Marine Structure Designs

(Wave Forces on Walls)

 Reflected Non-breaking Wave
Miche-Rundgren equation (1944,1958)

Hw = Hi + Hr = (1 + Â)Hi

Hw = wave height at the wall

Hi = incident wave height (if the structure is not present)
Hr = reflected wave height
 = Hr =Hi = reflection coefficient
value for Â:
 depends on the geometry and roughness of the reflecting wall
 = 1 (completely reflected) : smooth vertical walls.
 < 0:9 : not be used for design purposes
 Sketch of Standing Wave

ho
yc
d yt
 Standing Wave (Clapotis)

yc = the height of clapotis crest (above the bottom)

yt = the height of clapotis trough (above the bottom)
ho = the height of the clapotis orbit center above SWL

1+Â
yc = d + ho + Hi
2
1+Â
yt = d + ho ¡ Hi
2
Clapotis Orbit Center above SWL

Miche (1944): using second-order theory

2 · ¸
¼Hi 3 1
ho = 1+ 2
¡ 2
coth(kd)
L 4 sinh (kd) 4 cosh (kd)

The first term

linear
¼Hi2 2¼d dispersion ¼Hi2Lo
ho = coth ho =
L L L2
 Pressure Field
linearized form of the unsteady Bernoulli equation

1 2 2 p @Á
(u + w ) + gz + + =0
2 ½ @t

substitute Á = gH cosh k(d + z) sin(kx ¡ ¾t)

2¾ cosh kd

½gH cosh k(d + z)

p = ¡½gz + cos(kx¡¾t)
2 cosh kd
 Dynamic Response Factor

½gH cosh k(d + z)

p = ¡½gz + cos(kx¡¾t)
2 cosh kd

recall

p = ¡½gz + ½g´Kp(z)
where
cosh k(d + z) dynamic response factor
Kp(z) =
cosh kd
 Pressure on Walls
cosh k(d + z)
p = ¡½gz + ½g´Kp(z)
z= ¡d Kp(z) =
cosh kd
At wall bottom z = ¡d 1
Kp(¡d) =
cosh kd
1
At the time of wave crest Kp(¡d) =
Hw 1 +cosh kd
´c = = Hi
2 2
Pressure at the wall bottom corresponding to wave crest
· ¸
1+Â °Hi
pc = ½gd + p1 = °d +
2 cosh(kd)
unit weight of sea water · ¸
1+Â °Hi
° = ½g p1 =
2 cosh(kd)
Pressure Distribution at Wall
1+Â
yc = d + ho + Hi ¼Hi2Lo
2 ho =
L2
1+Â
yt = d + ho ¡ Hi
2

hc ho
yc
d approximated by a
straight line
· ¸
gd p1 1+Â °Hi
p1 =
2 cosh(kd)
Modes of Major Failure of Vertical Breakwaters

Sliding
Planar slip

Circular slip

Failure of foundation
Overturning
Resultant forces and moments
(still water)
No wave, still water situation
Resultant force
°d2
R=
22
°d
R=
Moment about the°d2base
3
M=
63
°d
M=
d R 6
1/3 d

gd
Resultant forces and moments
(crest)
Maximum crest level

Resultant force
yc(°d + p1)
Rc =
yc(°d2 + p1)
Rc =
Moment about ythe
2(°dbase
2+ p1)
Mc = c 2
yc 6 + p1)
yc (°d
Rc Mc =
d 6
1/3 yc

gd p1
Resultant forces and moments
(trough)
Minimum trough level
Resultant force
yt(°d ¡ p1)
Rt =
yt(°d2 ¡ p1)
Rt =the base
Moment about yt2(°d2¡ p1)
Mt = 2
yt (°d6 ¡ p1)
Mt =
yt d Rt 6

p1
gd
 Wall of Low Height: Rc
the crest of the design clapotis is above the top of the wall.
µ ¶
yc ¡ b a b
= a = (°d + p1) 1 ¡
yc °d + p1 yc
µ ¶
0 b b b
Rc = [(°d + p1) + a] = (°d + p1) 2 ¡
2 2 yc
a
yc(°d + p1)
Rc =
2 µ ¶
b cy R 0 b b
yc2(°drf+ =
p1) c = 2¡
Mc = Rc yc yc
6

gd + p1 Rc0 = rf Rc
(when the overtopping is not too severe)
 Wall ofp1)Low Height: Mc
yc(°d +
Rc =
2
µ ¶
yc2(°d + p1) b
Mc = a = (°d + p1) 1 ¡
6 yc

Truncated overturning moment

a Mc0 = rmMc

µ ¶2 µ ¶
b yc b b
rm = 3¡2 ; w
yc yc

gd + p1
 Breaking wave forces
high, short-duration, dynamic pressure that acts near the region
where the crest hit the structure.

United States : Minikin's equation - peak pressure at or

near the still-water level.

Japan : Goda's equation

 Minikin's equation
For caisson and other vertical structures

maximum dynamic pressure:

Hb ds
pm = 101° (d1 + ds)
Ld1 d1
pm = maximum dynamic pressure
Hb = breaker height
ds = water depth at structure toe
d1 = water depth at one wave length in front of the wall
Ld1 = wave length at d1
 Resultant Force / Overturning Moment
resultant forces (due to dynamic pressure)
pmHb
Rm =
3

pm Hb ds
pm = 101° (d1 + ds)
Ld1 d1
Rm
Hb

overturning moments about the toe

ds
pmHbds
Mm = Rm £ ds =
3
 Resultant Force/Overturning Moment (II)
resultant forces (due to hydrostatic pressure)
°(ds + Hb=2)2
Rs = overturning moments
2 (due to hydrostatic pressure)

°(ds + Hb=2)3
Ms =
6
Hb

ds

°(ds + Hb=2)
 Original Minikin Formular
For composite breakwaters: a concrete superstructure founded
on a rubble substructure.

Hb ds
pm = 101° (d1 + ds)
Ld1 d1
ds
pm = maximum dynamic pressure d1
Hb = breaker height
ds = water depth at the toe of the superstructure
d1 = water depth at the toe of the substructure
Ld1 = wave length at d1
Effect of Angle of Wave Approach

wall
bird’s eye view

Rn = R sin ®
W = 1/sina

R
a
unit length
Dynamic force per unit length of wall
Rn
0
R = = R sin2 ®
W
(applicable to only “dynamic” component of breaking or broken wave)
Effect on a Non-vertical Wall

R00 = R0 sin2 µ