Exam

Name___________________________________

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 13.1

Using Figure 13.1, match the following:

1) Innervates the superior oblique muscle. 1)

2) Longest cranial nerve. 2)

3) Damage to this nerve would cause dizziness, nausea, and loss of balance. 3)

4) Involved in movement of the digestive tract. 4)

5) Damage to this nerve would cause difficulty in speech and swallowing, but no effect on 5)
visceral organs.

6) Damage to this nerve would keep the eye from rotating inferolaterally. 6)

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Figure 13.2

Using Figure 13.2, identify the following components of the reflex arc:

7) Integration center. 7)

8) Sensory neuron. 8)

9) Effector. 9)

10) Motor neuron. 10)

11) Receptor. 11)

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following:

12) Mixed nerves; primarily motor; main A) Optic

12)
general sensory nerves of the face.
B) Trigeminal
13) Purely sensory; transmit visual
13)
impulses from the retina to the C) Trochlear
thalamus.
D) Facial
14) Mixed nerves; transmit sensory
14)
impulses from the taste buds of the
E) Glossopharyngeal
posterior tongue.

15) Primarily motor; carry motor and

15)
propioceptor impusles to and from the
eyeballs.

16) Mixed nerves; carry sensory impulses

16)
from the taste buds of anterior
two-thirds of the tongue.

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Match the following reflexes to their function:

17) Tests both upper and lower motor A) Stretch

17)
pathways. The sole of the foot is
stimulated with a dull instrument. B) Plantar

18) Consists of an ipsilateral withdrawal C) Crossed-extensor 18)

reflex and a contralateral extensor
reflex; important in maintaining
D) Flexor
balance.

E) Tendon
19) Produces a rapid withdrawal of the
19)
body part from a painful stimulus;
ipsilateral.

20) Prevents muscle overstretching and

20)
maintains muscle tone.

21) Produces muscle relaxation and

21)
lengthening in response to tension; the
contracting muscle relaxes as its
antagonist is activated.

Match the following:

22) The obturator and femoral nerves A) Brachial plexus

22)
branch from this plexus.
B) Cervical plexus
23) Striking the "funny bone" (ulnar
23)
nerve) may cause injury to a nerve of C) Lumbar plexus
this plexus.
D) Sacral plexus
24) Trauma to a nerve of this plexus may
24)
cause wrist drop.

25) A fall or improper administration of

25)
an injection to the buttocks may injure
a nerve of this plexus.

26) The phrenic nerve branches from this

26)
plexus.

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Match the following:

27) Controls the outputs of the cortex and A) Segmental level

27)
regulates motor activity.
B) Projection level
28) Central pattern generators.
28)
C) Precommand level
29) Intermediate relay for incoming and
29)
outgoing neurons.

30) The cerebellum and basal nuclei.

30)

31) Includes cortical and brain stem motor

31)
areas.

32) The neural machinery of the spinal

32)
cord, including spinal cord circuits.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Figure 13.3

Using Figure 13.3, match the following:

33) Contain autonomic nerve fibers. 33)

34) Supplies the posterior body trunk. 34)

35) Supplies all of the body except the posterior. 35)

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 36) All but T 2 -T12 branch and form nerve plexuses. 36)

37) Supplies each muscle with fibers from more than one nerve. 37)

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following:

38) Lamellar corpuscle. A) Ruffini endings

38)

39) Bulbous corpuscle. B) Meissner corpuscle

39)

40) Tactile corpuscle. C) Pacinian corpuscle

40)

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

41) The meningeal branch of a spinal nerve actually reenters the vertebral canal to innervate the 41)
meninges and blood vessels.

42) Lamellar corpuscles can only be exteroceptors or proprioceptors. 42)

43) The musculocutaneous nerve is a major nerve of the brachial plexus. 43)

44) The second cranial nerve forms a chiasma at the base of the brain for partial crossover of neural 44)
fibers.

45) Dorsal and ventral rami are similar in that they both contain sensory and motor fibers. 45)

46) Irritation of the phrenic nerve may cause diaphragm spasms called hiccups. 46)

47) Reciprocal inhibition means that while one sensory nerve is stimulated, another sensory neuron for 47)
synergistic muscles in the same area is inhibited and cannot respond.

48) Drooping of the upper eyelid, and double vision are potential symptoms of damage to the 48)
olfactory nerve.

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

49) If someone spills very hot coffee (200°F) on their skin, they will likely perceive much pain. Which 49)
of the following receptor types is causing this sensation?
A) chemoreceptors B) nociceptors
C) thermoreceptors D) mechanoreceptors

50) Receptors that respond to changes in room temperature are found in the skin. Which of the 50)
following pairs of classifications below best fit the receptor type that is being described above?
A) thermoreceptors that are also exteroceptors
B) thermoreceptors that are also interoceptors
C) mechanoreceptors that are also interoceptors
D) mechanoreceptors that are also exteroceptors

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51) We can touch our finger to our nose while our eyes are closed in part because we can sense the 51)
position and movement of our joints as well as the length of stretch in our muscles. These
sensations create awareness of our body's positioning. The following receptors are most likely
responsible for this ability.
A) exteroceptors B) proprioceptors C) nociceptors D) interoceptors

52) Tactile sensation is a combination of touch, pressure, stretch, and vibration. Which of the following 52)
is most likely the receptor type that senses tactile stimulation?
A) mechanoreceptors B) nociceptors
C) thermoreceptors D) proprioceptors

53) A person has gone for an appointment to receive a deep -tissue therapeutic massage. Which of the 53)
following receptors would be stimulated by the massage?
A) tendon organ B) free nerve ending
C) bulbous corpuscle D) lamellae corpuscle

54) Which of the following is the best explanation of how a stimulus's strength is transmitted to the 54)
central nervous system from sensory nerves?
A) More than one type of receptor will respond to larger stimulus.
B) An action potential will increase in strength as stimulus strength increases.
C) Action potential frequency is increased as stimulus strength increases.
D) Action potentials as well as graded potentials are sent to the central nervous system when
stimulus strength increases.

55) A patient is suffering from the inability to distinguish various types of odors. This patient may 55)
have damage to which of the following?
A) hypoglossal nerve (XII) B) facial nerve (VIII)
C) vagus nerve (X) D) olfactory nerve (I)

56) A patient has lost the ability to taste food. Which nerve may have been damaged? 56)
A) the facial nerves B) the abducens nerves
C) trigeminal nerves D) the optic nerves

57) An emergency medical technician is examining a trauma victim by shining a pen light into her 57)
patient's eye. She records the reactivity of the patient's pupils as they constrict when stimulated by
the light. This test supports which of the following?
A) The patient has function of the oculomotor nerve (III).
B) The patient has function of the trochlear nerve (IV).
C) The patient has suffered brain damage.
D) The patient has lost function of the optic nerve (II).

58) A bit of dust blows into and touches the cornea of the eye. Which of the following is likely to 58)
happen?
A) Nothing, because there is no sensory information sent from the cornea.
B) Stimulation of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V) will cause blinking.
C) Stimulation of the facial nerve (VII) will be perceived as pain.
D) Stimulation of the optic nerve (II) will cause tears to flow from the lacrimal gland.

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59) A doctor asks her patient to follow the motion of her finger as she moves it up and down, left and 59)
right. Which of the following cranial nerves is NOT being tested?
A) the abducens (VI) B) the trochlear nerve (IV)
C) the oculomotor nerve (III) D) the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

60) As a cook chops red onions he begins to tear up due to activation of the lacrimal gland. Which of 60)
the following nerves provided the stimulus?
A) the facial nerve (VII) B) the vagus nerve (X)
C) the optic nerve (II) D) the olfactory nerve (I)

61) Dermatome maps are useful to clinicians because ________. 61)

A) they can help pinpoint the location of spinal injury
B) they show the routes of motor nerves
C) they outline the location of the numerous nerve plexus
D) they show doctors how to avoid striking spinal nerves during surgery

62) A patient has an injury of the spine and is now suffering from a loss of motor function in his right 62)
arm. However, he still has normal sensory function in the arm. Based on this information it is
likely that the patient has nervous tissue damage located at ________.
A) the dorsal rootlets located at one of the thoracic vertebra
B) the ventral root located at one or more of the cervical vertebra
C) spinal nerves of the cervical vertebra
D) the dorsal root located at one or more of the cervical vertebra

63) Injury to cervical vertebrae C 3 -C4 is particularly problematic because ________. 63)
A) the phrenic nerve that serves the diaphragm receives its fibers from here
B) several ganglia are near this region that serve the heart
C) part of the brain stem is located here
D) the greater auricular nerve that serve the parotid gland receive there fibers from here

64) Complicated interlacing of the ventral rami form networks called nerve plexus. The crisscrossing 64)
of the nerve fibers from the various spinal nerves is advantageous because ________.
A) viruses that infect us by moving through PNS nerves are prevented entry to the CNS
B) having several nerve fibers unite enhances sensory function
C) injury to any single spinal nerve will be less damaging as there is less chance of total loss of
innervation to any particular organ
D) having several nerve fibers unite enhances motor function

65) Bill is a mechanic that works with vibrating tools. He also exerts force on his wrists when twisting 65)
wrenches and screws. Bill has a tingling sensation in the lateral portion of his hand. The doctor
suspects carpal tunnel syndrome. Which of the following tests might the doctor try on her patient?
A) Check for reflex on the medial condyle of the humerus with a rubber mallet.
B) Check for hyperextension at the knuckles of the little and ring finger.
C) Have Bill flex and extend his arm against resistance.
D) Have Bill grip an object with his thumb and index finger and try to pull the object away.

66) Which of the following nerves does NOT arise from the brachial plexus? 66)
A) phrenic B) median C) radial D) ulnar

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67) The posterior side of the thigh, leg, and foot is served by the ________ nerve. 67)
A) obturator B) common fibular
C) femoral D) tibial

68) Starting at the spinal cord, the subdivisions of the brachial plexus are (in order) ________. 68)
A) trunks, divisions, cords, and roots B) roots, divisions, cords, and trunks
C) roots, trunks, divisions, and cords D) divisions, roots, trunks, and cords

69) The cranial nerve that emerges from the pons and serves the motor and proprioceptive functions 69)
of the eyeball is the ________.
A) glossopharyngeal B) hypoglossal
C) vagus D) abducens

70) Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the occurrence of a sensation? 70)
A) The stimulus energy must match the specificity of the receptor.
B) A generator potential in the associated sensory neuron must reach threshold.
C) The stimulus energy must be converted into the energy of a graded potential called a
transduction potential.
D) The stimulus energy must occur within the receptor's receptive field.

71) A major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the ________. 71)

A) femoral B) sciatic C) iliohypogastric D) ilioinguinal

72) Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L 4 to S4 form the ________. 72)
A) thoracic plexus B) femoral plexus C) lumbar plexus D) sacral plexus

73) Inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ________. 73)

A) autonomic only
B) always mediated by the brain
C) rapid, predictable, and can be learned responses
D) involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior

74) Striking the "funny bone" is actually stimulation of (or injury to) the ________. 74)
A) ulnar nerve B) sciatic nerve C) median nerve D) radial nerve

75) A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a 75)
________.
A) tendon reflex B) crossed-extensor reflex
C) plantar reflex D) flexor reflex

76) Which receptors respond to stimuli within the body? 76)

A) exteroceptors B) photoreceptors C) interoceptors D) proprioceptors

77) Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________. 77)
A) afferent nerves B) motor nerves C) mixed nerves D) efferent nerves

78) After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________. 78)
A) dendrites B) Wallerian cells C) Schwann cells D) Golgi organs

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79) Regeneration within the CNS ________. 79)
A) is promoted by growth inhibitors and glial scars
B) typically allows axonal sprouting of 20 mm
C) is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes
D) is more successful than with the PNS

80) In a crossed-extensor reflex, if the right arm was grabbed it would flex and the left arm would 80)
________.
A) extend B) adduct C) abduct D) also flex

81) Select the correct definition. 81)

A) Spatial discrimination allows us to recognize textures.
B) Magnitude estimation is the simplest level of sensation.
C) Perceptual detection is the ability to detect how much stimulus is applied to the body.
D) Pattern recognition allows us to see a familiar face.

82) All processing at the circuit level going up to the perceptual level must synapse in the ________. 82)
A) thalamus B) reticular formation
C) pons D) medulla

83) The sciatic nerve is a combination of which two nerves? 83)

A) pudendal and common fibular
B) common fibular and tibial
C) posterior femoral cutaneous and tibial
D) pudendal and posterior femoral cutaneous

84) Which nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome? 84)

A) ulnar B) median C) radial D) axillary

85) Bell's palsy is ________. 85)

A) often caused by inflammation of the trigeminal nerve
B) characterized by loss of vision
C) characterized by paralysis of facial muscles
D) characterized by partial paralysis of diaphragm muscles

86) Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc? 86)
A) effector, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, receptor
B) receptor, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, effector
C) receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector
D) effector, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, receptor

87) Mixed cranial nerves containing both motor and sensory fibers include all EXCEPT which of the 87)
following?
A) trigeminal B) facial C) olfactory D) oculomotor

88) Transduction refers to conversion of ________. 88)

A) presynaptic nerve impulses to postsynaptic nerve impulses
B) afferent impulses to efferent impulses
C) receptor energy to stimulus energy
D) stimulus energy into energy of a graded potential

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 89) The flexor muscles in the anterior arm (biceps brachii and brachialis) are innervated by what 89)
nerve?
A) ulnar B) musculocutaneous
C) median D) radial

90) Problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve? 90)

A) accessory B) vestibulocochlear
C) trigeminal D) abducens

91) A fracture of the ethmoid bone could result in damage to which cranial nerve? 91)
A) olfactory B) vagus
C) accessory D) glossopharyngeal

92) Select the statement that is most correct. 92)

A) The dorsal root ganglion is a motor-only structure.
B) The cell bodies of afferent ganglia are located in the spinal cord.
C) Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons.
D) Ganglia are collections of neuron cell bodies in the spinal cord that are associated with
efferent fibers.

93) A fall or an improperly delivered gluteal injection could result in ________. 93)
A) sciatica B) phantom limb pain
C) postpoliomyelitis muscular atrophy D) neurofibromatosis

94) Feeling a gentle caress on your arm would likely involve all of the following EXCEPT ________. 94)
A) hair follicle receptors B) Meissner's corpuscles
C) tactile discs D) Lamellar corpuscles

95) A patient who received a blow to the side of the skull exhibits the following signs and symptoms 95)
on that side of the face: he is unable to close his eye and the corner of his mouth droops. Which
cranial nerve has been damaged?
A) accessory B) hypoglossal
C) glossopharyngeal D) facial

96) If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that 96)
nerve supplies?
A) a complete loss of sensation
B) a complete loss of voluntary movement
C) loss of neither sensation nor movement but only of autonomic control
D) a complete loss of sensation and movement

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

97) One of the adaptive advantages of human body hair is believed to be its ability to help us 97)
detect potentially harmful insects crawling or landing on our skin. Which receptor type is
most associated with this type of perception?

98) Which of the body receptors have restricted locations and constantly advise the brain of 98)
our body movements?

10
 99) Receptors that are stimulated by temperature changes are called ________. 99)

100) The perineurium defines the boundary of a ________. 100)

101) We are aware of our facial expression because of which functional feature of which cranial 101)
nerve?

102) Describe the cause and symptoms of paresthesia. 102)

103) Describe the symptoms that may occur from lesions of the olfactory nerve, cranial nerve I. 103)

104) An incorrectly placed intramuscular injection can cause injury to which nerve of the sacral 104)
plexus?

105) Information regarding skeletal muscle tension is provided by ________ and muscle length 105)
by ________.

106) Mr. Smith staggered home after a long night at the local pub. While attempting to navigate 106)
the stairs, he passed out cold and lay all night with his right armpit straddling the
staircase banister. When he awoke the next morning, he had a severe headache, but what
bothered him more was that he had no sensation in his right arm and hand. Explain what
caused this symptom in his arm.

107) Describe how the muscle spindles and the tendon organs vary in their role during the 107)
stretch reflex and opposing tendon reflex.

108) Distinguish between monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes and between ipsilateral and 108)
contralateral reflex responses.

109) An adult patient shows Babinski's sign during a test of plantar reflex. How is Babinski's 109)
sign different than the normal response and what does the altered response indicate?

110) List and describe the functions of the three cranial nerves that serve the muscles of the eye. 110)

111) Name and describe five examples of exteroceptors that are NOT cutaneous receptors of 111)
the skin.

112) The phrenic nerve arises from the left and right sides of cervical vertebra 3, 4 and 5. 112)
Describe the potential benefit of having the nerve exit from such a superior position and
from multiple places on the spinal column.

113) How is a receptor potential similar to an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) 113)
generated at a synapse?

114) Name three unencapsulated sensory receptors and tell what they are used for. 114)

115) Describe the steps of the regeneration process of a damaged peripheral nerve fiber. 115)

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ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

116) Ralph sustained a leg injury in a bowling accident and had to use crutches. Unfortunately, he never took the
time to learn how to use them properly. After two weeks of use, he noticed his fingers were becoming numb.
Then he noticed his arms were getting weaker and tingling. What could be his problem?

117) A patient suffers nerve damage to the median nerve, requiring surgery to suture the nerve back together. After
surgery, the patient reports that sensation from the lateral and medial sides of the index finger seem to be
reversed. How could this happen?

118) David, an aspiring baseball player, was struck on the left side of his face with a fastball pitch. He was not
wearing a safety helmet. His zygomatic arch was crushed, as well as parts of the temporal bone. Following the
accident and reconstructive surgery, he noted that his left lower eyelid was still drooping and the corner of his
mouth sagged. What nerve damage did he sustain?

119) A nurse is asked what is tabes dorsalis and what causes it. What should the response be?

120) Good friends Sami and Sara were picking roses when both encountered rose thorns. Sami just laughed and
continued to pick more roses. Sara, however, had tears in her eyes and complained of how much the thorn
prick hurt. What accounts for the difference in their response to the same pain stimulus?

12
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED13

1) B
2) D
3) C
4) D
5) E
6) B
7) E
8) C
9) B
10) D
11) A
12) B
13) A
14) E
15) C
16) D
17) B
18) C
19) D
20) A
21) E
22) C
23) A
24) A
25) D
26) B
27) C
28) A
29) B
30) C
31) B
32) A
33) C
34) A
35) B
36) B
37) B
38) C
39) A
40) B
41) TRUE
42) FALSE
43) TRUE
44) TRUE
45) TRUE
46) TRUE
47) FALSE
48) FALSE
49) B
50) A
13
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED13

51) B
52) A
53) D
54) C
55) D
56) A
57) A
58) B
59) D
60) A
61) A
62) B
63) A
64) C
65) D
66) A
67) D
68) C
69) D
70) C
71) A
72) D
73) D
74) A
75) A
76) C
77) A
78) C
79) C
80) A
81) D
82) A
83) B
84) B
85) C
86) C
87) C
88) D
89) B
90) B
91) A
92) C
93) A
94) D
95) D
96) B
97) Hair follicle receptors
98) Proprioceptors
99) thermoreceptors
100) fascicle
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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED13

101) The proprioception of facial muscles by the facial nerve, cranial nerve VII
102) Paresthesia is the tingling sensation that is felt when blood flow is reduced to a sensory nerve.
103) anosmia
104) sciatic nerve
105) tendon organs; muscle spindles
106) Continuous pressure interrupts blood flow along with oxygen and nutrients to the neuron processes. As a result,
impulse transmission is inhibited temporarily.
107) Tendon organs work with muscle spindles to act as proprioceptors in skeletal muscles and their associated tendons.
When muscles are stretched due to contraction of antagonist muscles, the spindle neurons send impulses to the spinal
cord, where they synapse with motor neurons of the stretched muscle. Impulses are then sent to the stretched muscle,
which then resists further stretching. At more severe degrees of stretch, the tendon organs inhibit rather than increase
resistance to stretching in order to prevent muscle tissue damage.
108) Monosynaptic refers to a single synapse in the reflex arc (one sensory and one motor neuron). Polysynaptic refers to
more than one synapse in the arc involving sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Ipsilateral refers to a
reflex arc limited to one side of the spinal cord, while contralateral reflexes cross to the opposite side.
109) The plantar reflex tests the integrity of the spinal cord from L 4 to S2 and also determines if corticospinal tracts are
functioning and properly myelinated. The normal plantar response is downward flexion of the toes. If there is
damage, the great toe dorsiflexes and smaller toes fan laterally (Babinski's sign). Infants, who normally lack complete
myelination, exhibit this sign.
110) The three cranial nerves are: oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens. The oculomotor is mostly motor, with branches to
the inferior oblique and superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles, as well as to the muscles of the iris and lens. The
trochlear supplies mostly motor fibers to the superior oblique muscles of the eye. The abducens supplies mostly motor
fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the eye. Like most motor nerves, they also carry some sensory information for
proprioception.
111) Exteroceptors that are not cutaneous receptors include the chemoreceptors of the tongue and nasal mucosa, the
photoreceptors of the eyes, and the mechanoreceptors of the inner ear. These all monitor changes in the external
environment, so they are classified as exteroceptors.
112) The fact that the phrenic nerve originates from multiple vertebra and from such a superior position, it reduces the
likelihood of a spinal injury that would stop the diaphragm from working.
113) A receptor potential acts essentially the same as an EPSP in that stimulus causes changes in permeability of the
receptor membrane, which results in a depolarizing graded potential. It will increase or decrease depending on the
intensity of the stimulus.
114) 1. Free nerve endings are found throughout the body. They are used by most body tissues to determine stretching,
joint positioning, etc. In the epidermis they become pain receptors, heat and cold receptors, and possibly very light
pressure receptors.
2. Modified free nerve endings called tactile disks are used as light touch receptors.
3. Hair follicle receptors are mechanical receptors that become very fine touch receptors.
115) The portion of the axon distal to the injury is degraded and cleaned up by Schwann cells and macrophages. Growth of
new axon filaments is stimulated by growth factors released by Schwann cells. Schwann cells will form a regeneration
tube that will guide and support the growth of a new axon and ultimately produce a new myelin sheath. Also, the
neurilemma needs to be intact for regeneration.
116) Compression of the radial nerve (in the region of the armpit) may cause temporary cessation of nervous transmission,
often called "Saturday night paralysis." Continued pressure could cause permanent damage.
117) In suturing the nerve back together, there is no guide to ensure that each nerve fiber continues across the transection
into the same neurilemma in which it started. Nerve fibers can grow into pathways different from their original ones
and establish new synapses. The brain cannot keep track of which nerve fibers have grown into different pathways,
and projects sensations back to the point of origin.
118) He suffered facial nerve damage on his left side. Due to the bone damage, branches to the eye and jaw were probably
damaged. It is possible that the damage could be reversible if the nerves were not cut or crushed completely.

15
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED13

119) Tabes dorsalis is a slowly progressive condition caused by deteriorating dorsal tracts and associated dorsal roots. This
is a late sign of the neurological damage caused by the syphilis bacterium. Affected individuals have poor muscle
coordination and an unstable gait.
120) Even though both individuals have the same pain threshold since they both perceived pain at the same stimulus
intensity, each one's tolerance to pain is different. Sarah has a lower pain threshold compared to Sami's.

16