Evolution of Telecom Network

and
PSTN Overview

Components of the
Telecom Network
• ACCESS SYSTEM
–Customer Premise Equipment(CPE)
–ACCESS NETWORK(AN)
• CENTRAL OFFICE : NODE, SWITCH
• BACKHAUL : TRUNK NETWORK

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CPE

CPE

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 BASIC TELECOM NETWORK [PSTN]
Digital Trunk
The Core Lines
Network Exch ‘B’
Analog
Analog Electric Signal
Voice Signal Digital Switch

Exch ‘A’

Calling Analog
Subscriber Voice Signal
The Edge Network Called
Subscriber
The Access System 5

Long Distance Network

Transit or TAX Transit or TAX

Trunk
Local Lines Local
Exchange Exchange

CPE CPE

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 ACCESS NETWORK
• ACCESS NETWORK (AN) refers to the network
between the local exchange (LE) and the Subscriber.
• ACCESS NETWORK DEALS with TERMINATION,
TESTING,TRANSPORTING OF SPEECH AND
DATA and TRANSFERRING OF ACCESS SIGNALS
• THE WIRED ACCESS NETWORK IS
PREDOMINANTLY MADE UP OF COPPER CABLE
BASED POINT TO POINT CONNECTIONS.

Block Diagram of the ACCESS SYSTEM

A typical legacy network
EXCH Bldg

DP
MDF GD
Tubes

Pillar
EXCH

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Block Diagram of the ACCESS SYSTEM
- A typical legacy network

Evolution Path of
Access Network
Twisted Copper Pair : Analogue
ISDN : Integrated Services Digital Network-Digital
DSL : Digital Subscriber Line
OFC : Fiber In Local Loop
WLL : Wireless in Local Loop
GSM & CDMA in local Loop

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 Different Types of
Access Technologies
1) UTILISING THE EXISTING COPPER
e.g.: DSL, xDSL
2) FIBRE BASED SYSTEMS
e.g.: DLC, FILL
3) WIRELESS BASED SYSTEMS
e.g.: CDMA, GSM
4) SATELLITE BASED SYSTEMS
e.g.: VSAT etc.

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Wired Access
Limitation Of The Copper Network
• LIMITED BANDWIDTH
• PLANNING, CONSTRUCTION AND
MAITENANCE ARE DIFFICULT
• COSTLY IN TERMS OF MATERIAL AND TIME
• LIMITED FLEXIBLITY
• LOOP LENGTH LIMITATIONS
• PRONE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC
INTERFERENCE
• NO OPTIMUM UTILISATION OF THE
POINT_POINT CONNECTION 12

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 Latest Wired Access

• DSL, xDSL
• FILL: FTTH, FTTB, FTTC
• E-PON, GPON

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DSL Technology
• HDSL-High bit rate Digital
Subscriber Line
• ADSL-Asymmetrical Digital
Subscriber Line

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Digital Subscriber Line(DSL)
The increasing need for high speed data transfer,
especially for Internet access, raises the question of
how best to deliver these services to the end user,
using the large installed base of copper.
DSL converts a conventional telephone line into a
BROADBAND INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY
at AFFORDABLE RATES.

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Wireless Access
• WLL – fixed
• CDMA
• GSM
• Wi-Fi
• Wi-MAX

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PLAIN OLD TELEPHONE SYSTEMS (POTS)
• FOR LARGE NO OF TELEPHONES (say 1000s)
– CONNECT EACH PHONE TO SOME CENTRAL
OFFICE -TEL. EXCHANGE or the SWITCH
– INTER-CONNECT THE CALLS CENTRALLY

Functions of a Switch
• Call set up
• Switching
• Signaling
• Routing
• Charging 17

Call setup and release

• A call requires a communication circuit
between two subscribers.
• The setup and release of connection is
triggered by signals.

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 SWITCHING
Switching is basically transfer of information
from one point to another point with some
intelligence or control.

Digital Switching
Switching is basically establishing a temporary
path or connection between two points or
writing at one point of time and reading at
another point of time.

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EVOLUTION of SWITCHING
SYSTEMS
• MANUAL
• ELECTROMECHANICAL: STEP-BY-STEP
(Strowger)
• ELECTROMECHANICAL: COMMON CONTROL
(Penta Conta X-Bar)
• SEMI ELECTRONIC:COMMON CONTROL
(NEC, Hitachi, Ericson)
• ELECTRONIC: STORED PROGRAM CONTROL
• DIGITAL SWITCH
• SOFT SWITCH
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 THE FIRST AUTOMATIC
EXCHANGE
• THE FIRST PUBLIC AUTOMATIC
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE IN THE UK
OPENDED IN EPSOM, SURREY
(ENGLAND) on 18th May’ 1912.

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Technological Evolution in
Switching Network
1)Single Switch- Doing all functions
2)Then evolved with separate elements for
• Call handling - The Basic Switch
• Service Platform - IN
• Signaling Platform - SP, STP, SSTP

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 DIGITAL SWITCHING
and
(DIGITAL SWITCHING SYSTEMS)

TIME SWITCHING
• Time Switching involves the interconnection of
different- slots on the incoming and out going highways
by re-assigning the channel sequence.
• A time slot TSm of an I/C highway can be connected
to a different time slot TSn of the outgoing highway.
• In other words, a time switch is basically a time slot
changer
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Space Switching
Though the electronic cross points are not so
expensive, the cost of accessing and
selecting them from external pins in space
becomes the limitation as the switch size
increases.

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TIME SPACE SWITCHING
(TST)
TST NETWORK
Example: TS4 on HWY0 to the calling party
and TS6 on HWY3 to the called party.

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TST SWITCHING
I/C PCM I/C Time OG/PCM
I/C PCM
Highways Switching Highways Highways
TS4 TS10 TS11 TS4
(IT) (OT)
IT-o OT-0
HWYO
IT-1 OT-1
HWY 1
IT-2 TS11 OT-2 TS
HWY 3 TS6 TS10 6

IT-3 OT-3
HWY 3

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 TYPES OF SWITCH
• LOCAL
• TANDEM
• TAX
• ILD Gateway
• POI

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SIGNALLING
The telecom network establishes and
releases connections based on the various
information/instructions received in the form
of signals.

The interchange of such information –signals

are in a well defined pattern and follows
certain syntax and protocols.

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 Types of signalling
(I) Between subscriber and exchange
Access signalling
Used for call request, call set up,
call connection & release.
(II) Between originating and terminating exchanges
known as inter exchange signalling
For passing calling party information (by the
former) and called party information (by the latter).

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Digital Signaling
• PCM systems made it possible to segregate
the signaling from speech channel
• Channel Associated Signaling-CAS
• Common Channel Signaling-CCS

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 Routing
• Referring to the process of deciding where to
forward the call based on a view of the network
as a whole
• In essence, routing is taking the call forward and
nearer to the its destination by the best pathway
(Route)
• Switch does the routing by analyzing first few
digits of the called number
• One of the primary strategies in delivering cost
effective telecommunications services is known
as Least Cost Routing
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Routing Strategies &

Techniques
• Trunk Reservation
• Overflow Routing
• Least Cost Routing
• Dynamic Alternative Routing (DAR)

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Some Key Terms in Switch
• BHCA: Busy Hour Call Attempts
• ERLANG (Er): Unit of Traffic Carrying Capacity
• GOS : Grade Of Service
• CCR: Call Completion Ratio
• ASR: Answer to Seizure Ratio

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Charging
• Pulse Based
• CDR
• Billing Through IN Platform

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 Switching-Modes
TWO MODES OF SWITCHING:
• CIRCUIT SWITCHING
• PACKET SWITCHING

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DIGITAL SWITCHING
SYSTEMS
CIRCUIT SWITCHING
A CIRCUIT BETWEEN THE CALLING
PARTY AND CALLED PARTY IS SET UP
AND THIS CIRCUIT IS KEPT RESERVED
TILL THE CALL IS COMPLETED.

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 Circuit Switching

A
B D C B A S D C B A S
C
D Direction of transmission

Physical Channels (Time Slots)

Circuit Switching

A
B - - - A S - - - A S
C
D Direction of transmission

Inefficient Utilization of media

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 Packet Switching: Statistical
Multiplexing

A
B D B A
C
D Direction of transmission

Virtual Channels
No Physical channel like a Time Slot

TRANSMISSION

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 Transmission
• Pillars of trans: modulation, multiplexing,
multiple Access
• PCM fundamental: Basic PCM frame
• PDH-SDH- NG SDH-DWDM
• Optical Fibre & air wave
• Backhaul – Backbone
• LDCA-SDCA – Network Planing
• Evolution path: open wire carrier, Co-axial,
VHF, UHF, MW, Satellite, CABLE PCM, OFC

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Pillars of Telecom
Transmission
• MODULATION
• MULTIPLEXING
• MULTIPLE ACCESS

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 MODULATION
• Modulation: Modulation is the process of
varying a high frequency carrier
waveform in relation to low frequency
signal waveform.
• The three key parameters of a sine wave
Amplitude( Volume), its Phase ("timing")
and its Frequency ("pitch") are modified
• AM, FM, PM
• Digital Modulation: PCM
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MULTIPLEXING
• WHAT IS MULTIPLEXING?
• WHY MULTIPLEXING?
• DIFFERENT MULTIPLEXING
TECHNIQUES
• FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing
• TDM: Time Division Multiplexing
• WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing

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 MULTIPLEXING
• Combining Multiple Signals into a High
Capacity Signal is Multiplexing
• Data from several (thousands of)
customers travels on a shared medium
• Done by combining multiple signals into
one : “multiplexing”

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Categories of multiplexing

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 TDM-FDM
• TDM : Every Individual Signal is Given A
Separate Time Slot
• The samples from every signal travel in their
respective time slots
• FDM: Every Individual Signal is Assigned
Non-overlapping Frequency Ranges

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EVOLUTION OF
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
• Open Wire Carrier Systems
• Analog Co-axial Systems
• Digital Co-axial Systems
• Cable PCM Systems
• Analog Radio Systems
• Digital Radio Systems
• Optical Fiber Systems
– PDH Systems
– SDH Systems
– DWDM Systems
• Satellite Systems
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