Exam

Name___________________________________

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 10.1

Using Figure 10.1, match the following:

1) Second-class lever. 1)

2) Humerus-ulna joint. 2)

3) Tibia-calcaneus joint. 3)

4) Atlanto-occipital joint. 4)

5) First-class lever. 5)

6) The action of lifting a shovel of snow. 6)

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Figure 10.2

Using Figure 10.2, match the following:

7) Deltoid. 7)

8) Serratus anterior. 8)

9) Sternocleidomastoid. 9)

10) Pectoralis minor. 10)

11) Coracobrachialis. 11)

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Figure 10.3

Using Figure 10.3, match the following:

12) Trapezius muscle. 12)

13) Teres major muscle. 13)

14) The latissimus dorsi. 14)

15) Rotates scapula. 15)

16) Rhomboid minor and Rhomboid major. 16)

17) Elevates and adducts scapula. 17)

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following muscle actions:

18) Powerful flexor and adductor of hand. A) Flexor carpi ulnaris

18)

19) Flexes distal interphalangeal joints. B) Flexor digitorum profundus

19)

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 20) Stabilizes the wrist during finger A) Palmaris longus
20)
extension.
B) Extensor carpi radialis brevis
21) Extends and abducts the hand.
21)
C) Flexor carpi ulnaris
22) Tenses skin and fascia of palm during
22)
hand movements.

Match the following:

23) Muscle that opposes and reverses the A) Antagonist

23)
action of another muscle.
B) Synergist
24) Muscle that stabilizes the origin of
24)
another muscle. C) Agonist (prime mover)

25) Muscle that is primarily responsible D) Fixator 25)

for bringing about a particular
movement.

26) Muscle that aids another by

26)
promoting the same movement.

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

27) A wheelbarrow is a good example of a second -class lever. 27)

28) Both first- and second-class levers operate at a mechanical disadvantage. 28)

29) Although all skeletal muscles have different shapes, the fascicle arrangement of each muscle is 29)
exactly the same.

30) Muscles are only able to pull, they never push. 30)

31) Regardless of type, all levers follow the same basic principle: effort farther than load from fulcrum 31)
= mechanical advantage; effort nearer than load to fulcrum = mechanical disadvantage.

32) The buccinator muscle compresses the cheek and is well developed in nursing infants. 32)

33) Muscles that help maintain upright posture are fixators. 33)

34) Deep muscles of the thorax promote movements for breathing. 34)

35) The deltoid is a prime mover of the arm that acts in adduction. 35)

36) The soleus is an antagonist of the gastrocnemius during plantar flexion. 36)

37) Muscles that help to maintain posture are best described as synergists. 37)

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 38) In order to propel food down to the esophagus, the pharyngeal constrictor muscles are used. 38)

39) The major head flexors are the sternocleidomastoid muscles, with the help of the muscles attached 39)
to the hyoid bone.

40) The arrangement of a muscle's fascicles determines its range of motion and power. 40)

41) Muscle power depends mostly on the total number of muscle fibers (cells) in the muscle. 41)

42) The calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) is the largest tendon in the body. 42)

43) The diaphragm flattens and moves inferiorly during inspiration. 43)

44) The broadest muscle of the back is the latissimus dorsi. 44)

45) Muscle spasms of the back often are due to the erector spinae contraction. 45)

46) Muscles connecting to the hyoid bone are important for swallowing and speech. 46)

47) The muscles of facial expression insert into skin or other muscles, not bones. 47)

48) Most superficial thorax muscles are extrinsic shoulder muscles. 48)

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

49) Which type of lever is exemplified by the flexing of the forearm by the biceps brachii muscle? 49)
A) a first-class lever B) a second-class lever
C) a third-class lever D) a fourth-class lever

50) What muscle is primarily responsible for preventing foot drop? 50)
A) extensor digitorum longus B) fibularis tertius
C) extensor hallucis longus D) tibialis anterior

51) What is the major factor controlling how levers work? 51)
A) the difference in the positioning of the effort, load, and fulcrum
B) the weight of the load
C) the structural characteristics of the muscles of the person using the lever
D) the direction the load is being moved

52) Which of the following is NOT a muscle primarily involved in the breathing process? 52)
A) latissimus dorsi B) external intercostal
C) internal intercostal D) diaphragm

53) What is the main factor that determines the power of a muscle? 53)
A) the number of neurons innervating it
B) the length
C) the total number of muscle fibers (cells) available for contraction
D) the shape

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54) What is a muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement called? 54)
A) an antagonist B) an agonist (prime mover)
C) a fixator D) a synergist

55) When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part of a muscle's name, what does it tell you 55)
about the muscle?
A) The muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively.
B) The muscle has two, three, or four insertions, respectively.
C) The muscle is able to change direction twice, three times, or four times faster than other
muscles, respectively.
D) The muscle has two, three, or four functions, respectively.

56) The most powerful muscle in the body is the ________. 56)
A) gluteus maximus B) quadriceps femoris
C) gastrocnemius D) rectus abdominis

57) Which of the following describes a bipennate pattern of fascicles? 57)

A) An arrangement in which the fascicles insert into only one side of a tendon.
B) An arrangement of five fascicles on each side of the tendon.
C) An arrangement that looks like many feathers side by side.
D) An arrangement in which the fascicles insert into the tendon from opposite sides.

58) Which of the following describes the suprahyoid muscles? 58)

A) They are often called strap muscles.
B) They are a group of muscles that lie superior to the hyoid bone and help form the floor of the
oral cavity.
C) They depress the larynx and hyoid bone if the mandible is fixed.
D) They move the pharynx superiorly during swallowing.

59) The supraspinatus is named for its location on the posterior aspect of the scapula above the spine. 59)
What is its action?
A) to extend and medially rotate the humerus and to act as a synergist of the latissimus dorsi
B) to flex and adduct the humerus and to act as a synergist of the pectoralis major
C) to help hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity and rotate the humerus laterally
D) to initiate abduction of the arm, to stabilize the shoulder joint and to help prevent downward
dislocation of the humerus

60) Which of the following muscles is NOT a rotator cuff muscle? 60)
A) supraspinatus B) levator scapulae
C) subscapularis D) teres minor

61) Which of the following muscles is involved in producing horizontal wrinkles in the forehead? 61)
A) the temporalis B) the frontal belly of the epicranius
C) the medial pterygoid D) the zygomaticus major

62) At the grocery store a cute, little curly-haired child is standing behind you in line. You turn 62)
around for a moment and she sticks her tongue out at you. Which tongue muscle did she use?
A) genioglossus B) hyoglossus C) stylohyoid D) orbicularis oris

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63) Which of these is the function of the external oblique muscles? 63)
A) extend vertebral column and head and rotates them to opposite sides
B) flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall
C) elevate and adduct scapula in synergy with superior fibers of trapezius
D) pull ribs toward one another to elevate the rib cage

64) Which of the following muscles is involved in crossing one leg over the other to produce the 64)
cross-legged position?
A) the gastrocnemius B) the quadriceps femoris
C) the sartorius D) all of the hamstrings

65) Which of the following muscles inserts to the posterior calcaneus via the calcaneal tendon? 65)
A) the tibialis anterior B) the semitendinosus
C) the sartorius D) the gastrocnemius

66) If a lever operates at a mechanical advantage, it means that the ________. 66)
A) load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum
B) load is near the fulcrum and the effort is applied far from the fulcrum
C) effort is farther than the load from the fulcrum
D) lever system is useless

67) Which of the following muscles fixes and stabilizes the pelvis during walking? 67)
A) transversus abdominis B) rectus abdominis
C) internal oblique D) external oblique

68) A muscle that opposes, or reverses, a particular movement is a(n) ________. 68)
A) synergist B) antagonist
C) agonist (prime mover) D) fixator

69) What type of muscle assists an agonist by causing a like movement or by stabilizing a joint over 69)
which an agonist acts?
A) an agonist B) a prime mover C) an antagonist D) a synergist

70) Which of the following is NOT a member of the hamstrings? 70)

A) gracilis B) biceps femoris
C) semitendinosus D) semimembranosus

71) A nursing infant develops a powerful sucking muscle that inserts to the muscle which adults also 71)
use for whistling (orbicularis oris). What is this muscle called?
A) masseter B) zygomaticus C) buccinator D) platysma

72) The sternocleidomastoid muscle inserts on the ________. 72)

A) sternum B) mastoid process of the temporal bone
C) platysma D) clavicle

73) In general, a muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces ________. 73)
A) flexion B) extension C) adduction D) abduction

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74) Which of these is NOT a way of classifying muscles? 74)
A) the type of muscle fibers B) muscle shape
C) the type of action they cause D) muscle location

75) Which of the following muscles is used to form a smile? 75)

A) corrugator supercilli B) zygomaticus major
C) mentalis D) orbicularis oris

76) Which of the following best describes the orbicularis oris? 76)
A) It closes the eye. B) It draws the eyebrows together.
C) It closes, purses, and protrudes the lips. D) It pulls the lower lip down and back.

77) Which muscle group is involved when a "pulled groin" occurs? 77)
A) quadriceps B) lateral rotators
C) hamstrings D) thigh adductors

78) What are the levers that operate at a mechanical advantage called? 78)
A) dysfunctional levers B) power levers
C) speed levers D) functional levers

79) Tennis players often complain about pain in the arm (forearm) that swings the racquet. What 79)
muscle is usually strained under these conditions?
A) the brachioradialis B) the triceps brachii
C) the flexor digitorum profundus D) the anconeus

80) Which muscle(s) is (are) contracted to exhale forcibly? 80)

A) rectus abdominis and diaphragm
B) diaphragm alone
C) internal intercostals and rectus abdominus
D) external intercostals and diaphragm

81) Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the thigh? 81)
A) biceps femoris B) iliopsoas and rectus femoris
C) soleus D) vastus medialis

82) First-class levers ________. 82)

A) have load at one end of the lever, fulcrum at the other, and effort applied somewhere in the
middle
B) in the body can operate at a mechanical advantage or mechanical disadvantage, depending
on specific location
C) are typified by tweezers or forceps
D) are used when standing on tip-toe

83) What do the genioglossus, hyoglossus, and styloglossus muscles have in common? 83)
A) Each acts synergistically to elevate the jaw.
B) All names indicate the relative size of the muscle.
C) All names reflect direction of muscle fibers.
D) All act on the tongue.

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84) If L = load, F = fulcrum, and E = effort, what type of lever system is described as LEF? 84)
A) first-class lever B) second-class lever
C) third-class lever D) fourth-class lever

85) Which of the following muscles is a flexor of the thigh at the hip? 85)
A) gluteus maximus B) adductor magnus
C) vastus lateralis D) tibialis posterior

86) Which of the following muscles is involved in inversion at the ankle joint? 86)
A) fibularis (peroneus) tertius B) fibularis (peroneus) longus
C) extensor digitorum longus D) tibialis anterior

87) Which of the following muscles serves as a common intramuscular injection site, particularly in 87)
infants as the buttocks and arm muscles are poorly developed?
A) the vastus medialis B) the vastus intermedius
C) rectus femoris D) the vastus lateralis

88) Paralysis of which of the following muscles would make an individual unable to flex the knee? 88)
A) brachioradialis B) soleus
C) gluteal muscles D) hamstring muscles

89) Which of the following muscles does NOT act in plantar flexion? 89)
A) flexor digitorum longus B) gastrocnemius and soleus
C) tibialis posterior D) popliteus

90) ________ is a powerful forearm extensor at the elbow joint. 90)

A) Brachioradialis B) Brachialis C) Triceps brachii D) Biceps brachii

91) The ________ is known as the "boxer's muscle." 91)

A) biceps brachii B) rectus abdominis
C) serratus anterior D) flexor digitorum longus

92) The ________ runs deep to the internal oblique. 92)

A) external oblique B) transversus abdominis
C) latissimus dorsi D) rectus abdominis

93) The ________ helps keep food between the grinding surfaces of the teeth during chewing. 93)
A) orbicularis oris B) risorius C) buccinator D) mentalis

94) The ________ tightens the neck and draws the corners of the mouth downward as in expressing 94)
horror.
A) platysma B) sternocleidomastoid
C) sternohyoid D) mentalis

95) The ________ is the main chewing muscle. 95)

A) buccinator B) hyoglossus
C) lateral pterygoid D) masseter

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 96) The abnormal protrusion of the small intestine through a weak point in the muscle of the 96)
abdominal wall is called a ________.
A) hernia B) hyperextension C) sprain D) pulled muscle

97) The quadriceps femoris is composed of three "vastus" muscles and the ________. 97)
A) rectus femoris B) biceps femoris
C) semimembranosus D) semitendinosus

98) The ________ is a synergist of the latissimus dorsi; it extends, medially rotates, and adducts the 98)
humerus.
A) teres minor B) teres major C) infraspinatus D) supraspinatus

99) The ________ extends the great toe. 99)

A) fibularis (peroneous)tertius B) extensor hallucis longus
C) tibialis anterior D) gastrocneumius

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

100) From superficial to deep, order the transversus abdominis, external oblique and internal 100)
oblique muscles. Describe the orientation of the muscle fibers for each of these as well as
for the rectus abdominis muscles.

101) What are the components of a lever system? Describe the role of each component. 101)

102) Bodybuilders are known for their "great quads." Describe the quadriceps muscles. 102)

103) A woman mentions to her friend that another person on the beach has "great abs." What is 103)
she talking about?

104) Muscles that act as synergists seem to have valuable functions, especially in stabilizing 104)
joints. Briefly explain their functions.

105) How does an antagonist differ from a prime mover (agonist)? How is it the same? 105)

106) An elderly woman, with extensive osteoarthritis of her left hip joint, entered the hospital 106)
to have a total hip joint replacement (prosthesis implantation). After surgery, her left hip
had to be maintained in abduction to prevent dislocation of the prosthesis while healing
was occurring. An abduction pillow was used to keep the legs apart, especially when lying
on her side. Name the abductor muscles and describe the action of each that need to be
strengthened in order to help maintain abduction.

107) A wide receiver for a college football team pulled a hamstring muscle. What muscles 107)
could be affected and what would the effect be?

108) How can a lever system work at a mechanical disadvantage but still be of use to us? 108)

109) List and describe the muscles involved in biting and chewing an apple? 109)

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 110) A college student told her friend that she was going to the gym to work on tightening her 110)
gluteus maximus. Which muscle is she referring to and what is its function?

111) Damage to the ischiocavernosus muscle would have what effect? 111)

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

112) David is playing football when he suffers from a ruptured calcaneal tendon. The rupture is accompanied by
abrupt pain and the calf muscle bulges due to the release of two muscles from their insertion. Name these two
muscles.

113) Brian decided to enter a 5-mile race designed to raise money for a class trip. He did not do any
preconditioning, nor has he ever jogged before. The morning after the race, Brian had so much pain in both his
shins, he was unable to go to school. What caused this pain?

114) A young pregnant woman went to a childbirth class and the instructor informed them about strengthening the
muscles of the pelvic floor. What are these muscles?

115) A nurse can facilitate respiratory functioning by encouraging deep breathing exercises such as diaphragmatic
breathing. Explain diaphragmatic breathing.

116) In emphysema, the lungs become overdistended with trapped air, which increases the effort required for
breathing. Describe the muscles involved when breathing becomes a forced process, such as a patient who has
emphysema.

117) The nurse is explaining Kegel exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. What factors may contribute to a
weakening of the pelvic floor muscles?

118) Tom has been told that he has an inguinal hernia. What is an inguinal hernia and what is its possible cause?

119) A patient has a stroke and has weakness on his right side. How will the weakness affect his ability to swallow?

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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED10

1) A
2) B
3) A
4) C
5) C
6) B
7) B
8) E
9) A
10) C
11) D
12) B
13) D
14) E
15) B
16) C
17) A
18) A
19) B
20) C
21) B
22) A
23) A
24) D
25) C
26) B
27) TRUE
28) FALSE
29) FALSE
30) TRUE
31) TRUE
32) TRUE
33) TRUE
34) TRUE
35) FALSE
36) FALSE
37) FALSE
38) TRUE
39) TRUE
40) TRUE
41) TRUE
42) TRUE
43) TRUE
44) TRUE
45) TRUE
46) TRUE
47) FALSE
48) TRUE
49) C
50) D
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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED10

51) A
52) A
53) C
54) B
55) A
56) B
57) D
58) B
59) D
60) B
61) B
62) A
63) B
64) C
65) D
66) B
67) B
68) B
69) D
70) A
71) C
72) B
73) A
74) A
75) B
76) C
77) D
78) B
79) A
80) C
81) B
82) B
83) D
84) C
85) B
86) D
87) D
88) D
89) D
90) C
91) C
92) B
93) C
94) A
95) D
96) A
97) A
98) B
99) B

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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED10

100) Fibers of the external oblique muscle run downward and medially (like outstretched fingers in pants pockets) and at
right angles to those of the internal oblique that runs just deep to it. Under these is the transversus abdominis whose
fibers run horizontally across the abdomen at an angle to both oblique muscles. The rectus abdominis muscles run
medially from the pubis to the rib cage.
101) The lever system components are lever, fulcrum, effort, and load. The lever is a rigid bar that moves on a fixed point
(the fulcrum) when a force is applied to it. The applied force, or effort, is used to move a resistance, or load.
102) These are the muscles of the front and sides of the thigh, and include the rectus femoris and the lateral, medial, and
intermediate vastus muscles.
103) The woman is referring to well-developed rectus abdominis muscles. This is a term coined by bodybuilders and refers
to the bulging muscles between the tendinous intersections.
104) Synergists aid prime movers (agonists) by promoting the same movement or by reducing undesirable or unnecessary
movements that might occur as the prime mover contracts. These latter muscles are called fixators.
105) A prime mover is the muscle that causes the desired movement to occur. An antagonist is a muscle that opposes the
action of the prime mover in a given movement. If, however, the direction of movement reverses, the former
antagonist is now the prime mover and the former prime mover is now the antagonist.
106) Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus. These muscles originate on the pelvis; they act as major
extensors of the thigh and abduct and rotate the thigh as well. The tensor fascia lata also abducts the thigh.
107) The muscles include the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. They are important flexors of the leg
and extensors of the thigh. Injuries here could make it impossible to run properly or to extend the thigh.
108) A lever that operates with the load far from the fulcrum and the effort applied near the fulcrum is operating at a
disadvantage in terms of power, but the advantage is that the load can move over large distances at a rapid rate.
Wielding a shovel is an example.
109) Open and close lips – levator labii superioris and orbicularis oris
Open the mouth – digastric and mylohyoid
Closing the mouth and chewing – masseter, temporalis, and pterygoids
Tongue – genioglossus, hypoglossus, and styloglossus
Extra – buccinator holds food in teeth grinding area
110) The college student was referring to the largest and most superficial gluteus muscle that forms the bulk of the buttock
mass. It functions as the major extensor of the thigh and is most effective when the thigh is flexed and force is
necessary.
111) In the male, it would be impossible to achieve an erection of the penis. In the female, the clitoris would not become
erect.
112) Gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis and soleus.
113) Brian was not conditioned for this type of run, and he now has shin splints. This is a condition in which the anterior
tibialis muscle is irritated, and as the inflamed muscle swells, its circulation is impaired by the tight fascial wrappings,
causing pain and tenderness.
114) The levator ani and coccygeus muscles form the bulk of the pelvic diaphragm (pelvic floor). Strengthening these
muscles helps in the delivery of the child by resisting downward forces when "pushing."
115) Diaphragmatic breathing is the alternating contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm causing pressure in the
abdominopelvic cavity below that facilitates blood to the heart. Diaphragmatic breathing promotes maximum
inhalation and lung expansion.
116) During forced inspiration, the scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles help lift the ribs and the erector spinae
muscle help in deep inspirastion. Forced expiration is aided by internal intercostal muscles that pull the ribs inferiorly
and by abdominal wall muscles that push the diaphragm superiorly by compressing the abdominal contents.
117) Aging and multiple births.
118) An inguinal hernia is an abnormal protrusion of abdominal contents, usually the small intestine, through a weak spot
in muscles of the abdominal wall. It is usually a result of increased intraabdominal pressure during lifting or straining.
119) The patient may have difficulty swallowing related to weakness or paralysis of the suprahyoid muscles. The
suprahyoid muscles help elevate the larynx and close the epiglottis to prevent choking during the swallowing process.

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