THEI

NDI
ANCONSTI
TUTI
ONANDENVI
RONMENTALSTUDI
ES
Uni
t-
I

CHAPTER1
Meani
ngandSal
i
entFeat
uresoft
heI
ndi
anConst
it
uti
on

I
ntr
oduct
ion:TheConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
ai hesupr
st emel
awofourl
and.I
tlay
sdownt
hesy
stem
ofl
awsandcust
omsest
abl
i
shedbyt
hesov
erei
gnpowerofaSt
atef
ori
t’
sgui
dance.Thati
s,
Const
it
uti
oni
sasetofr
ulesorgui
del
i
nesbywhi
chaSt
atei
sgov
erned.Const
it
uti
oni
sasetof
l
awsandr
ulesset
ti
ngupt
hemachi
ner
yoft
hegov
ernmentwhi
chdef
inesanddet
ermi
nest
he
r
elat
ionsbet
weent
hedi
ff
erenti
nst
it
uti
onsandar
easoft
hegov
ernmentnamel
ytheexecut
ive,
j
udi
ciar
y,l
egi
sl
atur
e,t
heSt
ateGov
ernment&Cent
ral(
Feder
al)Gov
ernment
s.Andal
sodef
ines
t
hef
ramewor
kforpol
i
ticalact
ions,power
,andset
soutt
hef
undament
alr
ight
s,f
undament
al
dut
iesofci
ti
zensanddi
rect
ivepr
inci
plest
othest
ate.I edonNov
twasenact ember26,1949
andcomei
ntot
heef
fectonJan26,1950.I
tdef
inesI
ndi
aasasov
erei
gn,soci
ali
st,secul
ar,
democr
ati
c,r
epubl
i
ccount
rywi
thpr
ovi
sionofj
ust
ice,
equal
i
ty,
li
ber
tyandf
rat
erni
tyt
opeopl
eof
I
ndi
a.Thedaywhenconst
it
uti
oncamei
ntoef
fect
scel
ebr
atedasanat
ional
fest
ival
i.
e.Republ
i
c
day
.

Whati
saConst
it
uti
on?AConst
it
uti
onmeansadocumenthav
ingaspeci
all
egalsanct
it
ywhi
ch
set
soutt
hef
rame-
wor
k&t
hepr
inci
palf
unct
ionsoft
heor
gansoft
heGov
ernmentofaSt
ate
anddecl
arest
hepr
inci
plesgov
erni
ngt
heoper
ati
onoft
heor
gans.
Def
ini
ti
onofConst
it
uti “
on:Adocumenthav
ingaspeci
all
egalsanct
it
ywhi
chset
soutt
hef
rame-
wor
k&t
hepr
inci
palf
unct
ionsoft
heor
gansoft
heGov
t.&decl
arest
hepr
inci
plesgov
erni
ngt
he
oper
ati
onofor
gans.
”
Pur
poseoft
heConst
it
uti
on:Themai
npur
posei
stomai
ntai
nhar
moni
ousr
elat
ionbet
weent
he
i
ndi
vi
dualandt
heSt
ateandbet
weendi
ff
erentor
gansoft
hegov
ernment
,basedont
het
heor
y
ofsepar
ati
onofpower
sandi
ndependenceofj
udi
ciar
y.Anot
herpur
posei
stopr
otectandsaf
e
guar
dther
ight
sofi
tsci
ti
zens&t
opr
otectt
hem f
rom ar
bit
rar
yact
ionoft
hegov
ernmenti
n
power
.

1.
1Sal
i
entf
eat
uresoft
heI
ndi
anConst
it
uti
on
I
ntr
oduct
ion:
TheConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
aist
hecompr
ehensi
vedocumentcont
aini
ngel
abor
ate
det
ail
sforagoodgov
ernanceoft
hecount
ry.Const
it
uti
onnowconsi
stsof445Ar
ti
clesdi
vi
ded
i
nto26par
tswi
th12schedul
es.I
thasbeenamendednear
ly103t
imest
il
lto2005andsome
ot
heramendment
sar
ependi
ngf
ort
hef
inal
appr
oval
oft
hePar
li
amentandPr
esi
dent
.These
amendment
smadef
rom t
imet
oti
met
omeett
heneedsofchangi
ngci
rcumst
ancesoft
he
I
ndi
ansoci
ety
.Fr
amer
sofI
ndi
anConst
it
uti
oni
ncor
por
atedv
ari
ousgoodpr
ovi
sionsf
rom al
lthe
wel
l
-knownConst
it
uti
onsoft
hewor
ld.Forexampl
e-
(
a)Chapt
eroft
heFundament
alr
ight
swasf
ramedont
hemodel
ofAmer
icanConst
it
uti
on.
(
b)Par
li
ament
aryf
orm ofgov
ernmentwasadopt
edf
rom Uni
tedKi
ngdom.
(
c)Di
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cywasadopt
edf
rom Const
it
uti
onofI
rel
and.
(
d)Const
it
uti
onofGer
manRei
chandt
heGov
ernmentofI
ndi
aAct
,1935pr
ovi
dedt
hebasef
or
el
abor
ateEmer
gencypr
ovi
sion.
Butt
heI
ndi
anConst
it
uti
oni
sbasedont
heGov
ernmentofI
ndi
aAct
,1935.

1.The l
engt
hiestConst
it
uti
on:The Const
it
uti
on ofI
ndi
aist
he wi
destand l
engt
hiest
Const
it
uti
on ofal
lthewr
it
ten Const
it
uti
on oft
hewor
ld.I
tisf
ivet
imesbi
ggert
han t
he
Const
it
uti
onofU.
S.A.andsev
ent
imesbi
ggert
hant
heConst
it
uti
onofFr
ance. Or
igi
nal
l
y
consi
stedof395Ar
ti
cl
es, 22par
ts,8schedul
esbutnow atpr
esenti
tcont
ains445Ar
ti
cles
di
vi
ded i
nto 26 par
ts and 12 schedul
es.Wher
eas Amer
ican const
it
uti
on has 7 Ar
ti
cles,
Aust
ral
i
anconst
it
uti
on128Ar
ti
cles,
andCanadi
anconst
it
uti
onhas147Ar
ti
cles.
2.Wr
it
tenConst
it
uti
on:
Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofconst
it
uti
on,
onei
swr
it
tenandanot
herunwr
it
ten
const
it
uti
on.I
ndi
anConst
it
uti
oni
sawr
it
tenConst
it
uti
on.Thef
ir
stconst
it
uti
onoft
hewor
ldi
s
Amer
icanConst
it
uti
onwhi
chi
swr
it
tenonewher
easBr
it
ishconst
it
uti
oni
sanunwr
it
ten.They
f
oll
owcust
omsandt
radi
ti
onsf
rom l
ongper
iodoft
ime.
3.Par
li
ament
aryf
orm ofgov
ernment
:TheConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
aest
abl
i
shesaPar
li
ament
ary
f
orm ofgov
ernmentbot
hatt
hecent
reandt
hest
ates.I
nthi
srespectt
hemaker
soft
he
Const
it
uti
onhav
efol
l
owedt
heBr
it
ishmodeli
nTot
o.Thegov
ernmenti
sresponsi
blet
othe
l
egi
slat
ure.ThePr
esi
denti
stheConst
it
uti
onalheadoft
hest
ate.Ther
ealexecut
iveheadi
sthe
mi
nist
erofcounci
l
,towhom t
hePr
imeMi
nist
eri
sthehead.
4.Uni
quebl
endofr
igi
dit
yandf
lexi
bil
i
ty:Awr
it
tenConst
it
uti
oni
sgener
all
ysai
dtober
igi
d.The
I
ndi
an Const
it
uti
on t
hough wr
it
ten i
ssuf
fi
cient
lyf
lexi
blet
o meett
he changi
ng t
ime and
necessar
ies.Ther
ear
eonl
yfew pr
ovi
sions,whi
chcanbeamendedbyaspeci
almaj
ori
tyof
Par
li
ament
.Thati
swhyt
heI
ndi
anConst
it
uti
oni
samended103t
imessof
ar.
5.Fundament
alr
ight
s:Fundament
alr
ight
sar
eguar
ant
eedt
oev
eryci
ti
zenofI
ndi
ainPar
tII
I
(
Art
icl
es12t
o35)MagnaCar
taoft
heConst
it
uti
onandar
edeemedt
obeadi
sti
ngui
shi
ng
f
eat
ureofdemocr
ati
cst
ate.Theser
ight
sar
epr
ohi
bit
ionsagai
nstt
hest
ate.Whenev
ert
hese
r
ight
sar
evi
olat
ed,t
her
emedi
esar
eint
henat
ureofwr
it
esi
.e.HabeasCor
pus,Mandamus,
Pr
ohi
bit
ion,
Quo-
War
rant
o&Cer
ti
orar
iar
egr
ant
ed.
6.Di
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cy:Thedi
rect
ivepr
inci
plesofst
atepol
i
cy,cont
ainedi
n
Par
tIV(
Art
s.35-
51)oft
heConst
it
uti
on,setoutt
heai
msandobj
ect
ivest
obet
akenupbyt
he
st
atesi
nthegov
ernanceoft
hecount
ry.I
fthest
atei
snotabl
etoi
mpl
ementt
hesepr
ovi
sions,
noact
ioncanbet
akenagai
nstt
hest
atei
nacour
tofl
aw.Unl
i
ket
hef
undament
alr
ight
s,t
hese
r
ight
sar
enotj
ust
if
iabl
e.Howev
er,t
her
uli
ngpar
ti
est
ryt
oimpl
ementt
hem,becauseoft
hei
r
r
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
othei
rvot
ers.
7.Af
eder
ati
onwi
thst
rongcent
ral
i
zingt
endency
:TheI
ndi
anConst
it
uti
oni
sfeder
alConst
it
uti
on.
Buti
tacqui
resa“
uni
tar
ychar
act
er”dur
ingt
het
imeofemer
gency
.Thecombi
nat
ionoff
eder
al
and uni
tar
ychar
act
ersi
s uni
que f
eat
ure.Ar
ti
cle 1 oft
he Const
it
uti
on decl
ares t
hatt
he
sov
erei
gn,
democr
ati
c,r
epubl
i
cofI
ndi
a‘shal
lbet
heuni
onofSt
ates’
.
8.Adul
tsuf
frage:Undert
heI
ndi
anConst
it
uti
on,ev
erymanandwomanabov
e18y
ear
sofage
hadbeengi
vent
her
ightt
oel
ectr
epr
esent
ati
vesf
ort
hel
egi
slat
ure/
Par
li
ament
.Theadopt
ionof
t
heuni
ver
salAdul
tSuf
fragewi
thoutanyqual
i
ficat
ionofsex,
proper
ty,
taxat
ionort
hel
i
keabol
d
exper
imenti
nIndi
a,hav
ingr
egar
dtot
hev
astext
entoft
hecount
ryandi
tspopul
ati
on,wi
than
ov
erwhel
mingi
l
li
ter
acy
.
9.Ani
ndependentj
udi
ciar
y:Ani
ndependentandi
mpar
ti
alj
udi
ciar
ywi
thapowerofj
udi
cial
r
evi
ewhasbeenest
abl
i
shi
ngundert
heConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
a.I
tist
hecust
odi
anoft
her
ight
sof
ci
ti
zens.
10.Asecul
arst
ate:Ar
ts.25-
28gr
ant
sther
ightt
ofr
eedom ofr
eli
gion.Asecul
arst
atehasno
r
eli
gionofi
tsownasr
ecogni
zedr
eli
gionofst
ate.I
ttr
eat
sal
lrel
i
gionsequal
l
y.I
timpl
i
est
he
absenceofst
atesponsor
edorst
atef
avour
edr
eli
gion.I
nIndi
asecul
ari
sm i
snotbasedont
otal
neut
ral
i
tyt
owar
dsr
eli
gion.I
tisbasedonequalr
espectf
oral
lrel
i
gions.Oursecul
ari
sm sui
ts
mor
eint
hef
rameofSar
avDhar
m Sambhavt
hanDhar
am Ni
rpepeksh.St
atei
scommi
tt
edt
o
pr
otectt
hepol
i
tical
,economi
c,soci
alaswel
lasr
eli
giousi
nter
estofi
tspeopl
e.
11.Fundament
aldut
ies:Thef
undament
aldut
iesar
eint
endedt
oser
veasa“
const
antr
emi
nder
t
oev
eryci
ti
zen”
.Theci
ti
zensar
erequi
redt
oobser
vecer
tai
nbasi
cnor
msofdemocr
ati
c
conductand democr
ati
c behav
iour
s.So,ar
eincor
por
ated i
nthe Const
it
uton by 42nd
i
amendmentact
,1976.Cont
ainsi
nAr
t.51-
Aoft
heI
ndi
anConst
it
uti
on.
12.Si
ngl
eCi
ti
zenshi
p:Thought
heConst
it
uti
oni
sfeder
alandpr
ovi
desf
ordualpol
i
tyi
.e.Cent
re
andSt
ates,buti
tpr
ovi
desf
orasi
ngl
eci
ti
zenshi
pfort
hewhol
eofI
ndi
a.TheAmer
ican
Const
it
uti
onpr
ovi
desf
ordualci
ti
zenshi
p,i
.e.t
heci
ti
zenofAmer
icaandaSt
ateci
ti
zenshi
p.On
t
heot
herhand,
ther
eisonl
yoneci
ti
zenshi
pincaseofI
ndi
a,i
.e.t
heCi
ti
zenshi
pofI
ndi
a.
13.Emer
gencyPr
ovi
sions:Ar
ti
cle352t
o360oft
heConst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
def
ort
hreeki
ndsof
emer
gencyt
hatcandecl
aredunderdi
ff
erentci
rcumst
ancesl
i
ke;
(
i)Nat
ionalEmer
gencywhi
chcanbedecl
aredbyt
hepr
esi
dentont
hewr
it
tenadv
iceoft
he
Uni
oncabi
netont
heact
ual
ort
hreat
enedwarorex
ter
nal
aggr
essi
onofar
medr
ebel
l
ion;
(
ii
)St
ateEmer
gencywhi
chi
sal
socal
l
edPr
esi
dent
’sRul
ethatcanbei
mposedont
hegr
oundof
f
ail
ureofconst
it
uti
onal
machi
ner
yinast
ate;
(
ii
i)Fi
nanci
alEmer
gencywhi
chcanbei
mposedont
hegr
oundoft
hreatt
othef
inanci
alst
abi
l
ity
orcr
edi
toft
hecount
ry.

1.
2 Pr
eambl
eoft
heConst
it
uti
on
Meani
ngoft
hePr
eambl
e:ThePr
eambl
eset
soutt
hemai
nobj
ect
iveswhi
cht
hel
egi
slat
ioni
s
i
ntendedt
oachi
eve.I
tisasor
tofi
ntr
oduct
iont
othest
atut
eorani
ntr
oduct
oryst
atement
,a
pr
eli
minar
yex
planat
ionorpr
efaceoropeni
ngst
atement
,toaf
ormaldocumentt
hatser
vest
o
expl
aini
tspur
poseandmanyat
imesv
eryhel
pful
tounder
standt
hepol
i
cyandl
egi
slat
ivei
ntent
.
The Const
it
uti
on-
maker
s gav
etot
he Pr
eambl
e“t
he pl
ace ofpr
ide”
.Pr
eambl
etot
he
Const
it
uti
oni
sakeyt
oopent
hemi
ndoft
hemaker
s,andshowst
hegener
alpur
posef
orwhi
ch
t
heymadet
hesev
eralpr
ovi
sionsi
ntheConst
it
uti
on.Ev
ent
hought
hepr
eambl
edoesnotgr
ant
anypowerbuti
tgi
vesadi
rect
ionandpur
poset
otheconst
it
uti
on.
ThePr
eambl
edecl
ares(
textoft
hePr
eambl
e):
“
We,t
hePeopl
eofI
ndi
ahav
ingsol
emnl
yresol
vedt
oconst
it
uteI
ndi
aint
oaSov
erei
gn
Soci
ali
stSecul
arDemocr
ati
c
Republ
i
candt
osecur
etoal
li
tsci
ti
zens:
Just
ice,
soci
al,
economi
candpol
i
tical
;
Li
ber
tyoft
hough,
expr
essi
on,
bel
i
ef,
fai
thandwor
shi
p;
Equal
i
tyofst
atusandofoppor
tuni
ty’
andt
opr
omot
eamongt
hem al
l
;
Fr
ater
nit
yassur
ingt
hedi
gni
tyoft
hei
ndi
vi
dualandt
heuni
tyandt
hei
ntegr
it
yoft
heNat
ion;
I
nourConst
it
uentAssembl
yt s26thdayofNov
hi ember
,1949,
doher
ebyadopt
,enactandgi
ven
t
oour
sel
vest
hisConst
it
uti
on.
”
Pr
eambl
eser
vest
hef
oll
owi
ngpur
poses:
(
a)I
tref
erst
othesour
ceofconst
it
uti
on.
(
b)I
tembodi
est
heenact
ingcl
ausewhi
chbr
ingsi
ntof
orcet
heconst
it
uti
on.
(
c)I
tdecl
arest
hef
undament
alr
ight
sandf
reedom whi
cht
hepeopl
eofI
ndi
aint
endedt
osecur
e.
I
tal
soi
ndi
cat
est
hebasi
cty
peofpol
i
cyandgov
ernment
,whi
chi
stobeest
abl
i
shed.
(
d)ThePr
eambl
eisanepi
tomeofbr
oadel
ement
sofI
ndi
anConst
it
uti
on.
(
e)Thescopeoft
hesi
gni
fi
cantchapt
erofdi
rect
ivepr
inci
plesandt
hef
undament
alr
ight
scoul
d
beunder
stoodi
nthel
i
ghtoft
heobj
ect
ivesenshr
inedi
nthePr
eambl
e.
(
f)I
tisapar
toft
heI
ndi
anConst
it
uti
on,buti
tisnei
therasour
ceofanypowernoral
i
mit
ati
on
t
her
eon.
(
g)Thepr
eambl
eofourconst
it
uti
oni
sver
ymuchenact
edandadopt
edbyt
heenact
ingbodyi
n
t
hesamemannerast
heot
herenact
ingpr
ovi
sions.
Thust
hePr
eambl
eoft
heconst
it
uti
onoccupi
est
hesamepr
ovi
sionsasot
herenact
ing
wor
dsorpr
ovi
sionsoft
heconst
it
uti
on.
Pr
eambl
edecl
aresI
ndi
anpol
i
tyas-
Sov
erei
gn:“
Sov
erei
gn”means supr
eme ori
ndependent
.Indi
aisi
nter
nal
l
yand ext
ernal
l
y
sov
erei
gn-
ext
ernal
l
yfr
eef
rom t
hecont
rolofanyf
orei
gnpowerandi
nter
nal
l
y,i
thasaf
ree
gov
ernmentwhi
chi
sdi
rect
lyel
ect
edbyt
hepeopl
eandgov
ernedbyt
her
uleofl
aw.Sov
erei
gnt
y
i
stheexcl
usi
ver
ightt
o exer
cisesupr
emel
egi
slat
ive,j
udi
cial
,and orexecut
ivepoweror
aut
hor
it
yov
erageogr
aphi
cregi
on,gr
oupofpeopl
e,oronesel
f.I
tdenot
esabsenceofany
i
nter
nal
orext
ernal
cont
rol
.
Democr
ati
c:I
ndi
aisademocr
acy
.Thepeopl
eofI
ndi
ael
ectt
hei
rgov
ernment
satal
llev
els
(
Uni
on,St
ateandl
ocal
)byasy
stem ofuni
ver
saladul
tfr
anchi
se.Ev
eryci
ti
zenofI
ndi
a,whoi
s
18y
ear
sofageandabov
eisent
it
ledt
ovot
e.Ev
eryci
ti
zenenj
oyst
hisr
ightwi
thoutany
di
scr
imi
nat
ionont
hebasi
sofcast
e,cr
eed,col
our
,sex,r
eli
gionoreducat
ion.“
Democr
acy
denot
est
hegov
ernmentoft
hepeopl
e,byt
hepeopl
eandf
ort
hepeopl
e.”
Republ
i
c:Asopposedt
oamonar
chy
,inwhi
cht
heheadofst
atei
sappoi
ntedonher
edi
tar
y
basi
sforal
i
fet
imeorunt
il
,heabdi
cat
esf
rom t
het
hrone;ademocr
ati
crepubl
i
cisanent
it
yin
whi
cht
heheadoft
hest
atei
sel
ect
ed,di
rect
lyori
ndi
rect
ly,f
oraf
ixedt
enur
e.ThePr
esi
dentof
I
ndi
aisel
ect
edbyanel
ect
oral
col
l
egef
orat
erm off
ivey
ear
s.
Soci
ali
sm:Thewor
dsoci
ali
stwasaddedt
othepr
eambl he42ndAmendmentActmadei
ebyt n
1976.I
timpl
i
essoci
alandeconomi
cequal
i
tyandt
hedi
rect
ivepr
inci
pleoft
heConst
it
uti
on,
par
ti
cul
aryAr
l ti
cl
e39(
b)&(
c)ar
eChar
ter
sofsoci
alandeconomi
cli
ber
ti
esoft
hepeopl
e.
Gener
all
y,t
het
erm soci
ali
sm i
mpl
i
esasy
stem ofgov
ernmenti
nwhi
cht
hemeansofpr
oduct
ion
i
s whol
l
y orpar
ti
all
y cont
rol
l
ed by t
he St
ate.Soci
alequal
i
ty means t
he absence of
di
scr
imi
nat
ionont
hegr
oundsofcast
e,col
our
,cr
eed,sex,r
eli
gion,l
anguage,et
c.Sounder
soci
alequal
i
ty,ev
ery
onehasequalst
atusandoppor
tuni
ti
es.Economi
cequal
i
tyi
nthi
scont
ext
meanst
hatt
hegov
ernmentwi
l
lendeav
ourt
omaket
hedi
str
ibut
ionofweal
thmor
eequaland
pr
ovi
deadecentst
andar
dofl
i
vingf
oral
l
.Thi
sef
fectemphasi
zi
ngacommi
tmentt
owar
dst
he
f
ormat
ionofwel
far
est
ate.I
ndi
ahasadopt
edami
xedeconomyandt
hegov
ernmenthas
f
ramedmanyl
awst
oachi
evesoci
alequal
i
ty,suchast
heAbol
i
tionofUnt
ouchabi
l
ityand
Zami
ndar
i,TheEqual
Remuner
ati
onAct&t
heChi
l
dLabourPr
ohi
bit
ionAct
.
Secul
ari
sm:Thewor
dsecul
arwasi
nser
tedi
ntot
hepr
eambl he42nd amendmentactof
ebyt
1976.I
timpl
i
esequal
i
tyofal
lrel
i
gionsandr
eli
gioust
oler
ance.I
ndi
awi
l
lnotr
ecogni
zeany
r
eli
gionasst
ater
eli
gion.Theconcepti
sbasedont
hepr
inci
pleofSar
avDhar
m Sambhav
.Ev
ery
per
sonhast
her
ightt
opr
each,
pract
iceandpr
opagat
eanyr
eli
gioni
senshr
inedi
nfundament
al
r
ight
sunderPar
tII
Ioft
heconst
it
uti
on.Bef
or he42ndamendmentsecul
et ari
sm wasv
erymuch
t
her
e(const
it
uti
on)i
nwor
dsof“
li
ber
tyoft
hough,
bel
i
ef,
fai
th&wor
shi
p.”
Thegov
ernmentmust
notf
avourordi
scr
imi
nat
eagai
nstanyr
eli
gion.I
tmustt
reatal
lrel
i
gionswi
thequalr
espect
.No
r
eli
giousi
nst
ruct
ioni
simpar
tedi
ngov
ernmentorgov
ernment
-ai
dedschool
s.TheSupr
eme
Cour
tinCase:
S.R.BommaiV.Uni
onofI
ndi
aandot
hercaseshel
dthatsecul
ari
sm i
sani
ntegr
al
par
toft
hebasi
cst
ruct
ureoft
heconst
it
uti
on.
Amendmentt
othePr
eambl
e:
CanPr
eambl
ebeamendedunderAr
ti
cle368?
Supr
emeCour
thashel
dthatPr
eambl
eist
hepar
toft
heconst
it
uti
onandi
tcanbeamendedbut
,
Par
li
amentcannotamendt
hebasi
cfeat
uresoft
hepr
eambl
e.“
Theedi
fi
ceofourconst
it
uti
oni
s
basedupont
hebasi
cel
ementi
nthePr
eambl
e.I
fanyoft
heseel
ement
sar
eremov
edt
he
st
ruct
urewi
l
lnotbeabl
etomai
ntai
nit
sident
it
y.”
Pr
eambl
easPar
toft
heConst
it
uti
on(
Casel
aws)
:
nBer
I ubar
iUni
onandExchangeofEncl
aves,Supr
emeCour
thel
dthatpr
eambl
eisnott
he
par
tofI
ndi
anConst
it
uton,ev
i ent
houghPr
eambl
eist
hekeyt
othemi
ndsoft
hef
ramer
s&i
t
showst
hegener
alpur
posef
orwhi
cht
heymadet
hesev
eralpr
ovi
sionsi
ntheConst
it
uti
on.
nGol
I aknat
hv.St
ateofPunj
ab,Sai
dthat“
Preambl
econt
ainsi
nnut
shel
lit
sideal
sandi
ts
aspi
rat
ions.
”i
.e.t
hePr
eambl
etoanActset
soutt
hemai
nobj
ect
iveswhi
cht
hel
egi
slat
ioni
s
i
ntendedt
oachi
eve.
n Keshav
I anandBhar
tiv
.St
ateofKer
ala,hel
dthatpr
eambl
eispar
tofconst
it
uti
onand
obser
v “
ed,Itseems t
hatpr
eambl
eofourconst
it
uti
oni
sofext
remei
mpor
tanceandshoul
dbe
r
eadandi
nter
pret
edi
nthel
i
ghtoft
hegr
andandnobl
evi
sionexpr
essedi
nthePr
eambl
e.”

Obj
ect
ivesenshr
inedi
nthePr
eambl
e:
Just
ice-
soci
al,economi
c& pol
i
ticalt
her
ear
emanypr
ovi
sionsf
ort
heupl
i
ftmentofdown
t
hrownpeopl
etoachi
evesoci
o-economi
cjust
icei
nthecount
ry.Ar
ts.
15&16speaksofSpeci
al
pr
ivi
l
egesf
orsoci
all
y,economi
cal
l
yandeducat
ional
l
ybackwar
dpeopl
eandal
sogr
oupof
Mi
nor
it
ies.
Equal
i
ty-bef
orel
awandequalpr
otect
ionofl
aw.Asahumanbei
ngev
ery
bodyhasadi
gni
fi
ed
sel
f.Toensur
eit
sful
lenj
oymenti
nequal
i
tyi
nal
lfor
mspr
esenti
noursoci
alst
ruct
urehasbeen
pr
ohi
bit
ed.
Li
ber
ty–oft
hought
,expr
essi
on,bel
i
ef,f
ait
handwor
shi
pthebl
essi
ngsoff
reedom hav
ebeen
pr
eser
vedandensur
edt
oourci
ti
zenst
hroughasetofFundament
alRi
ght
sinPar
tII
Ioft
he
const
it
uti
on.
Fr
ater
nit
y–i
tassur
est
hedi
gni
tyoft
hei
ndi
vi
dualandt
he[
uni
tyandi
ntegr
it
yoft
heNat
ion]
i
nser
tedby42nd amendmenti
n1976f
rat
erni
tyst
andsf
ort
hespi
ri
tofcommonbr
other
hood
amongdi
ff
erentcommuni
ti
es.I
ntheabsenceoft
hat
,apl
uralsoci
etyl
i
keI
ndi
ast
andsdi
vi
ded.
Ther
efor
e,t
ogi
vemeani
ngt
oal
lthei
deal
sli
kej
ust
ice,l
i
ber
tyandequal
i
tyourConst
it
uti
on
gi
vesampl
est
ressonf
rat
erni
ty.

1.
3Fundament
alRi
ght
sAr
ts.12t
o35
I
ntr
oduct
ion:
Ever
yhumanki
ndi
sbor
nwi
thcer
tai
ninher
entr
ight
s,whi
chcanal
sobecal
l
ed
nat
ural
right
s.Theci
vi
li
zedst
atei
sunderanobl
i
gat
ionnott
ovi
olat
etheser
ight
sbecauseev
en
whi
chi
ncl
udef
reedomsal
so.Theseensur
ethef
ull
estphy
sical
,ment
alandmor
aldev
elopment
ofev
eryhumanki
nd.UnderI
ndi
anconst
it
uti
onmagnacar
ta(
i.
e.,
inspi
redbyGr
eatChar
ter
-UK)
Par
t-
II
IAr
ts.12-
35speakswi
tht
hef
undament
alr
ight
swhi
char
eani
ntegr
alpar
tdeal
swi
th
basi
chumanr
ight
swi
thoutwhi
chhumanbei
ngscan’
tsur
viv
eandl
awconf
ersr
elat
ingt
oli
fe,
l
i
ber
ty,
equal
i
tyandhumandi
gni
tyuni
ver
sal
l
yappl
i
cabl
etoal
lci
ti
zensi
rr
espect
iveofr
ace,
cast
e,andcr
eedandenf
orceabl
ebyt
hecour
tssubj
ectt
ocer
tai
nrest
ri
cti
ons.

Whatdoy
oumeanbyf
undament
alr
ight
s?
Ri
ght
sar
ethef
reedomsconsi
der
edessent
ial
forper
sonal
goodaswel
lasf
ort
hewel
far
eoft
he
communi
ty.Thesear
epr
ivi
l
egesr
ecogni
zed&i
ncor
por
atedi
nthel
awofl
andandenf
orceabl
e
(
prot
ect
ed)t
hroughcour
tofl
aw.

What
’st
heneedoff
undament
alRi
ght
s?
I
ttr
iest
opr
otectt
heev
eryci
ti
zenf
rom anyoppr
essi
onandi
njust
icewhi
char
ever
ybasi
c
essent
ialt
ohav
etohav
espi
ri
tual
,i
ntel
l
ect
ualandmor
alst
atusandnegot
iat
ionwi
l
lst
unf
ort
he
phy
sical
andment
algr
owt
h.Whi
chdeemedessent
ial
fort
hepr
otect
ionofr
ight
sandl
i
ber
ti
esof
ci
ti
zenagai
nstencr
oachmentoft
hepoweroft
hegov
ernment(
Execut
iveandJudi
ciar
y).

Whatar
eit
sfeat
ures?
 Fundament
alr
ight
sar
enotabsol
ute,
sor
easonabl
erest
ri
cti
onscanbeputt
oci
ti
zenst
o
enj
oyt
hem.
 Somear
eposi
ti
vei
nnat
urewhi
l
esomear
enegat
ivei
nnat
ure.
 Fundament
alr
ight
sar
eindi
spensabl
epar
toft
heconst
it
uti
on,
wher
eneedar
isescanbe
amendedt
hroughspeci
alpr
ocedur
eso,
noti
mmunef
rom const
it
uti
onal
amendment
s.
 Theser
ight
sar
eenj
oyedbyonl
yci
ti
zens.Noal
i
eni
sper
mit
tedexceptr
ightt
oli
fe,
l
i
ber
tyandper
sonal
proper
ty.
 Theser
ight
sar
epr
ohi
bit
edagai
nstt
hest
ate.Whenev
ert
heser
ight
sar
evi
olat
ed,t
he
r
emedi
esar
eint
henat
ureofwr
it
esi
.e.HabeasCor
pus,Mandamus,Pr
ohi
bit
ion,Quo-
War
rant
o&Cer
ti
orar
iar
egr
ant
edunderAr
ts.
226and32ofHi
ghCour
tandSupr
eme
Cour
t.Sot
heyar
ejust
if
iabl
eone.
 Theyar
esuper
iort
oor
dinar
ylawofl
andast
heyconf
erspeci
alsanct
it
y.

Scope:
Theci
ti
zeni
sconf
err
edt
hef
undament
alr
ight
smaybecl
assi
fi
edasf
oll
ows;
1.Ri
ghtt
oEqual
i
ty(
Art
s.14t
o18)
2.Ri
ghtt
oFr
eedom (
Art
s.19t
o22)
3.Ri
ghtagai
nstExpl
oit
ati
on(
Art
s.23and24)
4.Ri
ghtt
ofr
eedom ofRel
i
gion(
Art
s.25t
o28)
5.Cul
tur
alandEducat
ional
Right
s(Ar
ts.29and30)
6.Ri
ghtt
oConst
it
uti
onal
Remedi
es(
Art
s.32t
o35)

Ri
ghtt
oequal
i
tyAr
ti
cles14-
18
I
ntr
oduct
ion:
Basedont
hepr
inci
pal
ofnat
ural
just
icer
equi
rest
hatal
lper
sonsar
esubj
ect
edt
o
anyl
egi
slat
ionshoul
dbet
reat
edal
i
keunderl
i
keci
rcumst
ancesandcondi
ti
ons.Thi
sis
appl
i
cabl
etobot
hIndi
anci
ti
zens,
for
eigner
sandev
encor
por
ati
onwhi
chi
saj
uri
sti
cper
soni
s
al
soent
it
ledt
obenef
itoft
hisar
ti
cle.ButAr
t.
14i
snotabsol
ute&unqual
i
fiedi
nfav
ourofany
i
ndi
vi
dual
.

Ar
ti
cle14:
“TheSt
ateshal
lnotdenyt
oanyper
sonequal
i
tybef
orel
awandt
heequal
prot
ect
ion
ofl
awswi
thi
nthet
err
it
oryofI
ndi
a.”
Equal
i
tybef
oret
hel
aw-I
snegat
iveconcept“
Equal
shav
etobet
reat
edequal
andunequal
’
s
oughtnott
obet
reat
edequal
l
y.”BasedonDi
cey
’sRul
eofl
aw.Nomani
sabov
ethel
awoft
he
l
and.Ther
eisnodi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenPr
imeMi
nist
ert
oPeonar
egov
ernedbyr
uleofl
aw.No
di
ff
erencebet
weenof
fi
ci
alsandpr
ivat
eper
sons.Ri
ghtt
oequal
i
tybef
orel
awhasbeen
best
owedonev
eryci
ti
zenandnonci
ti
zen.
Butt
her
ear
eExcept
ionst
otheEqual
i
tybef
orel
awar
e;
 Publ
i
cof
fi
cial
s-Pol
i
ceof
fi
cerhast
hepowert
oar
restwhi
l
enopr
ivat
eper
sonhast
his
power
.
 Member
sofar
medf
orces-ar
econt
rol
l
edbymi
l
itar
ylaws;medi
calpr
act
it
ioner
sar
e
r
egul
atedbyMedi
calCounci
lofI
ndi
a.A st
atut
orybody&I
ndi
anConst
it
uti
onaf
for
ds
i
mmuni
tyt
othePr
esi
dentofI
ndi
a&St
ateGov
ernor
s,nocr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ng,
nopr
ocess
f
ort
hear
restori
mpr
isonmentnotev
enanswer
abl
etoanycour
twhi
l
eper
for
mingoft
he
power
sanddut
ies.
 Mi
nist
ersandot
herexecut
ivebodi
es-ar
egi
venwi
dedi
scr
eti
onar
ypower
sbyst
atut
eli
ke
del
egat
edl
egi
slat
ion.Nocr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ngwhat
evershal
lbei
nst
it
utedorcont
inued
agai
nstt
hePr
esi
dentoraGov
ernori
nanycour
tdur
inghi
ster
m ofof
fi
ce.Noci
vi
l
pr
oceedi
ngi
nst
igat
edagai
nstt
hePr
esi
dentort
heGov
ernorofaSt
atedur
inghi
ster
m of
of
fi
cei
nanycour
tinr
espectofanyactdoneorpur
por
ti
ngt
obedonebyhi
mint
his
per
sonal
capaci
ty.(
Art
.361)
 Cer
tai
nmember
sofsoci
etyar
egov
ernedbyspeci
alr
ulesi
nthei
rpr
ofessi
ons-l
awy
ers,
 doct
ors,
nur
ses,
pol
i
ceet
c.
Butt
hesei
mmuni
ti
es,howev
ershal
lnotbari
ncaseofi
mpeachmentpr
oceedi
ngagai
nstt
he
Pr
esi
dentf
orv
iol
ati
onoft
heConst
it
uti
onandsui
tsorot
herappr
opr
iat
epr
oceedi
ngsagai
nst
t
heGov
t.ofaSt
ate.
EqualPr
otect
ionoft
heLaws-Meanst
hatamongequal
s,t
hel
awshoul
dbeequalandequal
l
y
admi
nist
ered,i
.e.“
li
keshoul
dbet
reat
edal
i
ke.
”Equalpr
otect
ionr
equi
resaf
fi
rmat
iveact
ion
(
posi
ti
veconcept
)byt
heSt
atet
owar
dsunequal
’
sbypr
ovi
dingf
aci
l
iti
esandoppor
tuni
ti
es.I
t
meanst
her
ightt
oequalt
reat
menti
nsi
mil
arci
rcumst
ancesbot
hint
hepr
ivi
l
egesconf
err
ed
andi
nthel
i
abi
l
iti
esi
mposedbyt
hel
aws.Noneshoul
dbef
avour
ed&noneshoul
dbepl
aced
underanydi
sadv
ant
agei
nsameci
rcumst
ances.I
tdoesnotmeanev
eryper
sonshal
lbet
axed
equal
l
y,butper
sonsundert
hesamechar
act
ershoul
dbet
axedbyt
hesamest
andar
d.I
tisf
or
t
hel
egi
slat
uret
oident
if
ythecl
assoft
hepeopl
etobegi
venpr
otect
ion&i
nwhatbasi
ssuch
pr
otect
ionwast
obegi
ven.Buti
nsuchsi
tuat
ionst
heCour
tcannoti
nter
fer
e.
I
tper
mit
scl
assi
fi
cat
ionbutpr
ohi
bit
scl
assl
egi
slat
ion:Theguar
ant
eeof“
equalpr
otect
ion”t
hus
i
s a guar
ant
ee of equalt
reat
ment of per
sons i
n“equalci
rcumst
ances” per
mit
ti
ng,
di
ff
erent
iat
ioni
ndi
ff
erentci
rcumst
ances.Thepr
inci
pledoesnott
akeawayf
rom t
heSt
atet
he
powerofcl
assi
fyi
ngper
sonsf
orl
egi
ti
mat
epur
poses.
Testofr
easonabl
eCl
assi
fi
cat
ion-Doct
ri
neofequal
i
tycan’
tbeconst
ruedasamandat
ethat
ev
eryl
aw musthav
euni
ver
salappl
i
cat
ionf
oral
lper
sons,whoar
enotbynat
ure,at
tai
nment
,
capabi
l
ityorci
rcumst
ancesi
nthesameposi
ti
on.Thev
ary
ingneedsandot
hercr
ossf
act
orsof
t
hepeopl
emayl
ookf
ordi
sti
nctt
reat
ment
.Reasonabl
ecl
assi
fi
cat
ionmustpasssuccessf
ull
y
t
hef
oll
owi
ngt
wot
est
s:
1.Thecl
assi
fi
cat
ionmustbef
oundedonani
ntel
l
igi
bledi
ff
erent
iawhi
chdi
sti
ngui
shed
per
sonsort
hingst
hatar
egr
oupedt
oget
herf
rom ot
her
slef
toutoft
hegr
oups.
2.Thedi
ff
erent
iamusthav
ear
ati
onalr
elat
iont
otheobj
ectsoughtt
obeachi
evedbyt
he
concer
nedAct
.
Ci
rcumst
ancesf
orr
easonabl
ecl
assi
fi
cat
ion-
 Thecl
assi
fi
cat
ionmustbej
ust
if
iedont
he“
geogr
aphi
cal
ground”
.
 Mustbegenui
ne.
 Mustnotbear
bit
rar
y.
I
tmaybebasedont
hedi
ff
erencei
nthenat
ureoft
het
rade,
cal
l
ingoroccupat
ion.
 Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionmustbedependi
nguponr
ati
onal
.
 TheSt
atehasdi
scr
eti
onar
ypoweri
nit
sownf
avour
,suchasnat
ional
i
zat
ionofbanks,
nat
ional
i
zat
ionofmot
ort
ranspor
t,et
c.
 TheSt
atehaswi
derpower
stoi
mposet
axl
aws.I
tisnotagai
nstt
heAr
ti
cle14.Thet
ax
dependsf
rom per
sont
oper
son,
areat
oar
eaet
c.
I
nCase:Mi
thuv
.St
.ofPunj
ab(
AIR 1983 SC 473)Thepet
it
ionerchal
l
enged t
hev
ali
dit
yof
Sec.
303oft
heI
PC,1860say
sthati
faper
sonundersent
enceoft
hel
i
fei
mpr
isonmenti
njai
l
commi
tsamur
der
,hemustbeawar
dedsent
enceofdeat
h.Wher
easSec.
302pr
ovi
dest
hati
fa
per
soncommi
tsmur
derhemaybepuni
shedwi
thdeat
hsent
enceort
hesent
enceofl
i
fe
i
mpr
isonment
.TheCour
tshav
edi
scr
eti
onar
ypowert
oawar
danyoneoft
het
wopuni
shment
s
i
nacaseofSec.
302.Butt
hisdi
scr
eti
onar
ypoweri
snotgi
veni
ncaseofSec.
303.ThePet
it
ioner
cont
endedt
hatcl
assi
fi
cat
ionbet
weenSec.302&303i
sar
bit
rar
y,andnotj
ust
if
iabl
e.Deat
h
sent
encei
nSec.
303i
smandat
ory
,whi
l
ethesamei
sdi
scr
eti
onar
yinSec.302f
ort
hesame
of
fence,
i.
e.mur
der
.SCagr
eedPet
it
ionerandst
ruckdownsec.303ofI
PChel
dbestexampl
eof
equal
i
tybef
oret
hel
aw.
I
ncase:Ai
rIndi
av.Nar
geshMeer
zaansot
her
s.Themal
ecr
ew’
sret
ir
ementagehasbeen
pr
escr
ibedas58y
rs.andt
her
eisnor
est
ri
cti
onofmar
ri
agebut
,Ai
rHost
esseswoul
dber
eti
red
f
rom ser
vicei
ncont
ingenci
es;
i
)Onat
tai
ningt
heageof35y
rs,
i
i
)Onmar
ri
agei
fitt
akespl
acewi
thi
n4y
rs.oft
heser
vice,
i
i
i)Onf
ir
stpr
egnancy
.
Theemol
ument
sandot
herser
vicebenef
it
swer
eal
sol
essert
hanmal
ecr
ewhel
dtobear
bit
rar
y,
muchgenderdi
scr
imi
nat
ionwasshownwer
eunconst
it
uti
onal&t
her
efor
est
ruckdownbySC
andhel
dequal
i
tyhast
obemai
ntai
nedandnosuchdi
ff
erencewhi
chef
fect
sther
ight
soft
he
ot
her
s.

I
nCase:Ker
alaHot
elandRest
aur
antAssoci
ati
onv
.St
.ofKer
alahel
dthev
ali
dit
yofi
mposi
ti
on
ofsal
est
axont
hesal
eofcookedf
oodi
nthemor
ecost
lyeat
ingpl
acesandl
eav
ingt
hemodest
eat
ingpl
aces.Hel
dthatt
hescopef
orcl
assi
fi
cat
ionper
mit
tedi
ntaxat
ioni
sgr
eat
erandunl
ess
t
hecl
assi
fi
cat
ionmadecanbet
ermedt
obepal
pabl
yar
bit
rar
yitmustbel
eftt
othel
egi
slat
ive
wi
sdom t
ochooset
hey
ardst
ickf
orcl
assi
fi
cat
ioni
nthebackgr
oundoft
hef
iscalpol
i
cyoft
he
St
ate.
I
nCase:KedarNat
hBaj
ori
av.St
ateofW.
B.,cl
assi
fi
cat
ionneednotbesci
ent
if
ical
l
yper
fector
l
ogi
cal
l
ycompl
etet
hecour
tmayt
akei
ntoconsi
der
ati
onmat
terofcommonknowl
edge,
mat
ter
ofcommonr
epor
t& mayassumeeachandev
eryst
ateoff
act
swhi
chcanbeconcei
ved
exi
sti
ngatt
het
imeofl
egi
slat
ion.
I
nCase:Chi
ranj
iLalChowdhar
yv.UOIhel
dthat“
equalshoul
dbet
reat
edequal
l
yandunequal
shoul
dbet
reat
eddi
ff
erent
ly.
”
I
nCase:Shr
iSi
taRam SugarCo.Lt
d.V.UOI
,hel
dthatanyactofr
eposi
tor
yofpower
,whet
her
l
egi
slat
iveoradmi
nist
rat
iveorquasi
-j
udi
ciali
sopent
ochal
l
enge,i
fiti
sinconf
li
ctwi
tht
he
const
it
uti
onort
hegov
erni
ngActort
hegener
alpr
inci
pleofl
aw oft
hel
andorar
bit
rar
y&
unr
easonabl
e.
I
nCase:Aj
ayHasi
av.Khal
i
dMaj
i
b,S.
C.poi
ntedoutt
hator
alt
estshoul
dnotber
eli
eduponas
excl
usi
vet
est
,butmaybet
akeni
ntoassuppl
ement
aryoraddi
ti
onalt
est
.Int
hiscase,mar
ks
al
l
ocat
edf
ort
heor
alt
estwer
e33.
5%oft
het
otalmar
ksso,cour
thel
dsel
ect
ionpr
ocedur
eas
anar
bit
rar
yandunr
easonabl
eandv
iol
ati
onofAr
t.14.
I
nCase:I
ndi
anCounci
lofLegalAi
dandAdv
icev
.BarCounci
lofI
ndi
a,r
esol
uti
onr
eadsas“
A
per
sonwhohascompl
etedt
heageof45y
rs.ondat
esubmi
tt
ingappl
i
cat
ioncanenr
ollas
adv
ocat
etoSBI
”Thepet
it
ioner
schal
l
engedv
iol
atest
hepr
inci
pleofequal
i
ty,
itsdi
scr
imi
nat
ory
,
unr
easonabl
eandar
bit
rar
y.SCal
l
owedt
hewr
itpet
it
ionquashi
ngr
uleasagai
nstt
hespi
ri
tof
Ar
t.
14.

Ar
t.15:
Prohi
bit
ionofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionongr
oundsofRel
i
gion,
Race,
Cast
e,Sexor
Pl
aceofbi
rt
h
Ar
t.
15(
1)TheSt
ateshal
lnotdi
scr
imi
nat
eagai
nstanyci
ti
zenongr
oundonl
yofr
eli
gion,r
ace,
cast
e,sex,
placeofbi
rt
horanyoft
hem.
I
ncase:Gi
thaHar
ihar
anv
.RBI
,appl
i
cat
ionssentf
oral
l
otment
sofBankBondsandbot
hof
t
hem t
oget
herdeci
dedMr
s.Gi
thaactasguar
dianf
ort
hei
rchi
l
drenbutbankr
efusedst
ati
ng
mot
herwi
l
lbecomenat
uralguar
dianaf
terf
ather
.Wr
itpet
it
ionf
il
edagai
nstRBI
.Hel
dthat
mot
herandf
atherbot
har
enat
uralguar
dians.Thewor
d“af
terf
ather
”shal
lbeconst
ruedwhen
hedoesnoti
ntendt
oactasnat
ural
guar
dian,
orwhenhedi
es,
orwhent
heysepar
ate.
I
nCase:Nai
nsukhdasV.StofU.
P.al
awwhi
chpr
ovi
dedf
orel
ect
ionsont
hebasi
sofsepar
ate
el
ect
orat
esf
ormember
sofdi
ff
erentr
eli
giouscommuni
ti
eswashel
dtobeunconst
it
uti
onal
.
I
nCase:St
.ofRaj
ast
anv
.Pr
atapSi
ngh decl
aredcer
tai
nar
easasdi
stur
bed& madet
he
i
nhabi
tant
soft
hosear
east
obeart
hecostofaddi
ti
onalpol
i
cest
ati
onedt
her
ebutexempt
edal
l
Har
jans&Musl
i
ms.Theexempt
ionwasgi
venont
hebasi
sonl
yof‘
cast
e’or‘
rel
i
gion’
andhence
wascont
rar
ytoAr
t.15(
1).
Ar
t.
15(
2)Noci
ti
zenshal
longr
oundsonl
yrel
i
gion,
race,
cast
e,sex,
placeofbi
rt
horanyoft
hem
besubj
ectt
oanydi
sabi
l
ity
,li
abi
l
ity
,rest
ri
cti
onorcondi
ti
onwi
thr
egar
dto
a)Accesst
oshops,
publ
i
crest
aur
ant
s,hot
elsandpl
acesofpubl
i
cent
ert
ainment
.
b)Theuseofwel
l
s,t
anks,bat
hing ghat
s,r
oads& pl
acesofpubl
i
cresor
tmai
ntai
ned
whol
l
yorpar
tl
youtofSt
atef
undsordedi
cat
edt
otheuseofgener
alpubl
i
c.

Ar
ts.15cl
auses(
3)&(
4)ar
eexcept
ionst
othegener
alr
ule-
Ar
t.15(
3)Empower
stheSt
atet
omakeanyspeci
alpr
ovi
sionf
orwomenandchi
l
dren.
Pr
otect
iveDi
scr
imi
nat
ion-
I
ntheey
eoft
hel
awman&womanar
eequal
butphy
sical
l
ymani
sst
rongert
hanwomanbyt
his
i
fSt
atepr
ovi
deanyspeci
alpr
ovi
sionsf
ort
hei
rbenef
itandpr
otect
iont
hatdoesn’
tleadt
oany
di
scr
imi
nat
ion.So,i
nfav
orofapar
ti
cul
arsexwi
l
lbeper
missi
blei
fthecl
assi
fi
cat
ioni
sthe
r
esul
tofot
herconsi
der
ati
onsbel
ongst
othatsex.
Themai
npur
posei
stoer
adi
cat
eorel
i
minat
esoci
o-economi
cbackwar
dnessofwomen,t
o
empowert
hem.Exampl
es:Womenmaybeconsi
der
edt
obebet
terf
it
tedf
oranur
singj
obwhi
l
e
notf
itf
orj
obsi
nheav
yindust
ri
esl
i
keast
eelmi
l
l,wor
kinghour
’sr
est
ri
cted,womenwor
ker
s
canbegi
venspeci
almat
erni
tyr
eli
ef,separ
ateeducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
ons,al
l
otmentofseat
sin
buses.Thi
sdi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
sbasedonweakphy
sicalst
ruct
ureori
ntel
l
ect
ualf
it
ness,not
consi
der
edasunconst
it
uti
onal
butPr
otect
iveDi
scr
imi
nat
ion.
I
nCase:Appar
elExpor
tPr
omot
ionCounci
lv.A.
K.Chopr
aSChel
dthatsexualhar
assmentat
wor
kpl
aceamount
stot
hev
iol
ati
onoff
undament
alr
ightt
ogenderequal
i
ty.
Speci
alpr
ovi
sionsf
ort
hepr
otect
ionofchi
l
dren-
Undert
heFact
ori
esAct1948,Chi
l
drenAct1960,Chi
l
dLabour(
Prohi
bit
ionandRegul
ati
on)Act
1986et
c.,t
heSt
atepr
ohi
bit
stheappoi
ntmentofchi
l
dreni
nthef
act
ori
es,ondanger
ousand
hazar
dousnat
ure.
St
ateshal
lendeav
ourf
reeandcompul
sor
yeducat
ionf
oral
lchi
l
drenunt
ilageof14y
rs.and
secur
ing chi
l
dhood and y
out
h ar
epr
otect
ed agai
nstexpl
oit
ati
on unsui
ted t
othei
rageor
st
rengt
h.

Ar
t.
15(
4)Ev
enunderAr
t.29(
2)&Ar
t.15(
4)St
atei
snotpr
event
ed f
rom maki
nganyspeci
al
pr
ovi
si
onf
ort
headv
ancementofanySEBC ofci
ti
zensorSCs& STsorr
eser
vat
ionst
o
mi
nor
it
ies.Cl
ause4wasaddedbyConst
it
uti
on(
Fir
stAmendment
)act
,1951.Ev
enr
elaxat
ionof
mi
nimum qual
i
fyi
ngmar
ksf
oradmi
ssi
onf
orSCs&STsi
snotv
iol
ati
ve.

I
nCase:Bal
ajiv
.St
.ofMy
sor
ecl
assi
fi
cat
ionofbackwar
dnessont
hebasi
sofcast
esand
r
eser
vingseat
sinMedi
cal
andEngi
neer
ingcol
l
egesi
npar
ti
cul
arSt
atel
i
ke,
backwar
d28%,
mor
e
backwar
d20%,SCs&STs18% t
hanr
emai
nedonl
y32% f
orgener
alcat
egor
ieswoul
dn’
tbe
j
ust
if
iedt
oAr
t.
15(
4).Chal
l
engedandhel
dthator
derwasnotr
easonabl
e,ascl
assi
fi
cat
ionmade
sol
elyoncast
ebases,
whi
chcan’
tbepr
edomi
nantf
act
orandnott
oexceedmor
ethan50%.
Case;Dev
dasanv
.UOI
,Gov
t.r
eser
ved17%seat
stot
heSCs&STsi
fint
hey
eart
hecandi
dat
es
ar
enotav
ail
abl
e,t
heseat
sreser
vedshal
lbecar
ri
edf
orwar
dtot
hesubsequenty
ear
s.Hel
dthat
“
Car
ryf
orwar
drul
e”unconst
it
uti
onal
andst
ruckdownandshal
lnotexceed50%i
ntot
al.
Case:St
.ofUPv
.Pr
adeepTandon St
.pr
ovi
dedr
eser
vat
ioni
nfav
ourofcandi
dat
esf
rom r
ural
ar
eas,hi
l
lar
easand Ut
tar
khand ar
east
aki
ng t
hem asSEBC and pl
aceofhabi
tat
ion,i
ts
env
ironmentdet
ermi
ningf
act
orhel
dval
i
d.Butr
uralar
easdonotr
epr
esentSEBCofci
ti
zensas
t
heyconsi
stsof80%oft
hepopul
ati
onoft
heSt
.bei
nghet
erogeneousi
nit
sel
fal
loft
hem can’
t
bet
ermedaseducat
ional
l
yandsoci
all
ybackwar
d.
Case:Neel
i
mav
.DeanP.
G.st
udi
esA.
P.Agr
icul
tur
alUni
ver
sit
yhel
dthatahi
ghcast
egi
rl
mar
ryi
ngaboybel
ongi
ngt
oSTi
snotent
it
ledt
othebenef
itofr
eser
vat
ionav
ail
abl
etoSTs.

Ar
t. 5)addedby93rd AmendmentAct
15( ,2006r
eser
vat
ionf
orbackwar
d,SCs&STscl
asses
i
ncl
udi
ngPr
ivat
eEducat
ional
Inst
it
uti
ons.
Cases:T.
M.PaiFoundat
ionv
.St
ateofKar
nat
aka&P.
A.I
namdarv
.St
ateofMahar
asht
rahel
d
t
hatSt
atecan’
tmaker
eser
vat
ionofseat
sinadmi
ssi
onsi
npr
ivat
elyr
uneducat
ional
inst
it
uti
ons,
canbedoneonbasi
sofcommonadmi
ssi
ont
estoronmer
itbasi
s.
Case:I
slami
cAcademyv
.St
ateofKar
nat
akahel
dthatSt
atecanf
ixquot
aforadmi
ssi
onst
o
pr
ivat
elyr
uneducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onsbuti
tcan’
tfi
xfee&al
soadmi
ssi
onscanbedoneont
he
basi
sofcommonadmi
ssi
ont
est&mer
i s.(
tbasi Over
rul
ed)

Ar
t.
16Equal
i
tyofoppor
tuni
tyi
nmat
ter
sofempl
oyment
I
ntr
oduct
ion:Ar
t.14Gol
denr
ulesofr
easonabl
ecl
assi
fi
cat
ionev
enr
unt
hroughAr
t.16.Bot
h
t
alksaboutequal
i
tyamongequal
sonl
y,i
ndeci
dingwhoar
ecompar
abl
eorequal
soneshoul
d
l
ooki
ntot
heobj
ectsoughtt
obeachi
evedbyl
egi
sl
ati
oni
nquest
ion.Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionshoul
dbe
r
easonabl
eandnotar
bit
rar
y.
Ar
t.
16(
1)Ev
eryci
ti
zenshoul
dbegi
venequaloppor
tuni
tyi
nmat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
o‘empl
oyment
’or
‘
appoi
ntment‘
toanyof
fi
ceunderSt
ate.
Ar
t.
16(
2)Onl
yongr
oundsofr
eli
gion,
race,
cast
es,
sex,
descent
,pl
aceofbi
rt
horanyoft
hem no
ci
ti
zenbei
nel
i
gibl
eforempl
oymentorappoi
ntmentundert
heSt
ate

Case:UOIv
.Dr
.S.
B.Kohl
irequi
redt
hatt
hepr
ofessori
nor
thopedi
csmusthav
eapost
graduat
e
degr
eei
nthatsubj
ecti
sval
i
d.
Case:Randhi
rSi
nghv
.UOIhel
dthatequalpayf
orequalwor
k,al
thoughnotexpr
essl
ydecl
ared
t
obeaF.
Rts.I
scl
ear
lyaconst
it
uti
onalgoalunderAr
ts.14,16,and39(
c)ofconst
it
uti
onand
canbeenf
orcedi
ncour
tsi
ncasesofunequal
scal
esofpaybasedoni
rr
ati
onal
classi
fi
cat
ion
Case:Gazul
aDasar
athaRamaRaov
.St
.ofAP,SCi
nval
i
dat
edSec.6(
1)ofMadr
asHer
edi
tar
y
Of
fi
cer
sAct
,1895whi
chhadr
equi
redt
hecol
l
ect
ort
osel
ectper
sonsf
rom amongt
hel
ast
hol
der
sofof
fi
ces(
her
edi
tar
y),
becausei
tamount
edt
odi
scr
imi
nat
ionont
hegr
oundofdescent
.
Case:C.
B.Mut
tamav
.UOI
,hel
dRul
es1961&Rul
e18oft
heI
ndi
anFor
eignSer
vicesRul
es,
1961,
f
ormerr
uler
equi
redawomanmemberoft
heI
FSt
oobt
ainper
missi
onoft
heGov
t.i
nwr
it
ing
bef
oret
hemar
ri
ageofconcer
nedwomenof
fi
ceri
ssol
emni
zed.Notonl
ywast
hisGov
t.gi
ven
ar
bit
rar
ypower
stodi
recthert
oresi
gni
ftheGov
t.wassat
isf
iedt
hatherdomest
iccommi
tment
mi
ghtbr
inghur
dlesi
nof
fi
cialdut
y.Bot
hrul
eswer
einv
ali
dat
edbyt
hecour
t,bei
ngar
bit
rar
y&
notbasedonr
easonabl
edi
scr
imi
nat
ion.
Case:Ai
rIndi
av.Nar
geshMi
rza.
Except
ionst
oabov
eAr
ts.16(
1)&16(
2)-
Ar
t.
16(
3)f
ort
her
esi
dencewi
thi
nSt
atePar
li
amentmayl
aydownf
orpar
ti
cul
arcl
assorgr
oup
asr
eser
vat
ion.
Ar
t.
16(
4)St
atemayr
eser
veanypostf
orbackwar
dcl
assassoci
o-economi
cequal
i
tyt
oli
ft
t
hem i
nthecommuni
ty.
I
ssueofr
eser
vat
ioni
nGov
t.Empl
oyment
-
Case:I
ndr
aSawhneyv
.UOI
,(MandalCommi
ssi
on)
I
tisexhaust
ivepr
ovi
si
onmadei
nfav
ourofbackwar
dcl
assesonl
y.
 Ther
eisi
ntegr
alconnect
ionbet
weencast
e,occupat
ion,
pov
ert
y&soci
albackwar
dness.
 Backwar
dcl
assescanbei
dent
if
iedwi
thot
hercr
it
eri
ali
kepov
ert
y,pl
aceofr
esi
dence,
lackof
educat
ion.
I
tmai
nlyconcer
nedwi
thsoci
alneednotbebot
hi.
e.soci
al&educat
ional
.
“
CreamyLay
er”canbeexcl
uded.
 Reser
vat
ionsshoul
dnotexceedmor
ethan50%
 Ther
uleof50%shoul
dbeappl
i
edt
oev
eryy
ear
.Itcan’
tber
elat
edt
othet
otalst
rengt
hoft
he
cl
ass,
ser
viceorcadr
e,notev
encar
ryf
orwar
det
c.
 Reser
vat
ionofpost
sisconf
inedt
oini
ti
alappoi
ntmentonl
ybutnotsubsequentpr
omot
ions.
I
dent
if
icat
ionofbackwar
dcl
assesi
ssubj
ectt
ojudi
cial
rev
iew.
Di
sti
nct
ionbet
ween15(
4)and16(
4)-
Ar
t.
15(
4)empower
stheSt
.tomake‘
speci
al’
lawsf
ort
headv
ancementofanySEBC/f
orSCs&
STs.
Ar
t.
16(
4)empower
stheSt
.tomakel
awsf
ort
her
eser
vat
ionofappoi
ntment
sorpost
sin
f
avourofanycl
assofci
ti
zenswhi
ch,i
ntheopi
nionoft
heSt
.isnotadequat
elyr
epr
esent
edi
n
t
heser
vicesundert
heSt
ate.

Ar
t.17Abol
i
tionofUnt
ouchabi
l
ity
Unt
ouchabi
l
ityi
sabol
i
shed&i
tspr
act
icei
nanyf
ormi
sfor
biddenorboy
cot
t.Theenf
orcement
ofanydi
sabi
l
ityar
isi
ngofunt
ouchabi
l
ity“
shal
lbeanof
fencepuni
shabl
einaccor
dancewi
thl
aw.
Par
li
amenti
saut
hor
izedt
omakeal
awpr
escr
ibi
ngpuni
shmentf
ort
hisof
fence.Exampl
es:I
n
caseofconv
ict
ions,t
hepuni
shmentmayr
angeonet
osev
eny
ear
simpr
isonment
,di
squal
i
fied
f
orcont
est
ingel
ect
ion.
TheActdecl
arescer
tai
nact
sasof
fencesl
i
ke;
a.r
efusi
ngadmi
ssi
ont
o anypubl
i
cinst
it
uti
ons,suchashospi
tal
,di
spensar
y,educat
ional
i
nst
it
uti
on,
b.pr
event
ingper
sonf
rom wor
shi
ppi
ng,
c.anydi
sabi
l
itywi
thr
egar
dtoaccesst
oanyshop,publ
i
crest
aur
ant
,andhot
el,andpubl
i
c
ent
ert
ainment
,useofanyr
eser
voi
rs,
tap,
andr
oadcr
emat
iongr
oundet
c.
Case:Asi
adpr
ojectwor
ker
s,SChel
dthatFRs.i
sav
ail
abl
eagai
nstpr
ivat
eindi
vi
dual
sandi
t’
s
t
hedut
yofSt
atet
oseet
hesear
enotv
iol
ated.
Case:St
.ofKar
nat
akav
.AppaBal
unI
ngal
e,r
espondent
srest
rai
nedt
hecompl
ainantpar
tyby
show off
orcef
rom t
aki
ngwat
erf
rom anewl
ydugupbor
ewel
longr
oundofunt
ouchabl
es.
Hel
dli
abl
eimpr
isonmentf
oronemont
h&f
ineupt
oRs.
100/
-

Ar
t.
18Abol
i
tionofTi
tl
es
I
ntr
oduct
ion-
Nat
ionalAwar
dswer
efor
mal
l
yinst
it
utedi
n1954,butdi
scont
inuedi
n1977agai
n
r
evi
vedi
n1980,
sincet
hen,
NAconf
err
edannual
l
yont
heRepubl
i
cday
.
Ar
t.
18(
1)pr
ohi
bit
stheSt
atet
oconf
ert
it
lesonany
bodywhet
heraci
ti
zensornon-
cit
izen
exceptmi
l
itar
y&academi
cdi
sti
nct
ions.
Ar
t.
18(
2)pr
ohi
bit
saci
ti
zenofI
ndi
afr
om accept
inganyt
it
lef
rom anyf
orei
gnSt
ate.
Ar
t.
18(
3)af
orei
gnerhol
dinganyof
fi
ceofpr
ofi
tort
rustundert
heSt
atecan’
tacceptanyt
it
le
f
rom anyFor
eignerSt
atewi
thoutt
heconsentoft
hePr
esi
dentt
oshutoutal
lfor
eigni
nfl
uence
i
nGov
t.af
fai
rsoradmi
nist
rat
ion.
Ar
t.
18(
4)noper
sonhol
dinganyof
fi
ceofpr
ofi
tort
rustundert
heSt
atewi
thoutconsentoft
he
Pr
esi
dentaccept
sanyemol
umentf
rom anyf
orei
gnSt
ate.
Thebanoper
atesonl
yagai
nstt
heSt
ate,
itdoesnotpr
eventot
herpubl
i
cinst
it
uti
onssuchas
Uni
ver
sit
iest
oconf
ert
it
lesorhonour
sbywayofhonour
ingt
hei
rleader
sormenofmer
it
.St
ate
ev
ennotdebar
redf
rom awar
dingmi
l
itar
yoracademi
cdi
sti
nct
ionsor
,ev
ent
hought
heymaybe
usedast
het
it
lesl
i
kePar
amav
eerChakr
a,Veer
mar
ana.St
atei
snotpr
event
edf
rom conf
err
ing
awar
dforsoci
alser
vicebutcan’
tbeusedasat
it
lel
i
kePadmaVi
bhushanorBhar
atRat
naf
or
“
except
ionalser
vicest
owar
dst
headv
ancementofAr
t,Li
ter
atur
e&Sci
enceandi
nrecogni
ti
on
ofpubl
i
cser
vicesoft
hehi
gheror
der
”andnotv
iol
ati
veoft
hepr
inci
pleofequi
tyasguar
ant
eed
byConst
it
uti
onhel
di heCase:
nt Bal
ajiRanghav
anv
.UOI
.

Thet
heor
yofequal
i
tydoesnotmandat
ethatmer
itshoul
dn’
tber
ecogni
zed.Cl
ause(
f)Ar
t.
51-
A
off
undament
aldut
iesspeaksi
tisnecessar
ythatt
her
eshoul
dbeasy
stem ofawar
dand
decor
ati
onst
orecogni
zeexcel
l
encei
nper
for
manceoft
hedut
ies.Butnopenal
typr
escr
ibedf
or
i
nfr
ingementoft
heabov
epr
ohi
bit
ionbecausei
tismer
elydi
rect
ory
.

2.Ri
ghtt
oFr
eedom Ar
ts.
19-
22
I
ntr
oduct
ion:
Per
sonal
li
ber
tyi
sthemosti
mpor
tantofal
lfundament
alr
ight
sthesecer
tai
n
r
ight
sar
econf
err
edbyt
heConst
it
uti
oni
nor
dert
opr
omot
ethei
deal
ofl
i
ber
tyguar
ant
eedby
t
hePr
eambl
ewhi
chi
scor
eundert
heAr
t.
19.Ar
t19(
1)say
sal
lci
ti
zensshal
lhav
ether
ight
-
1.Ar
t.
19(
1)(
a)f
reedom ofspeech&expr
essi
on
2.Ar
t.
19(
1)(
b)f
reedom ofassembl
ypeaceabl
ywi
thoutar
ms
3.Ar
t.
19(
1)(
c)f
reedom t
ofor
m associ
ati
onsoruni
ons
4.Ar
t.
19(
1)(
d)f
reedom t
omov
efr
eel
ythr
oughoutt
het
err
it
oryofI
ndi
a
5.Ar
t.
19(
1)(
e)f
reedom t
oresi
de&set
tl
einanypar
tofI
ndi
a
6.Ar
t.
19(
1)(
f)f
reedom t
oacqui
re,
hol
danddi
sposeofper
sonal
proper
ty(
omi
tt
ed)
7.Ar
t.
19(
1)(
g)f
reedom t
opr
act
iceanypr
ofessi
on,
occupat
ion,
tradeorbusi
ness.

Thesef
reedomsar
enotabsol
ute,
absol
utei
ndi
vi
dualr
ight
scan’
tbeguar
ant
eedbyanymoder
n
st
ate.Anor
gani
zedsoci
etyi
sthepr
econdi
ti
onofci
vi
lli
ber
ti
es,
ther
ecannotbeanyr
ightwhi
ch
i
sinj
uri
oust
othecommuni
tyasawhol
e.I
fpeopl
ewer
egi
vencompl
eteandabsol
utel
i
ber
ty
wi
thoutanysoci
alcont
rolt
her
esul
twoul
dber
uined.Li
ber
tyhasgott
obel
i
mit
edi
nor
dert
obe
ef
fect
ivel
ypossessed. Li
ber
tyofonemustnotof
fendt
hel
i
ber
tyofot
her
s.So,r
easonabl
e
r
est
ri
cti
onsar
eimposedt
hroughcl
auses2-
6ofAr
t.
19,f
orpr
otect
ingf
reedom ofci
ti
zenal
one,
agai
nstt
hear
bit
rar
yact
ionoft
heSt
ate.
Testof‘
Reasonabl
eRest
ri
cti
on’
Rest
ri
cti
onmaybei
mposedunderanyoft
hecl
ausesAr
t.19(
2)-
19(
6)mustber
easonabl
eand
st
ri
ket
hebal
ancebet
weeni
ndi
vi
dualandsoci
alcont
rolper
mit
tedl
i
keSecur
it
yoft
heSt
ate-
Pr
emostdut
yincaseofendanger
edbywagi
ngofwar
,rebel
l
ion,cr
imesofv
iol
ence,di
stor
ted
posi
ti
onofl
aw andor
der
,fr
iendl
yrel
ati
onswi
tht
hef
orei
gnst
ate,publ
i
cor
der
,decencyor
mor
ali
ty,cont
emptofcour
t,def
amat
ion,i
nci
tementt
oanof
fence,sov
erei
gnt
yandi
ntegr
it
yof
I
ndi
a.
Rest
ri
cti
onsmustconst
it
uti
onal
l
yval
i
dtosat
isf
ythet
wot
est
sar
e-
1.Ther
est
ri
cti
onmustbef
ort
hepur
posesment
ionedi
ncl
auses2-
6ofAr
t.
19
2.Ther
est
ri
cti
onmustber
easonabl
erest
ri
cti
on.
Ri
ghtav
aibl
eto‘
Cit
izens’onl
y-Acor
por
ati
onoracompanycan’
tcl
aim ar
ightunderAr
t.
19
becauset
heyar
enotnat
uralper
sonsi
tmeansonl
ynat
uralper
sonsnotl
egalper
sons.Butwhat
aboutt
heshar
ehol
der nNewspaper
s?I scasehel
dthatshar
ehol
dercancl
aimt
her
ight
sifby
t
heSt
ateact
iont
her
ight
soft
hecompanyaswel
lasoft
heshar
ehol
der
sisi
mpai
red.
Case:P.
D.Shamdasniv
.Cent
ralBankofI
ndi
a.Hel
dthat
,iti
sessent
ialr
est
ri
cti
onmustbe
i
mposedbySt
ateal
one,
ifi
mposedbyanywr
ongf
ulactofpr
ivat
eindi
vi
dual
sar
enotcov
ered.
Case:Bi
j
oeEmmanuelv
.St
.ofKer
alar
est
ri
cti
oncanbei
mposedonl
ybyl
aw asst
ated,but
doesnoti
ncl
udedepar
tment
alorexecut
ivei
nst
ruct
ions.

1.Ar
t.
19(
1)(
a)Fr
eedom ofspeechandexpr
essi
on
I
ndi
aisademocr
ati
cnat
ion.Fr
eedom ofspeechandexpr
essi
onhasaspeci
alposi
ti
oni
n
democr
acypl
aceundert
hel
i
stofFr
s.i
nPar
tII
I.Toguar
ant
eeofcommuni
cat
ion,“
speech”&
“
expr
essi
on”
,twowor
dsar
eusedt
obr
oadent
hepur
view ofcommuni
cat
ion,wor
dsi
ncl
ude
expr
essi
oni
nthef
orm ofgest
ures,
wri
ti
ngandpi
ctur
esar
epl
aced.Fr
eedom i
snotconf
inedt
o
f
ormi
ngani
deabuti
ncl
udesf
reepr
opagat
ionandci
rcul
ati
onoft
hati
dea.
Fr
ankl
ynS.Hai
mansai
d:“
Thef
reedom ofspeech&expr
essi
onbenef
it
smor
ethehear
ert
han
t
hespeaker
.Thehear
erandt
hespeakersuf
ferasv
iol
ati
onoft
hei
rspi
ri
tuall
i
ber
tyi
ftheyar
e
deni
edaccesst
othei
deasofeachot
her
.Ev
eni
tincl
udes;
 Ri
ghtt
oinf
ormat
ion-peopl
e’
sri
ghtt
oknow,
recei
ve,
communi
cat
ion,
dissemi
nat
ion
Case:M.Hasanv
.Gov
t.ofA.
P,deni
albyj
ailaut
hor
it
iest
ojour
nal
i
standv
ideogr
aphert
o
i
nter
viewt
hecondemnedpr
isoner
sinj
aili
sil
l
egalandunconst
it
uti
onalamount
stodepr
ivat
ion
ofaci
ti
zen’
sFRt
s.whi
chi
soneoft
hemodesofcommuni
cat
ion.
 Ri
ghtt
ovot
e-v
oter
shav
eri
ghtt
oknowaboutt
hei
rcandi
dat
es
 Newdi
mensi
on-
Gov
t.hasnomonopol
yonel
ect
roni
cmedi
a
Case:Cr
icketAssoci
ati
onofBengal(
CAB)hel
dthat
,ev
enci
ti
zenhasr
ightt
otel
ecastand
br
oadcastt
othev
iewer
s/l
i
stener
str
oughel
ect
roni
cmedi
aTel
evi
sionandRadi
oanyi
mpor
tant
ev
ent
.Rest
ri
cti
onscanbeputbycl
ause(
2)ofAr
t.
19.Cour
tdi
rect
edt
heGov
t.t
osetupan
i
ndependentaut
onomousbr
oadcast
ingaut
hor
it
ywhi
chwi
l
lfr
eeDoor
dar
shanandAkashav
ani
f
rom t
heshackl
esoft
heGov
t.cont
rolandensur
econdi
ti
onsi
nwhi
cht
het
hisf
reedom canbe
meani
ngf
ulandef
fect
ivel
yenj
oyedbyt
heoneandal
l
.
 Commer
cialadv
ert
isement
-isal
sopar
tofl
i
sten,r
eadandr
ecei
vet dspeech.Case:
hesai
Hamdar
dDawakhanav
.UOIwhi
chputr
est
ri
cti
onsonadv
ert
isementofdr
ugswaschal
l
enged
ont
hegr
oundt
hatt
her
est
ri
cti
ononadv
ert
isementabr
idgedt
hef
reedom ofspeech.Hel
dthat
commer
cial
speechi
sapar
toff
reedom,
cor
ner
stoneofI
ndi
aneconomi
csy
stem andv
olumeof
sal
esar
edependentuponadv
ert
isi
ng.
 Tel
ephonet
appi
ng-
noi
nvasi
ononr
ightt
opr
ivacy
-publ
i
cemer
gency
,publ
i
csaf
ety
 Fr
eedom ofpr
ess
Case:SakalPaper
sLt
d.V.UOI
,“l
i
ber
tyoft
hepr
ess”meansl
i
ber
tyt
opr
intandpubl
i
shwhatone
pl
eases,
wit
houtpr
evi
ousper
missi
on.Thef
reedom oft
hepr
essi
snotconf
inedt
onewspaper
s
andper
iodi
cal
sev
eni
ncl
ude,pamphl
etsandci
rcul
arsandev
erysor
tofpubl
i
cat
ionwhi
ch
af
for
dsav
ehi
cleofi
nfor
mat
ionandopi
nion.
 Fi
l
m censor
shi
pval
i
d
Case:K.
A.Abbasv
.UOI
,pr
e-censor
shi
poff
il
mswasj
ust
if
iedunderAr
t.19(
2)ont
hegr
ound
t
hatf
il
mshav
etobesot
reat
edsepar
atel
yfr
om ot
herf
ormsofar
tandexpr
essi
onbecausea
mot
ionpi
ctur
ewasabl
etost
irupemot
ionsmor
edeepl
ythananyot
herpr
oductofar
t.Hence
cl
assi
fi
cat
ionoff
il
msbet
weent
wocat
egor
ies,
‘A’
(foradul
tsonl
y)and‘
U’(
foral
l
)hel
dval
i
d.
 Fr
eedom ofsi
l
ence.
Case:Bi
j
oiEmmanuelv
.St
ateofKer
ala.Hel
dthat
,oneshoul
dst
andwhent
heNat
ionalAnt
hem
i
ssung,
nonj
oini
ngofsi
ngi
ngdoesnotamountdi
srespectt
oNat
ion.
Benef
it
soft
hisf
undament
alr
ight
:
1.I
thel
psani
ndi
vi
dual
toat
tai
nsel
f-
ful
fi
ll
ment
.
2.I
tassi
stsi
ndi
scov
eryoft
rut
h.
3.I
tst
rengt
henst
hecapaci
tyofani
ndi
vi
dual
inpar
ti
cipat
ingi
ndeci
sionmaki
ng.
4.I
tpr
ovi
desamechani
sm bywhi
chi
twoul
dbepossi
blet
oest
abl
i
shar
easonabl
ebal
ance
bet
weenst
abi
l
ityandsoci
alchange.Al
lmember
sofsoci
etyshoul
dbeabl
etof
ormt
hei
rown
bel
i
efsandcommuni
cat
ethem f
reel
ytoot
her
s.
Reasonabl
erest
ri
cti
onunderAr
t.
19(
2)per
mit
songr
ounds:
 Secur
it
yoft
heSt
ate-Pr
emostdut
y i
ncaseofendanger
edbywagi
ngofwar
,rebel
l
ion,
cr
imesofv
iol
ence,
dist
ort
edposi
ti
onofl
awandor
der
f
ri
endl
yrel
ati
onswi
tht
hef
orei
gnst
ate
 publ
i
cor
der
 decencyormor
ali
ty
 cont
emptofcour
t
 def
amat
ion
i
nci
tementt
oanof
fence
I
nthei
nter
estofsov
erei
gnt
yandi
ntegr
it
yofI
ndi
a.
Case:A.
K.Gopal
an’
sobser
vedt
hat
,”manasar
ati
onalbei
ngdesi
rest
odomanyt
hings,
buti
na
ci
vi
lsoci
etyhi
sdesi
reshav
etobecont
rol
l
ed,r
egul
ated&r
econci
l
edwi
thexer
ciseofsi
mil
ar
desi
resbyot
heri
ndi
vi
dual
s”.

2.Ar
t.
19(
1)(
b)and19(
3)Fr
eedom ofassembl
y
Mustbepeacef
ul,wi
thoutar
msandr
easonabl
erest
ri
cti
onscanbei
mposedunderAr
t.
19(
3)
St
atei
sempower
edt
oputr
easonabl
erest
ri
cti
onsongr
oundst
osav
epubl
i
cpeace,
saf
etyand
t
ranqui
l
ity
,pr
event
ionofsedi
ti
ousmeet
ing.Set
.141ofI
PCsayi
ffi
veormor
eper
sonsunl
awf
ul
assembl
ewi
thcommonobj
ectt
ocommi
tanyof
fenceSt
atei
sempower
edt
opr
ocl
aim meet
ing
t
oanysubj
ect
.Fr
eedom t
oassembl
eincl
uder
ightt
otakepr
ocessi
ont
hroughpubl
i
croads.
Case:Babul
alPar
atev
.St
.ofMahar
asht
ra.Hel
dthatr
ightguar
ant
eedunderAr
t.19(
1)(
b)
i
ncl
udesr
ightt
otakeoutpr
ocessi
ng subj
ectt
othedi
rect
ion r
egar
ding publ
i
cpeace&
t
ranqui
l
ity
.

3.Ar
t.
19(
1)(
c)and19(
4)Fr
eedom t
ofor
m Associ
ati
on&Uni
ons
I
spr
ovi
dingashi
eldi
nthehandsofmi
l
li
onsofpeopl
etof
ightagai
nstar
bit
rar
yact
iont
o
achi
evel
egal
pur
poset
hroughl
egal
meansi
.e.t
heuni
ons.
4.Ar
t.(
19)
(d)and19(
5)Fr
eedom t
omov
ement
Reasonabl
erest
ri
cti
onscanbei
mposedi
nthei
nter
estoft
hegener
alpubl
i
candf
ort
he
pr
otect
ionoft
hei
nter
estofanySTs.
Case:N.
B.Khar
ev.St
.ofDel
hi.Di
str
ictmagi
str
atewasempower
edt
opassext
ernmentor
der
,
dur
ing emer
gency
.Pet
it
ionerchal
l
enged butcour
thel
diti
sval
i
d as i
tputr
easonabl
e
r
est
ri
cti
ons.
Case:Aj
ayCanuv
.UOIhel
dcompul
sor
ywear
ingofhel
mat
ebyaper
sondr
ivi
ngamot
orcy
clei
s
notv
iol
ati
veofr
ightt
omov
efr
eel
yunderr
uleofMot
orVehi
clesActandj
ust
if
iedbyunderAr
t.
19(
5)f
ort
hebenef
itofpubl
i
c.
5.Ar
t.19(
1)(
e)and19(
5)Fr
eedom ofResi
dence-Al
lci
ti
zensshal
lhav
ether
ightt
omov
efr
eel
y
t
hroughoutt
het
err
it
orysubj
ectt
orest
ri
cti
ons.
6.
Art
.19(
1)(
g)and 19(
6)Fr
eedom ofpr
ofessi
on,t
rade and occupat
ion-St
ate pr
escr
ibi
ng
pr
ofessi
onalort
echni
calqual
i
ficat
ionsnecessar
yforpr
act
ici
ngpr
ofessi
onbutsuchcanbe
r
est
ri
ctedi
nthei
nter
estofgener
alpubl
i
c.
Case:P.
A.I
namdarv
.St
.ofMahar
ast
ra‘
Educat
ion’ev
ent
houghi
sanoccupat
ionbutcan’
tbe
equat
edwi
tht
radeorbusi
nessbecausei
tisnat
ionalweal
thessent
ialf
ort
henat
ion’
spr
ogr
ess
&pr
osper
it
y.
 Ther
ightt
ocar
rybusi
nessi
ncl
udesr
ightt
ocl
oseany
timeSt
atecan’
tcompelagai
nsthi
s
wi
l
ltocar
ryexcepti
nthe‘
i
nter
estoft
hepubl
i
c’.Case:ExcelWearv
.UOIr
egi
ster
edf
ir
m was
r
unni
ngi
ntol
ossduet
olabourpr
obl
em pet
it
ionerf
indi
ngi
tal
mosti
mpossi
blesoheser
ved
not
icet
oGov
t.r
egar
dingt
hecl
osur
e.ButGov
t.r
efusedbecauset
her
easongi
ven“
wasnot
adequat
e&suf
fi
ci
ent
”or“
suchcl
osur
eispr
ejudi
cial
tot
hepubl
i
cint
erest
”.
 Nobodyhasgotar
ightt
ocar
ryont
hei
rbusi
nessi
fhecan’
tpayev
enmi
nimum wagest
o
l
abour
ers.Thencl
osi
ngdownbusi
nessi
smust
.
 Case:Khody
aDi
sti
l
ler
iesLt
d.v
.St
.ofKar
nat
aka.Hel
dthatci
ti
zenhasnoFr
s.t
otr
adewhi
ch
ar
eimmor
al&cr
imi
nali
nnat
ureorgoodswhi
char
eobnoxi
ousandi
njur
ioust
oheal
th,saf
ety
andwel
far
eofgener
alpubl
i
c.Sowon’
thav
eri
ghtt
ocar
rybusi
nessi
nli
quor
sasbev
erage.
 Hawker
sRi
ghtt
otr
adeonpav
ementofr
oads
 St
atel
ott
eri
esnott
rade,butgambl
i
ng-el
ementofchance-
const
it
uti
onev
encan’
tgi
vet
he
pr
otect
iont
oo.
 Rel
i
giousr
est
ri
cti
ons
Case:Om Pr
akashv
.St
.ofU.
P.hel
dthatpr
ohi
bit
iononsal
eofeggswi
thi
nmuni
cipall
i
mit
sof
Ri
shi
kesh,
Har
idwar&HarKePet
ionpel
gri
mager
easonabl
erest
ri
cti
on.
 BanonPanMasal
a&Gut
kha
Case:GodawatPanMasal
aPr
oduct
sP.Lt
d.V.UOI
,hel
dthatr
est
ri
cti
oncoul
dhav
ebeenon
sal
etounder
-agedper
sons&notbywayoft
otal
ban.
Ar
t.
20Pr
otect
ioni
nrespectofconv
ict
ionf
orof
fencesoraccusedper
sons
I
ntr
oduct
ion:I
ndi
aisawel
far
eSt
atei
tisr
esponsi
bleandaccount
abl
efort
hemai
ntenanceof
l
aw andor
der
,justt
reat
mentev
enofaccusedper
sont
ocont
rolanyar
bit
rar
yorunj
ust
if
ied
act
ionont
hepar
toft
heSt
ate,
inr
efer
encet
oaccusedper
son.Saf
eguar
dst
oaccusedper
sons;
Ar
t.
20(
1)a)Noper
sonshal
lbeconv
ict
edofanyof
fenceexceptf
orv
iol
ati
onofal
awi
nfor
ce
att
he t
imeofcommi
ssi
onofactchar
gedasanof
fence,
b)Norev
enmor
epenal
ti
esgr
eat
ert
hani
nfl
i
ctedundert
hel
awi
nfor
ceatt
het
imeof
t
hecommi
ssi
onoft
heof
fence.(
Ex-
postf
act
olaws)
Except
ions:
1.Ex-
postf
act
olawsar
enotappl
i
cabl
etocr
imi
nal
law,
butonl
ytoCi
vi
ll
aw.
2.Thi
spr
otect
ioni
sav
ail
abl
eonl
yagai
nstconv
ict
ionorsent
encef
orcr
imi
nalof
fence,butnot
t
otr
ial
.
3.Ev
ennotappl
i
cabl
eincaseofpr
event
ivedet
ent
ionorext
ernment
.
Obj
ect
:Topr
otectt
heconv
ict
edper
sonsf
rom bei
ngenhancedconv
ict
ion,orbasi
ngupont
he
of
fencecommi
tt
edbef
oret
heAct
.
Case:Rat
anl
alv
.St
.ofPunj
ab,t
heaccusedcommi
tt
edar
apeonagi
rl
,i
n1957.Att
het
imeof
of
fence,t
heaccusedwasaged16y
rs.TheMagi
str
ategav
ethej
udgmentawar
ding6mot
hs
r
igor
ousi
mpr
isonmentandal
soi
mposedf
ine.Af
terj
udgment
,ThePr
obat
ionofOf
fender
sAct
,
1958hadbeenenact
ed,
accor
dingt
owhi
cht
heper
sonsbel
owt
heageof21y
rs.shoul
dnotbe
puni
shedwi
thr
igor
ousi
mpr
isonment
.SChel
dthathewasent
it
ledf
ort
hebenef
itofEx-
post
f
act
olawsandor
der
edt
oappl
ythepr
ovi
sionsoft
hePr
obat
ionofOf
fender
sAct
,1958.

Ar
ti
cle20(
2)“
Noper
sonshal
lbepr
osecut
ed&puni
shedf
ort
hesameof
fencemor
ethanonce”
(
Doubl
ejeopar
dy)
.Nomanshoul
dbev
exedt
wiceov
erf
ort
hesameof
fence.I
tisi
nthei
nter
est
oft
heSt
atet
hatt
her
eshoul
dbeanendt
oli
ti
gat
ion.Aj
udi
cialdeci
sionmustbeaccept
edas
cor
rect
.Onesui
tonedeci
sioni
senoughf
oranysi
ngl
edi
sput
e.For
mer
lyconv
ict
edneedt
obe
f
ormer
lyacqui
tt
ed.

Ar
ti
cle 20(
3)No accused shal
lbe compel
l
ed t
o be wi
tness agai
nsthi
msel
f(no sel
f
i
ncr
imi
nat
ion)
.
I
ngr
edi
ent
sofcl
ause3:
1.I
tspr
otect
ioni
sav
ail
abl
eonl
yto‘
aper
sonaccusedofanyof
fence’
.
2.Thepr
otect
ioni
sagai
nstcompul
sion’
tobeawi
tness’
.
3.Thepr
otect
ionav
ail
s‘agai
nsthi
msel
f’
Case:Nandi
niSat
pat
hiv
.Dani
,shewasEx-
Chi
efMi
nist
erofOr
issai
nvol
vedi
ncr
imi
nalcases.
Dur
ingi
nvest
igat
ionsher
efusedt
oanswerof
fi
cer
.Hef
il
edcaseagai
nstherr
efusi
ngt
ogi
ve
answer
stoaPubl
i
cOf
fi
cer
.Shemov
edt
oHCunderAr
t.226r
eadwi
thAr
t.
20(
3),pr
ayi
ng
pr
otect
ionf
rom t
hePO,
butdi
smi
ssed.Shef
il
edanappeal
.
SCst
ayedt
hepr
osecut
ionpr
oceedi
ngsagai
nstpet
it
ionerandgav
edi
rect
ionst
othePol
i
cenot
t
oasksuchquest
ionsi
nvol
vi
ngandi
ncr
imi
nat
ionsheri
ntheof
fence.Att
hesamet
ime,t
he
or
der
edt
hePet
it
ionert
ogi
veanswer
stot
her
elev
antquest
ions,t
heanswer
stowhi
chwi
l
lnot
i
ncr
imi
nat
eherast
otheof
fencesofwhi
chshei
nal
readyaccusedorast
oot
herof
fencewi
th
whi
chshemaybechar
gedi
nfut
ure.
Thepr
ohi
bit
ioni
snotat
tract
edwher
eanyobj
ectordocumenti
ssear
chedandsei
zedf
rom t
he
possessi
onoft
heaccused.Al
so,doesnotbart
hemedi
calexami
nat
ionoft
heaccusedor
obt
aini
ngspeci
mensi
gnat
ureort
humbi
mpr
essi
on.Al
so,
thei
mmuni
tydoesnotext
endt
oci
vi
l
pr
oceedi
ngsorot
hert
hancr
imi
nal
proceedi
ngs.

Pr
otect
ionagai
nstar
bit
rar
yar
restandpr
event
ivedet
ent
ion-Ar
t.
22
Ar
ti
cle22suppl
ement
edbyAr
t.21t
opr
ovi
demi
nimum mandat
ewhi
chshoul
dbef
oll
owed
agai
nstar
restandpr
event
ionast
hatoft
hecommonl
aymanar
e;
1.Ri
ghtt
obei
nfor
medassoonar
resti
smadet
hegr
oundf
orsuchar
restwi
thoutdel
ay.
2.Ri
ghtt
oconsul
t&bedef
endedbyal
egal
pract
it
ionerofhi
schoi
ce
3.Per
sonshal
lbepr
oducedbef
oret
henear
estmagi
str
atewi
thi
n24hour
sofhi
sar
rest
,
excl
udi
ngt
het
imenecessar
yfort
hej
our
neyf
rom t
hepl
aceofar
restt
othecour
toft
he
magi
str
ate.
Except
ions:
a.suchl
awsar
enotappl
i
cabl
etot
imebei
nganenemyal
i
enor
b.anyper
sonwhoi
sar
rest
edordet
ainedunderanyLawpr
ovi
dingf
orpr
event
ivedet
ent
ion.
4.Suchdet
ent
ionofper
sonshal
lnotaut
hor
izef
oral
ongerper
iodofmor
ethan3mont
hs.
5.Whendet
ainedi
npur
suanceofanor
dermadeunderanyl
awsuchshoul
dbecommuni
cat
ed
ont
hegr
oundandshal
laf
for
dhi
m ear
li
estoppor
tuni
tyofmaki
ngar
epr
esent
ati
onagai
nst
t
heor
der
.
6.I
fdet
ainedmor
ethan3mont
hs,
procedur
esneedt
obef
oll
owedbyAdv
isor
yBoar
d

Obj
ect
:Topr
ovi
det
hepr
otect
iont
otheper
sonar
rest
ed,gi
vesasoppor
tuni
tyt
otheper
son
ar
rest
edt
opr
epar
eandmov
ethecour
tforbai
lorf
orwr
itofHabeasCor
pus.

Case:Jogi
ndarKumarv
.St
.ofU.
P.Al
awy
erwasdet
ainedbyt
hepol
i
ce.Hi
sfat
herf
il
eda
habeascor
puspet
it
ionbef
oret
heS.
C.Thepol
i
cecont
endedt
hatt
hel
awy
erwasnotdet
ained,
buthehi
msel
fwasassi
sti
ngi
nacase.S.
C.gav
esomegui
del
i
nesbef
orear
rest
ingar
e:
 I
nfor
medgr
oundofar
restandpr
oducedbef
oret
henear
estMagi
str
ateofFi
rstCl
ass
wi
thi
n 24hour
s.
  Ar
rest
edcanr
equestt
oal
l
ow t
oaccompanyanyoneofhi
sfr
iends,r
elat
ivesorany
i
nter
est
edper
son
 Assoonasar
resti
smademustbeent
eredi
ntheDi
aryofPol
i
ceSt
ati
on.
Case:Ni
l
abat
iBeher
av.St
.ofOr
issa.SonofNi
l
abat
iar
rest
edandf
ounddeadwi
thhandcuf
fon
r
ail
wayt
rack,pol
i
cev
ersi
onwast
hatar
rest
edwi
thi
nvest
igat
ionbutescaped&di
ed.Post
mor
tem r
epor
trev
eleddi
edduet
obeat
ing.Cour
thel
dthatv
iol
ati
onofAr
ts21&22,pol
i
ce
at
roci
ti
esscor
nedandcompensat
edt
ohi
smot
her
.
Ri
ghtt
oLi
feandPer
sonal
Liber
tyAr
t.
21
“
Noper
sonshal
ldepr
iveofhi
sli
feorper
sonall
i
ber
tyexceptpr
ocedur
eest
abl
i
shedbyl
aw”
.
Requi
rement
soft
hisar
ti
clei
sthatt
her
emustbeav
ali
dlaw,t
hel
aw mustl
aydownt
he
pr
ocedur
e,t
hepr
ocedur
emustber
ight
,just&f
air
,thel
aw mustmeett
her
equi
rement
sof
Ar
t.
14&19i
.e.i
tmustber
easonabl
eandbest
owi
ngpr
imar
yri
ght
.“Theexpr
essi
onper
sonal
l
i
ber
ty”i
sofwi
destampl
i
tudei
tcov
ersav
ari
etyofr
ight
swhi
chgot
oconst
it
utet
heper
sonal
l
i
ber
tyofmanandsomeoft
hem hav
eri
sent
othest
atusofdi
sti
nctf
undament
alr
ight
s&gi
ven
addi
ti
onal
prot
ect
ionunderAr
t.
19.
Obj
ect
:Gi
veassur
ancef
ort
hesaf
etyofl
i
fe&l
i
ber
tyassur
ancet
oani
nher
entl
i
mit
ati
onbutnot
absol
uteguar
ant
ee,
maybet
akenbacki
naccor
dancewi
thl
aw.Meansexecut
ivehasnopower
t
otaket
hem awaybutcanbei
npur
suanceofanexpr
essi
onoft
hel
egi
slat
ionwi
l
l.
Case:Khar
ak Si
nghv
.St
.ofU.
P.hel
dthatr
ightt
oli
fedoesnotmeanj
ustr
ightt
ocont
inuance
ofone’
sani
malexi
stencebutar
ightt
othepossessi
onofeachor
gan.I
tissecur
edonl
ywhen
hei
sassur
edofal
lfaci
l
iti
est
obenef
ithi
msel
f.
Someofi
mpl
i
citr
ight
s:
 Ri
ghtt
oli
vewi
thhumandi
gni
tyRi
ghtt
oli
fei
ncl
ude,
ther
ightt
oli
vewi
thhumandi
gni
ty&al
l
t
hebar
enecessar
iesofl
i
fesuchasadequat
enut
ri
ti
onf
ood,cl
othi
ng&shel
terov
ert
hehead
andf
aci
l
iti
esf
orr
eadi
ng,wr
it
ingandexpr
essi
ngonesel
findi
ver
sef
orms,f
reel
ymov
ingabout
andmi
xi
ngandcommi
ngl
i
ngwi
thf
ell
owhumanbei
ngs.
Case:BandhuMokt
iMor
chav
.UOIhel
dri
ghtt
oli
vewi
thhumandi
gni
tyf
reef
rom expl
oit
ati
on
(
Art
s.23and24)enshr
inedi
nAr
t.21der
ivef
rom DPSPpay
mentofmi
nimum wages.
 Ri
ghtt
oLi
feorper
sonall
i
ber
tyi
squal
i
fiedbyt
hewor
dsper
sonal
,meansf
reedom f
rom
ar
rest
,impr
isonmentorot
herphy
sical
coer
cion.
Pr
iort
oManekaGandhi
’
sDeci
sion-Themeani
ngoft
hewor
ds“
per
sonall
i
ber
ty”cameupf
or
consi
der
ati
onf
orv
eryf
ir
stt
i n A.
mei K.Gopal
anv
.UOI
-Gopal
an,acommuni
stl
eaderwas
det
ainedundert
hePr
event
iveDet
ent
ionAct
.1950.Pet
it
ionerchal
l
engedt
hev
ali
dit
yofhi
s
det
ent
ionundert
heActongr
ound,v
iol
ati
veofhi
sri
ghtt
ofr
eedom ofmov
ementunderAr
t.
19(
1)(
d)whi
chi
sver
yessenceofper
sonall
i
ber
tyguar
ant
eedbyAr
t.21.Hel
dthatwi
deand
compr
ehensi
vemeani
ngt
othewor
ds‘
per
sonall
i
ber
ty’asconsi
sti
ngoff
reedom ofmov
ement
andl
ocomot
ion.Ther
efor
e,anyl
awwhi
chdepr
ivesaper
sonofhi
sper
sonall
i
ber
tymustsat
isf
y
t
her
equi
rement
sofAr
ts.19and21bot
h.
 Ri
ghtt
otr
avelabr
oadCase:ManekaGandhiv
.UOI
.Pet
it
ioner
’spasspor
twasi
mpoundedby
t
heC.
GunderPasspor
tAct
.Itwoul
dbeal
l
owedi
fitwas“
necessar
yint
hei
nter
estofgener
al
publ
i
c”.Recor
dther
easonandpr
ovi
decopyofi
t.Butaut
hor
it
ydecl
i
nedi
nnameofsov
erei
gnt
y,
i
ntegr
it
yandsecur
it
y.Hel
dthatAr
t.21donotexcl
udeAr
t.
19andwi
l
lhav
etomeett
he
r
equi
rementofbot
har
ti
cl
eswi
thpr
ocedur
ejustandf
air
,soi
tisnotv
iol
ati
ve.
 Ri
ghtt
ofood
 At
temptt
osui
cide(
Sec.309I
PC)
,abet
mentofat
temptt
ocommi
tsui
cide(
306I
PC)ar
e
unconst
it
uti
onal
because“
Rightt
oli
fe”i
sanat
ural
rightembodi
edbutsui
cidei
sanunnat
ural
.
 Ri
ghtt
oli
vel
i
hoodev
ent
othepav
ementdwel
l
ers.
 Ri
ghtt
oshel
terr
ightt
oli
ve,guar
ant
eedi
nanyci
vi
li
zedsoci
etyi
mpl
i
est
her
ightt
odecent
env
ironment
,wat
er,shel
ter
,homewher
ehehadoppor
tuni
ti
est
ogr
ow phy
sical
l
y,ment
all
y,
i
ntel
l
ect
ual
l
y&spi
ri
tual
l
ywi
thpeace,
saf
e,decentst
ruct
ure.
Case:Chamel
iSi
nghv
.St
.ofU.
P.t
her
ightt
oshel
teri
saFRt
s.U/
Art
.21oft
heconst
it
uti
on,i
n
anyor
gani
zedsoci
etyt
her
ightt
oli
veasahumanbei
ngi
snotensur
edbymeet
ingonl
ythe
ani
malneedsofman.I
tissecur
edonl
ywhenhei
sassur
edofal
lfaci
l
iti
est
obebenef
it
ing
hi
msel
f.
 Ri
ghtt
oPr
otect
ionofEcol
ogy
,env
ironment
alpol
l
uti
on,
noi
sepol
l
uti
on,
int
henameofur
ban
dev
elopmentenv
ironmentcan’
tbedest
roy
ed
Case:M.
C.Meht
av.UOI
.Iti
sthedut
yoft
hecent
ralgov
ernmentt
oint
roducecompul
sor
y
t
eachi
ngofl
essonsatl
eastf
oranhouri
naweekonpr
otect
ion&i
mpr
ovementofnat
ural
env
ironmenti
nal
leducat
ional
inst
it
uti
ons.
 Ri
ghtt
opol
l
uti
onf
reeenv
ironmentsmoki
ngi
npubl
i
cpl
acei
spr
ohi
bit
ed
 Ri
ghtt
opr
ivacyort
her
ightt
obel
etal
one
Case:R.Raj
gopalv
.StofT.
Npopul
arl
yknownas“
Aut
oShankar
”hel
daci
ti
zenhasar
ightt
o
saf
eguar
dthepr
ivacyofhi
sown,hi
sfami
l
y,mar
ri
age,pr
ocr
eat
ion,mot
her
hood,chi
l
dbear
ing
andeducat
ionamongot
hermat
ter
s.Nonecanpubl
i
shany
thi
ngconcer
ningt
heabov
emat
ter
s
wi
thouthi
sconsentwhet
hert
rut
hfulorot
her
wiseandwhet
herl
audat
oryorcr
it
ical
.Ifhedoes
so,
hewoul
dbev
iol
ati
ngt
her
ightoft
heper
sonconcer
nedandwoul
dbel
i
abl
einanact
ionf
or
damages.
 Ri
ghtt
opr
ivacynotanabsol
uter
ight
.Case:
Mr.‘
X’v
.Hospi
tal‘
Z’(
HIV+af
termar
ri
age)
Ast
hesear
enotanabsol
uter
ightandr
est
ri
cti
onscanbei
mposedoni
tfort
hepr
event
ionof
cr
ime,
disor
derorpr
otect
ionofheal
thormor
alsorpr
otect
ionofr
ight
sandf
reedom ofot
her
s.
 Ri
ghtt
opr
ivacyandsur
vei
l
lancei
ncaseofbank,
publ
i
cpl
acesnotv
iol
ati
ve.
 Vi
rgi
nit
ytestv
iol
atesr
ightt
opr
ivacyunderAr
t.21i
ncaseoft
hei
mpot
ent
.
 Tel
ephoneTappi
ngani
nvasi
ononr
ightt
opr
ivacy
.
 Per
sonall
i
ber
tyi
ncl
udesr
ightofwoment
opr
oducechi
l
d.
 Ri
ghtt
oheal
thandmedi
calassi
stanceev
eni
ncaseofMLCi
.e.
,acci
dent
Case:Per
manandKat
arav
.UOIhel
dthati
njur
edper
sonbr
oughtf
oranyki
ndofmedi
calhel
por
assi
stancesshoul
dbegi
veni
nst
ant
lywi
thoutaski
nganyl
egal
for
mal
i
tiest
obef
ulf
il
led.
 Bondedl
abour
 Ri
ghtt
omember
sofpr
otect
ivehomesbr
oughtt
othenot
iceofcour
tbyPI
L-uphel
d
 Eut
hanasi
aifbonaf
ide,
wit
hdr
awnl
i
fesuppor
trequi
resappr
oval
from t
hecour
t.
 Ri
ghtt
oeducat
ionunderAr
t.
21A guar
ant
eesby86t
hAmendmentAct
,2002asf
reeand
compul
sor
yeducat
ionwhi
chi
sver
yessent
ialel
ementi
nthedev
elopmentofi
ndi
vi
dualaswel
l
ast
heest
abl
i
shmentofegal
i
tar
iansoci
ety
.
Case:UnniKr
ishnanv
.St
ateofA.
P.Decl
aredt
hatr
ightt
oeducat
ionasf
undament
alr
ightf
or
chi
l
dreni
ntheagegr
oupof6-
14y
rs. Sor
ightt
oli
fei
ncl
udest
her
ightt
oeducat
ionas
compul
sor
y.
Case:Mohi
niJai
nv.St
.ofKar
nat
aka,popul
arl
yknownast Capi
he“ tat
ionFeecase”hel
dthat
r
ighteducat
ioni
saf
undament
alr
ightunderAr
t.21oft
heConst
it
uti
onwhi
chcan’
tbedeni
edt
o
aci
ti
zenbychar
ginghi
gherf
ee.I
tfl
owsdi
rect
lyf
rom r
ightt
oli
fe.Thedi
gni
tyofani
ndi
vi
dual
cannotbeassur
edunl
essi
tisaccompani
edbyt
her
ightt
oeducat
ion.
 Ar
restanddet
ent
ionofaj
udgmentdebt
or-war
rantor
deri
smust
.
 Ri
ght
sofar
bit
rar
yar
rest
edper
sons
1.Ri
ghtt
obei
nfor
medassoonasmaybegr
oundofar
rest
.
2.Ri
ghtt
oconsul
tandt
obedef
endbyal
awy
er
3.Ri
ghtt
obepr
oducedbef
oreaFi
rstcl
assMagi
str
atewi
thi
n24hr
s.
4.Nodet
ent
ionbey
ond24hour
sexceptbyor
deroft
heMagi
str
ate.
 Abuseofchi
l
dreni
nci
rcus
 Pr
isoner
’sr
ight
1.Ri
ghtt
ofr
eel
egal
aid
2.Ri
ghtagai
nstdel
ayedexecut
ion
3.Ri
ghtagai
nsti
nhumant
reat
ment
4.Ri
ghtagai
nstsol
i
tar
yconf
inement
,
5.Ri
ghtt
ospeedyt
ri
al
6.Ri
ghtagai
nsthandcuf
fi
ng
 Pol
i
ceat
roci
ti
esandcust
odi
aldeat
hcompensat
ion
 Ri
ghtt
oCompensat
ionf
orv
iol
ati
onofAr
t.
21andper
sonski
l
ledi
nfakeencount
er,medi
cal
negl
i
gence,
for
cibl
edemol
i
tionofbui
l
ding
 3.Ri
ghtagai
nstexpl
oit
ati
on(
Art
s.23-
24)
Pr
ohi
bit
ionoft
raf
fi
cinhumanbei
ngsandf
orcedl
abour
.Const
it
uti
oni
tsel
fonl
ypr
ohi
bit
s
t
raf
fi
cev
en i
n beggarand ot
hersi
mil
arf
ormsoff
orced l
abour& such cont
rav
ent
ion i
s
puni
shabl
e byl
aw.Howev
eraut
hor
izes St
atet
oimpose compul
sor
yser
vices f
orpubl
i
c
pur
poses,i
nthatcasest
ateshal
lnotmakeanydi
scr
imi
nat
ionongr
oundsofr
eli
gion,r
ace,
cast
eorcl
assoranyoft
hem.Boundedl
aboursy
stem hasal
sobeenabol
i
shedanddecl
ared
i
l
legal
,thi
sar
ti
clehasbeeni
ncl
udedi
ntheI
PC underSec.390whoev
eri
mpor
ts,expor
ts,
r
emov
es,buy
s,sel
l
sordi
sposesofanyper
sonasasl
aveoraccept
s,orr
ecei
vesordet
ains
agai
nsthi
swi
l
l.
Case:KahaosanThangkhuv
.Si
mir
ciShai
l
esi
nMani
purt
her
ewasav
il
lagei
nwhi
cht
her
ewas
acust
om ofof
fer
ingoneday
’sf
reel
abourt
othev
il
lageheadmast
er,t
hiscust
om washel
das
v
iol
ati
ve.
Case:At
maRam v
.St
.ofBi
har
.Pr
ohi
bit
ionofempl
oymentofchi
l
dreni
nfact
ori
eset
c.Thi
s
ar
ti
clepr
ovi
dest
hatnochi
l
dbel
owt
heageof14y
rs.shal
lbeempl
oyedt
owor
kinanyf
act
ory
ormi
neorengagedi
nanyot
herhazar
dousempl
oyment
.
Case:Sal
alHy
dro Pr
ojectv
.St
.ofJ.
K.hel
dthatempl
oymentofchi
l
dren ev
en i
nthe
const
ruct
ionwor
kbel
owt
heageof14y
rs.v
iol
atesAr
t.24.
4.Ri
ghtt
ofr
eedom ofr
eli
gionAr
ts.25-
28
Scope:Pr
eambl
edecl
aresI
ndi
aasasecul
arNat
iont
hisessent
ialchar
act
eri
sti
cfi
ndsst
rengt
h
t
hrought
hesear
ti
cl
es.I
tisademocr
ati
ccount
ryi
tdoesnotdi
scr
imi
nat
eanyr
eli
gionnotev
en
f
avouranyr
eli
gionso,
iti
sneut
ral
.Itl
eav
est
heper
sonr
egar
dingt
her
eli
giont
ohi
sownchoi
ce.
he42ndAmendmentAct
Byt ,1976,
thet
erm“
secul
ar”hasbeeni
nser
tedi
nthepr
eambl
e.Wher
e
ev
eryr
eli
gioni
str
eat
edequal
l
yandi
nIndi
anor
eli
gioni
srecogni
zedasSt
ater
ecogni
zed
r
eli
gion.Rel
i
gioni
samat
teroff
ait
handcodeofet
hical
rul
es.
Ar
t.
25:Best
owsorguar
ant
eest
oal
lper
sonsnotonl
ythef
reedom ofconsci
encebutal
so
gr
ant
sri
ghtt
opr
ofess,pr
act
ice&pr
opagat
eoft
hei
rchoi
ceorhi
sfai
thi
nrel
i
gionorr
ightt
o
per
for
mther
it
es,
rit
ual
set
c.oft
hatr
eli
gion.
Twochar
act
eri
sti
csar
e;
1.Fr
eedom ofconsci
ence,
2.Fr
eedom t
ofr
eel
ypr
ofess,
pract
iceandpr
opagat
erel
i
gion.
Ar
t.
26:(
a)ev
eryr
eli
giousdenomi
nat
ionoranysect
iont
her
eofshal
lhav
ether
ightt
oest
abl
i
sh
andmai
ntai
ninst
it
uti
onsf
orr
eli
giousandchar
it
abl
epur
poses,
(
b)Hasf
reedom ofr
ightt
omanagei
tsownaf
fai
rsi
nmat
ter
sofr
eli
gion,
(
c)Ri
ghtt
oownandacqui
rei
tsownpr
oper
ty&admi
nist
ert
hem.
Ar
t.
27:Fr
eedom ast
opay
mentoft
axesf
orpr
omot
ionofanypar
ti
cul
arr
eli
gioni
.e.exempt
ion
f
rom t
hel
evyoft
axbutnotf
rom t
hef
ees.
Ar
t.
28:
Prohi
bit
ionofr
eli
giousi
nst
ruct
ionsi
neducat
ional
inst
it
uti
ons.
Rest
ri
cti
onsonf
reedom ofr
eli
gion-
1.Thi
sri
ghti
ssubj
ect
edt
omanyr
est
ri
cti
onsl
i
ket
hepubl
i
cor
der
,mor
ali
tyandheal
thand
t
ranqui
l
ity
.
Case:BabaatCal
cut
tadi
edi
nJune1993,
hisdev
otesst
rongl
ybel
i
evedt
hathewoul
dbeal
i
ve,
and40day
shadbeenpassedt
hedeadbodydecay
ed.Thepol
i
ceent
eredt
heAshr
am
f
orci
bly&cr
emat
edt
hedeadbody
.
2.Regul
ati
ng economi
c,f
inanci
al& pol
i
ticalact
ivi
ti
es-Ar
t.
25 (
2)empower
sthe St
atet
o
r
egul
ateorr
est
ri
ctanyeconomi
c,f
inanci
al,pol
i
ticalorot
hersecul
aract
ivi
ti
eswhi
chmaybe
associ
atedwi
thr
eli
giouspr
act
ice.
3.Soci
alwel
far
eandr
efor
m-l
i
kemaki
ngt
hel
awopeni
ngt
hedoor
soft
het
empl
eforHar
ij
ans
i
nev
eryt
empl
eandappoi
nti
ngnon-
Brahmi
nsaspur
ohi
ts,af
tergi
vi
ngt
hem t
henecessar
y
t
rai
ningasPur
ohi
tset
c.
Case:Bi
j
oeEmmanuelv
.StofKer
al,
popul
arl
yknownasNat
ionalAnt
hem casehel
dthatno
per
soncanbecompel
l
edt
osi
ngt
heNat
ional
ant
hem,
“ifhehasgenui
neconst
it
uter
eli
gious
obj
ect
ion.
”
Case:Mohd.Hani
fQuer
eshiv
.St
.ofBi
har
.Thequest
ioni
nvol
vedwaswhet
hert
hepr
ohi
bit
ion
ofcowsl
aught
erv
iol
atedt
hef
reedom ofr
eli
gionofMohemmadans?Hel
dthatcowsl
aught
er
wasnotanessent
ial
par
toft
heMohemmadanr
eli
gion.
Case:Sast
riYagnapur
ushadj
iv.Mul
dasVai
shy
ahel
dthatGov
t.can’
tmakeanyr
ulesagai
nst
t
het
radi
ti
onal
procedur
eofwor
shi
pofdei
tybyt
hepuj
ari
s.
Case:Ar
unaRoyv
.UOISC hel
dthatsecul
ari
sm hasaposi
ti
vemeani
ng i
.e.dev
elopi
ng,
under
standi
ngs&r
espectt
owar
dsdi
ff
erentr
eli
gions.

 For
ceabl
yconv
ersi
oni
sal
sonotal
l
owed.
 Thewear
ingandcar
ryi
ngofKi
rpansbyt
heper
sonsofSi
khr
eli
gioni
sal
l
owedbut
,incaseof
car
ryi
ngmor
ethanoneshoul
dbel
i
censed.
Case:D.
A.V.
col
l
ege,Bhat
indav
.St
ateofPunj
ab.ThePunj
abUni
ver
sit
ypr
escr
ibedPunj
abii
n
Gur
unukhiscr
ipti
sthesol
eandexcl
usi
vemedi
um ofi
nst
ruct
ion.Ar
yaSamaj
i
sts,r
esi
dent
sof
Punj
abobj
ect
edt
hatt
hiscondi
ti
onaf
fect
edt
her
eri
ghtundert
heAr
t.30.
S.
C.hel
dthatAr
yaSamaj
i
swhoar
erel
i
gious&al
soal
i
ngui
sti
cmi
nor
it
ycannotbecompel
l
edt
o
l
ear
n“Gur
unukhiScr
ipt
”,andst
ruckdownt
her
ule.Punj
abUni
ver
sit
ycoul
dpr
escr
ibePunj
abas
a medi
um ofi
nst
ruct
ion,butnotas excl
usi
ve medi
um norcompelaf
fi
li
ated col
l
eges
admi
nist
eredbymi
nor
it
iest
oteachi
nPunj
abort
akeexami
nat
ionsi
nthel
anguagewi
th
Gur
unukhi
Scr
ipt
.
 5.Cul
tur
alandEducat
ional
Right
s(Mi
nor
it
ies)Ar
ts.29-
30
I
ntr
oduct
ion:Wher
ear
eli
giouscommuni
tyi
sthemi
nor
it
y,t
heConst
it
uti
ongoesf
urt
hert
o
enabl
eitt
opr
eser
vei
t’
scul
tur
e,l
anguage,
scr
iptandr
eli
giousi
nter
est
s.I
tguar
ant
eest
hem f
or
t
headmi
ssi
oni
ntoanyeducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onmai
ntai
nedbyt
heSt
ateorr
ecei
vi
ngai
doutof
St
atef
unds.
Ar
t.
29(
1)guar
ant
eest
oanysect
ionoft
heci
ti
zenr
esi
dingi
nthet
err
it
oryofI
ndi
aoranypar
t
hav
ingadi
sti
nctl
anguage,
scr
iptorcul
tur
eofi
tsownhast
her
ightt
opr
eser
veorconser
vei
t.
Ar
t.
29(
2)oft
heConst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
dest
hatnoci
ti
zenshal
lbedeni
edadmi
ssi
oni
ntoany
educat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onmai
ntai
nedbyt
heSt
ateorr
ecei
vi
ngai
doutofSt
atef
undsongr
ounds
onl
yofr
eli
gion,r
ace,cast
eorl
anguagewhi
chappl
i
esonl
ytoci
ti
zens(
iti
sacommonr
ight
gi
vent
omi
nor
it
ies,wher
easAr
t.
30gi
vesaspeci
alpr
ivi
l
egest
oal
lmi
nor
it
iest
oest
abl
i
sh&
admi
nist
ereducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
ons)
.Thesemi
nor
it
iesar
etobedet
ermi
nedonr
elat
iont
othe
popul
ati
onoft
heSt
ate.

Meani
ng-Al
i
ngui
sti
cmi
nor
it
yisonewhi
chmustatl
easthav
easepar
atespokenl
anguage.

Ar
t.
30(
1)al
lli
ngui
sti
cmi
nor
it
ieswhet
herbasedonr
eli
gionorl
anguagehav
eri oest
ghtt abl
i
sh,
r
egul
ate&admi
nist
ereducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
onsoft
hei
rchoi
ceandr
ightt
ochooset
hemedi
um
ofi
nst
ruct
ion,
cur
ri
cul
a,subj
ect
stobet
aughtet
c.butundert
her
egul
ator
ypower
soft
heSt
ate.

Ar
t.
30(
2)St
atenott
odi
scr
imi
nat
eagai
nstanymi
nor
it
yeducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
oni
nthemat
terof
gr
ant
-i
n-ai
dfr
om t
heSt
atef 44th amendmentActpr
unds( ovi
dest
hati
fanyoft
hepr
oper
tyof
mi
nor
it
yisacqui
redbySt
atet
hani
thast
ocompul
sor
il
ycompensat
eadequat
e)appl
i
est
o
ci
ti
zen&non-
cit
izen.
Obj
ect
:Incor
por
atedf
ort
heupl
i
ftmentofmi
nor
it
ies,pr
eser
ve,pr
otect
,&dev
elopt
hei
rown
l
anguage,
scr
iptorcul
tur
eofr
eli
giousorl
i
ngui
sti
cmi
nor
it
ies.
Case:D.
A.V.
col
l
ege,Bhat
indav
.St
ateofPunj
ab.ThePunj
abUni
ver
sit
ypr
escr
ibedPunj
abii
n
Gur
unukhiscr
ipti
sthesol
eandexcl
usi
vemedi
um ofi
nst
ruct
ion.Ar
yaSamaj
i
sts,r
esi
dent
sof
Punj
abobj
ect
edt
hatt
hiscondi
ti
onaf
fect
edt
her
eri
ghtundert
heAr
t.30.S.
C.hel
dthatAr
ya
Samaj
i
swhoar
erel
i
gious&al
soal
i
ngui
sti
cmi
nor
it
ycannotbecompel
l
edt
olear
n“Gur
unukhi
Scr
ipt
”,andst
ruckdownt
her
ule.Punj
abUni
ver
sit
ycoul
dpr
escr
ibePunj
abasamedi
um of
i
nst
ruct
ion,butnotas excl
usi
ve medi
um norcompelaf
fi
li
ated col
l
eges admi
nist
ered by
mi
nor
it
iest
oteachi
nPunj
abort
akeexami
nat
ionsi
nthel
anguagewi
thGur
unukhi
Scr
ipt
.
Case:A.
P.Chr
ist
ianMedi
calEducat
ionalSoci
etyv
.Gov
t.ofA.
P. Asoci
etyundert
heabov
e
namegotr
egi
ster
ed,est
abl
i
shedmedi
calcol
l
egeandadv
ert
isedi
nthenewspaperf
ort
he
admi
ssi
onofM.
B.B.
S.cour
se,wi
thoutobt
aini
ngpr
operper
missi
ons,r
ecogni
ti
on,af
fi
li
ati
on
f
rom t
heUni
ver
sit
yandSt
ateGov
t.I
tdi
dnotf
ulf
il
lthecondi
ti
onsundert
heA.
P.Educat
ionsAct
andOsmani
aUni
ver
sit
yAct
.S.
C.hel
dthatt
hepr
otect
ionofAr
t.30woul
dnotbeav
ail
abl
eto
suchi
nst
it
uti
on.Andopi
nedt
hatt
hei
nst
it
uti
onmust
,fi
rstobt
aint
heper
missi
on,
aff
il
iat
ionand
r
ecogni
ti
onf
rom t
heSat
eandUni
ver
sit
y,t
hant
akeadmi
ssi
onsoft
hest
udent
s.
Case:St
.St
ephen’
scol
l
egev
.Uni
ver
sit
yofDel
hi.St
.St
ephen’
scol
l
egesatDel
hi&Al
l
ahabad
Agr
icul
tur
alI
nst
it
uteatNaniar
etwopr
emi
ersandr
enownedi
nst
it
uti
ons.Gotaf
fi
li
atedand
ai
dededucat
ional
inst
it
uti
onsundermi
nor
it
yinst
it
uti
ons.Bot
hoft
hem gav
epr
ior
it
ytoChr
ist
ian
st
udent
spr
eser
ving50%oft
heseat
s.Butt
heVi
ceChancel
l
orofDel
hii
nter
venedandi
ssueda
ci
rcul
art
hatt
headmi
ssi
onsshal
lbemadeonmer
itbasesdependi
ngupont
hemar
ksobt
ained
byt
hest
udent
sint
heEnt
ranceTest
.Inst
it
uti
onsf
il
edWr
itPet
it
ionsU/
A32cont
endi
ngt
heyar
e
mi
nor
it
yinst
it
uti
onshasl
i
ber
tyt
ogi
veadmi
ssi
onst
oChr
ist
iansuponmer
is.SCadmi
t tt
edt
he
pet
it
iongav
ejudgmenti
nfav
ourofi
nst
it
uti
onsanddi
rect
edt
heVi
ce-
Chancel
l
ornott
oint
erf
ere.

6.Ri
ghtt
oConst
it
uti
onal
Remedi
es–Ar
t.32
I
ntr
oduct
ion:Themer
eincl
usi
onoft
hef
undament
alr
ight
sinConst
it
uti
oni
snotenough
because bound t
olose t
hei
rsi
gni
fi
cance,i
ftheyar
e notsaf
eguar
ded byConst
it
uti
onal
r
emedi
esormachi
ner
yfort
heenf
orcementofi
t.Hence,t
hef
ramer
shav
emadespeci
al
pr
ovi
si
onsunderAr
t.
32f
ort
heenf
orcementoff
undament
alr
i s.Ubij
ght usi
bir
emedi
um l
ati
n
maxi
m whi
chdenot
es‘
wher
ether
eisr
ightt
her
eisr
emedy
’.I
tisr
emedywhi
chmakest
her
ight
r
eal
,ift
her
eisnor
emedyt
hant
her
eisnor
ightatal
l
.Wr
it
shav
ebeenamongt
hegr
eat
saf
eguar
dswhi
chwer
epr
ovi
dedbyt
heBr
it
ishJudi
cialSy
stem f
ort
hepur
posesofuphol
ding
r
ight
sandl
i
ber
ti
esoft
hepeopl
e.I
thasbeencr
epedt
oIndi
athr
oughgr
eatwi
sdom and
f
oresi
ghtont
hepar
toft
heConst
it
uti
onmaker
s.

“
IfIwasaskedt
onameanypar
ti
cul
arAr
ti
clei
nthi
sconst
it
uti
onast
hemosti
mpor
tant
,an
Ar
ti
clewi
thoutwhi
cht
hisconst
it
uti
onwoul
dbeanul
l
ity
,Iwoul
dnotr
efert
oanyot
herAr
ti
cle
exceptAr
ti
cle21.I
tisv
erysouloft
heConst
it
uti
onandt
hev
eryhear
tofi
t”
-Ambedkar
.Meani
ng
ofWr
it
s:Awr
it
tenor
derorcommoni
ssuedbyaH.
C.orS.
C.underi
tssealt
oaper
sonor
aut
hor
it
yincl
udi
ngt
heGov
t.commandi
ngoror
der
ingt
ofor
bidf
rom v
iol
ati
ngorencr
oachi
ngan
actunderAr
t.32(
2).

Ar
t.
32(
1)guar
ant
eest
her
ightt
omov
etheSCby“
appr
opr
iat
epr
oceedi
ngs“
fort
heenf
orcement
oft
hef
undament
alr
ight
sconf
err
edunderPar
tII
I.

Ar
t.
32(
2)ev
enhaspowert
oissuedi
rect
ionsoror
der
sorwr
it
sint
henat
ureofhabeascor
pus,
mandamus,pr
ohi
bit
ion,quo-
war
rant
o & cer
ti
orar
i,whi
chev
ermaybe appr
opr
iat
efort
he
enf
orcement
.Ri
ghtofaccesst
otheSCunderAr
t.
32i
saFundament
alRi
ghti
tsel
f.Thesear
e
r
efer
redasPr
erogat
ivewr
it
s.Thus,S.
C.i
sconst
it
utedast
hepr
otect
orandguar
ant
orof
f
undament
alr
ight
sandnoquest
ionot
hert
hanr
elat
ingt
oaFRt
s.wi
l
lbedet
ermi
nedi
na
pr
oceedi
ngunderAr
t.32&[
Art
.32(
4)]cannotbesuspendedort
akenawayev
enbyamendi
ng
t
heconst
it
uti
on,becausei
tisabasi
cfeat
ure,exceptaspr
ovi
dedbyt
heConst
it
uti
on.I
t
pr
ovi
desaqui
ck,expedi
ti
ous,i
nexpensi
ve,guar
ant
eed&summar
yremedyf
rom l
egi
slat
iveand
execut
ivei
nter
fer
encef
orenf
orci
ngt
heFRt
s.becauseaper
soncangost
rai
ghtt
otheSupr
eme
Cour
twi
thouthav
ingt
ounder
got
hedi
l
ator
ypr
ocessofpr
oceedi
ngf
rom t
hel
owert
othehi
gher
Cour
tashehast
odoi
not
heror
dinar
yli
ti
gat
ion.I
tist
hedut
y&pr
ivi
l
egeofSupr
emeCour
tto
uphol
dther
ight
s.

Ar
t.
32(
3)Par
li
amentmaybyl
awempoweranyot
hercour
ttoexer
cisewi
thi
nthel
ocall
i
mit
sof
i
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
on.

Enf
orcementofFundament
alRi
ght
s:Thef
undament
alr
ight
sloset
hei
rval
ue,i
ftheyar
enot
saf
eguar
dedbyconst
it
uti
onalr
emedi
esagai
nstt
hei
rvi
olat
ion,wi
thav
iew t
opr
otectagai
nst
encr
oachmentorv
iol
ati
onbyt
heSt
ate,
ever
yci
ti
zenconf
err
edt
omov
etoH.
C(Ar
t.
226)orS.
C.
(
Art
.32)t
hroughwr
it
swhi
char
einPar
tII
I.

Obj
ect
iveofwr
it
s:Toensur
equi
ckerj
ust
ice&ear
lyr
eli
efwhoser
ight
sar
evi
olat
edandwho
woul
dsuf
feri
rr
epar
abl
y,i
fspeedyr
emedyi
snotmadeav
ail
abl
e.

Whocanappl
y?LocusSt
andi
-Thet
radi
ti
onalr
ulei
sthatt
her
ightt
omov
etoSC i
sonl
y
av
ail
abl
etot
hosewhoseFRt
s.i
sinf
ri
nged.SCcanexer
cisef
ort
heenf
orcementofi
tmustbe
cor
rel
atedt
oenf
orce.Ther
emedymustbesoughtt
hroughappr
opr
iat
epr
oceedi
ngs.Butoneof
t
heDy
nami
cAppr
oach–PI
Lie.‘
. publ
i
cspi
ri
tedci
ti
zen’f
ort
heenf
orcementofFRt
s.ofper
son
orgr
oupofper
sons,whobecauseoft
hei
rpov
ert
yorsoci
all
yoreconomi
cal
l
ydi
sadv
ant
aged
posi
ti
onori
l
li
ter
ateorunabl
etoappr
oacht
hecour
tforr
eli
ef,ev
ent
houghtl
ett
ersbyadet
enu
f
rom j
aili
ssuf
fi
ci
entt
ocour
tst
oexami
net
hel
egal
i
tyofdet
ent
ionandev
ennewspaper
mat
eri
alcanbei
ncl
uded.

Agai
nstwhom awr
itcanbei
ssued?I
nlar
gemostoft
heFRt
s.ar
eenf
orceabl
eagai
nstt
heSt
ate.
Ther
ear
efewr
ight
swhi
char
eav
ail
abl
eagai
nstpr
ivat
eper
sonssuchasAr
ti
cles.17,
21,
23and
24.
Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofWr
it
s:
1.Wr
itofHabeasCor
pus
2.Wr
itofMandamus
3.Wr
itofQuo-
War
rant
o
4.Wr
itofPr
ohi
bit
ion
5.Wr
itofCer
ti
orar
i
1.Wr
itofHabeasCor
pus:Means”hav
ethebody
”or“
producet
hebodybef
oret
hecour
t”.“
The
i
ncal
cul
abl
eval
ueofHabeascor
pusi
sthatenabl
i
ngt
hei
mmedi
atedet
ermi
nat
ionofr
ightoft
he
appel
l
ant
’sf
reedom”
.
Whencanbei
ssued?
Pr
ocedur
e:Ther
eisnoconf
li
ctofopi
nionst
hatnoper
sonshoul
dbedet
ainedi
l
legal
l
y.Ther
eis
aConst
it
uti
onalandst
atut
orypr
ocedur
etoar
restanddet
ainanyper
son,whocommi
tsi
l
legal
act
s.Sec.41ofCr
.P.
C.empower
sthepol
i
ceof
fi
cer
stoar
restanyper
sonwhocommi
tsan
of
fence.Sec.43ofCr
.P.
C.empower
sev
enor
dinar
yci
ti
zent
oar
restanyper
sonwhocommi
tsa
non-
bai
l
abl
eandcogni
zabl
eof
fence.Butt
heper
sonar
rest
edshoul
dbepr
oducedbef
oret
he
Magi
str
atewi
thi
n24hour
s(Sec.56Cr
.P.
C.+Ar
t.22oft
heConst
it
uti
on)
.
I
fanyper
sonar
rest
edordet
ainedorkeptunderunaut
hor
izeddet
ent
ion,
thef
ri
endsorr
elat
ives
oft
hatper
soncanappr
oacht
heH.
C.orS.
C.r
equest
ingt
oissue“
Wri
tofHabeascor
pus”
.
Case:Bhav
asagarv
.St
.ofA.
P.Bhav
asagarwasamer
chantar
rest
edbyt
hepol
i
ceP.
S.Sanj
eev
,
ReddyNagar
,on26-
9-1992.Hi
sfr
iendsf
iel
daHabeascor
puswr
itpet
it
ionbef
oret
heH.
C.of
A.
P.Thest
atecont
ent
edt
hatt
heydi
dnotar
resthi
m.So,H.
C.appoi
ntedacommi
ssi
oner
,who
r
epor
tedwi
thev
idencet
otheH.
C.t
hatt
hePol
i
cei
l
legal
l
yar
rest
edhi
m.H.
C.or
der
edt
orel
ease
Bhav
asagarf
rom pol
i
ce cust
ody and al
so or
der
ed St
ate Gov
ernmentt
o pay exempt
ory
damagesofRs.20,
000/
-ascompensat
ion.
Case:A.K.Gopal
anv
.St
.ofMadr
as.A.
K.Gopal
anwasacommuni
stl
eader
.Hewasdet
ained
undert
hePr
event
iveDet
ent
ionAct
,1950.Hechal
l
engedt
hev
ali
dit
yoft
hePr
event
iveDet
ent
ion
Actont
het
wogr
oundsar
e;
i
)Ar
t.19(
1)(
d)gi
veshi
mri
ghtt
ofr
eedom t
omov
efr
eel
ythr
oughoutt
het
err
it
oryofI
ndi
a,and
Ar
t.
19(
1)(
e)gi
vesr
ightt
ofr
eedom t
oresi
de&set
tl
einanypar
toft
het
err
it
oryofI
ndi
a.The
det
ent
ionr
est
rai
nedhi
mtout
il
izet
heser
ight
s.Hencet
hePr
event
iveDet
ent
ionActwasul
tr
a
v
irest
otheConst
it
uti
on.
i
i
.Fur
thergr
oundhecont
endedt
hatAr
t.21gav
ehi
mri
ghtt
oli
ve,whi
chwashi
nder
edbyt
he
Pr
event
iveDet
ent
ionAct
.Hepr
ayedt
heS.
C.t
oquasht
hesai
dActasv
oid.
Judgment
:TheSCr
eject
edhi
sar
gument
s&hel
dthathi
sdet
ent
ionwasmadeaccor
dingt
othe
l
aw.
Case:Suni
lBat
rav
.Del
hiAdmi
nist
rat
ion.I
thasbeenhel
dthatt
heWr
itofHabeasCor
puscan
bei
ssuednotonl
yforr
elat
ingaper
sonf
rom i
l
legaldet
ent
ionbutal
sof
orpr
otect
ingpr
isoner
s
f
rom i
nhumanandbar
bar
oust
reat
ment
.Thedy
nami
crol
eofj
udi
cialr
emedi
esi
mpor
tst
othe
habeascor
pusav
ersat
il
evi
tal
i
ty&oper
ati
onalut
il
it
yasbast
ionofl
i
ber
tyev
enwi
thi
njai
l
s.
Whenev
ert
her
ight
sofapr
isonerei
therundert
heConst
it
uti
onorunderot
herl
awsar
evi
olat
ed
t
hewr
itpoweroft
hecour
tcanr
unandshoul
drunt
orescue-Kr
ishnaI
yer
.
Whent
hewr
itofHabeascor
pusmayber
efused?
I
fthepr
isonerar
rest
edanddet
ainedaccor
dingt
othel
aw.
I
ftheper
soncal
l
eddet
ainedandr
eleasedf
rom t
hedet
ent
ion.
 Dur
ingt
heemer
gencyper
iod,i
faper
soni
sar
rest
edunderPr
event
iveDet
ent
ionAct
,such
maynotber
eleased.Ev
ent
henper
sonar
rest
ed&det
ainedshal
lenj
oyt
her
ightunderAr
t.21&
22oft
heConst
it
uti
on.Hemayappr
oacht
heHCorSCundert
heset
woar
ti
cles.

2.Wr
itofMandamus:The“
mandamus”means“
theor
der
”ofSuper
iorcour
tcommandi
ng
publ
i
caut
hor
it
yorper
sonorpubl
i
ccor
por
ati
onsorGov
t.t
odoornott
odo.
Whenwr
itofMandamuscanbei
ssued?
I
tcanbei
ssuedonl
ybyt
heSCorHCunderAr
ti
cl
e32orAr
ti
cle226
I
tisar
emedygi
veni
ntheConst
it
uti
on,
whenev
ert
her
eisi
nfr
ingementoft
heFRt
sconf
err
ed
underPar
tII
Ioft
heConst
it
uti
oni
nAr
ts.12-
35.
 Canbegr
ant
edagai
nstonl
ypubl
i
caut
hor
it
yorper
soncommandi
ngt
odoorf
orbeart
odo
somet
hingi
nthenat
ureofst
atut
orydut
yorpubl
i
cdut
ylegal
l
yimposedont
hem.
 Per
for
manceoft
hedut
yshoul
dbei
mper
ati
ve.
Case:Shar
ifAhmadv
.H.
T.A.Meer
ut.I
nthi
scase,t
her
espondentdi
dnotobl
i
get
heor
der
sof
t
heS.
C.f
ort
heenf
orcementoft
heor
der
soft
heTr
ibunal
.TheS.
C.gav
etheMandamus
or
der
ingt
her
espondentt
oobeyt
heor
der
soft
het
ri
bunal
.
I
tcanbei
ssuedagai
nstt
hepubl
i
caut
hor
it
ythatnegl
ect
edhi
sdut
yanddi
dunconst
it
uti
onal
act
s.
Case:Sal
esTaxOf
fi
cerv
.Kanhai
yal
al.S.
T.O.hadcol
l
ect
edt
het
axi
l
legal
l
yfr
om t
hepet
it
ioner
,
whoappr
oachedt
heS.
C.TheS.
C.i
ssuedt
heMandamusor
der
ingt
heS.
T.O.t
oref
undt
het
ax
i
l
legal
l
ycol
l
ect
edt
othepet
it
ioner
.
I
tcanbegr
ant
edi
ntheci
rcumst
ancessuchast
hepubl
i
caut
hor
it
yhasact
edagai
nstt
hel
aw
orhasexceedhi
sli
mit
soft
hepower
sorhasact
edmal
afi
deorhasnotappl
i
edhi
smi
ndor
abusedhi
sdi
scr
eti
onar
ypower
sorhasnott
akeni
ntoaccountofr
elev
antconsi
der
ati
onorhas
t
akeni
ntoaccountofi
rr
elev
antconsi
der
ati
on.
 Whent
heaut
hor
it
yhasf
ail
edt
odot
hest
atut
orydut
ytowar
dst
hepet
it
ionerandhehas
t
akenal
lther
easonabl
est
epst
ogett
her
emedyf
rom t
hepubl
i
caut
hor
it
y.
Whent
hewr
itofMandamuscannotbei
ssued?
 Thewr
itofMandamuscannotbei
ssuedagai
nstapr
ivat
eper
sonorpr
ivat
elymanaged
col
l
ege.
 Cannotbei
ssuedi
nthemat
ter
sofdi
scr
eti
onar
ypower
soft
hepubl
i
caut
hor
it
y.
 Shal
lnotl
i
einaci
vi
ll
iabi
l
ity
,whi
chshoul
d,besol
vedi
ntheci
vi
lcour
tsbyci
vi
lsui
ts.
 Cannotbei
ssueddi
rect
ingt
heSt
ateGov
t.t
oappoi
ntcommi
ssi
onofi
nqui
ryonanyi
ssue.
Appoi
nti
ngacommi
ssi
onofi
nqui
ryi
sadi
scr
eti
onar
ypoweroft
heGov
t.,whi
chcannotbe
compel
l
ed.

3.Wr
itofQuo-
War
rant
o:Whati
syouraut
hor
it
ytoshow t
othecour
tunderwhataut
hor
it
yhe
hol
dst
hatof
fi
ce.
Obj
ect
:Themai
nobj
ecti
stot
ermi
nat
eaper
sonf
rom t
heof
fi
cet
owhi
chhei
sunaut
hor
ized,
andnotent
it
ledt
ohol
dthatpost
.Byt
hiswr
it
,theappr
opr
iat
e,compet
entandaut
hor
ized
per
soni
spr
otect
edt
ohol
dpubl
i
cof
fi
ce,
forwhi
chhehasar
ight
.
Whencant
hewr
itofQuoWar
rant
obei
ssued?
 Theof
fi
cemustbeapubl
i
cof
fi
ce.
 Thatpubl
i
cof
fi
cemustbeani
ndependentandsubst
ant
ivechar
act
er.
 Thatpubl
i
cof
fi
cemustbest
atut
oryorConst
it
uti
onal
.
 Thi
swr
itmaybei
ssuedi
nrespectofof
fi
cesoft
heP.
M.,Chi
efMi
nist
er,Adv
ocat
eGener
al,
JudgeofH.
C.,
Presi
dentofZi
l
laPar
ishad,
andSpeakeroft
hePar
li
ament
,St
atel
egi
slat
ureor
Uni
ver
sit
yof
fi
ci
alset
c.
 Nol
ocusst
andi
isnecessar
y.I
tmayber
aisedasapubl
i
cint
erest
edl
i
tigat
ion(
PIL)
.
Whencannotbei
ssuedwr
itofQuo-
war
rant
o?
 Thi
swr
itcannotbei
ssuedi
nrespectofbusi
nessorf
ir
m.
 Ther
eseemsv
exat
ionsat
ti
tudef
rom t
hesi
deoft
hepet
it
ioner
.
 Wher
ether
eisasuf
fi
ci
entdel
ayont
hepar
toft
hepet
it
ioner&al
ter
nat
iver
emedyav
ail
abl
e.
I
tispur
elydependentupont
hedi
scr
eti
onoft
hecour
t.Thecour
taf
terconsi
der
ingt
hef
act
s&
ci
rcumst
ancesoft
hecase,i
fitbel
i
evest
hatt
her
ear
enogenui
negr
oundsont
hepar
toft
he
pet
it
ioner
,thent
hecour
tmayr
efuset
oissuet
hewr
it
.
Case:Jamal
purAr
yaSamajSabhav
.Dr
.D.Ram.I
nthi
scase,
theH.
C.r
efusedt
oissueawr
itof
quo-
war
rant
oagai
nstt
hemember
soft
hewor
kingcommi
tt
eeoft
heBi
harAr
yaSabha,whi
ch
wasapr
ivat
eassoci
ati
on.

4.Wr
itofPr
ohi
bit
ion:Awr
itofpr
ohi
bit
ioni
sanor
deri
ssuedbyahi
ghercour
ttoal
owercour
t
ort
oat
ri
bunalt
ost
oppr
oceedi
ngsi
napar
ti
cul
arcaseont
hegr
oundofov
erst
eppi
ngt
he
j
uri
sdi
cti
onorv
iol
ati
onoft
her
uleofnat
uralj
ust
iceorwi
thwhi
chi
twasnotl
egal
l
yvest
ed.And
i
ncl
udesspeci
alt
ri
bunal
s,commi
ssi
oner
,magi
str
atesandof
fi
cer
swhoexer
cisej
udi
cial
power
s
af
fect
ingt
her
ight
soft
heci
ti
zen&acti
nasummar
ywayori
nanewcour
sedi
ff
erentf
rom t
he
commonl
aw.Mai
nobj
ectt
ocompelt
hesubor
dinat
ecour
tst
oactwi
thi
nthel
i
mit
soft
hei
r
j
uri
sdi
cti
on.Whi
chi
sissuabl
ebef
oret
hepr
oceedi
ngsar
ecompl
eted.

5.Wr
itofCer
ti
orar
i:I
sanor
derf
ort
her
emov
alofasui
tfr
om i
nfer
iorcour
ttoasuper
iorcour
t
orbodyexer
cisi
ngj
udi
ci
alandquasi
-j
udi
cialf
unct
ionst
oremov
easui
tfr
om suchi
nfer
iorcour
t
wher
enotcompet
entt
odeal
wit
hthatmat
ter
,vi
olat
ionofpr
inci
pleofnat
ural
just
ice,
aner
rorof
l
awappar
entont
hef
aceofr
ecor
d.Andwher
ecasei
spendi
ng,
noty
etf
inal
l
ybeendi
sposedof
.
Themai
nobj
ecti
stoensur
espeedyj
ust
ice&al
sot
opr
eventani
nfer
iorcour
tnott
opr
oceed
f
urt
herwi
thcase,
whi
chi
snotcompet
entt
odeal
wit
hthesui
t.Thi
swr
iti
sissuedt
oquashi
nga
deci
sionwhathadal
readybeendeci
dedwhi
chl
i
esonj
udi
cial
bodi
es.

Ar
t.
33Rest
ri
cti
onsonFRt
s.ofmember
sofAr
medFor
ces
I
tisanexcept
iont
otheFRt
s.asconf
err
edbyPar
tII
Ioft
heConst
it
uti
on;
ther
ear
ecer
tai
nar
ms
oft
heExecut
ivewher
efr
eedom hast
obecont
rol
l
ed.Empower
sthePar
li
amentt
orest
ri
ctor
makel
awset
ti
ngoutt
hel
i
mit
swi
thi
nwhi
chFRt
s.woul
dbeav
ail
abl
etot
hesemember
sar
e;
a)Themember
soft
hear
medf
orces,
b)Thef
orceschar
gedwi
tht
hemai
ntenanceofpubl
i
cor
der
-pol
i
ce,
mil
i
tar
yfor
ce.
c)Theper
sonsempl
oyedi
nanybur
eauorot
heror
gani
zat
ionest
abl
i
shedbyt
heSt
atef
or
pur
posesofi
ntel
l
igence(
CBI
,vi
gil
ancecommi
ssi
ons)
d)Per
sonsempl
oyedi
nconnect
ionwi
tht
het
ele-
communi
cat
ionsy
stem setupf
orpur
posesof
anyf
orce,
bur
eauoror
gani
zat
ionl
i
kear
medf
orcesorCBI
.Theobj
ectoft
hisr
est
ri
cti
oni
sto
ensur
ethepr
operdi
schar
geoft
hei
rdut
iesandmai
ntenceofdi
sci
pli
neamongt
hem.Thi
s
can’
tbechal
l
enged.

Ar
t.
34Rest
ri
cti
onofFRt
s.whi
l
eMar
ti
alLawi
sinf
orcei
nanyar
ea
Cont
empl
atesasi
tuat
ionwher
emar
ti
all
awhasbeendecl
aredi
napar
ti
cul
arpar
toft
hecount
ry.
Dur
ingmar
ti
all
aw,anyi
l
legal
i
tiesar
ecommi
tt
edi
nther
est
orat
ionofor
der
;thePar
li
amenti
s
gi
vent
hepowert
opassanActofI
ndemni
ty.Thei
ndemni
tyv
ali
dat
esanysent
encepassed,
puni
shmenti
nfl
i
cted,f
orf
eit
ureor
der
edorot
heractdoneunderMar
ti
alLaw i
nsuchar
ea.I
t
of
fer
s t
omember
sofar
medf
orcesoft
hose(
civ
ilaut
hor
it
iesorpol
i
ce)connect
edwi
tht
he
mai
ntenceorr
est
orat
ionofor
dersuchcan’
tbechal
l
enged.
 CHAPTER2
Ar
ti
cles36-
51Di
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cy

I
ntr
oduct
ion:TheDPSPcont
ai nPar
nedi tIVoft
heConst
it
uti
onsetoutt
heai
msandobj
ect
ives
t
obet
akenupbyt
heSt
atesi
nthegov
ernanceoft
hecount
ry.Thi
snov
elf
eat
urei
sbor
rowed
f
rom t
heConst
it
uti
onofI
rel
and.Thei
deaofwel
far
eSt
ateenv
isagedbyourConst
it
uti
oncan
onl
ybeachi
evedi
ftheSt
atesEndeav
ourt
oimpl
ementt
hem wi
thahi
ghsenseofmor
aldut
y.At
onet
imeSt
atewasconcer
nedwi
thmai
ntenanceofl
aw andor
der
,pr
otect
ionofl
i
fe,l
i
ber
ty,
pr
oper
tybutnowt
opr
omot
ethepr
osper
it
yandwel
l
-bei
ngoft
hepeopl
e.
Char
act
eri
sti
csofDPSP:
1.Theyar
ethei
deal
s& obj
ect
iveswhi
ch t
hef
ramer
sto bei
mpl
ement
ed byt
hef
utur
e
gov
ernment
soft
hecount
ry.
2.Theyar
etheposi
ti
vedi
rect
ionsori
nst
ruct
ionst
obef
oll
owedf
orr
unni
ngt
hegov
ernment
s
f
ormaki
ngl
aws.
3.Ai
medatest
abl
i
shi
ngsoci
al&economi
cdemocr
acy
&bedr
ockoft
heWel
far
eSt
ate.
4.Ast
heyar
ethehi
ghi
deal
s,t
heycan’
tbei
mpl
ement
edatonest
rokeso,i
mpl
ement
edi
n
st
ages.
5.Ast
heyar
enotj
ust
if
iabl
ei.
e.notl
egal
l
yenf
orceabl
einCour
tsofl
aw.Thegov
ernmentcan’
t
becompel
l
edbyt
hecour
tst
oimpl
ementt
hem.
Obj
ect
ivesbehi
ndDPSP:Tosetoutt
hedi
rect
ionst
obei
mpl
ement
edbyt
heSt
atet
obr
ing
economi
cdemocr
acy
.Andsetst
andar
dsofachi
evement
sbef
oreLegi
slat
ure&t
heExecut
ive
bywhi
cht
hei
rsuccessorf
ail
urecanbej
udged.
DPSPar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
hreegr
oups:
A.Soci
alandEconomi
cChar
ter
,
B.Soci
alSecur
it
yChar
ter
,
C.Communi
tyWel
far
eChar
ter
.

A.Soci
alandEconomi
cChar
ter
:
1.Soci
alor
derbasedonj
ust
ice:Ar
ti
cle38(
1)pr
ovi
dest
hatSt
ateshal
lst
ri
vet
opr
omot
ewel
far
e
oft
hepeopl
ebysecur
ing&pr
otect
ingsoci
alor
deri
nwhi
chpol
i
tical
,soci
al,
economi
cal
-just
ice
r
eaf
fi
rmswhathasbeensai
dint
hepr
eambl
e.
44th AmendmentAct
,1978i
nser
tedt
omi
nimi
zei
nequal
i
tiesi
nincome,el
i
minat
esi
nequal
i
ties
i
nst
atus,
faci
l
iti
esandoppor
tuni
ti
esnotonl
ytoi
ndi
vi
dual
sbutt
othegr
oupsofpeopl
eresi
ding
i
ndi
ff
erentar
eaorengagedi
ndi
ff
erentv
ocat
ions.Thenew cl
auseai
msasequal
i
tyi
nal
l
spher
esofl
i
fe.I
twoul
denabl
etheSt
atet
ohav
eanat
ionalpol
i
cyonwagesandel
i
minat
e
i
nequal
i
tiesi
nvar
iousspher
esofl
i
fe.
2.Pr
inci
plesf
orsecur
ingeconomi
cjust
icebyt
heSt
ate:Ar
ti
cle39pr
ovi
desequalr
ightofmen
andwomen,di
str
ibut
ionofowner
shi
pandcont
rolofmat
eri
alr
esour
cesoft
hecommuni
tyt
o
t
hecommongood,
equal
payequal
wor
kformenandwomen.
Case:Randhi
rSi
nghv
.UOI
,topr
otectt
heheal
thandst
rengt
hofwor
ker
sandt
enderageof
chi
l
dren& t
oensur
ethatt
heyar
enotf
orcedbyeconomi
cnecessi
tyt
oent
erav
ocat
ions
unsui
tedt
othei
rageorst
rengt
h,f
reedom & di
gni
tyofchi
l
dhoodandy
out
har
epr
otect
ed
agai
nstexpl
oit
ati
on.
Case:M.
C.Meht
av.St
at N.42ndAmendmentAct
eofT. ,1976const
ruct
iver
oleoft
heSt
atewi
th
r
egar
dtochi
l
drenar
enotal
l
owedasi
tishazar
dousi
nmi
ningandconst
ruct
ionswor
k.Howev
er,
beempl
oyedi
nthepr
ocessofpacki
ngbuti
tshoul
dbedonei
nar
eaawayf
rom pl
aceof
manuf
act
uri
ng t
o av
oid exposur
eto acci
dent
s.Empl
oymentofchi
l
dren wi
thi
nthemat
ch
f
act
ori
esdi
rect
lyconnect
edwi
tht
hemanuf
act
uri
ngpr
ocessofmat
chesandf
ir
ewor
kscan’
tbe
al
l
owedasi
tishazar
dous.
Equalpay f
orequalwor
k:Though notFundament
alRi
ghtbuti
tis const
it
uti
onalgoal
enf
orcementt
hroughconst
it
uti
onalr
emedi
esunderAr
ti
cle32.I
tisequal
l
yappl
i
cabl
etodai
l
y
wagebasi
stoper
manentempl
oyeeswhoempl
oyedt
odot
hei
dent
ical
wor
k(Ar
ts.
14&16)
.

B.Soci
alSecur
it
yChar
ter
:
1.Par
ti
ci
pat
ionofwor
ker
sinmanagementofI
ndust
ri
esAr
ti
cle43-
Arequi
resSt
atet
otake
st
eps,bysui
tabl
elegi
sl
ati
ont
osecur
ethepar
ti
ci
pat
ionofwor
ker
sint
hemanagementof
est
abl
i
shment
sli
keTr
adeUni
on.
2.Ri
ghtt
owor
k,educat
ionandpubl
i
cassi
stancei
ncer
tai
ncasespubl
i
cassi
stancei
ncasesof
unempl
oyment
,ol
dage,
sickness,
disabl
edgr
oups&v
ulner
abl
egr
oupAr
ti
cle41
3.Justandhumancondi
ti
onsofwor
kar
edi
rect
edbyt
heSt
ate&mat
erni
tyr
eli
efAr
t.
42
4.Li
vi
ngwagef
orWor
ker
sSt
atet
osecur
ebysui
tabl
elegi
slat
ionoreconomi
cor
gani
zat
iont
o
al
lagr
icul
tur
al,i
ndust
ri
alwor
ker
s.Ensur
ingadecentst
andar
dofl
i
feandf
ullenj
oymentof
l
eisur
e,soci
alandcul
tur
aloppor
tuni
ti
es&pr
omot
ecot
tagei
ndust
ri
esonani
ndi
vi
dualorco-
oper
ati
onbasi
sinr
ural
areas(
nott
hemi
nimum)Ar
ti
cle43
5.Pr
ovi
sionf
orear
lychi
l
dhoodcar
eandeducat
iont
ochi
l
drenbel
owt
heageofsi
xyear
sAr
ti
cle
86thAmendmentAct
45- ,2002(
6to14y
ear
s)
6.Dut
ytor
aiset
hest
andar
dofl
i
vingandi
mpr
ovementofheal
th.Pr
ohi
bit
ioni
nexceptmedi
cal
pur
posesofi
ntoxi
cat
ingdr
inks&dr
ugsAr
t-
47
7.Pr
omot
ionofeducat
ional
andeconomi
cint
erestofweakersect
ionsAr
ti
cle46-SEBC
8.Equal
just
iceandf
reel
egal
aidt
oeconomi
cal
l
ybackwar
dcl
assesAr
ti
cle39-
Ai.
e.speedyt
ri
al.
C.Communi
tyWel
far
eChar
ter
:
1.Uni
for
m Ci
vi
lCode:
Art
icl
e44pr
ovi
desf
ort
hebot
hpr
otect
ionofoppr
essedandpr
omot
ionof
nat
ionaluni
tyandi
ntegr
it
yhel
dinSar
laMudgalv
.UOIundersect
ion125ofCr
.P.
C shecanget
t
hepr
otect
ion.Hi
nduhusbandconv
ert
sint
oMusl
i
msaf
termar
ri
ageandgoesf
ort
hesecond
mar
ri
agehel
dnotv
ali
daccor
dingt
osect
ion13oft
heHi
nduMar
ri
ageAct
.Mostt
hepr
obl
ems
r
elat
ingt
oitar
eduet
othenon-
regi
str
ati
onofmar
ri
age.Thebenef
it
soft
hisr
uli
ngar
eas
f
oll
ows;
 Fi
rstst
epal
lmar
ri
agesmustber
egi
ster
edUCCcompul
sor
ytopr
eventchi
l
dmar
ri
age,
 checkbi
gamy&pol
ygamy
,
 woment
oexer
ciset
hei
rri
ght
sundermar
ri
age-
mai
ntence-
cust
odyofchi
l
dren,
 wi
dowst
ocl
aimi
nher
it
ance,
 Det
erhusbandsf
rom deser
ti
ngt
hei
rwi
ves.
2.Pr
omot
ionofCo-
oper
ati
veSoci
eti
es:St
ateshal
lendeav
ourt
opr
omot
evol
unt
aryf
ormat
ion
democr
ati
ccont
rol
&pr
ofessi
onal
managementoft
heseunderAr
t.
43B.
3.Or
gani
sat
ionofagr
icul
tur
eandani
malhusbandr
y:Ar
t.48pr
eser
vingandi
mpr
ovi
ngt
he
br
eedsonmoder
nandsci
ent
if
icl
i
nesandpr
ohi
bit
ingt
hesl
aught
erofcowsandcal
ves.
4.Pr
otect
ionandi
mpr
ovementoff
orest
sandwi
l
dli
feAr
ti
cle48-
Athei
mpr
ovementand
saf
eguar
dthef
orest
s.
Case:M.
C.Meht
av.
UOIhel
dSt
ate&Cent
ralGov
ts.
,localbodi
est
otakeappr
opr
iat
est
epsf
or
t
hepr
event
ionandcont
rol
ofpol
l
uti
onofwat
er.
5.Pr
otect
ionofmonument
sandpl
acesandobj
ect
sofnat
ionali
mpor
tance&hi
stor
icalpl
aces
Ar
t.49
6.Separ
ati
onofJudi
ci
aryf
rom Execut
ive:Ar
ti
cle50-r
equi
rest
hest
atet
otakest
ept
osepar
ate
t
heJudi
ciar
yfr
om t
heExecut
ivei
nthepubl
i
cser
vicesoft
heSt
ate.Topr
omot
ether
uleof
t
hel
awwhi
chi
sver
yessent
ial
.
7.Pr
omot
ion ofI
nter
nat
ionalpeace and secur
it
y–Ar
ti
cle 51 set
tl
ementofi
nter
nat
ional
di
sput
est
hrough ar
bit
rat
ion.Pr
otect
ion ofHuman Ri
ght
sAct
,1993 I
n caseofabr
oad
Nat
ionalHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
onsandHumanRi
ght
sCour
tspr
eventv
iol
ati
onofsuch
r
ight
s.
8.Or
gani
zat
ionofVi
l
lagePanchay
atsAr
ti
cle40t
ohav
ethesel
f-
gov
ernmentwi
thsuchpower
s
andaut
hor
it
y.Theobj
ectoft
hispr
ovi
sioni
stoi
ntr
oducedemocr
acyatt
hegr
assr
oot
swi
th
t
hreet
ir
es-NagarPanchay
ats,Muni
cipalCounci
l
s&Muni
cipalcor
por
ati
onsaccor
dingt
o
popul
ati
on.
Rel
ati
onbet
weenFundament
alRi
ght
sandDPSP
1.Fundament
alr
ight
sar
ejust
ici
abl
e 1.DPSPar
enon-
just
ici
abl
e.
2.Enf
orceabl
ebyt
hecour
tsunderAr
t.32 2.Notenf
orceabl
e
 &cour
tsar
eboundt
odecl
areasv
oidanyl
aw
Thati
sinconsi
stentwi
tht
heF.
Rts.
3.Bot
har
esuppl
ement
ingoneanot
heranddescr
ibedas“
Consci
enceofourConst
it
uti
on”
.

2.
1Fundament
alDut
ies(
Art51-
A)
I
ntr
oduct
ion:Fundament
aldut
iesunderAr
t.51A(
Par
tIV)di
dnotf
orm par
toft
heconst
it
uti
on
asor
igi
nal
l
yadopt
ed.Fundament
aldut
ies,10i
nnumberwer
eincl
udedi he42nd
n1976byt
Amendmentand11thFundament
aldut
ywasi
ncl
udedbyt
heConst
it
uton86thAmendmentAct
i ,
2002.Thedut
iesar
eaddr
essedt
otheci
ti
zens.TheNat
ionexpect
sthem t
oper
for
m cer
tai
n
dut
iesasci
ti
zens.Theyar
enotspect
ator
sbutact
ualpar
ti
cipant
sinat
tai
nmentofNat
ional
Goal
s.Thesedut
ieshav
enol
egalsanct
ionat
tached.Theci
ti
zenmusti
ntr
ospect&endeav
our
t
oper
for
mthesedut
ies.Thesanct
ionshoul
dbesel
fimposed.Theycan’
tbeenf
orcedbya
Cour
tbuti
nsui
tabl
ecasespayduer
egar
dtot
hem.I
twi
l
luphol
dasv
ali
danyl
aw whi
ch
pr
ohi
bit
sanactwhi
chi
svi
olat
iveoft
hedut
ies.
Fundament
aldut
iesar
enotenf
orceabl
ebycour
ts,y
ett
heypr
ovi
deav
aluabl
egui
deandai
dto
i
nter
pret
ati
onoft
heConst
it
uti
on.
Fundament
aldut
iesar
e;
a.t
oabi
debyConst
it
uti
onandr
especti
tsi
dealandi
nst
it
uti
ons,
theNat
ionalFl
agandNat
ional
Ant
hem
b.t
ocher
ishandf
oll
owt
henobl
eideaswhi
chi
nspi
reournat
ionalst
ruggl
eforf
reedom
c.t
ouphol
dandpr
otectt
hesov
erei
gnt
y,uni
tyandi
ntegr
it
yofI
ndi
a
d.t
odef
endt
hecount
ryandr
endernat
ional
ser
vicewhencal
l
edupont
odoso
e.t
opr
omot
ehar
monyandt
hespr
it
eofcommonbr
other
hoodamongstal
lthepeopl
eofI
ndi
a
t
ranscendi
ng r
eli
gious,orsect
ionaldi
ver
sit
ies,t
orenouncepr
act
icesder
ogat
oryt
othe
di
gni
tyofwomen
f
.tov
alueandpr
eser
vet
her
ighther
it
ageofourcomposi
tecul
tur
e;
g.t
opr
otectandi
mpr
ovet
henat
uralenv
ironmenti
ncl
udi
ngf
orest
s,l
akes,r
iver
sandwi
l
dli
fe,
andt
ohav
ecompassi
onf
orl
i
vingcr
eat
ure;
h.t
odev
elopt
hesci
ent
if
ict
emper
,humani
sm andt
hespi
ri
tofi
nqui
ryandr
efor
m;
i
.tosaf
eguar
dpubl
i
cpr
oper
tyandt
oabj
urev
iol
ence;
j
.tost
ri
vet
owar
dsexcel
l
encei
nal
lspher
esofi
ndi
vi
dualandcol
l
ect
iveact
ivi
tysot
hatt
he
nat
ionconst
ant
lyr
isest
ohi
gherl
evel
sofendEndeav
ourandachi
evement
s.
k.t
heConst
it
uti 86th Amendment
on( )Act
,2002hasaddedanewcl
ause(
k)t
oAr
t51-
Awhi
ch
pr
ovi whoi
des“ spar
entorguar
diant
opr
ovi
deoppor
tuni
ti
esf
oreducat
iont
ohi
schi
l
doras
t
hecasebe,
war
dbet
weent
heageofsi
xandf
our
teeny
ear
s.”
Needsf
orf
undament
aldut
ies:Ri
ght
sanddut
iesar
ecor
rel
ati
ve.Thef
undament
aldut
iesar
e
t
her
efor
e,i
nt os
ended t er
veasconst
antr
emi
ndert
o ev
eryci
ti
zen t
hatwhi
l
ethe
const
it
uti
onspeci
fi
cal
l
yconf
err
edont
hem cer
tai
nfundament
alr
ight
s,i
tal
sor
equi
resci
ti
zent
o
obser
vecer
tai
nbasi
cnor
msofdemocr
ati
cconductanddemocr
ati
cbehav
iour
.Si
ncet
imet
o
def
endt
hecount
ryani
mmemor
ialt
heemphasi
sinI
ndi
anSoci
etyi
naccor
dancewi
tht
he
di
ctat
esoft
heanci
entscr
ipt
ureshasbeenont
hei
ndi
vi s“
dual
’ Kar
tav
ya”
,i.
e.per
for
manceof
one’
sdut
iest
owar
dssoci
ety
,thecount
ryandespeci
all
ytowar
dsone’
spar
ent
s.TheGi
taand
t
heRamay
anaenj
oinpeopl
etoper
for
mthei
rdut
ieswi
thoutcar
ingf
ort
hei
rri
ght
sor(
frui
ts)
.
Sour
ceoff
undament
aldut
ies:Noneoft
heConst
it
uti
onsofwest
erncount
ri
esspeci
fi
cal
l
y
pr
ovi
dedt
hedut
iesandobl
i
gat
ionsofci
ti
zen.Amongt
hedemocr
ati
cconst
it
uti
onsoft
he
wor
lds,
wef
indment
ionofcer
tai
ndut
iesoft
heci
ti
zeni
ntheJapaneseConst
it
uti
on.

Br
it
ain,
CanadaandAust
ral
i
ather
ight
sanddut
iesofci
ti
zenofar
egov
ernedl
argel
ybycommon
l
awandj
udi
cialdeci
si
on.TheAmer
icanConst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
desonl
yforf
undament
alr
ight
sand
doesnotr
efert
othedut
iesofci
ti
zen.I
tdoesnotmeant
hatt
hepeopl
eoft
hesecount
ri
es
behav
einani
rr
esponsi
blemanner
.Inal
lthesecount
ri
est
heci
ti
zenar
eimbuedwi
thahi
gh
sense ofpat
ri
oti
sm as a r
esul
tofeducat
ion and t
rai
ning i
nthe el
ement
arydut
ies and
obl
i
gat
ionsofci
ti
zenshi
p.Chi
nal
aysspeci
fi
cdut
ies-
ri
ghtt
owor
kwhi
chi
sguar
ant
eedandpai
d
accor
dancewi
thi
tsquant
it
yandqual
i
ty.Buti
nIndi
athi
sisani
mpor
tantomi
ssi
onev
ent
oday
becauseofpov
ert
ycur
se.Necessi
tyknowsnol
aw.

Enf
orcementofdut
ies:Thedut
iesi
ncor
por
atedi
ntheconst
it
uti he42ndAmendmentar
onbyt e
st
atut
orydut
iesandshal
lbeenf
orceabl
ebyl
aw.Par
li
amentbyt
hel
awwi
l
lpr
ovi
depenal
ti
est
o
bei
mposedf
orf
ail
uret
oful
fi
llt
hosedut
iesandobl
i
gat
ion.Fort
hepr
operenf
orcementof
dut
ies,i
tisnecessar
ythati
tshoul
dbeknownt
oal
lbysy
stemat
icandi
ntensi
veeducat
ionof
t
hepeopl
e,publ
i
cit
yormaki tpar
ngi toft
hesy
ll
abiandcur
ri
cul
um ofeducat
ion.Butmostof
peopl
ear
eil
l
iter
ateandnotpol
i
tical
l
yconsci
ousofwhatt
heyowet
osoci
etyandcount
ry.
 CHAPTER3
TheUni
onExecut
ive,
thePr
esi
dent
,Vi
ce-
Presi
dentandCounci
lOfMi
nist
ers
(
Uni
on)Ar
ti
cles52-
78&123
Par
li
ament
aryf
orm ofGov
ernment
:Indi
ahasadopt
edt
hissy
stem.Theessenceoft
hissy
stem
i
sthatt
heheadoft
heSt
atei
stheconst
it
uti
onal
headandt
her
eal
execut
ivepower
sar
evest
ed
i
ntheCounci
lofMi
nist
ers.ThePr
imeMi
nist
eri
stheheadofCounci
lofMi
nist
ersar
e
r
esponsi
blet
otheHouseofPeopl
e.Thought
heexecut
ivepoweri
svest
edi
nthePr
esi
dentbut
heexer
cisest
hispowerwi
tht
heai
dandadv
iceoft
heCounci
lofMi
nist
erswhoar
emember
sof
Legi
slat
ure,
elect
edbyt
hepeopl
e.
3.
1ThePr
esi
dent
Ar
ti
cle52:Ther
eshal
lbeaPr
esi
dentofI
ndi
awhoi
sheadoft
heSt
ate.Execut
ivepoweroft
he
Uni
onv
est
edi
nhi
m andexer
cisedi
naccor
dancewi
thconst
it
uti
onei
therdi
rect
lyorof
fi
cer
s
subor
dinat
etohi
m.‘
Execut
ivepower
’meansPar
li
amenthaspowert
omakel
awsandi
ncl
udes
t
heexer
ciseofr
ight
s,aut
hor
it
yandj
uri
sdi
cti
onasar
eexer
cisabl
ebyGov
ernmentbyv
irt
ueof
anyt
reat
yagr
eement
.Pr
esi
denti
sco-
ext
ensi
vewi
thl
egi
slat
ivepower
sofUni
on.
Ar
t.58Qual
i
ficat
ionsofPr
esi
dent
:
 Hemustbeci
ti
zen
 Hemusthav
ecompl
etedt
heageof35y
ear
s
 Hemustbequal
i
fiedf
orel
ect
ionasamemberoft
heHouseofPeopl
e
 Hemustnott
ohol
danyof
fi
ceofpr
ofi
tundert
heGov
ernmentofI
ndi
aort
heGov
t.ofany
St
ateorunderanyl
ocal
orot
heraut
hor
it
y
Condi
ti
onofPr
esi
dent
s’of
fi
ceAr
t.59-
Hecannotbememberofei
therofHouseofPar
li
ament
orofaHouseofLegi
slat
ureofanyst
ate,
ifsodeemedt
obev
acat
edonhi
sent
ryt
oof
fi
ce.
Emol
ument
sandal
l
owances:Hewi
l
lbepr
ovi
dedwi
thal
lemol
ument
sandal
l
owances&
el
ect
ed byan el
ect
oralcol
l
egewi
th secr
etbal
l
ot,anydoubt
s,di
sput
esar
isi
ng outofor
connect
ionwi
tht
heel
ect
ionofPr
esi
dentorVi
ce-
presi
dentshal
lbe‘
i
nqui
red’and‘
deci
ded’by
SCi
sfi
nal
.Bef
oreent
eri
nguponhi
sof
fi
ce-
aff
ir
mat
ioni
npr
esenceofChi
efJust
iceofI
ndi
aori
n
hi
sabsence,
seni
ormostJudgeofSC.
Ter
m ofof
fi
ceofPr
esi
denti
s5y
ear
s,ev
enaf
terexpi
ryofhi
ster
m cont
inueunt
ilsuccessor
ent
ersuponhi
sof
fi
cei
ncaseofr
esi
gnshoul
dbedonei
nwr
it
ingt
ovi
ce-
presi
dent
.El
i
gibl
efor
r
e-el
ect
ionanynumberoft
ermsi
ncaseofI
ndi
abuti
ncaseofUSonl
ytwi
ce.
Ar
ti
cle56speaksofr
emov
ali
ncaseofi
mpeachmenti
.e.v
iol
ati
onoft
heconst
it
uti
onwi
th
pr
ocedur
echar
gedmaybei
nit
iat
edbyei
therHouseofpar
li
amentar
esol
uti
onsi
gnedbynot
l
esst 4th oft
han1/ otalnumberofmember
sofHouse14day
sadv
ancenot
ice-
maj
ori
tyofnot
l
esst 3rd oft
han2/ het
otalmember
shi
pofHouset
hechar
gei
stheni
nvest
igat
ionbyt
heot
her
Housei
fpr
oved-
remov
ed.I
ffi
l
li
ngcasualv
acanci
esbef
oreexpi
rat
ionoft
het
ermi
ncaseof
deat
h,r
esi
gnat
ion addr
essedt
othev
ice-
presi
dentcanactaspr
esi
dent
,ifnov
ice-
presi
denti
s
av
ail
abl
ethanChi
efJust
iceofI
ndi
aort
heseni
ormostJudgeofSCav
ail
abl
ewi
l
lbei
nthel
i
ne
ofsuccessi
ont
odi
schar
gef
unct
ion.

Pr
ivi
l
egesofPr
esi
dent
:Ar
ti
cle361oft
heconst
it
uti
onguar
ant
eescer
tai
npr
ivi
l
egest
othe
Pr
esi
dent
,dur
inghi
ster
m ofof
fi
ce.Hei
sthef
ir
stci
ti
zenofI
ndi
aandhi
ghl
yrepr
esent
edi
nthe
count
ry.
 Nocr
imi
nal
proceedi
ngsshal
lbei
nst
it
utedagai
nsthi
m.
 Heshal
lnotbear
rest
edori
mpr
isonedbyanycour
t.
 Heshal
lnotbeanswer
abl
etoanycour
tfort
heexer
ciseandper
for
manceoft
hepower
sand
dut
iesofhi
sof
fi
ceorf
oranyactdoneorpur
por
ti
ngt
obedonebyhi
mint
heexer
ciseof
t
hosepower
sanddut
ies.
 Gener
all
ynoci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngsshal
lbeent
ert
ainedagai
nstt
hePr
esi
dent
.
Power
soft
hePr
esi
dent
:
a)Execut
ive power
s:The Const
it
uti
on has conf
err
ed ext
ensi
ve execut
ive power
s on t
he
Pr
esi
dent
.Theexecut
ivepoweroft
heUni
onofI
ndi
aisv
est
edi
nhi
m,hei
stheheadoft
he
I
ndi
anRepubl
i
c.Al
lexecut
ivef
unct
ionsar
eexecut
edi
nhi
sname,
aut
hent
icat
edi
nsuchmanner
asmaybepr
escr
ibedbyr
ulest
obemadebyt
hehi
m.Hehaspowert
oappoi
ntt
hePM,onhi
s
adv
iceot
herMi
nist
ersoft
heUni
on,JudgesofSC,HC,Gov
ernor
sofSt
ates,AG,Chai
rmanand
Member
soft
hePubl
i
cSer
viceCommi
ssi
on,
Member
sofFi
nancecommi
ssi
on,
speci
alof
fi
cer
s
ofSCs,
STs,
backwar
dcl
asseset
c.
b)Mi
l
itar
yPower
s:Supr
emeCommanderoft
heDef
enseFor
cesoft
hecount
ry,powert
o
decl
arewarandpeacebut‘
regul
atedbyl
aw’
.
c) Di
plomat
ic power
s: He sends and r
ecei
ves Ambassador
s,and ot
her di
plomat
ic
r
epr
esent
ati
ves.Al
ltr
eat
iesandi
nter
nat
ionalagr
eement
sar
enegot
iat
edandconcl
udedi
nhi
s
namet
houghr
ati
fi
cat
ionbyPar
li
ament
.
d)Legi
slat
ivepower
s:I
naccor
dancewi
tht
heai
dandadv
iceofCOM butr
eall
egi
slat
ivepower
s
ar
evest
edi
nPar
li
amentl
i
ke
i
. Or
dinancemaki
ngpower(
Art
.123)
i
i
.Regul
ati
onsf
orpeaceandgoodgov
ernmentofschedul
edar
eas(
Art
.243&244)
i
i
i.Ev
eryBi
l
lhast
ogethi
sassentt
obecomel
aw(
Art
.111)
i
v.Hecandi
ssol
vet
hehouseofpeopl
e(Ar
t.
85(
2)
v
. Can conv
eni
encej
ointsecessi
on ofbot
h housesand al
so t
heycan addr
ess& send
messagest
othosehouses(
Art
.86&87)
v
i.Nomoneycanbegr
ant
edunl
essr
ecommendat
ionbyPr
esi
dent(
Art
.112)
v
ii
.Moneybi
l
lst
obei
ntr
oducedwi
thhi
srecommendat
ion(
Art
.117
v
ii
i.
Bil
l
spassedbyst
atel
egi
slat
uremayber
eser
vedf
orhi
sconsi
der
ati
on.
i
x.Cer
tai
nst
atel
awsmustgetassentofPr
esi
dentt
obecomeef
fect
ive.
x.I
ntr
oduct
ionofbi
l
loni
nter
stat
etr
ader
elat
ionr
equi
reshi
spr
iorper
missi
on(
Art
.304)

e)Or
dinancemaki
ngpower(
Art
.123)
:Theor
dinancecanonl
ybei
ssuedwhenbot
hHousesof
t
hePar
li
amentar
enoti
nsessi
onandPr
esi
denti
ssat
isf
iedt
hatci
rcumst
ancesexi
stwhi
ch
r
enderi
tnecessar
yforhi
m cant
akei
mmedi
ateact
ion& hav
esamef
orceasanActof
Par
li
amenthas canbewi
thdr
awatanyt
imet
odealunf
oreseenorur
gentmat
ter
s.Ev
erysuch
or
dinanceshal
lbel
aidbef
orebot
hHousesofPar
li
amentandshal
lceaset
ooper
ateatt
he
expi
rat
ionof6weeksf
rom t
her
eassembl
yofPar
li
ament
.TheS.
C.,i
nsev
eralcaseshel
dthat
t
heor
dinancewoul
dbesubj
ect
edt
othet
estr
easonabl
enessandpubl
i
cint
erest
.Theyshoul
d
notbear
bit
rar
yandv
ague.
f
)TheJudi
cialpower(
Par
doni
ng powerAr
t.
72)empower
sto gr
antpar
donset
c,and t
o
suspend,
remi
torcommut
esent
encesofanyper
sonconv
ict
edl
i
ke:
i
)Inal
lcaseswher
ethepuni
shmentorsent
encei
sbycour
tmar
ti
al.
i
i
)Inal
lcaseswher
ethepuni
shmentorsent
encei
sforanof
fenceagai
nstanyl
awr
elat
ingt
oa
mat
tert
owhi
cht
heexecut
ivepoweroft
heuni
onext
ends.
i
i
i)I
nal
lcaseswher
ethesent
encesi
sacapi
talpuni
shment
.Tocor
rectpossi
blej
udi
cialer
ror
s,
nohumancanbef
reef
rom i
mper
fect
ion,exchangeofonet
hingf
oranot
herorsubst
it
uti
on
t
oanot
herl
i
ght
erchar
georr
educechar
gesorl
esserchar
gesort
empor
arysuspensi
onof
deat
hpuni
shmenti
ncaseofpr
egnancyofwomen.
g)PowerofPr
esi
denti
nemer
gency
:Tosaf
eguar
dthecount
ry,t
heyhadgi
venmor
epower
sto
t
heUni
onGov
ernmenti
nPar
t-
XVI
IIf
rom Ar
ti
cles352t
o360andt
hesepr
ovi
sionsar
ecal
l
ed
“
Emer
gencypr
ovi
si
ons”
.
i
.Nat
ional
emer
gency
-duet
owar
,ext
ernal
aggr
essi
onorar
medr
ebel
l
ion(
Art
.352)
i
i
.St
ateemer
gency-asi
tuat
ionar
isi
ngoutoff
ail
ureofConst
it
uti
onalMachi
ner
yinaSt
ate
(
Art
.356)
i
i
i.Fi
nanci
alemer
gency
-thef
inanci
alst
abi
l
ityofI
ndi
aist
hreat
ened(
Art
368)
Thepr
imar
yobj
ecti
stost
rengt
hent
hecount
rywi
thadequat
epower
stof
acet
hesi
tuat
ion,
andt
osav
ethecount
ryf
rom t
ir
epr
obl
ems.
3.
2ThePr
imeMi
nist
er
ThePM i
sheadoft
heCounci
lofMi
nist
ersheshal
lbeappoi
ntedbyPr
esi
dentunderAr
t.
75(
1),
wer
ePr
esi
dentmustr
est
ri
ctt
othel
eaderoft
hepar
tyi
nmaj
ori
tyi
nLokSabhaoraper
sonwho
wi
ntheconf
idenceoft
hemaj
ori
tyi
nthatHouseandt
heot
herMi
nist
ersshal
lbeappoi
ntedby
t
hePr
esi
dentont
headv
iceoft
hePr
imeMi
nist
er.Ashei
stheheadoft
heCOM i
fher
esi
gnsor
di
est
heot
herMi
nist
erscannotf
unct
ion.
Posi
ti
onoft
hePM:
Inapar
li
ament
arysy
stem ofGov
t.,
theP.
M.occupi
esauni
queposi
ti
on.
 Hei
smostpower
ful
funct
ionar
ywhocont
rol
sbot
hPar
li
amentandexecut
ive.
 Ashei
sheadofCounci
lofmi
nist
ershei
sheadoft
heGov
t.
 Hei
sleaderofr
uli
ngpar
tyorcoal
i
tionofpar
ti
es;
hei
sleaderoft
heLokSabha.
 Hei
sthechannel
ofcommut
ati
onsbet
weent
heCOM &t
hePr
esi
dent
.
 Ashei
sther
eal
Execut
iveHeadoft
heCount
ry,
hei
sal
sot
hel
eaderoft
heCount
ry.
Power
sandFunct
ionsofPM
1.TheP.
M.i
stheChi
efexecut
iveoft
heUni
onGov
t.
2.Hei
sal
sol
eaderofcounci
lofmi
nist
ersandheadofcabi
net
.Al
lmi
nist
ersar
eappoi
ntedby
Pr
esi
dent athi
srecommendat
ion&di
smi
ssedathi
sdesi
re.Heal
l
ocat
espor
tfol
i
osamong
t
heMi
nist
ers&canchanget
hei
rpor
tfol
i
oathi
swi
l
l.
3.Communi
cat
eal
ldeci
sionsofCOM t
oPr
esi
dent
.
4.Deci
dest
hedat
esofPar
li
ament
arysessi
ons&i
tspr
ogr
ammesi
nconsul
tat
ionwi
thSpeaker
.
5.Mai
ntai
nagoodr
appor
twi
thmember
sofr
uli
ngpar
ty.
6.Ashei
stheChai
rmanofPLANNI
NG COMMI
SION i
nst
rument
ali
nmaki
ngt
heeconomi
c
pl
ansandsuper
visest
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofpl
ans.
7.Chi
ef spokesman of t
he Gov
t.i
nfor
eign af
fai
rs.The di
plomat
s,del
egat
es,hi
gh
commi
ssi
oner
set
c.ar
eappoi
ntedbyt
hePr
esi
dentonhi
sadv
ice&her
epr
esent
stheNat
ion
i
nal
li
nter
nat
ional
conf
erencesandsummi
ts.

3.
3Uni
onLegi
slat
ureorUni
onPar
li
ament
I
ntr
oduct
ion:UnderAr
t.
79oft
heConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
a,t
heLegi
slat
ureoft
heUni
oni
scal
l
edt
he
Uni
onPar
li
ament
.ThePar
li
amentofI
ndi
aconsi
stsoft
hePr
esi
dent&t
he2housesi
.e.l
ower
houseorLokSabha&anot
heronei
supperhouseorRaj
yaSabha.Ev
ent
hought
hePr
esi
denti
s
apar
toft
heLegi
slat
urehedoesnotsi
tinPar
li
ament
,exceptf
ort
hepur
poseofdel
i
ver
inghi
s
openi
ngaddr
ess,
butaBi
l
lpassedbyt
hePar
li
amentcannotbecomel
awwi
thouthi
sassent
.
LokSabha
Composi
ti
onofLokSabha:530member
sdi
rect
lyel
ect
edf
rom t
err
it
ori
alconst
it
uenci
esi
nthe
St
ates&20member
sfr
om Uni
onTer
ri
tor
ies,Pr
esi
dentnomi
nat
e2member
stor
epr
esentt
he
Angl
o-I
ndi
anCommuni
tysomaxi
mum t
otal
str
engt
his552.
El
ect
ionofMember
soft
heLokSabha:
AmembermustbeCi
ti
zenofI
ndi
a,agenotl
esst
han25
y
rs.
,shoul
dnothol
danyof
fi
ceofpr
ofi
t,notundi
schar
gedasi
nsol
vent(
bankr
upt
),notdecl
ared
byacompet
entCour
ttobeofunsoundmi
nd,
nott
obedi
squal
i
fiedbyanyl
aw.Candi
dat
emay
cont
estf
rom anypar
li
ament
aryconst
it
uencyi
ntheel
ect
ion.
Ter
m ofof
fi
ce:
5yr
sfr
om dat
efi
xedf
ori
tsf
ir
stmeet
ing
Sessi
ons:ThePr
esi
dentt
osummoneachhouseofPar
li
ament
.Thei
nter
valbet
weent
wo
sessi
onsshoul
dn’
tbemor
ethan6mt
hs.i
.e.Par
li
amentmustmeetatl
eastt
wicei
nay
ear
.Ina
y
ear3sessi
onsar
ehel
dar
e;
1.BudgetSessi
on,
2.MonsoonSessi
on,
3.Wi
ntersessi
on.
Duet
onecessar
yoft
hesi
tuat
ionspeci
alsessi
onsmaybesummonedbyt
hePr
esi
dent
.
Speaker
:Ther
eshal
lbeaspeakert
opr
esi
deov
ert
heLokSabha.I
nhi
sabsenceDeput
y
Speakerdi
schar
gest
hef
unct
ions.Theyar
eel
ect
edbyt
hemember
soft
heLokSabhaf
rom
amongstt
hemsel
ves,
aft
eri
tsf
ir
stmeet
ing.
Raj
Sabha
TheRaj
yaSabhaort
heCounci
lofSt
atesi
stheupperHouseoft
hePar
li
amenti
sal
soknownas
t
heHouseofEl
der
s.
Composi
ti
onofRajSabha:250member
s,whom 12shal
lbenomi
nat
edbyPr
esi
dentf
rom
amongstper
sonshav
ingspeci
alknowl
edgeorpr
act
icalexper
iencei
nli
ter
atur
e,sci
ence,ar
t,
soci
alser
viceet
c.
El
ect
ionoft
heMember
s:I
nor
dert
obeel
i
gibl
ehemustbeci
ti
zen,notbel
esst
han30y
rs.
,not
t
ohol
dtheof
fi
cef
orpr
ofi
t,nott
obebankr
uptandshoul
dnotbei
nsol
ventet
c.
Ter
m ofof
fi
ce: Raj
yaSabhai
saper
manentHouse.I
tisnotsubj
ectofdi
ssol
uti
on.The
member
sar
eel
ect
edf
orper
iodof6y
rs,1/
3ret
ir
esev
ery2nd y
ear&samenumberi
sagai
nre-
el
ect
ed.

Compar
isonofLokSabhawi
thRaj
yaSabha
LokSabha Raj
yaSabha
1.LokSabhai
sthel
owerchamber
. 1.Raj
yaSabhai
supperchamberof
Uni
on.
2.Theposi
ti
onofLokSabhai
sst
rongandpopul
ar 2.Posi
ti
onofRaj
yai
sweak.
Chamberoft
heUni
onLegi
slat
ure.
3.TheComposi
ti
onofLokSabhamaychange 3.Composi
ti
onofRaj
yaSabha,
bei
ng
Radi
cal
l
yaf
tergener
alel
ect
ion. Per
manentHouse,
changesgr
adual
l
y
ev
ery2y
rs.

ThePower
sandFunct
ionsoft
heLokSabhawi
tht
hoseoft
heRaj
yaSabha
1.AMoneyBi
l
lcanbei
ntr
oducedonl
yint
heLokSabha.TheRaj
yaSabhahast
opassi
twi
thi
n
14day
soft
her
ecei
ptwi
thsomer
ecommendat
ions,buti
tmaybeaccept
edorr
eject
edby
t
hel
owerhouse.I
fBi
l
lhasnotbeenpassedbyUpperhousewi
thi
n14day
sisdeemedt
o
hav
ebeenpassedbybot
htheHouses.
2.TheSpeakeroft
heLokSabhahast
hepowert
odeci
dewhet
herabi
l
lisaMoneyBi
l
lornot
.
3.TheSpeakeroft
heLokSabhapr
esi
desov
ert
hej
ointSessi
onorsi
tt
ingoft
hebot
hthe
Houses.
4.TheLokSabhamaycar
ryi
t’
swi
l
linaj
ointsessi
onoft
het
woHousesbecauseofi
tsst
rengt
h.
5.TheCounci
lofMi
nist
ersi
scol
l
ect
ivel
yresponsi
blet
otheLokSabha.So,i
tsur
viv
esasl
ong
asi
tenj
oyst
heconf
idencei
fbutnotsoi
ncaseofRaj
yaSabha,
itcancauseembar
rassment
t
otheMi
nist
ry.
6.TheLokSabhadi
scussesv
otes&passest
hedemandsf
orgr
ant
soft
hev
ari
ousmi
nist
ri
es.
TheRaj
yaSabhamaydi
scusst
hedemandsf
orgr
ant
soft
hev
ari
ousmi
nist
ri
es,buti
tdoes
notv
ote&passt
hedemandsf
orgr
ant
s.

Funct
ionsoft
hePar
li
ament
ThePar
li
amenthasext
ensi
vepower
sandper
for
msanumberoff
unct
ionswi
tht
hehel
pof
v
ari
ousCommi
tt
ees,suchasPubl
i
cAccount
sCommi
tt
ee,Est
imat
eCommi
tt
ee,Commi
tt
eeof
Publ
i
cUnder
taki
ngs,
Busi
nessAdv
isor
yCommi
tt
eeet
c.
Funct
ionsoft
hePar
li
amentar
e:
1.Legi
slat
ivepower
s,
2.Const
it
uti
onalpower
s(UnderAr
t.368,
amendi
ngpowerbypar
li
amentwi
thappr
ovalofSt
ate
Legi
slat
ure.
3.Cont
rol
overt
heGov
t.(
Counci
lofmi
nist
ers)
,
4.Cont
rol
overpubl
i
cfi
nance(
powert
olev
yormodi
fyt
axes)
,
5.Admi
nist
rat
ive account
abi
l
ity(
quest
ions,di
scussi
ons on v
ari
ous mot
ions,commi
tt
ee’
s
scr
uti
ny)
6.Ot
herf
unct
ion:Par
li
amentexer
cisessuchasel
ect
ion& i
mpeachmentoft
hePr
esi
dent
,
r
emov
aloft
heS.
C.&H.
C.Judges,
cont
rol
l
er&audi
torgener
alChi
efEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
oner
,
 pr
esi
dingof
fi
ceroft
heLowerHouse(
Speaker
)et
c.
Par
li
ament
aryPr
ivi
l
eges:Ar
t.105oft
heconst
it
uti
onconf
ercer
tai
npr
ivi
l
egesont
hemember
s
oft
hePar
li
ament
,int
endedt
oensur
efr
eeat
mospher
efort
heef
fect
ivef
unct
ioni
ngoft
he
Par
li
ament
.
Pr
ivi
l
egesI
ndi
vi
dual
l
y:
1.Fr
eedom ofspeechwi
thi
nthepar
li
ament
.
2.Fr
eedom ofar
restonl
yincasesofci
vi
lnat
uredur
ingsessi
onbef
oreandaf
ter40day
sbut
doesnotappl
ytocr
imi
nalorpr
event
ivedet
ent
ioncases.Amemberofpar
li
amentcannotbe
ar
rest
edi
nsi
det
hepar
li
amentwi
thoutt
heper
missi
onoft
hespeaker
.
3.A memberofpar
li
amentcannotbe summoned t
o gi
ve ev
idence as a wi
tness,whi
l
e
par
li
amenti
sinsessi
on.
Pr
ivi
l
egesCol
l
ect
ivel
y:
4.Commi
tt
eeshav
ethePowert
osummonanyper
sont
ogi
veev
idenceandi
nfor
mat
ionort
o
pr
oducedocument
soranswerchar
geofbr
each,
cont
emptoft
heHouse.
5.Powert
opuni
shmember
sofpar
li
ament&out
sider
sforcont
emptorbr
eachofi
tspr
ivi
l
eges.
6.Ri
ghtt
oregul
atei
nter
nalpr
oceedi
ngsmeansnoexecut
iveorj
udi
cialaut
hor
it
yhast
her
ight
t
oint
erf
erei
nthei
nter
nal
aff
air
soft
hepar
li
ament
.
7.Ri
ghtt
oexcl
udet
hest
ranger
s.
3.
4Judi
ciar
yofI
ndi
a
I
ntr
oduct
ion:
Thej
udi
ci
arysy
stem ofI
ndi
aconsi
stsofdi
ff
erentaut
hor
it
iesatdi
ff
erentl
evel
s
pr
ovi
dedbyconst
it
uti
ont
heSCatt
hehi
ghest
,HCmi
ddl
e,subor
dinat
ecour
tsatt
hebot
tom.
Supr
emeCour
t
Const
it
uti
onofI
ndi
aempower
sthePar
li
amentt
odet
ermi
net
henumberofj
udgesoft
heSC
t
hroughl
aw&i
sappoi
ntedbyt
hePr
esi
dentaf
terconsul
tat
ionwi
thSCandHCj
udgesonewho
hasqual
i
fiedt
heci
ti
zenshi
p& ei
therj
uri
storhasbeenj
udgeofHC f
orper
iodof5y
rs.
or
adv
ocat
eofHCf
oratl
east10y
rs.wi
l
lhol
dof
fi
ceunt
ilheat
tai
nst
heageof65y
ear
s.Canbe
r
emov
edi
ncaseofanyi
mpeachment
.
Power
sandj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heSC
1.Or
igi
nal
Jur
isdi
cti
on:
Art
.32t
hepowert
ohearanddet
ermi
nedi
sput
eint
hef
ir
sti
nst
ance.
2.Appel
l
ateJur
isdi
cti
on:Meanst
hepowert
ohearcasesonappeall
i
keci
vi
lcasesofany
j
udgment
sunderAr
t.
134-
A,cr
imi
nalcases,speci
all
eav
etoappealagai
nstanyj
udgment
underAr
t.136
3.Adv
isor
yJur
isdi
cti
on:Onanyquest
ionofl
aw orf
actofpubl
i
cimpor
tance,Pr
esi
denthas
r
efer
redi
ttoSCopi
nion.
4.Rev
iewpoweroft
heSC:Meansr
evi
ewanyj
udgmentpr
onouncedbyi
t,i
fanydi
scov
erofnew
mat
terofi
mpor
tanceormi
stakeappar
entont
hef
aceofr
ecor
dorr
elev
antgr
ound.
5.Cour
tofr
ecor
ds:
Kepti
nper
pet
ual
memor
yandpr
esent
ati
onasev
idence.
6.Guar
dianoff
undament
alr
ight
sunderAr
t32.
7.Guar
dianofConst
it
uti
on:st
ri
kedownanyl
awmadebyl
egi
slat
ioni
fvi
olat
ethepr
ovi
sionsof
t
heConst
it
uti
on.

CHAPTER4
TheGov
ernor(
Stat
e)
4.
1Gov
ernor
:Ar
t.153sayt
her
eshal
lbet
heGov
ernorf
oreachst
ateandev
ensameper
son
canactt
heGov
ernorf
ort
woormor
est
ates.Hei
snotel
ect
edbutappoi
ntedbyt
hePr
esi
dent
whohascompl
eted35y
rs.andnotaMemberofPar
li
amentorSt
ateLegi
slat
ure.Ther
eisnobar
t
o sel
ectamong member
s ofl
egi
slat
ure,buti
fappoi
nted he ceases t
o be a Member
i
mmedi
atel
yuponsuchappoi
ntment
.Hehol
dst
heof
fi
ceatpl
easur
eofPr
esi
dentf
ort
heper
iod
of5y
rs.canber
emov
edort
ransf
err
edf
rom onest
atet
oanot
herst
ate.Hewi
l
lbegi
venal
lthe
emol
ument
s.
Posi
ti
onoft
heGov
ernor
:Hei
sConst
it
uti
onal&Execut
iveHeadoft
heSt
ateso,al
lexecut
ive
power
sar
evest
edwi
thhi
m andcar
ri
edi
nhi
sname.Buti
npr
act
icet
her
ealexecut
ivepowerof
t
hest
atel
i
eswi
thCOM headedbyt
heChi
efMi
nist
er.Soheact
saccor
dingadv
iceoft
hem who
ar
ecol
l
ect
ivel
yresponsi
blet
otheLegi
slat
iveAssembl
yoft
heSt
ate.
Power
sandf
unct
ionsoft
heGov
ernor
:
1.Execut
ivepower
s
2.Legi
slat
ivepower
s
3.Fi
nanci
alpower
s
4.Judi
cial
power
s
5.Di
scr
eti
onar
ypower
s
St
ateCounci
lofMi
nist
ers
Ar
t.163(
1)oft
heconst
it
uti
onsay
sCounci
lOfMi
nist
ersheadedbyt
heChi
efMi
nist
ert
oai
d
andadv
isest
heGov
ernori
nexer
ciseofhi
sfunct
ionsexcepti
nhi
sdi
scr
eti
on.Thel
eaderoft
he
maj
ori
typar
tyoramongt
hecoal
i
tionpar
ti
esappoi
ntsChi
efMi
nist
erbyt
heGov
ernor
.Ot
her
Mi
nist
ersi
ntheCOM ar
eappoi
ntedbyt
heGov
ernoronadv
iceoft
heChi
efMi
nist
er.COM hol
ds
of
fi
cedur
ingt
hepl
easur
eoft
heGov
ernor
.Theyar
ecol
l
ect
ivel
yresponsi
blet
otheLegi
slat
ive
Assembl
yoft
heSt
ate

4.
2TheChi
efMi
nist
er
Hei
stheheadoft
heCabi
netandCounci
lofMi
nist
ers.Buti
npr
act
ice,
hei
sther
eal
execut
ive
headoft
heSt
ate.Hei
sal
sot
heheadorLeaderoft
heLegi
slat
iveAssembl
y.
Power
sandFunct
ionsoft
heChi
efMi
nist
er:
a.Asheadoft
heCOM haspoweri
nmaki
ngMi
nist
ryandappoi
ntsMi
nist
ers&desi
gnat
ethem
asCabi
netMi
nist
ersorMi
nist
ersofSt
ateorDeput
yMi
nist
ersal
l
ocat
e,changet
hepor
tfol
i
os
andr
ecommendr
emov
ingt
hem.
b.Hepr
esi
desov
ert
hemeet
ingsoft
heCabi
net&t
akesmaj
orpol
i
cydeci
sionsofGov
t.
c.Heact
sast
hesol
echannelofcommuni
cat
ionbet
weent
heCounci
lofMi
nist
ersandt
he
Gov
ernor
.Andcommuni
cat
esal
ldeci
sionst
otheGov
ernor
.
d.Asl
eaderofLegi
sl
ati
veAssembl
yresponsi
blet
omai
ntai
nor
deranddi
sci
pli
ne.
e.Gov
ernormakesal
lmaj
orappoi
ntment
s,i
npr
act
ice,
aspert
headv
iceoft
heChi
efMi
nist
er.
4.
3St
ateLegi
slat
ure
Const
it
uti
oni
tsel
fpr
ovi
desf
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentoft
heSt
ateLegi
slat
ure.I
nmostoft
heSt
ates
ofI
ndi
aiti
sUni
camer
al,
meansconsi
stsofonl
yonehousecal
l
edt
heLegi
slat
iveAssembl
y.But
,
i
nfewst
atesl
i
keBi
har
,U.
P.,Mahar
asht
ra,J.
K.&Kar
nat
aka,t
heSt
ateLegi
slat
urei
sbi
camer
al,
i
.e.
,consi
stsoft
wohouses,
cal
l
edt
heLegi
slat
iveAssembl
yisal
so cal
l
edast
heLowerHouse
orVi
dhanSabhaandt
heLegi
slat
iveCounci
lisal
socal
l
edast
heUpperHouseorVi
dhan
Par
ishad.
Const
it
uti
onmaypr
ovi
def
ort
heabol
i
tionoft
heLegi
slat
iveCounci
li
nast
atewher
eitexi
stsas
wel
lasf
ort
hecr
eat
ionofLegi
slat
iveCounci
linast
atewher
ether
eisnoneatpr
esent
,bya
si
mpl
epr
ocedur
ewhi
chdoesnoti
nvol
veanamendmentt
otheConst
it
uti
on.Ther
esol
uti
on
needst
obepassedbyaspeci
almaj
ori
tyi
nLegi
slat
iveassembl
yi. 3rdmaj
e.2/ ori
ty.

St
ateJudi
ciar
y(H.
C)
St
andsi
nthemi
ddl
eofhi
erar
chyofj
udi
ciar
yandi
sthehi
ghestCour
tatt
heSt
atel
evel
subor
dinat
etot
heapexCour
tbut
,hasf
ullaut
hor
it
yorcont
rolov
ert
hesubor
dinat
ecour
tsi
n
t
heSt
ate.I
tneedst
obeest
abl
i
shedi
neachSt
atebut
,howev
ert
hePar
li
amenthast
hepowert
o
est
abl
i
shacommonH.
C.f
ort
woormor
eSt
ates.Ev
eryJudgeofaH.
C.i
sappoi
ntedbyt
he
Pr
esi
dentbutwi
thconsul
tat
ionofChi
efJust
ice,t
heGov
ernoroft
heSt
ate&al
sot
heChi
ef
Just
iceoft
heH.
C.Tobet
heJudgeofH.
C.hemusthav
ecer
tai
nqual
i
ficat
ionsl
i
keci
ti
zen,not
bei
ngov
er62y
rs,
hel
djudi
cialof
fi
ceatl
eastf
or10y
rs.orbeenanadv
ocat
eofH.
C.atl
eastf
or
10y
rs.Hecanber
emov
edonl
yincaseoft
hei
mpeachmentorat
tai
ningt
heageof62y
rs.

Power
sandJur
isdi
cti
onofHi
ghCour
t:
1.Ter
ri
tor
ialJur
isdi
cti
on:Exceptwher
ePar
li
amentest
abl
i
shesacommonH.
C.f
ort
woor
mor
eSt
atesorext
endst
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heH.
C.t
oUni
onTer
ri
tor
ytheJur
isdi
cti
onoft
he
H.
C.OfaSt
atei
sCo-
ter
minuswi
tht
err
it
ori
all
i
mit
soft
hatSt
ate.
2.Or
igi
nalJur
isdi
cti
on:H.
C.hasno or
igi
nalJur
isdi
cti
on i
n cr
imi
nalcases.Thei
ror
igi
nal
Jur
isdi
cti
oni
nci
vi
lcasesi
stoomi
nimum.Howev
er,underAr
t.226empower
edt
oissue
wr
it
sint
henat
ureofHabeasCor
pus,Mandamus,Pr
ohi
bit
ion,and Cer
ti
orar
i& Quo -
War
rant
ofort
heenf
orcementoff
undament
alr
ight
sorf
oranyot
herspeci
fi
edpur
poses.
3.Appel
l
atej
uri
sdi
cti
on:AHi
ghCour
tisessent
ial
l
yaCour
tofappeal
.So,i
thasappel
l
ate
j
uri
sdi
cti
on.Thatmeansappeal
scanbemadet
otheHi
ghCour
tagai
nstt
hej
udgement
sof
subor
dinat
eCour
tsi
ntheSt
ate.
4.Admi
nist
rat
ivecont
rolov
erSubor
dinat
ecour
t:H.
C.i
stheheadoft
heJudi
ciar
yint
heSt
ate.
So,i
thasadmi
nist
rat
ivecont
rolov
erSubor
dinat
ecour
tsi
ntheSt
ate.Theadmi
nist
rat
ive
Cont
roloft
heHi
ghCour
tov
ert
heDi
str
ictCour
tsandt
heot
herLowerCour
tsi
sful
l
,int
he
senset
hatt
hepost
ings,pr
omot
ions,gr
antofl
eav
eet
c.,t
oanyper
sonbel
ongi
ngt
othe
j
udi
cialser
viceofast
ateandhol
dingofanypostofi
nfer
iort
othepostofadi
str
ictJudgei
s
v
est
edi
ntheHi
ghCour
t.
5.Cour
tofRecor
ds:I
tisacour
tofr
ecor
ds.So,t
hepr
oceedi
ngs,act
s&deci
sionsoft
heH.
C.
ar
ekepti
nrecor
ds&t
hoser
ecor
dscanbeusedasev
idencesi
.e.
,aspr
ecedent
s.Fur
ther
,
canpuni
shaper
sonf
ori
t’
sCont
empt
.
6.I
nter
pret
ati
onoft
heConst
it
uti
on:H.
C.deal
swi
thcasesofi
nter
pret
ati
onofconst
it
uti
onbut
t
hesear
enott
reat
edast
hef
inal
.Thef
inal
power
sar
ewi
thS.
C.
7.PowerofSuper
int
endence:UnderAr
t.227ev
eryH.
C.haspowerofsuper
int
endenceov
eral
l
Cour
tsandTr
ibunal
sthr
oughoutt
het
err
it
ori
esi
nrel
ati
ont
owhi
chi
texer
cisesj
uri
sdi
cti
on,
cov
ersbot
hadmi
nist
rat
iveaswel
lasj
udi
cial
.Thi
sisnotev
engi
vent
otheS.
C.

CHAPTER5
Const
it
uti
onal
Prov
isi
onsf
orSchedul
edCast
es&Tr
ibes,
Backwar
dCl
asses,
Women&Chi
l
dren
I
nkeepi
ngwi
tht
heobj
ect
iveofsecur
ingsoci
alandeconomi
cjust
icet
oal
l
,andest
abl
i
shi
ng
economi
cdemocr
acyi
nthecount
ry,
Const
it
uti
onpr
ovi
dedcer
tai
nspeci
alpr
ovi
sionsf
orcer
tai
n
cl
assesofper
sonsl
i
keSCs,STs,backwar
dcl
assesofper
sons,mi
nor
it
ies,women,chi
l
drent
o
hel
pthem t
ocomeupt
othel
evel
oft
hegener
albodyofci
ti
zens.
5.
1Speci
alpr
ovi
sionsf
orSCs&STs:Ar
t.366(
24)
(25)def
inest
hesecl
asses,l
i
ter
all
y,
speaki
ngSCsordepr
essedcl
assesar
ethosecl
asseswhobel
ongt
olowcast
es&whoar
eal
so
t
reat
edasunt esor dal
ouchabl i
tbecauseoft
hei
rbel
ongi oSudr
ngt aSegmentoft
heHi
ndu
Soci
ety
.Becauseoft
hisr
easonsPr
esi
denthast
hepowert
odecl
arewi
thr
espectt
oanySt
ate
orUni
onTer
ri
tor
ythecast
es,r
acesort
ri
besorpar
tsofgr
oupswi
thi
nthecast
es,asSCsi
n
r
elat
iont
oSt
ateorUni
ont
olef
tthem upi
nsoci
ety
.
TheSpeci
alpr
ovi
sionst
oSCs&STsbyConst
it
uti
on:
a)Reser
vat
ioni
nLegi
slat
ures:Ar
ts.
330&332or
dai
ns(
commands)acer
tai
nnumberofseat
s
shal
lber
eser
vedi
nthebot
hhousesshal
lbepr
opor
ti
ont
othei
rpopul
ati
oni
ntheSt
ateor
Ter
ri
tor
y.79seat
sforSCs&40seat
sforSTsi
nLokSabha.
b)Exempt
ionf
rom t
hegener
albanagai
nstdi
scr
imi
nat
ion:Ar
t.
15(
4)adv
ancementoft
hesear
e
exempt
edf
rom gener
albanagai
nstdi
scr
imi
nat
ionongr
oundsofr
ace,cast
e,i
fspeci
al
pr
ovi
si
onsar
emadebyt
heSt
atei
nfav
oroft
hesemember
sthanot
herci
ti
zencan’
tquest
ion
t
hev
ali
dit
yofsuchongr
oundofdi
scr
imi
nat
oryagai
nstt
hem.
c)Speci
alRest
ri
cti
onsont
heal
i
enat
ionofpr
oper
ty:(
i.
e.di
sposeof
f)ar
enotent
it
ledt
oal
i
enat
e
pr
oper
tyexceptwi
thconcur
renceoft
hespeci
fi
edadmi
nist
rat
iveaut
hor
it
yorexceptunder
speci
fi
edcondi
ti
onsAr
t.19(
5).
d)Speci
alConsi
der
ati
oni
nser
vice:Shoul
dbet
akenwi
thoutsacr
if
ici
ngt
he ef
fi
ciencyof
admi
nist
rat
ion.Whi
l
emaki
ngappoi
ntment
stopubl
i
cser
viceandi
ntheUni
onSt
ateGov
ts.
 Shoul
datl
eastsat
isf
ythemi
nimum educat
ion&ot
herqual
i
ficat
ions pr
escr
ibedf
or
v
ari
ous post
s
 Accor
dingt
othenewpol
i
cyoft
heGov
t.SCs-
recr
uit
menthasbeenf
ixed@15%f
oral
l
I
ndi
aSer
vicesonopencompet
it
ion&16.
8%-
fordi
rectr
ecr
uit
ment
s,STsf
ixed@ 7.
5%
 Themaxi
mum agel
i
mitpr
escr
ibedf
ort
hei
rappoi
ntmenthasbeenr
elaxed,
rai
singt
he
age l
i
mitt
o5y
rs.abov
ethemaxi
mum pr
escr
ibedf
orot
her
s.
e)Speci
alconsi
der
ati
onf
orf
il
li
ngbypr
omot
ionv
acanci
esr
eser
ved:Aspernew pr
ovi
sion
addedt
oAr
t.
335by81stConst
it
uti
onAct
.2000,r
educi
ngt
hest
andar
dsofev
aluat
ionand
l
ower
ingt
her
equi
rement
sofmi
nimum mar
ksi
nanyexami
nat
ionf
orf
il
li
ngbypr
omot
ion
v
acanci
esr
eser
vedf
orS.
C.&S.
T.
f
)Reser
vat
ionofseat
sineducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
ons:Const
it
uti
oni
tsel
fhas pr
ovi
dedf
ort
hese
gr
oupst
oupl
i
ft.
g)Speci
alpr
ovi
sionsf
ort
headmi
nist
rat
ionofar
easi
nhabi
tedbySTs
h)Gr
ant
s-i
n-ai
dtoSt
ates:
Financi
alai
dfori
mpl
ement
ati
onofwel
far
e schemesbyt
heUni
on
t
omeett
hecost
s&r
aisi
ngt
hel
evel
ofadmi
nist
rat
ionoft
heschedul
edar
easi
naSt
ate.
i
)Pr
ovi
sionf
orf
ell
owshi
ps,
schol
arshi
pset
c.-Pr
ovi
sionf
orgi
vi
ng,
annual
l
yfel
l
owshi
pset
c.,
to
 t
hest
udent
sbySt
ates&Uni
on.
j
)Mi
nist
eri
nchar
geofTr
ibalwel
far
e:Separ
ateMi
nist
ersf
orl
ookaf
terwel
far
eoft
hesepeopl
e
f
oreachst
ate.
k)Speci
alof
fi
cert
oinv
est
igat
e:Ar
t.
338Pr
esi
dentofI
ndi
aisempower
edt
oappoi
ntaspeci
al
of
fi
cert
oinv
est
igat
eint
o al
lmat
ter
srel
ated t
o saf
eguar
ds pr
ovi
ded f
ort
hem i
nthe
Const
it
uti
on.
l
)Gener
alDi
rect
ives:AsperAr
t.46Gov
t.shoul
dpr
omot
ewi
thspeci
alcar
etoeducat
ionaland
economi
cint
erest
sfr
om soci
ali
njust
ice,
all
for
msofexpl
oit
ati
on.
m)Nat
ionalCommi
ssi
onf
orSCs&STs:Ar
t.338Ahasbeeni
nser
tedby87th Amendment
Act
,2003.
Twocommi
ssi
ons1.
SCs2.
STs
Composi
ti
on:
Chai
rper
son,
vice-
chai
rper
son,
3ot
hermember
sforeachoft
hesecommi
ssi
ons.

Dut
iesoft
hesecommi
ssi
ons:
 Commi
ssi
onshav
ebeenassi
gnedwi
thi
nvest
igat
ion,moni
toral
lmat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
o
saf
eguar
dspr
ovi
dedunderConst
it
uti
on&v
ari
ousact
stoSCs&STs.
 Toi
nqui
rei
ntospeci
fi
ccompl
aint
swi
thr
espectt
odepr
ivat
ionofr
ight
s
 Topar
ti
ci
pat
eandadv
iseonpl
anni
ngpr
ocessofsoci
o-economi
cdev
elopment
 Pr
esentt
othePr
esi
dentanannual
repor
tregar
dingwor
king
 Makesuchr
ecommendat
ionsast
othemeasur
est
hatshoul
dbet
akenbyt
heUni
onor
anySt
atef
orsaf
eguar
ds
 Under
takeanyf
unct
ionordut
yaspert
hedi
rect
ionofPr
esi
dent
.

5.
2Speci
alpr
ovi
sionsf
orbackwar
dcl
asses
Onewhof
ormsaspeci
fi
ccat
egor
yofsoci
all
ydepr
essedpeopl
e,t
heConst
it
uti
onhasmade
separ
atepr
ovi
si
onsf
ort
heamel
i
orat
ion(
impr
ovement
)andadv
ancementofal
l“backwar
d
cl
asses”i
ngener
al.ButUni
on&St
ateGov
t’st
ospeci
fycl
asseswhi
char
etober
egar
dedas
backwar
dcl
asses.Ar
t.15(
4)env
isagedt
hatmustbebot
hsoci
all
yandeducat
ional
l
ybackwar
d
(
SEBC)notmer
elyanyoneoft
hem (
notpov
ert
ywhi
chi
sfoundi
nev
eryar
eaofI
ndi
a).
Speci
alpr
ovi
sionsbyt
heConst
it
uti
ont
oSEBC:
a)Speci
alpr
ovi
si
onsf
oradv
ancement
-asperAr
t.
15(
4)
b)Reser
vat
ionf
orappoi
ntment
s-Ar
t.
16(
4)empower
stheGov
ts.Tomakel
awsf
orr
eser
vat
ion
notexceedi
ng50%.
 Cent
ral
Gov
t.hasr
eser
ved27%seat
sinal
lrecr
uit
ment
sforbackwar
dcl
asses.
c)Est
abl
i
shmentofBackwar
dCl
assesCommi
ssi
on:Ar
t.340(
1)ofConst
it
uti
onempower
sthe
Pr
esi
dentt
oappoi
ntcommi
ssi
ont
oinv
est
igat
eandt
oremov
eoft
hei
rdi
ff
icul
ti
es.
 ThePr
esi
dentshal
lcauset
opl
acebef
oret
heHousesofPar
li
amentt
hecopyofr
epor
tof
 commi
ssi
onal
ongwi
thamemor
andum expl
aini
ngt
heact
ionpr
oposedt
obet
aken.
I
n1953,
theGov
t.appoi
ntedcommi
tt
eeunderchai
rmanshi
pofKakaSahebKal
ekar
.
 ThesecondBackwar
dcl
assescommi
ssi
oner
,Mr
.B.
P.Mandalappoi
ntedi
n1978submi
tt
ed
r
epor
tin1980-
3743cast
eswi
th27%r
eser
vat
ion–Mandal
case.

5.
3Speci
alr
ight
sorpr
ovi
sionsf
orwomen:
a)Ar
t.
14guar
ant
eest
oal
lequal
i
tybef
oret
hel
aworequal
prot
ect
ionofl
aw
b)Ar
t.
15(
1)di
rect
sthatt
heSt
ateshal
lnotdi
scr
imi
nat
eagai
nstaci
ti
zenongr
oundsonl
yof
r
eli
gion,
race,
cast
e,sexorpl
aceofbi
rt
horanyoneoft
hem
c)Ar
t.
15(
3)gi
vespowert
otheSt
atet
omakeanyspeci
alpr
ovi
sionf
orwomenandchi
l
dren
d)Ar
t.
16 (
2)di
rect
sthe St
ate nott
o di
scr
imi
nat
e on gr
ounds onl
yAr
t.
15 butpr
ovi
des
oppor
tuni
tyi
nempl
oymentorappoi
ntmentt
oanyof
fi
ceundert
heSt
ate.
e)Ar
t.
23(
1)pr
ohi
bit
str
aff
icki
ngi
nwomen,chi
l
dren,orcr
ippl
edf
ori
mmor
alorot
herpur
poses
andal
sopr
ohi
bit
sbeggarandot
hersi
mil
arf
ormsoff
orcedl
abour
.
f
)Ar
t.
42.TheMat
erni
tyBenef
itAct
,1961pr
otect
sthei
nter
est
sofwomenwor
ker
s.
g)Ar
t.
38&39ofDPSPai
m atpr
ovi
dingadequat
emeansofl
i
vel
i
hoodt
oal
lci
ti
zens,equalpay
f
orequal
wor
ket
c.
h)Ar
ts.243D&243Tpr
ovi
der
eser
vat
ionofseat
sforwomeni
npanchay
at&muni
cipal
bodi
es
i
)Besi
dest
hese,sev
eralot
heract
senact
edbyt
heSt
atef
orpr
otect
ingt
her
ight
sandi
nter
est
s
ofwomenandpr
otect
ingt
hem agai
nstexpl
oit
ati
on-
 TheChi
l
dMar
ri
ageRest
rai
ntAct
.
 TheSuppr
essi
onofI
mmor
alTr
aff
ici
nwomenandGi
rl
sAct
,1956
 Cr
imi
nalLawAmendmentAct
,1983pr
ovi
despuni
shmentf
orr
apewi
thami
nimum
of7y
rsi
mpr
isonment
 TheI
ndecentRepr
esent
ati
onofwomen(
prohi
bit
ion)
Act
,1986haspr
ohi
bit
edt
he
deni
grat
ionofwomeni
nphot
ogr
aphs,
adv
ert
isement
sandf
il
ms
 TheCommi
ssi
onofSat
i(pr
event
ion)Actwaspassedbyt
hePar
li
amenti
n1987.
 TheDowr
yPr
ohi
bit
ionAct
,1961-
bot
hgi
verandt
akercul
pabl
eincr
ime–f
ine-
5yr
s
i
mpr
isonmentorwi
thf
ineRs.15,
000/
-
 Sect
ion498AofI
PC,anyf
orm ofcr
uel
ty,whet
herbyhusbandoranyr
elat
ivesof
husband-
fi
ne-
3yr
simpr
isonment
 Sect
ion304BofI
PC,deat
hofwomenwi
thi
n7y
rsofhermar
ri
agebybur
norbodi
l
y
i
njur
ieswi
thev
idence-notl
esst
han7y
rs-
impr
.
 Thepr
otect
ionofHumanRi
ght
sAct
,1993,t
hepr
e-nat
alDi
agnost
icTechni
ques
(
Regul
ati
on & pr
event
ion ofMi
suse)
Act1994,
-
tot
alban on – sex sel
ect
ion
t
echni
ques.
  TheNat
ionalCommi
ssi
onsf
orwomenandt
heCommi
ssi
onsf
orwomenatst
ate
l
evel
prot
ectt
hei
nter
estofwomenf
rom expl
oit
ati
on.
 I
nter
nat
ional
prot
ect
ionofwomenr
ight
s.

5.
4Speci
alRi
ght
sorPr
ovi
sionsf
orChi
l
dren:
a)Ar
t.
24pr
ohi
bit
sempl
oymentofchi
l
drenbel
owt
heageof14y
rsi
nanyf
act
oryormi
neorany
ot
herhazar
dousempl
oy .Thi
ment sar
ti
clei
sabsol
uteanddoesnotadmi
tanyexcept
ionf
or
v
iol
ati
on
b)Ar
t.38&39ofDPSPai
m atpr
otect
ionofchi
l
drenandy
out
hagai
nstexpl
oit
ati
onormor
alor
mat
eri
alabandonment
c)Ar
t.
45ofDPSPr
equi
rest
heSt
atet
omakepr
ovi
si
onf
orf
reeandcompul
sor
yeducat
ionf
oral
l
chi
l
drenunt
ilt
heycompl
etet
heageof14y
r —86thAmendmentAct
s. ,2002hasensur
edear
ly
chi
l
dhood car
e & educat
ion t
o al
lchi
l
dren unt
ilt
heycompl
etet
he age of6y
rs.and
necessi
tat
edasaF.
Rts.

5.
5Emer
gencyPr
ovi
sions
‘
Emer
gency
’ref
erst
oadi
ff
icul
tsi
tuat
ionar
isi
ngsuddenl
yanddemandi
ngi
mmedi
ateact
ionby
publ
i
caut
hor
it
iesunderpower
,speci
all
ygr
ant
edt
othem byt
heConst
it
uti
onoranyot
herl
awt
o
meetsuchasi
tuat
ion.Emer
gencymeans‘
asi
tuat
ionofext
ra-
ordi
nar
yper
il
’.
Emer
gencyPr
ovi
sionsundert
heConst
it
uti
on:OurConst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
desf
ordi
vi
sionofpower
bet
weent
hem Uni
onandt
heSt
ates.Fr
amer
sofourConst
it
uti
on,
consi
der
edi
twi
set
opr
ovi
de
i
ntheConst
it
uti
onhow t
hear
rangementcoul
dbechangedi
nti
mesofext
ra-
ordi
nar
yper
il
.
Feder
alpowerwoul
dexpand;
thecount
rymustmakeauni
tedef
for
ttosust
aini
tsel
fint
imesof
per
i.Undert
l headv
iceoft
hecabi
netofmi
nist
ersandusi
ngt
hepower
svest
edi
nPr
esi
dentby
Par
tXVI
IIAr
ts.352t
o360,
Presi
dentcanov
err
ulemanypr
ovi
sionsoft
heconst
it
uti
on.Her
e,t
he
di
vi
dingl
i dv
neswoul ani
sh.Butassoonast
hecal
ami
tyi
sov
er,
thenor
malpr
ovi
sionswoul
dbe
r
eset
.
Ther
ewer
e3per
iodsi
nthehi
stor
yindependentI
ndi
a,dur
ingwhi
cht
hest
ateofemer
gencywas
deemedt
ohav
eexi
sted.
 WhenChi
neseat
tackedt
henor
ther
nbor
derofI aon8th Sept
ndi .1962,t
hePr
esi
dent
decl
aredanemer
gencyunderAr
t.
352–“
ext
ernalaggr
essi
ont
hreat
eni
ngt
hesecur
it
y
ofI
ndi
a”
I
n1971dur
i heI
ngt ndoPaki
stanwar–samegr
ound
 Bet
weenJune25,1975&Mar
ch21,
1977undert
hecont
rov
ersi
alci
rcumst
ancesof
pol
i
ticali
nst
abi
l
ityundert
heI
ndi
raGandhi
’
spr
imemi
nist
ershi
pont
hegr
oundsof
t
hreatt
osecur
it
yofI
ndi
aduet
oInt
ernalDi
stur
bances.
Ki
ndsofEmer
genci
es:
Const
it
uti
onofI
ndi
apr
ovi
desf
or3t
ypesofemer
gency
;
1.Nat
ional
Emer
gency
-duet
owar
,ext
ernal
aggr
essi
onorar
medr
ebel
l
ion(
Art
.352)
2.St
ateEmer
gency
-duet
othef
ail
ureofconst
it
uti
onal
machi
ner
yinSt
ate(
Art
.356)
3.Fi
nanci
alEmer
gency
-A si
tuat
ioni
nwhi
cht
hef
inanci
alst
abi
l
ityofI
ndi
aist
hreat
ened.
(
Art
.360)

5.
5(1)Nat
ional
Emer
gency
a)Gr
ounds f
orpr
ocl
amat
ion ofemer
gency
:Ar
t.
352 empower
sthe Pr
esi
dentt
o make a
pr
ocl
amat
ionofemer
gencyi
fhei
ssat
isf
iedt
hatt
hesecur
it
yofI
ndi
aorofanypar
toft
he
t
err
it
oryofI
ndi
aist
hreat
enedby3gr
ounds.Forpr
ocl
aimi
ngemer
gency
,act
ualoccur
rence
ofwaroraggr
essi
onofar
medr
ebel
l
ioni
snotnecessar
ybutt
hePr
esi
dentmustbesat
isf
ied
t
hatt
her
eisi
mmi
nentdangerofwarorar
med r
ebel
l
ion et
c.i
nser
t he 44th
ed by t
Const
it
uti
onal
(Amendment
)Act
,1978.
b)Pr
ocedur
eforpr
ocl
amat
ion:Whenagr
avesi
tuat
iont
hreat
eni
ngt
hecount
ryby3gr
oundst
he
Uni
onCabi
net(
ThePM & ot
herCabi
netr
ank)mustt
akedeci
sionbycommuni
cat
ingi
n
wr
it
ingt
oPr
esi
dentunderAr
t.
352ont
hisi
ssuer
ecei
ptofPr
esi
dentcanpr
ocl
amat
ion.
c)Ter
ri
tor
ialExt
ent
:Maynotcov
ert
hewhol
eoft
het
err
it
oryofI
ndi
a,suchpar
tasmaybe
speci
fi
ed.
d)Dur
ati
onofEmer
gency
:Ini
ti
all
y,i
tshal
lremai
ninf
orcef
oraper
iodof1mont
h.I
fiti
s
appr
oved bybot
hHousesofPar
li
ament
,itcont
inuesf
or6 mont
hsf
rom t
hedat
ethe
r
esol
uti
onwaspassed.I
fitf
urt
herext
ent
,appr
ovalofbot
hHousesbef
oreexpi
ryofear
li
er
per
iodof6mont
hsmust
.
e)Appr
oval
:Appr
oval
ofeachHousewi
thspeci
almaj
ori
tyof2/
3ofmember
swi
thv
oti
ng
f
)Rev
ocat
ionofPr
ocl
amat
ion:Canber
evokedbyanot
herpr
ocl
amat
ionatanyt
imebyt
he
Pr
esi
dentbut
,suchPr
ocl
amat
iondoesnotr
equi
reappr
oval
byPar
li
ament
.

Ef
fect
sofPr
ocl
amat
ionofNat
ionalEmer
gency
-Thef
oll
owi
ngar
etheconsequencesoft
he
pr
ocl
amat
ionofnat
ional
emer
gency
-
1.TheExecut
iveandt
heLegi
slat
uresoft
heUni
onshal
lhav
eext
ra-
ordi
nar
ypowerdur
ing
emer
gencyi
.e.ext
ensi
onofcent
re’
sExecut
ivepower
s
2.Par
li
amenti
sempower
edt
olegi
slat
eonSt
ateSubj
ect
.
3.F.
Rts.suf
feranecl
i
psei
.e.suspensi
onofF.
Rts.guar
ant
eedbyAr
t.19(
Art358)&suspensi
on
oft
heenf
orcementoff
undament
alr
ight
s(Ar
t.
359)
4.Cent
rei
sempower
edt
oal
terdi
str
ibut
ionofr
evenuebet
weent
heUni
onandSt
ate(
Art
.354)-
such modi
fi
cat
ion shal
lcont
inue onl
yti
l
lthe end oft
he f
inanci
aly
eari
n whi
ch t
he
pr
ocl
amat
ionceasest
ooper
ate.
 5.
5(2)Fai
l
ureofConst
it
uti
onal
Machi
ner
yinSt
ates(
Presi
dent
’sRul
e)
Ar
t.
355St
atest
hati
tist
hedut
yoft
heUni
ont
opr
otectev
erySt
ateagai
nstext
ernalaggr
essi
on
andi
nter
naldi
stur
banceandt
oensur
ethatt
heGov
t.ofev
eryst
atei
scar
ri
edoni
naccor
dance
pr
ovi
si
onsoft
heConst
it
uti
on.Ar
t.356conf
erapowerwhi
chi
scoupl
eswi
tht
hedut
ydef
inedi
n
Ar
t.
355butt
hepoweri
sdr
ast
ic.Whi
l
eAr
t.
352deal
swi
thext
ernalenemy
.Ar
t.
356deal
swi
th
enemyf
rom wi
thi
ntheSt
ate.Pr
esi
denti
sempower
edt
oissueapr
ocl
amat
ionont
hegr
ounds
f
oundi
nAr
t.
356-
a.onr
ecei
ptofar
epor
tfr
om t
heGov
ernorofaSt
ateorot
her
wisesat
isf
iedasi
tuat
ion has
ar
isen i
nwhi
chGov
t.ofSt
atecan’
tbecar
ri
edoni
naccor
dancewi
thpr
ovi
sionsoft
he
const
it
uti
oni
.e.f
ail
ureorbr
eakdownofconst
it
uti
onalmachi
ner
y.
b.UnderAr
ts.256&257t
heUni
onhast
hepowert
ogi
vedi
rect
ionst
oaSt
atei
nregar
dto
mat
ter
scov
eredbyi
t.I
ncase,
ifst
atef
il
lst
ocompl
ywi
tht
hedi
rect
ionsgi
venbyt
heUni
on,
it
maybeconcl
udedt
hataf
ail
ureofConst
it
uti
onalMachi
ner
yhasoccur
redandi
tshal
lbe
l
awf
ult
omakeapr
ocl
amat
ionunderAr
t.356.
c.Maymakesuchi
nci
dent
alandconsequent
ialpr
ovi
sionsasmayappeart
ohi
m benecessar
y
ordesi
rabl
eforgi
vi
ngef
fectt
otheobj
ectofpr
ocl
amat
ion.
Dur
ati
onofPr
ocl
amat
ion:I
nfi
rsti
nst
ancei
sfor2mont
hs.I
fext
entt
hanbef
oreexpi
rat
ionof2
mot
hsappr
ovedbybot
hHouses,t
hencont
inuest
il
lexpi
rat
ionofper
iodof6mt
hs.Ev
ery
r
esol
uti
ongi
vesi
tanewl
i
fef
or6mont
hs.Butnopr
ocl
amat
ionshal
li
nanycaser
emai
ninf
orce
f
ormor
ethan3y
rs.
Rev
ocat
ionofpr
ocl
amat
ion:Mayber
evokedorv
ari
edatanyt
imebysubsequentpr
ocl
amat
ion.
Onr
evocat
ion,
thepr
ocl
amat
ioni
mposi
ngPr
esi
dent
’sRul
eceasest
ooper
ate.
Ef
fect
soff
ail
ureofmachi
ner
y:
a)Whent
hePr
ocl
amat
ioni
smadeunderAr
t.
356(
1)t
hePower
soft
heSt
ateLegi
slat
urear
eto
beexer
cisedbyPar
li
ament
,itcanconf
eront
hePr
esi
dentt
hepowert
omakel
awsf
ort
he
st
ates.
b)Par
li
amentmayal
soaut
hor
izet
hePr
esi
dentt
odel
egat
esuchpower
stoanyaut
hor
it
yas
speci
fi
edbyhi
m.
c)Ar
t.357(
1)i
ftheLokSabhai
snoti
nsessi
ont
hePr
esi
dentmayaut
hor
izeexpendi
tur
efr
om
t
heconsol
i
dat
edf
undofSt
ate.

5.
5(3)Fi
nanci
alEmer
gency
Ar
t.
360pr
ovdesgr
i oundst
hati
fPr
esi
denti
ssat
isf
iedt
hatasi
tuat
ionhasar
isenwher
ebyt
he
f
inanci
alst
abi
l
ityorcr
edi
tofI
ndi
aorpar
toft
err
it
oryi
sthr
eat
ened,hecanpr
ocl
aimt
othat
ef
f .Dur
ect ati
on-I
tshal
lceaset
obei
noper
ati
onofexpi
ryof2mont
hsunl
essi
thasbeen
appr
oved by bot
h Houses,i
tcont
inues i
ndef
ini
tel
yti
l
liti
srev
oked.Repeat
ed appr
oval
r
esol
uti
onsar
enotr
equi
red.Rev
ocat
ioni
stobedonebyanot
herpr
ocl
amat
ion.
Ef
fect
sofFi
nanci
alEmer
gency
-Whenaneconomi
cthr
eatengul
fst
hecount
yapr
ocl
amat
ioni
s
i
ssued,
const
it
uti
onr
eadsj
ustt
hepower
soft
heUni
onandt
heSt
ates.
a.Dur
ingt
heper
iodsuchpr
ocl
amat
ioni
sinoper
ati
ont
heExecut
iveaut
hor
it
yoft
heUni
onshal
l
ext
endt
ogi
vi
ngdi
rect
ionst
oanySt
atet
oobser
vesuchcanonsoff
inanci
alpr
oper
tyasmay
bespeci
fi
edi
nthedi
rect
ions.
b.Di
rect
ionsmaybegi
venr
equi
ri
ngt
her
educt
ionofsal
ari
esandal
l
owancesofal
loranycl
ass
ofper
sonsser
vingi
nconnect
ionwi
tht
heaf
fai
rsofaSt
ate.
c.Di
rect
ionmaybegi
venr
equi
ri
ngal
lMoneyBi
l
lsorot
herFi
nanci
alBi
l
lst
ober
eser
vedf
ort
he
consi
der
ati
onoft
hePr
esi
dentaf
tert
heyar
epassedbyt
hest
ateLegi
slat
ure.
d.Di
rect
ionsmaybei
ssuedf
ort
her
educt
ionofsal
ari
esandal
l
owancesofal
loranycl
assesof
per
sonsser
vingi
nconnect
ionwi
tht
heaf
fai
rsoft
heUni
on.Ev
ent
hesal
ari
esandal
l
owances
ofJudgesofSC&HCmayber
educed.
Thus,Uni
onacqui
rescont
rolov
ert
hebudgetandexpendi
tur
eoft
heSt
ates.Sal
ari
esand
al
l
owancesofal
lempl
oyedbyaSt
ateort
heUni
onmaybesubj
ect
edt
ofr
eezeorr
educt
ion.
But
,ther
ehasbeennouseofAr
t.360t
il
lthi
sday
.
 CHAPTER6
6.
1El
ect
oral
Process
I
ntr
oduct
ion:
ThePr
eambl
etot
heConst
it
uti
ondecl
arest
hatI
ndi
aisaDEMOCRATI
CREPUBLI
C.
Thi
simpl
i
est
hatal
lci
ti
zenswhoar
eel
i
gibl
etov
ote,hav
eri
ghtt
opar
ti
cipat
einel
ect
ions.We
hav
eapar
li
ament
aryf
orm ofGov
t.sot
hepar
ti
essecur
ingamaj
orshar
eoft
heci
ti
zensora
coal
i
tionofpar
ti
eswhoar
eabl
etoobt
ainsuppor
tofamaj
ori
tyofl
egi
slat
uresi
nthepopul
ar
house(
LokSabhaorLegi
slat
iveAssembl
y)f
orm t
heGov
t.To v
otei
nanel
ect
ioni
sthe
cher
ishedr
ightofev
eryci
ti
zeni
nademocr
acy
.Ther
ightt
oel
ectorv
otei
sregar
dedasa
st
atut
oryr
ight
.Iti
sfundament
alt
oademocr
acy
.

TheLegalFr
amewor
k:TheConst
it
uti
oncont
ainsabar
eout
li
neoft
hel
aw onEl
ect
ions&
makespr
ovi
sionf
oranEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
on(
EC)v
est
edwi
thv
ari
ouspower
sandf
unct
ions.
Butdet
ail
edpr
ovi
si
onsar
econt
ainedi
nthe-
1.ThePr
esi
dent
ial
&Vi
ce-
Presi
dent
ial
Elect
ionAct
,1952
2.TheRepr
esent
ati
onoft
hePeopl
eAct
,1950
3.TheDel
i
mit
ati
onAct
,1972et
c.
TheEC i
sent
rust
edt
odealwi
th:El
ect
ionoft
hePr
esi
dentofI
ndi
a,v
ice-
Presi
dent
,Uni
on
Par
li
ament& composi
ti
onofi
tst
wo chamber
s,qual
i
ficat
ionsofmember
sofPar
li
ament
,
composi
ti
onofSt
ateLegi
slat
ureet
c.
Ar
t.
327Par
li
amenti
svest
edwi
tht
hesupr
emepowert
olegi
slat
eonal
lmat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
o
el
ect
ions,
incl
udi
ngel
ect
ionst
oSt
ateLegi
slat
ure.
Ar
t.
328TheSt
ateal
sobeengi
venwi
thsomepower
sbutsuchshoul
dn’
tbei
nconf
li
ctwi
thany
Par
li
ament
aryl
egi
slat
ion
Ar
t.
329seekst
obari
nter
fer
encebyCour
tsi
nel
ect
ionmat
ter
s.
TheRepr
esent
ati
onoft
hePeopl
eAct
,1950-Pr
ovi
desf
orqual
i
ficat
ionsofv
oter
s,pr
epar
ati
onof
el
ect
oralr
oll
s,pr
ocedur
efordel
i
mit
ati
onofconst
it
uenci
es,al
l
ocat
edt
henumberofseat
sin
Par
li
amentet
c.
TheRepr
esent
ati
onoft
hePeopl
eAct
,1951-pr
ovi
desf
ort
heact
ualconductofel
ect
ions,
admi
nist
rat
ivemachi
ner
yforconduct
ingel
ect
ions,
thepol
l
,el
ect
iondi
sput
eset
c.

El
ect
oralRol
l
:Thepr
ovi
sionsdi
scussofgener
alappl
i
cat
ionsandappl
ytoel
ect
ionst
othe
Par
li
ament&t
heSt
ateLegi
slat
uresar
e;
a.Forev
eryt
err
it
ori
alconst
it
uencyt
her
ewi
l
lbeonegener
alel
ect
oral
rol
l
.
b.Noper
sonshal
lbei
nel
i
gibl
efori
ncl
usi
oni
ntheel
ect
oralr
ollongr
oundsofr
eli
gion,r
ace,
 cast
e,sexoranyoft
hem,
prov
idedhef
ulf
il
lsot
herpr
escr
ibedqual
i
ficat
ions.
c.Noper
soncancl
aimt
obei
ncl
udedi
naspeci
alr
oll
ont
hegr
oundsofr
eli
gionr
ace,
etc.
d.Adul
tsuf
frage-18y
rsabov
e,notdi
squal
i
fiedbyanyl
aw,hei
sent
it
ledt
ober
egi
ster
edasa
v
oter
.
Reser
vat
ionofseat
s-Hav
ebeenr
eser
vedf
orSCs,STsi
nbot
hHousesi
ncl
udi
ng2member
sof
Angl
o-I
ndi
ancommuni
tyi
nbot
hHouses.
El
ect
ionCommi
ssi
on(
TheEl
ect
oral
Machi
ner
y):
Fort
heconductoff
ree,
fai
r&r
egul
arel
ect
ions,
t
her
eshoul
dbeconst
it
uti
onal
machi
ner
yfort
hepr
operconductofel
ect
ionsi
stheECofI
ndi
a.
Obj
ect
iveoft
heEC:Li
keSC&HC,ECi
sani
ndependentbodywi
thobj
ectt
ohav
eper
manent&
i
ndependentmachi
ner
y,whi
chi
sfr
eef
rom pol
i
ticalpr
essur
efr
om t
hepar
tyi
npower&t
he
execut
iveoft
hedayandwhi
chcoul
dbeent
rust
edwi
tht
het
askofhol
dingf
reeandf
airel
ect
ion.
Composi
ti
onofEC:I
tiscomposedwi
thChi
efECandasmanyECast
hePr
esi
dentmayf
rom
t
imet
oti
mef
ix.But
,ECi
samul
ti
-memberbody
,consi
stsof3member
stheChi
efECand2
ot
herEl
ect
ionCommi
ssi
oner
s.AndRegi
onalCommi
ssi
onerf
oreachst
ate.Butatt
heDi
str
icti
t
st
rengt
heneddur
ingel
ect
iont
ime.
Power
sandFunct
ionsoft
heEC:Commi
ssi
onper
for
mst
hef
unct
ionsal
l
ott
edt
oiti
nregar
ding
conduct
ingt
heel
ect
ionsof
;
1.Par
li
ament
,
2.El
ect
ionst
oSt
ateLegi
sl
atur
esanduni
ont
err
it
ori
es,
3.El
ect
ionst
otheof
fi
ceofPr
esi
dent
&Vi
ce-
Presi
dent
.
Wor
kinv
olv
est
hef
oll
owi
ng:
 Pr
epar
ati
on ofel
ect
oralr
oll
s-t
her
e shal
lbe one gener
alel
ect
oralr
ollf
orev
ery
const
it
uencyofbot
hHouses;r
oll
sshoul
dber
evi
sed&keptupt
odat
etoconduct
el
ect
ionatanyt
ime.
 Del
i
mit
ati
onofconst
it
uenci
es
 Al
l
otmentofseat
stoeachoft
heSt
ates.
 Conductofel
ect
ions-t
heexactdat
esf
orel
ect
ionar
efi
nal
i
zedbyEC,
 Gr
ant
ingofr
ecogni
ti
ont
opol
i
tical
par
ti
es.
 Al
l
otmentofsy
mbol
topol
i
tical
par
ti
es&i
ndependentcandi
dat
es.
 Ensur
ingf
air&f
reeel
ect
ions.
 Count
ingofv
otesanddecl
arat
ionofr
esul
ts.
 Toadv
iset
hePr
esi
denti
nregar
dtot
hequest
ionwhet
heraMemberofPar
li
amentor
St
ateLegi
sl
atur
ehasbecomesubj
ectt
oanydi
squal
i
ficat
ion&adv
iset
hePr
esi
denti
n
t
heappoi
ntmentofRegi
onal
Commi
ssi
oner
s.
 I
tset
tl
esdi
sput
es&pet
it
ionsr
efer
redt
oitbyPr
esi
dentort
heGov
ernorofaSt
ate.
El
ect
oralPr
ocess(
ConductofEl
ect
ions)
:El
ect
oralpr
ocesshasmanyi
mpor
tantphasesor
st
ages-
a.Not
if
icat
ionoft
heEl
ect
ion:Thef
ormalel
ect
oralpr
ocessst
art
swi
tht
heel
ect
ionnot
if
icat
ion
i
ssuedbyt
hePr
esi
dentofI
ndi
aforel
ect
ionofLokSabha&byt
heGov
ernoroft
heSt
atef
or
el
ect
iont
otheSt
ateLegi
slat
iveAssembl
y.

b.Not
if
icat
ionbyEC r
egar
dingNomi
nat
ionandwi
thdr
awal
-Asnot
if
icat
ionsi
ssuedt
heEC
announcest
hedat
esf
orf
il
li
ngofnomi
nat
ionpaper
s&t
hei
rwi
thdr
awal
.
c.Fi
l
ingofNomi
nat
ionPaper
sbyt
heI
ntendi
ngCandi
dat
es-af
terf
il
ingnomi
nat
ionpaper
s
i
ntendi
ngcandi
dat
esshoul
dfi
l
ewi
thf
ixedel
ect
iondeposi
twhi
chi
sRs.10,
000/
-forLok
Sabha&Rs.5,
000/
-forLegi
slat
iveAssembl
y.Thi
samounti
sreduced50%t
oSCs,
STs.
d.Ver
if
icat
ionandt
heAccept
anceorRej
ect
ionoft
heNomi
nat
ionPaper
s-af
tert
hel
astdat
efor
submi
ssi
onofnomi
nat
ionpaper
sisov
er,t
heECv
eri
fi
eswhi
char
einor
derornot
,af
ter
v
eri
fi
cat
ionov
er,namesoft
hecandi
dat
esi
ntheel
ect
ionf
rayar
eannounced.Onewho
wi
shest
owi
thdr
awshoul
ddosobef
oret
hel
astdat
eforwi
thdr
awal
.
e.El
ect
ionCampai
gn-Theper
iodofel
ect
ioncampai
gni
s14day
sfr
om t
hedat
eofof
fi
cial
announcementoft
henamesoft
hecandi
dat
es,ar
eal
l
owedt
ounder
takecampai
gnwi
thout
v
iol
ati
ngt
heel
ect
ioncodeofconduct
.Shoul
dbest
oppedbef
ore36Hour
sfr
om t
hedat
eof
t
heel
ect
ionpol
l
ing
f
.Pol
l
ingPr
ocess-
Pol
l
ingt
akesont
hef
ixedEl
ect
ionDayorday
sdur
ingt
hef
ixedt
imegener
all
y
7.
00a.
m.t
o5.
oop.
m.onhol
i
dayorannouncedhol
i
dayi
fwor
kingdayf
ixed,donet
hrough
el
ect
roni
cmachi
nesormanual
l
y.
g.Count
ingofVot
es&AnnouncementofEl
ect
ionResul
ts-ECunder
takescount
ingondat
e
f
ixedf
ori
tint
ranspar
entmanner
.Af
tercount
ingofv
otesi
sov
er,t
heECannouncest
he
namesofsuccessf
ulcandi
dat
es.Thecandi
dat
ewhosecur
est
hehi
ghestnumberofv
otesi
n
hi
sconst
it
uencyi
sdecl
aredel
ect
ed&hei
sgi
vent
henecessar
ycer
ti
fi
cat
ebyt
her
etur
ning
of
fi
cert
oconf
ir
m hi
sel
ect
ion.

6.
2AmendmentPr
ocedur
e(Ar
t.
368)
I
ntr
oduct
ion-TheConst
it
uti
ondoesnotpr
ovi
def
orsepar
ateconst
it
uentbody
,thepowert
o
amendt
heConst
it
uti
oni
svest
edi
nPar
li
ament
.AmendmentofConst
it
uti
onmaybei
nit
iat
edby
i
ntr
oduct
ion ofa Bi
l
lfort
hepur
posei
n ei
therHouseofPar
li
ament
.Amendmentt
othe
const
it
uti
on t
akespl
acebywayofaddi
ti
on,v
ari
ati
on orr
epealofanypr
ovi
sionsoft
he
const
it
uti
on.
Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofAmendment
s:
1.Ar
ti
clesar
eamendabl
ebysi
mpl
emaj
ori
ty
2.Ar
ti
cleswhi
chr
equi
respeci
almaj
ori
tyf
ort
hei
ramendment
.
3.Ar
ti
cleswhi
chr
equi
reaspeci
almaj
ori
tyaswel
lasr
ati
fi
cat
ionbyt
heLegi
slat
ureofnotl
ess
t
han½oft
heSt
ates.
1.Amendmentbysi
mpl
emaj
ori
ty-
a.Admi
ssi
onorest
abl
i
shmentofnew St
ates,f
ormat
ionofnew st
ates&al
ter
ati
onofar
eas,
boundar
iesornamesofexi
sti
ngones.
b.Cr
eat
ionofabol
i
tionofLegi
slat
iveCounci
l
sinSt
ates
c.Admi
nist
rat
ion&cont
rol
ofSchedul
edAr
es&STs.
2.Amendmentbyspeci
almaj
ori
ty-ABi
l
lseeki
ngt
oamendt
heot
herpar
toft
heConst
it
uti
on
hasbepassedbyamaj
ori
tyi
.e.amaj
ori
tyoft
het
otalmember
shi
poft
hatHouseandbya
maj
ori
tyofnotl
esst
han2/
3oft
hemember
soft
hatHousepr
esentandv
oti
ng.
3.Amendmentbyspeci
almaj
ori
ty&r
ati
fi
cat
ionbyt
heSt
ates-ABi
l
lseeki
ngt
oamendcer
tai
n
pr
ovi
si
onshast
obepassedbyaspeci
almaj
ori
tyofbot
htheHousesofPar
li
ament&has
al
sot
ober
ati
fi
edbyt
heLegi
slat
uresofnotl
esst
han½oft
heSt
atesr
esol
uti
ont
othatef
fect
passedbyt
hoseLegi
sl
atur
esbef
oresuchaBi
l
lispr
esent
edt
othePr
esi
dentf
orassent
.
Fol
l
owi
ngpr
ovi
si
onsr
equi
respeci
almaj
ori
ty&r
ati
fi
cat
ionbyt
heSt
atesl
i
ke,
a.Theel
ect
ionoft
hePr
esi
dent
.
b.Di
str
ibut
ionofl
egi
sl
ati
vepower
sbet
weent
heUni
on&t
heSt
ate.
c.Thepr
ocedur
eforamendmentoft
heConst
it
uti
oni
tsel
f.

342nd,
6. 44th&86thConst
it
uti
onal
Amendment
s

42ndAmendmentAct
,1976-
Thi
samendmentpl
ayedasi
gni
fi
cantr
olei
nreshapi
ngt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heI
ndi
anConst
it
uti
on.
I
twasenact
edbyt
hePar
lamenton11thNov
i .1976.Someoft
hei
mpor
tantf
eat
uresar
e-
1.I
tincor
por
atedt
het
erms“
Soci
ali
st”
,“Secul
ar”&“
Int
egr
it
y”i
nthePr
eambl
eoft
heI
ndi
an
Const
it
uti
onaf
tert
he26y
rsofi
ndependence.
2.Fundament
aldut
iesoft
heci
ti
zenswer
eincor
por
atedi
nthePar
tIVAConst
it
uti
onwhi
ch
wer
enotor
igi
nal
l
yadopt
ed.[
Evenonemor
edut
yAr
t.51A(
k)addedbyt
hef
urt
heramendment
&pr
efi
xedt
hewor
d“Fundament
al”whi
chshoul
dgi
veequal
impor
tanceast
hatoft
heF.
Rts.
]
3.Asser
tedpr
imacyof“
Dir
ect
ivePr
inci
ple”ov
er“
Fundament
alRi
ght
s”
4.I
tasser
tedt
hesupr
emacyoft
hePar
li
amenti
ntheamendmentoft
heConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
a.
5.Est
abl
i
shedAdmi
nist
rat
ivet
ri
bunal
fort
hespeedyj
ust
ice.
6.Aut
hor
izedt
heSCt
otr
ansf
ert
hecasesf
rom oneHCt
oanot
herHCandal
sor
edef
inedt
he
wr
itj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heHC.
7.Madei
tobl
i
gat
oryf
ort
hePr
esi
dentt
oactont
headv
iceoft
heCounci
lofMi
nist
er’
sfor
i
ssui
ngpr
ocl
amat
ion
8.Aut
hor
izedt
hePr
esi
dentt
omakeamendmentt
othewhol
eofI
ndi
aoranypar
toft
he
t
err
it
oryt
her
eof
.
9.I
fal
awi
smadet
ogi
veef
fectt
oanyofDP,
itwi
l
lnotbedecl
aredasunconst
it
uti
onalev
en,
if
i
ttakesawayanyoft
her
ight
sconf
err
edbyAr
ts.14,
19or31t
hiscl
ear
lyi
ndi
cat
est
hei
ntent
ion
ofl
egi
slat
uret
ogi
vewei
ght
aget
oDPSPov
erFundament
alRi
ght
s.
10.Aut
hor
izedt
heuseofCent
ral
armedf
orcesi
nanySt
atet
odeal
wit
hlawandor
derpr
obl
em.
11.Ar
t.39Aequal
just
ice&f
reel
egal
aidt
oeconomi
cal
l
yweakercl
asses-poor
,uneducat
ed.
12.Ar
t.
43A par
ti
ci
pat
ionofwor
ker
sinmanagementofi
ndust
ri
es-St
atet
otakest
epsby
sui
tabl
elegi
slat
ionoranyot
herwayt
osecur
epar
ti
cipat
ionofwor
ker
sint
hemanagement
.
13.Ar
t.
48Apr
otect
ion&i
mpr
ovementofEnv
ironment&saf
eguar
dingoff
orest
s&wi
l
dli
fe-
i
mpr
ovementandpr
otect
ion.

44thAmendmentAct
,1978-
TheFor
ty-
four
thAmendment1978ai
msatcor
rect
ingsomeoft
hedi
stor
ti
onswhi
chcr
epti
nto
t
heConst
it
uti
onasr
esul
toft
headopt
ionoft
heFor
ty-
secondAmendment
1976.
1.Thedur
ati
onoft
heLokSabhaandSt
ateLegi
slat
iveAssembl
i
eshasbeenr
educedf
rom 6y
rs
t
o5y
ear
si.
e.Rest
oredt
heor
igi
nal
posi
ti
on.

2.DPSP-
Soci
al&Economi
cchar
ter
-soci
alor
derbasedonJust
iceAr
t.38(
2)St
ateshal
lin
par
ti
cul
ar,
(
i)st
ri
vet
omi
nimi
zei
nequal
i
tiesi
nincome,
(
ii
)El
i
minat
einequal
i
tiesi
nst
atus,f
aci
l
iti
es&oppor
tuni
ti
esnotonl
yamongi
ndi
vi
dualamong
gr
oupsofpeopl
eindi
ff
erentar
ea,
i.
e.Nat
ional cyonwages.
pol
i
(
ii
i)Ar
t.
352deal
i
ngwi
themer
gencypr
ovi
sionst
hewor
ds“
int
ernaldi
stur
bance”wasomi
tt
ed
and“
armedr
ebel
l
ion”wassubst
it
uted.
(
iv)Ar
t.356wer
eamendedt
oreducet
heper
iodofPr
esi
dent
’sr
ulei
naSt
atef
rom oney
eart
o
si
xmont
hsatat
imeandt
het
otal
per
iodnott
oexceedoney
ear
.

3.Const
it
uti
onalpr
otect
ion f
orpubl
i
cat
ion oft
he pr
oceedi
ngs ofPar
li
amentand St
ate
Legi
slat
uresexcepti
ncaseswher
eiti
spr
ovedt
obemal
i
cious.

4.Ot
hersaf
eguar
dspr
ovi
det
hatt
hepr
ocl
amat
ionwi
l
lhav
etobeadopt
edbya2/
3maj
ori
tyof
t
hemember
sofbot
hHousesofPar
li
amentwi
thi
namont
h.

5.ThePr
esi
dentwi
l
lnotbecal
l
edupont
oactont
hebasi
sofadv
icebyt
hePM onhi
sown
wi
thoutconsul
ti
nghi
sCabi
net
.
6.Anypr
ocl
amat
ionofEmer
gencyneedhencef
orwar
dbei
ssuedbyt
hePr
esi
dentonl
yaf
ter
r
ecei
vi
ngt
headv
iceoft
heCabi
netasawhol
einwr
it
ing.

7.Ri
ghtt
oLi
feandper
sonall
i
ber
tycan’
tbesuspendedev
endur
ingt
het
imeofemer
gency
Ar
ts.21&Ar
t20-
Rightr
elat
ingt
oar
restshal
lnotbesuspendeddur
ingemer
gency
.

8.Ar
t.30(
1)Mi
nor
it
iesbasedonr
eli
gious&l
i
ngui
sti
cmi
nor
it
ieshav
eri
ghtt
oest
abl
i
sh&
admi
nist
eroft
hei
rchoi
ceandr
ightt
ochoosemedi
um ofi
nst
ruct
ions,subj
ectt
oregul
ator
y
power
sofSt
ate. Cl
ause(
1A)-i
fpr
oper
tyofmi
nor
it
ywhi
chr
unseducat
ionali
nst
it
uti
on
acqui
redbySt
atecompul
sor
il
y,t
hecompensat
ionpai
dfort
hesameshoul
dbepr
operand
adequat
e.

9.Ri
ghtt
oPr
oper
tywasdel
etedoromi
tt
edbyPar
tII
Ioft
heConst
it
uti
on(
Mur
arj
iDesaiGov
t.
ofJanat
aPar
ty)f
rom t
hel
i
stoff
undament
alr
ightandwasmadej
ustaconst
it
uti
onal
right
.
[
Art19(
1)(
f)&31f
rom cat
egor
yofF.
Rts.compl
etel
ytakenbacki
n1979]But
,inst
eadi
nPar
t
XI
IofConst
it
uti
on,anew chapt
erVI&new Ar
t300Awer
eaddedt
opr
ovi
det
hatnoper
son
shal
lbedepr
ivedofhi
spr
oper
tyexceptbyaut
hor
it
yofl
aw(
onl
yagai
nstExecut
ivenotagai
nst
Legi
slat
ive)Ex:
Rehabi
l
itat
ion.

10.Anyi
ssuer
elat
ingt
othequest
ionofel
ect
iont
othePr
esi
dentandVi
ce-Pr
esi
dentshal
lbe
deci
dedbyt
heSCandi
tsdeci
sionshal
lbet
hef
inal
.

11.I
ssuer
elat
ingt
othequest
iondi
squal
i
ficat
ionoft
hememberoft
hehouseoft
hepeopl
e
wast
obedeci
dedbyt
hePr
esi
dentandhi
sdeci
sionshal
lbet
hef
inal
.
12.
Thedet
ent
ionofanyper
soncan’
tbeext
endedmor
ethant
womont
hsunt
ilt
heAdv
isor
y
Boar
dhasgi
venanopi
nionast
osuf
fi
cientcausef
ort
heext
ensi
on.

The86thAmendmentAct
,2002-
1.I
nser
tedanewAr
t.21ASt
ateshal
lpr
ovi
def
reeandcompul
sor
yeducat
iont
oal
lchi
l
drenage
of6-
14y
ear
sasf
undament
alr
ight
.
2.Ar
t.45t
heSt
ateshal
lEndeav
ourt
opr
ovi
deear
lychi
l
dhoodcar
eandeducat
ionf
oral
l
chi
l
drenunt
ilt
heycompl
etet
heageof6y
ear
s.

3.Ar
t.
51ACl
ause(
k) i
mposi
ngaf
undament
aldut
yont
hePar
ent
sandt
heguar
dianst
o
pr
ovi
def
oreducat
iont
othei
rwar
dsbet
weent
heageof6&14.
 ENVI
RONMENTALSTUDI
ES
Uni
t-
II
I
CHAPTER10
10.1ConceptandMeani
ngof“
Env
ironment
”
I
ntr
oduct
ion:
Theconceptofenv
ironmentcanbeunder
stoodt
wodi
mensi
onal
l
y,namel
y,i
nthe
nar
rowsenseandbor
derscene.I
nit
snar
rowandet
imol
ogi
cal
sceneenv
ironment
aldenot
es
sur
roundi
ngswher
easi
nit
sbor
derscenes“
iti
ncl
udesev
ery
thi
ngi
nvi
sibl
e,seenandunseen,
knownandunknown,
li
vi
ngandnonl
i
vingandi
n,on,
underandabov
ethesur
faceoft
heEar
th”
.
St
atut
orydef
ini
ti
ons:Undert
heI
ndi
aenv
ironment
al(
prot
ect
ion)Act
,1986:
-Accor
dingt
othe
Sect
ion2(
a)oft
heI
ndi
an“
Env
ironment
al(
prot
ect
ion)Act
,1986“
Env
ironmenti
ncl
udeswat
er,
air
andl
andandt
hei
nter–r
elat
ionshi
pwhi
chexi
stsamongandbet
weenwat
er,ai
randl
and,and
humanbei
ngs,
otherl
i
vingcr
eat
ures,
plant
s,mi
cro–or
gani
sm andpr
oper
ty”
.
Af
act
orr
esponsi
blef
orcausi
ngEnv
ironment
alPol
l
uti
on-I
tbecomesi
mper
ati
vet
oknowwhat
ar
ethemaj
orcausesofpol
l
uti
ont
hatdegr
adeourenv
ironmentt
odet
ri
mentoft
hehuman
ci
vi
li
zat
ionar
e;
 Gr
owi
ngPopul
ati
on
 Housi
ng
 Mi
ning&
 Tr
anspor
tat
ionact
ivi
ti
es.
 I
ndust
ri
ali
zat
ion
 Ur
bani
zat
ion
 I
ndi
scr
imi
nat
euseofSci
enceandTechnol
ogy
 Moder
nAgr
icul
tur
alPr
act
ices
 Pov
ert
y
 Def
orest
ati
on
  Coal
bur
ntTher
mal
PowerPl
ant
set
c.

10.
2Env
ironment
alI
mpactAssessment(
EIA)
EI
Aisanexer
ciset
oev
aluat
ethebenef
ici
al&adv
erseef
fect
sofdev
elopment
alpr
oject
son
t
heenv
ironmenti
ncl
udi
ngsoci
o-economi
c,cul
tur
alandaest
het
icconcer
ns.Accor
dingt
oDi
van
andRosecr
ans,i
tis“
anef
for
ttoant
ici
pat
emeasur
eandwei
ghtt
hesoci
o-economi
candbi
o-
phy
sicalchangest
hatmayr
esul
tfr
om apr
oposedpr
oject
.Itassi
stsdeci
sionmaker
sin
consi
der
ing t
hepr
oposed pr
oject
’senv
ironment
alcost
sand benef
it
s.Wher
ethebenef
it
s
suf
fi
cient
lyexceedt
hecost
s,t
hepr
ojectcanbev
iewedasenv
ironment
all
yjust
if
ied”
.EI
Aisa
“
managementt
oolt
oimpr
ovedeci
sionmaki
ngandt
oensur
ethatdev
elopmentopt
ionsar
e
env
ironment
all
yandsoci
all
ysoundandsust
ainabl
e”.
Obj
ect
iveofEI
A:
 t
heef
fect
sofapr
ojectonenv
ironmentmustbeassessedi
nor
dert
otakeaccountoft
he
concer
nst
opr
otecthumanheal
tht
ocont
ri
but
ebymeansofabet
terenv
ironmentt
othe
qual
i
tyofl
i
fe
 t
oensur
emai
ntenanceoft
hedi
ver
sit
yofspeci
es
 t
omai
ntai
nther
epr
oduct
ivecapaci
tyoft
heeco-
syst
em asabasi
cresour
ceofl
i
fe.
I
nor
dert
oascer
tai
nthei
mpactofv
ari
ousdev
elopment
alpr
oject
sbot
hont
hesoci
etyaswel
l
asl
and,wat
er,ai
r,f
lor
aandf
aunaet
c.,t
hedev
elopment
alpr
oject
sar
erequi
redt
opr
epar
ean
EI
Scov
eri
ngf
oll
owi
ng:
 ef
fectonl
andi
ncl
udi
ngl
anddegr
adat
ionandsubsi
stence,
 def
orest
ati
on&compensat
oryaf
orest
ati
on,
 ai
r&wat
erpol
l
uti
oni
ncl
udi
nggr
oundwat
erpol
l
uti
on,
 noi
sepol
l
uti
on&v
ibr
ati
ons,
f
lor
a&f
auna&l
ossofbi
ologi
cal
div
ersi
ty,
 soci
o-economi
cimpacti
ncl
udi
nghumandi
spl
acement
,cul
tur
all
oss&heal
thaspect
s,
r
iskanal
ysi
s&di
sast
ermanagement
,
r
ecy
cli
ng&t
her
educt
ionofwast
e,
 ef
fi
cientuseofi
nput
s
 descr
ipt
ionofsi
gni
fi
canceef
fect
s
 adeci
sionoft
hepr
oject
-desi
gnscal
e,l
ocat
ion,
size
 anont
echni
cal
summar
y
 mi
ti
gat
ingmeasur
es
Benef
it
sofEI
A:
 costsav
ingmodi
fi
cat
ionsi
npr
ojectdesi
gn
r
educedcostandt
imeofpr
ojecti
mpl
ement
ati
on
 av
oidi
ngi
mpact
s&v
iol
ati
onofl
awsandr
egul
ati
ons
i
ncr
easedpr
ojectaccept
ance
Pr
ocessofEI
A-Ther
eis2st
agesi
nEI
Aar
e:
1.Pr
eli
minar
yAssessment
:car
ri
edouti
ntheear
lyst
agesofpl
anni
ng
2.Det
ail
edAssi
gnment
:car
ri
edoutdur
ingpr
ojectpl
anni
ngunt
ilt
hepr
ojectpl
ani
scompl
eted
andi
srepor
tedf
ormal
l
yasanenv
ironmenti
mpactst
atement
Thekeyel
ement
sofanEI
Aar
ethef
oll
owi
ng:
 Scopi
ng–i
dent
if
ythekeyi
ssuesandcor
ner
sofi
nst
eadpr
act
ice
 Scr
eeni
ng–deci
dingwher
eanEI
Aisr
equi
redbasedoni
nfor
mat
ioncol
l
ect
ed
I
dent
if
yandev
aluat
ingal
ter
nat
ives–l
i
sti
ngal
ter
nat
ivesdi
etsandt
echni
quesandt
hei
mpact
ofeach
 Mi
ti
gat
ingmeasur
esdeal
i
ngwi
thuncer
tai
nty– r
evi
ewi
ngpr
oposedact
iont
opr
eventor
mi
nimi
zet
hepot
ent
ial
adv
erseef
for
tsoft
hisef
for
toft
hei
rpr
oject
I
ssui
ngenv
ironment
alst
atement–r
epor
ti
ngt
hef
indi
ngsoft
heEI
A

10.
3Sust
ainabl
eDev
elopment
I
ntr
oduct
ion:I
nthewor
ldofenv
ironmentt
wocont
radi
ctor ged.Onei
ydemandsemer sthe
pr
otect
ionandpr
eser
vat
ionoft
heenv
ironmentf
ort
hepr
esentaswel
last
hef
utur
egener
ati
on
andt
heot
heronei
sthecont
inui
ngpr
ocessofeconomi
cdev
elopment
.Thei
nter
nat
ional
communi
tywasi
nter
wov
enwi
tht
hecompl
expr
obl
em ofbal
anci
ngt
het
woconcept
sbecause
bot
har
enecessar
yfort
hesoci
ety
.Wecannotgof
ort
heoneatt
hecostoft
heot
her
.Fr
om t
he
v
erybegi
nni
ngt
hecont
rov
ersybet
weenEnv
ironmentanddev
elopmentwast
her
esoi
nor
dert
o
sy
nthesi
zet
he cont
rov
ersi
ali
mper
ati
ves t
hataf
fectt
he economy
,the t
erm “
Sust
ainabl
e
dev
elopment
”emer
gedwhi
chi
nli
ter
alt
erm meanst
hepr
ocessort
hewayi
nwhi
cht
he
economi
cpl
anni
ngshoul
dbegi
venshapesoasnott
odi
stur
btheecol
ogy
.Wecansay
,inot
her
ds,sust
wor ainabl
edev
elopmenti
sapr
ocesst
hroughwhi
chdev
elopmentact
ivi
ti
escanbe
sust
ainedf
ort
hecomi
nggener
ati
ons.
Pr
ogr
ess:Si
nce pr
ogr
ess ofmanki
nd pol
l
uti
on ofenv
ironmentgo si
de by si
de as an
i
nter
dependentphenomenon,moder
nthi
nki
ngi
sgear
edar
oundf
ordr
awi
ngupofal
i
neof
cont
rolov
erbot
hthesecont
ingenci
es,
wher
ebyt
hedegr
eeofexpl
oit
atonofnat
i ureandnat
ural
r
esour
cesaswel
last
hedegr
eeofeconomi
cdev
elopmentshoul
dbemai
ntai
nedatsuchr
ate
whi
chwi
l
lassur
esubst
ancebot
htot
hepr
esentgener
ati
onandt
ocomi
nggener
ati
onsi
na
heal
thyat
mospher
e.Thi
sst
ateofequi
l
ibr
ium i
ster
m as“
sust
ainabl
edev
elopment
”.

Ev
eryant
hropogeni
cact
ivi
tyhasi
tsi
mpactont
heenv
ironment
.Humanact
ivi
ti
escausi
ng
i
mpactont
hei
ntegr
it
yofecosy
stem whi
chpr
ovi
desessent
ialr
esour
ceoft
heser
vicef
ort
he
wel
lbei
ngoft
hemanki
nd.Env
ironmentconsequencer
equi
resassessmentandconsequent
ial
adj
ust
ment
s whi
l
eunder
t ng i
aki ndust
ri
alorot
herpr
oduct
iveact
ivi
ti
esf
orsoci
o-economi
c
dev
elopment
. Env
ironmentaudi
ti
ng i
n one such st
rat
egyofbal
anci
ng env
ironmentand
i
ndust
ri
alpr
oduct
ion.
Ef
for
tsofsust
ainabl
edev
elopment
:
Moder
nlaw r
elat
ing t
o env
ironment
alpr
otect
ionhast
heobj
ectofachi
evi
ng “
sust
ainabl
e
dev
elopment
”.Thi
spr
obl
em hasbeent
akenupf
orenf
orcementbyt
he
 UNOev
ersi
ncet
heSt
ockhol
m conf
erenceont
hepr
otect
ionofhumanenv
ironment
,1972.
 Decl
arat
ionsandpr
otocol
ssuchasNai
robi
Decl
arat
ion,
1982,
 Ri
oDecl
arat
ion,
1992,
 Ky
otopr
otocol
stot
heUNf
ramewor
kConv
ent
ionsoncl
i
mat
echange,
 Wor
ldSummi
tonsust
ainabl
eDev
elopment
,2002,
 Del
himi
nist
eri
aldecl
arat
ionsont
hecl
i
mat
echangeandsust
ainabl
eDev
elopment
,2002et
c.

Oneoft
hepr
inci
plesunder
lyi
ngEnv
ironmentl
aw i
sthatof“
Sust
ainabl
edev
elopment
”.I
t
r
equi
rest
hatdev
elopmentshoul
dtakepl
acei
namannerwher
ebyecol
ogyi
sal
sosust
ainabl
e.
TheUNESCOhassetupt
heUN commi
ssi
onont
heSust
ainabl
edev
elopmenton16-
2-1993,
i
nteral
i
a,f
orenhanci
ng t
hei
ntent
ionalcooper
ati
on and r
ati
onal
i
zest
hei
nter
-gov
ernment
deci
sionmaki
ngcapaci
tyofenv
ironmentanddev
elopmenti
ssues.
Sust
ainabl
eDev
elopmenti
nIndi
anscenar
io:
I
nthedev
elopi
ngcount
ri
esl
i
keI
ndi
a,expl
oit
ati
onofnat
uralr
esour
cei
sessent
ialf
oreconomi
c
pr
ogr
esst
hroughi
ndust
ri
aldev
elopment
.Whi
l
eint
ernat
ionalandnat
ionall
awsandpol
i
cies
hav
eal
readypr
ovi
dedv
ari
ousgui
del
i
nes– l
egalorexecut
ive,t
heconceptofsust
ainabl
e
dev
elopmentr
equi
resst
il
laspeci
alat
tent
ionandemphasi
stobr
ingawar
enessamongt
he
i
ndust
ri
ali
stsandot
herengagedi
ntheexpl
orat
ionoft
henat
ureandman–mader
esour
cesf
or
economi
cpr
ogr
ess.
Sust
ainabl
edev
elopment–j
udi
cial
trends
Essent
ialf
eat
uresofsust
ainabl
edev
elopmenti
sabal
anci
ngconceptbet
weenecol
ogyandt
he
dev
elopmentandhasbeenaccept
edasapar
toft
hecust
omar
yint
ernat
ionall
aw t
hroughi
ts
sal
i
entf
eat
ureshav
eyett
obef
inal
i
zedbyt
hei
nter
nat
ionall
aw j
uri
sts.Somesuchsal
i
ent
f
eat
ureswer
ethatofi
ntergener
ati
onal
equi
ty,
conv
ersat
ionofnat
ural
resour
ces,
env
ironment
al
pr
otect
ion,t
he“
Precaut
ionar
ypr
inci
ple”i
ncl
udi
ng“
pol
l
uterpay
spr
inci
ple”
,obl
i
gat
iont
oassi
st
andco-
oper
ateet
c.Mi
ningact
ivi
ti
esatAr
aval
l
iHi
l
lrangeshal
lbeper
mit
tedont
hebasi
sof
sust
ainabl
edev
elopment
.
 CHAPTER11
11.
1Const
it
uti
onal
Prov
isi
onsf
ort
hePr
otect
ionofEnv
ironment
-
Env
ironment
alpr
otect
ionandi
mpr
ovementwer
eexpl
i
cit
lyi
ncor
por
atedi
ntot
heConst
it
uti
onby
he42nd AmendmentAct
t ,1976.Actcl
ear
lyspel
touti
ntheconceptofpr
eambl
eoft
he
soci
ali
sm t
hatsoci
ali
sti
cpat
ter
nofsoci
eti
es,t
hest
atepay
smor
eat
tent
ionont
hesoci
al
pr
obl
emst
hanonanyi
ndi
vi
dualpr
obl
em andt
hepol
l
uti
oni
soneoft
hem,wer
especi
fi
c
pr
ovi
si
ont
opr
otectandi
mpr
ovet
heenv
ironment
.TheConst
it
uti
onbei
ngsupr
emeLawoft
he
l
andshal
lbi
ndi
ngonnotonl
ytheci
ti
zenandev
enonnon-ci
ti
zenandont
hest
atei
tsel
ftoo.
A.Fundament
alRi
ght
s:Par
t–I
IIoft
heconst
it
uti
onconf
ersf
undament
alr
ightt
otheI
ndi
an
ci
ti
zen-
1.Ar
ti
cle14:Ri
ghtt
oequal
i
ty&Env
ironmentPr
otect
ionhasbeenconst
ruedi
nsuchmanner
t
hatev
eryci
ti
zenshal
lgetr
ightt
oequal
i
tyi
nmat
ter
sofheal
thyenv
ironment
.
Doct
ri
neofI
nterGener
ati
onalEqual
i
ty nRur
:I all
i
tigat
ionandEnt
it
lementKendr
aCase,t
he
Supr
emeCour
tpr
opoundedt
hisdoct
ri
ne.I
tpr
opoundedt
hatAr
ti
cle14oft
heconst
it
uti
on
conf
ersequal
i
tyamongt
heci
tzens.Howev
i ercer
tai
ninf
luent
ialandr
ichcl
asscoer
ceor
i
nfl
uent
ialt
hegov
ernment
aldepar
tment
sandobt
ainper
missi
onsf
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentof
i
ndust
ri
es,f
ormi
ningoper
ati
ons,et
c.t
hesear
ether
ealsour
cesofcausi
ngenenv
ironment
pol
l
uti
on.Theper
missi s“
oni ar
bit
rar
il
yandi
ndi
scr
imi
nat
ely
”gr
ant
edwi
thoutanadequat
e
consi
der
ati
onofenv
ironment
ali
mpact
s.Thust
heequal
i
tybet
weent
hei
nfl
uencepeopl
eand
or
dinar
ypeopl
eisdi
ff
ered.Hencear
ti
cle14mayal
sobei
nvoked.
2.Ar
t.
19(
1)(
g):
Freedom ofTr
ade&commer
cet
oev
eryci
ti
zenbutr
est
ri
ctst
hoseact
ivi
ti
es
whi
chhar
mtheenv
ironment
3.Ar
t.
21:Ri
ghtt
oli
fe&per
sonall
i
ber
tyal
soi
ncl
udesheal
thy&pol
l
uti
onf
reeenv
ironmenti
n
r
elat
iont
otheenv
ironmentpol
l
uti
on.
4.Ar
t.
32&Ar
t.
226:
Rightt
oconst
it
uti
onal
remedi
esi
ncaseofv
iol
ati
onofanyr
ight
sthr
ought
he
env
ironment
.
PI
L,Env
ironmentPr
otect
ionandRi
ghtt
oLi
fe-
Att
heout
seti
tmaybest
atedt
hatt
hear
eaof
env
ironmentpr
otect
ioni
nIndi
athr
oughj
udi
cial
processhascomet
hroughPI
L.
Case:Rat
lam Muni
ci
pal
i
tyv
.Var
dhi
chandt
heSCbutr
elaxi
ngt
het
radi
ti
onalr
uleofl
ocus-
standi
pav
edt
hewayf
orNGO’
sandpubl
i
cspi
ri
tedpeopl
etomov
etheCour
tsf
ort
her
edr
essalof
gr
iev
ances,connect
ed wi
th env
ironment
alhazar
ds underAr
ti
cle 32 & 226 oft
he I
ndi
an
Const
it
uti
on.
B.DPSP:
1.Ar
ti
cle47:pr
ovi
desf
ort
hei
mpr
ovementofpubl
i
cheal
thasoneoft
hepr
imar
ydut
iesoft
he
st
atet
orai
set
hel
evel
ofnut
ri
ti
on&publ
i
cheal
th.
2.Ar
ti
cle48:
Organi
zat
ionofagr
icul
tur
e&ani
mal
husbandr
yonmoder
nsci
ent
if
icl
i
nes.
3.Ar
ti
cle48A:“
Thest
ateshal
lEndeav
ourt
opr
otectandi
mpr
ovet
heenv
ironmentandt
o
saf
eguar
dthef
orest
sandwi
l
dli
feoft
hecount
ry.“
Thi
sdi
rect
ivepr
inci
pler
equi
redt
hatt
he‘
stat
e
shal
lEndeav
ourt
opr
otectandi
mpr
ovet
heenv
ironment
”and‘
tosaf
eguar
dthef
orest
sandwi
l
d
l
i
feoft
hecount
ry.
”Thest
atewhi
l
eimpl
ement
ingt
hepr
inci
plesi
nAr
t48–Ashal
lbei
mmune
f
rom t
hecondi
ti
onsi
mposedundert
heAr
ti
cle.Ther
efor
e,anyLaw r
elat
ingt
oenv
ironment
pol
l
utonwi
i l
lnotbesubj
ectt
ojudi
cialscr
uti
nyont
hegr
oundsofAr
ti
cles14,
19and31.I
twasa
t
urni
ngpoi
ntandgav
etheCent
real
sot
hepowert
olegi
slat
eonf
orest
s.

C.Fundament
alDut
y
Ar
t51-
A(g)
,speci
all
ydeal
swi
tht
hef
undament
aldut
ywi
thr
espectt
oenv
ironment
.Itsay
s”i
t
shal
lbedut
yofev
eryci
ti
zenofI
ndi
atopr
otectandi
mpr
ovet
henat
uralenv
ironmenti
ncl
udi
ng
f
orest
s,l
akes,
riv
ers,
&wi
l
dli
feandt
ohav
ecompassi
onf
orl
i
vingcr
eat
ures.Thi
spost
ulat
eson
al
lci
ti
zenst
opr
eser
veandpr
otectt
heenv
ironmentandhav
ecompassi
ont
oal
ll
iv
ingcr
eat
ures.
Thi
sar
ti
cleusest
hewor
ds”Nat
ural
Env
ironment
”

D.
Art
.246Legi
slat
ivepower
soft
heUni
onandSt
ates
Thi
spr
ovi
sionempower
sUni
onGov
t.&St
ateGov
ts.t
oenactl
awsaccor
dingt
oli
stsi
nVI
I
Schedul
e.Manyoft
heent
ri
esspeakaboutenv
ironment
alpr
otect
ion.Gov
t.cant
akel
egi
slat
ive
measur
esf
ort
hepr
otect
ionofenv
ironment
.

11.
2Legi
slat
ivemeasur
esf
ort
hepr
otect
ionofenv
ironmenti
nIndi
a:
I
ntr
oduct
ion:Today
,hal
ti
ngt
heenv
ironment
alpol
l
uti
oni
spr
imeobj
ectofwor
ldatl
arge.Legal
r
esponset
oenv
ironment
alpol
l
uti
onatgl
oball
evelt
ookshapebecauseoft
heef
for
tsofUni
ted
Nat
ions Or
gani
sat
ion. The St
ockhol
m Decl
arat
ion 1972 was t
he f
ir
stmaj
orat
temptt
o
conser
veandpr
otectt
hehumanenv
ironmentatt
hei
nter
nat
ionall
evel
.Asaconsequenceof
t
hisDecl
arat
ion,
theSt
ateswer
erequi
redt
oadoptl
egi
slat
ivemeasur
est
opr
otectandi
mpr
ove
t
he env
ironment
. Accor
dingl
y,I
ndi
an Par
li
ament amended t
he const
it
uti
on t
oinser
t
env
ironment
alpr
otect
ionpr
ovi
sions.

42ndAmendmentActf
ort
hef
ir
stt
imei
nser
tedEnt
ry20Ai
nLi
stI
IIwhi
chdeal
swi
thpopul
ati
on
cont
roland f
ami
l
ypl
anni
ng becauseenor
mousi
ncr
easei
n popul
ati
on i
smai
n causef
or
env
ironment
alpr
obl
ems.

Thebr
oadl
anguageofAr
t253suggest
sthati
nthewakeofSt
ockhol
m Conf
erencei
n1972,
Par
li
amenthast
hepowert
olegi
slat
eonal
lmat
terl
i
nkedt
othepr
event
ionofnat
uralr
esour
ces.
I
n Ar
ti
cle249 t
hewor
dsused “
Nat
ionalI
nter
est
”ar
ethemosti
mpor
tant
.Publ
i
cHeal
th,
Sani
tat
ion,Dr
ainage,et
c.ar
eincl
udedi
ntheSt
ateLi
st.Howev
ert
hesear
emostsour
ceof
l
egi
slat
iont
opr
eventt
heenv
ironmentpol
l
uti
onef
fect
ivel
y.I
nfactt
hewat
ersubj
ectbel
ongst
o
t
hest
ate.I
fthest
ategov
ernmentr
esol
vedby2\
3maj
ori
tyandr
equest
edt
heuni
ongov
ernment
t
omaket
henecessar
ylegi
sl
ati
onf
ort
heenv
ironment
all
aw.Thusaccor
dingt
oAr
ti
cle249,
the
I
ndi
anpar
li
amentenact
ed;

1.TheEnv
ironment(
Prot
ect
ion)Act
,1986.Theset
hreeAct
sar
emosti
mpor
tantl
egi
slat
ion
i
nrev
ert
ingenv
ironment
alpol
l
uton.Case:
i GangaPol
l
uti
on
2.Thewat
er(
Prev
ent
ionandcont
rol
ofpol
l
uti
on)Act
,1974.
3.TheAi
r(Pr
event
ionandcont
rol
ofpol
l
uti
on)Act
,1981.
4.TheWi
l
dLi
fe(
Prot
ect
ion)Act
,1972
5.TheFor
est(
Conser
vat
ion)Act
,1980
6.TheBi
ologi
cal
Div
ersi
tyAct
,2002.
7.I
ndi
anPenalCode,
1860.Thepr
obl
em ofwat
erpol
l
uti ton“
onhasbeendeal Publ
i
cHeal
th
andsaf
ety
”.Asr
egar
dsi
tpr
ovi
dest
hat“
whoev
erv
olunt
ari
l
ycor
ruptorf
oul
sthewat
erof
anypubl
i
cspr
ingorr
eser
voi
rsoast
orenderi
tlessf
itf
ort
hepur
posef
orwhi
chi
tis
or
dinar
il
yused.
Env
ironment
alLawsi
nIndi
a:Apar
tfr
om t
heconst
it
uti
onalmandat
etopr
otect&i
mpr
ovet
he
env
ironment
,ther
ear
eapl
ent
yofl
egi
slat
ionsi
nIndi
afort
heconser
vat
ionandpr
otect
ionof
env
ironment
.Thosear
e;

1.The Env
ironment(
Prot
ect
ion)Act
,1986:The Env
ironment(
Prot
ect
ion)Act
,1986 was
enact
edt
opr
ovi
def
ort
hepr
otect
ionandi
mpr
ovementoft
hequal
i
tyofenv
ironmentand
pr
event
ing,
cont
rol
l
ingandabat
ingenv
ironmentpol
l
uti
on.

Obj
ect
ivesoft
heAct
:

 Pr
otect
ionandi
mpr
ovementofenv
ironment

 Pr
event
ionofhazar
doust
ohumanbei
ngs,
otherl
i
vingcr
eat
ures,
plant
sandpr
oper
ty.

Sal
i
entf
eat
uresoft
heAct
:

 Wi
derdef
ini
ti
onoft
het
erm“
Env
ironment
”towat
er,ai
randl
andandt
hei
nter
-r
elat
ionshi
p
whi
chexi
stsamong and bet
weenwat
er,ai
rand l
and and humanbei
ngs,ot
herl
i
ving
cr
eat
ures,
plant
s,mi
cro-
organi
sm andpr
oper
ty.

 TheActhasgi
venv
astpower
stot
heCent
ralGov
ernmentt
otakemeasur
eswi
thr
espectof
pl
anni
ngandexecut
ionofanat
ion-
widepr
ogr
ammef
orpr
event
ion,cont
rolandabat
ement
env
ironmentpol
l
uti
on.

 Actempower
stheGov
t.t
olaydownst
andar
dsf
ort
hequal
i
tyofenv
ironment
,emi
ssi
onor
di
schar
geofenv
ironment
alpol
l
utant
s;

 Cent
ralGov
t.i
sempower
ed t
oregul
atei
ndust
ri
all
ocat
ions;t
o pr
escr
ibepr
ocedur
efor
managi
nghazar
doussubst
ances,t
oest
abl
i
shsaf
eguar
dsf
orpr
event
ingacci
dent
s;andt
o
col
l
ectand di
ssemi
nat
einf
ormat
ion r
egar
ding env
ironment
alpol
l
uti
on.Gov
t.i
s al
so
empower
edt
oinspectt
hei
ndust
ryf
ort
hecompl
i
anceofpr
ovi
sionsoft
heActandCent
ral
gov
t.i
sempower
edt
oest
abl
i
shenv
ironment
all
abor
ator
yfort
heanal
ysi
sofsampl
es.

 Actal
so pr
escr
ibes t
he penal
ti
es f
orcont
rav
ent
ion oft
he pr
ovi
sions oft
he Act
,i.
e.,
i
mpr
isonmentf
orat
erm whi
chmayext
endt
o5y
ear
sorf
inewhi
chmayext
endt
o1l
akh
r
upeesorbot
h.

2.TheWat
er(
Prev
ent
ionandCont
rolofPol
l
uti
on)Act
,1974:Wat
erpol
l
uti
oni
soneoft
he
cat
egor
iesofenv
ironmentpol
l
uti
on.Par
li
amenthasenact
edt
hisActt
opr
eventwat
erpol
l
uti
on.

Obj
ect
ivesoft
heAct
:TheWat
erActpr
ovi
desf
ort
hepr
event
ionandcont
rolofwat
erpol
l
uti
on
andt
hemai
ntai
ningorr
esor
ti
ngt
hewhol
esomenessofwat
er.
Sal
i
entf
eat
uresoft
heAct
:

 TheActpr
ohi
bit
sanypoi
sonous,noxi
ousorpol
l
uti
ngmat
terf
rom ent
eri
ngi
ntoanyst
ream
orwel
l
.

 Cent
ralGov
t.andSt
ateGov
ts.ar
eempower
edt
oappoi
ntandconst
it
uteaCent
ralPol
l
uti
on
Cont
rol
Boar
dandSt
atePol
l
uti
onCont
rol
Boar
drespect
ivel
y.

 Newi
ndust
ri
esar
erequi
redt
oobt
ainpr
iorappr
ovalofsuchBoar
dsbef
oredi
schar
gingany
t
radeef
fl
uent
,sewagesi
ntowat
erbodi
es.

I
tisonet
hemai
nfunct
ionoft
heBoar
dtopr
omot
ecl
eanl
i
nessofst
reamsandwel
l
sin
di
ff
erentar
easoft
heSt
ateandBoar
dsar
eempower
edt
oest
abl
i
shorr
ecogni
zeal
abor
ator
y
orl
abor
ator
iesf
ort
heef
fi
cientper
for
manceofi
tsf
unct
ionsi
ncl
udi
nganal
ysi
sofsampl
esof
wat
erf
rom anyst
ream orwel
lorsewageort
radeef
fl
uent
s.

3.Ai
r(Pr
event
ionandCont
rolofPol
l
uti
on)Act
,1981:Ai
r(Pr
event
ionandCont
rolofPol
l
uti
on)
Act
,1981i
stheout
comeoft
heSt
ockhol
m Decl
arat
ion1972,oneoft
hepr
imeobj
ect
soft
he
conf
erencei
stopr
eser
vet
henat
uralr
esour
cesoft
heear
thi
ncl
udi
ngt
hepr
eser
vat
ionoft
he
qual
i
tyofai
randcont
rol
ofai
rpol
l
uti
on.

Obj
ect
ivesoft
heAct
:

 Pr
event
ioncont
rol
andabat
ementofai
rpol
l
uti
on

 Est
abl
i
shmentofBoar
dsf
ort
hesuccessf
uli
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heAct
.

Sal
i
entf
eat
uresoft
heAct
:

 Theai
rActdef
inesanai
rpol
l
utantasanysol
i
d,l
i
qui
dorgaseoussubst
ancei
ncl
udi
ngnoi
se
pr
esenti
ntheat
mospher
einsuchconcent
rat
ionasmaybeort
endt
obei
njur
ioust
ohuman
bei
ngsorot
herl
i
vingcr
eat
uresorpl
ant
sorpr
oper
tyorenv
ironment
.

 Actpr
ovi
despr
ovi
si
onsf
ort
heest
abl
i
shmentofCent
ralandSt
ateBoar
dsf
ort
hepr
event
ion
andcont
rol
ofai
rpol
l
uti
on.

 Themai
nfunct
ionoft
heBoar
dsundert
heAi
rActi
stoi
mpr
ovet
hequal
i
tyofai
randt
o
pr
eventcont
rol
andabat
ementofai
rpol
l
uti
on.

 Actpr
ovi
dest
hatnoper
sonshal
lwi
thoutt
hepr
evi
ousconsentoft
heBoar
dest
abl
i
shor
oper
ateanyi
ndust
ri
alpl
anti
nanai
r-
pol
l
uti
oncont
rol
area.

 Boar
dsar
eempower
edt
o cancelt
heappr
ovalandmaydi
rect
sfort
hecl
osur
eoft
he
 i
ndust
ri
est
oful
fi
llt
hepur
poseoft
heAct
.Actempower
sBoar
dst
oest
abl
i
shl
abor
ator
ies
andobt
ainsampl
esf
oranal
ysi
s.

 Actpr
ovi
despr
ovi
si
onf
orof
fencesandpenal
ti
es,
whoev
ercont
rav
enet
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
he
Actshal
lbemadepuni
shabl
e.

4.TheWi
l
dLi
fe(
Prot
ect
ion)Act
,1972:

Thi
sActwasenact
edwi
thav
iewt
opr
ovi
def
ort
hepr
otect
ionofwi
l
dani
mal
s,bi
rdsandpl
ant
s.
TheActpr
ohi
bit
shunt
ingofani
mal
sandbi
rds,t
heActal
sopr
ohi
bit
spi
cki
ng,upr
oot
ing,
damagi
ng,
dest
roy
inget
c,andanyspeci
fi
edpl
antf
rom anyf
orest
.TheActpr
ovi
desf
orSt
ate
Wi
l
dli
feAdv
isor
yBoar
dtoadv
iset
heSt
ateGov
t.i
nfor
mul
ati
onoft
hepol
i
cyf
orpr
otect
ionand
conser
vat
ionoft
hewi
l
dli
feandspeci
fi
edpl
ant
s,andi
nsel
ect
ionofar
east
obedecl
aredas
Sanct
uar
ies,
Nat
ional
par
ks,
etc.

5.TheFor
est(
Conser
vat
ion)Act
,1980

Thi
sActwaspassedwi
thav
iewt
ocheckdef
orest
ati
onoff
orest
s.Thepr
imeobj
ectoft
heAct
i
sconser
vat
ionoff
orest
sanddeal
i
ngwi
thmat
ter
sconnect
edt
her
to.

 TheActpr
ovi
dest
hatno dest
ruct
ion off
orest
soruseoff
orest
land f
ornon-
for
est
pur
posescanbeper
mit
tedwi
thoutt
hepr
evi
ousappr
oval
oft
heCent
ral
Gov
t.

 Actpr
ovi
desf
ort
heconst
it
uti
onofAdv
isor
yCommi
tt
eet
oadv
icer
egar
dinggr
antof
appr
oval
mat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
oder
eser
vat
ionoff
orest
.

 Theconser
vat
ionoff
orest
sincl
udesnotonl
ypr
eser
vat
ionandpr
otect
ionofexi
sti
ng
f
orest
sbutal
sor
e-af
for
est
ati
on.

6.TheBi
ologi
cal
Div
ersi
tyAct
,2002

Obj
ect
ive:
Themai
nint
entoft
hisl
egi
slat
ioni
stopr
otectI
ndi
a’
sri
chbi
odi
ver
sit
yandassoci
ated
knowl
edge(
Tradi
ti
onalKnowl
edge)agai
nstt
hei
rusebyf
orei
gni
ndi
vi
dual
sandor
gani
zat
ions
wi
thoutshar
ingt
hebenef
it
sar
isi
ngoutofsuchuse,
andcheckbi
opi
racy
.

Sal
i
entf
eat
ures:

 TheActpr
ovi
desf
orset
ti
ngupofaNat
ionalBi
odi
ver
sit
yAut
hor
it
y(NBA)
,St
ateBi
odi
ver
sit
y
Boar
ds(
SBBs)andBi
odi
ver
sit
yManagementCommi
tt
ees(
BMCs)i
nlocal
bodi
es.

 Al
lfor
eignnat
ional
s/or
gani
zat
ionsr
equi
repr
iorappr
ovalofNBA f
orobt
aini
ngbi
ologi
cal
 r
esour
cesand/
orassoci
atedknowl
edgef
oranyuse. I
ndi
ani
ndi
vi
dual
s/ent
it
iesr
equi
re
appr
ovalofNBAf
ort
ransf
err
ingr
esul
tsofr
esear
chwi
thr
espectt
oanybi
ologi
calr
esour
ces
t
ofor
eignnat
ional
s/or
gani
zat
ions.

 Whi
l
egr
ant
ingappr
oval
s,NBAwi
l
limposet
ermsandcondi
ti
onst
osecur
eequi
tabl
eshar
ing
ofbenef
it
s.Bef
oreappl
yi
ngf
oranyf
orm ofI
PRsi
norout
sideI
ndi
aforani
nvent
ionbasedon
r
esear
chori
nfor
mat
iononabi
ologi
calr
esour
ceobt
ainedf
rom I
ndi
a,pr
iorappr
ovalofNBA
wi
l
lber
equi
red

I
ndi
ani
ndust
ryi
srequi
redt
ogi
vepr
iori
nti
mat
iont
otheconcer
nedSBBaboutobt
aini
ngany
bi
ologi
calr
esour
cef
orcommer
cialuse,andt
heSBBmayr
est
ri
ctt
heact
ivi
tyi
ffoundt
o
v
iol
atet
heobj
ect
ivesofconser
vat
ion,
sust
ainabl
euseandbenef
itshar
ing.
7.I
ndi
anPenalCode,1860.Thepr
obl
em ofwat
erpol
l
uti ton“
onhasbeendeal Publ
i
cHeal
th
andsaf
ety
”.Asr
egar
dsi
tpr
ovi
dest
hat“
whoev
erv
olunt
ari
l
ycor
ruptorf
oul
sthewat
erofany
publ
i
cspr
ingorr
eser
voi
rsoast
orenderi
tlessf
itf
ort
hepur
posef
orwhi
chi
tisor
dinar
il
y
usedwi
l
lbepenal
i
zedundert
hisact
.