BOOK:

PAKISTAN A HARD COUNTRY

WRITER:
ANATOL LIEVEN

CH NO 1.
INTRODUCTION:
UNDERSTANDING PAKISTAN

Q. NO 1.
What are the issues addressed?
 What is Pakistan?
 Pakistan , Afghanistan and the Taliban
 Pakistan is tougher than it looks
 Weak state , strong societies
 Feudal System
 How Pakistan works
 Pakistan , A negotiated state
 A gamble on the Indus
 The Pakistan Economy
 Living in Pakistan

Q.NO. 2.
What are the arguments and analysis?
 If floods and other ecological disaster becomes regular Pakistan will
destroy as a state or organized society.
 Pakistan is divided, disorganized, economically backward, corrupt,
violent, unjust, often oppressive towards poor and women and home to
extremely dangerous forms of extremism and terrorism.
  If Pakistan ever eventually collapse, it will not be Islamic extremism but
climate change.
 Pakistani’s enjoys attacks on USA and India not only due to Islamic
Extremism but due to their hostile role in Islamic world.
 If you want to overthrow or capture a state you need either a mass
movement on city streets that seizes institutions, A guerilla movement in
the countryside that seizes territory or a revolt of junior ranks of military.
 The only means of influencing Pakistan has been through economic
incentives.
 Musharraf’s decision to help the US after 9\11 was due to fear of US-
Indian alliance against Pakistan.
 Bush and Obama refused to put pressure on India to resolved Kashmir
issue.
 Pakistan’s help to west again Taliban is limited due to Pakistani soldiers
and community see the Afghan Taliban as engaged in a legitimate war of
resistance against foreign occupation.
 Bangladesh and Pakistan are two ethnically and culturally very different
wings.
 Urdu was not the language of today’s Pakistan. Actually it was the
language of Muslims in the heartland of the old Mughal empire centered
on the cities of Delhi, Agra, Lakhnaow, Bhopal and Hyderabad.
 In Pakistan state is weak and society n its various form is strong. e.g.
minimum population pay taxes
 Kinship is the central to weakness of the Pakistani state but also to its
stability.
 In Pakistan corruption is the result not of a lack of values but of the
positive and ancient values of loyalty to family and clan.
 Attempts to radically change Pakistan, Ayoub and Musharraf in a secular
state; Zia in an Islamic state and Bhutto in a socialist state, but these all
failed.
 In Pakistan the vast majority of human right abuses come out due to state
weakness.
 Corruption in Pakistan is intertwined with patronage and kinship.
 Pakistan’s inability to bring the population growth rate down reflects state
weakness, social conservatism, lack of education and ability of religious
parties to play on popular on prejudices.
 Climate change is a big threat for Pakistan. Human beings can survive
without democracy or even without much security but they can not live for
more than three days without water.
 If Pakistan falls, it will also drag India with itself.

Q.NO. 3.
 What is the evidence presented?
The writer is actually visited mostly areas of Pakistan and studied briefly about
country. He himself visited tribal areas of Pakistan. This was just an introductory so he only
introduced that on what he wrote on following chapters.

Q. NO. 4.
What is my opinion about writers argument?
In this introductory chapter of the writer gave argument generally on that issues
which he briefly described in next chapters. Climate change is the biggest threat to Pakistan.
Pakistan is an agricultural country and agriculture is actually connected with nature. So climate
change is disturbance in nature due to human activities. Pakistan is a developing state, have a
higher economic instability and having a neighbor like India. our mostly budget has been used in
security. But now due to changing climate we are in a big threat because it is directly connect
with our basic source of income , agriculture.
I strongly agree with the writers argument about corruption. It is very baffling
condition that our state only talk on money corruption. But I think state real focus should be on
moral corruption and that starts from kinship or our so called baradari system. Economic
instability and our asthenic education system allows the corruption germs to grow.
In this introductory chapter Mr. Anatol Lieven beautifully described the Pakistan. Let’s see
ahead.

Q. NO. 5.
What do others writers say?

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CH NO 2.
THE STRUGGLE FOR MUSLIM
SOUTH ASIA
Issues addressed.
 History of Islamic mobilization against western forces.
  Recurrent attempts by different administrations radically to change
Pakistan
 Recurrent pattern of both civilian and military government failure
 Religious and secular response of Muslims of subcontinent.
 The genesis of Pakistan
 The new Pakistani State
 Zulifqar Ali Bhutto
 Zia ul Haq

Important Points:

 “ Islam in danger” slogan leads to creation of Pakistan.

 In the 1980s, President Zia’s islamisation programme no hint of anti
Americanisam, for the obvious reason that the US was both an essential
ally in fighting against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan and an
essential financial sponsor of Pakistan and Zia’s administration.
 The US invasion in Iraq, coming on top of US support for Israel and
growing ties to India, greatly strenghtend the vague and inchoate but
pervasive feeling among Pakistanis that “ Islam in danger” at the hands of
US.
 Role of Shah Waliullah
 Muslims revolts against British
 The role of Ahl Hadaith, Deobandi and Brelvi against Britishs.
 Sir Syed’s basic principle on which Pakistan is created.
 Foundation of Muslim league and Khilafat movement
 What Jinnah wants?
 Jinnah’s struggle for a secular Pakistan
 Separation of Bengal
 Expectations of Muslims with Pakistan and role of army dictators.
 Different governing methods of Ayub, Zia, Z.A Bhutto and Musharraf.
 Bhutto’s start to execution.
 Zia ul Haq and its dream for an Islamic Pakistan.

My opinion:
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CH NO 3.
JUSTICE
Important points:
 Corrupt justice system
 Why people expect fast justice from Taliban?
 Draw backs of justice system in Pakistan
 Role of state law, customary law and Shariah.
 Impact of customs on justice system.
 Role of Police
 Role of courts
 The Lawyers movement and its agenda.
 The Shariah