE MILE SQUARE KM 2.590
50 42,20 40,00 72,00 13210,00 315,00 50 15649,00 372,50 16512,50 393,00 9173,50 218,50
A R E A

SQUARE KM SQUARE MILES 0.3861

60 50,64 48,00 86,40 15852,00 378,00 60 18778,80 447,00 19815,00 471,60 11008,20 262,50
SQUARE CM SQUARE IN 0.155 IN SQ.
70 59,06 56,00 100,80 18494,00 441,00 70 21908,60 521,50 23117,50 550,20 12842,90 305,90
SQUARE IN SQUARE CM 6.4516 CM SQ.
80 67,52 64,00 115,20 21136,00 504,00 80 25038,40 596,00 26420,00 628,80 14677,60 349,60
SQUARE YARD SQUARE FEET 9
90 75,96 72,00 129,60 23778,00 567,00 90 28168,20 670,50 29722,50 707,40 15512,30 393,30
100 84,40 80,00 144,00 26420,00 630,00 100 31298,00 745,00 33025,00 786,00 18347,00 437,00
BARRELS (42 GAL) CUBIC METERS 0.1589
CUBIC METERS BARRELS (42 GAL) 6.2898
GALLON (US) CUBIC METERS 0.003785
C A P A C I T Y

CUBIC METRES US GALONS 264.17

CUB. DECIMETERS (LITERS) US GALONS 0.26417
CENTIMETERS LITRE 0.01
MILIMETERS LITRES 0.001
LITERS CENTIMETERS 100
LITERS MILIMETERS 1000
METRIC TONS US GALONS 268.8
US GALONS METRIC TONS 0.378

POUND OUNCES 16
WEIGHT

GRAMS OUNCES (OZ) 0.0353 OZ

OUNCES (OZ) GRAMMS 28.35
KILOGRAMS POUND (LB) 2.205 LB
POUND (LB) KILOGRAMS 0.4536 KG
BULK CONVERSION FOR INVENTORY AT PIER.
Water (Portable & Drill) Cement “G”
1 Metric Ton = 268.80 USG 1 ton = 2204.6 LBS
1 Cubic Meter = 264,17 USG 94 LBS = 1 Cubic Foot
Diesel Fuel Beryte
1 Metric ton = 312.986 USG. 60 LBS = 1 Cubic Foot
42 USG = 1 BARREL. 135.10 LBS = 1cub.foot
Bentonite (AQUAGEL): Oil Base MUD
60 LBS = 1 Cubic Feet Cubic metric ton x 35.51 = Cubic foot
Safra Oil // Cement (1 SK.) = 1cub.foot.
Liters x 0.0063 = Bbls // Baryte (2,702 SK.) = 1
Conversion Table // Bentonyte (1.20 SK.) = 1cub.foot

SPECIFIC GRAVITY LONG TON AVOIRDUPIOS = 2240.0 Lbs

FUEL OIL = 0.844 1 BARREL = 42 USGSHORT TON = 2000.0 Lbs
SAFRA OIL = 0.80 1 USG = 3,785 LITRS TONNE (1000 kg) = 2204.6 Lbs
MUD OIL =1.44 1 LITRE = 0,0063 BARREL