‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﰎ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‬

‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬

‫‪٢٠٠٣‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺱ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪٣ ....................................................................‬‬
‫‪ ١،١‬ﻧﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ‪٣ .................................................................‬‬
‫‪ ٢،١‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪٥ ...................................................‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪٦ ................................‬‬
‫‪ ١،٢‬ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‪٧ ........................................................................‬‬
‫‪ ٢،٢‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪١٧ ............................................‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪٢٢ ...........................‬‬
‫‪ ١،٣‬ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪٢٢ .................................................................‬‬
‫‪ ٢،٣‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪٢٣ ...............................................‬‬
‫‪ ٣،٣‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪٢٥ ......................................................‬‬
‫‪ ٤،٣‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪٢٦ ..................................................‬‬
‫‪ ٥،٣‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪٢٧ ...........................................‬‬
‫‪ ٦،٣‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪٢٨ ..................................................‬‬
‫‪ ٧،٣‬ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪٢٩ .................................................................‬‬
‫‪ ٨،٣‬ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪٣٠ ......................……..................‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ‪٣٠ ...................................‬‬
‫‪ ١،٤‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪٣٠ ......…………….‬‬
‫‪ ٢،٤‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪٣٠ ............................……......‬‬
‫‪ ٣،٤‬ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﳚﺐ ﺃﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺣﲔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪٣٥ .......................‬‬
‫‪ ٤،٤‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ‪٣٨ ...…...………….....‬‬
‫‪ ٥،٤‬ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪٣٩ ......................................….........................‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ ‪٤٠.............................................................‬‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ‪٤١..................................................................‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻖ )‪ : (١‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫)ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ(‪٤٥ ........................................................‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫)ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ(‪٤٧ ..............................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻖ )‪ : (٢‬ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﳊﺪﺍﺋﻖ‪٤٨ ..............................‬‬

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 ‫‪ -١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬

‫ﰲ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٢‬ﺣﺼﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺪﺍﺋﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺧﱪﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻝ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺃﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺣﲔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﲏ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﱵ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﹰﺎ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (١‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (٢‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺘﲔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻠﺨﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﲨﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ١،١‬ﻧﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻬﻧﺮ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٤٠٠،٠٠٠‬ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٥,٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺇﱃ ‪ ٩,٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‬

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 ‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ . (Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 2002) ٢٠٢٠‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻓﺠﻮﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ١،١‬ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻّﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻮّﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ )‪. (World Bank 2001‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :١،١‬ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

‫)‪(World Bank Report 2001‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١،٢٠٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻡ‪ ٣‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١،٦٤٧‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻡ‪ ٣‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪،٢٠٢٠‬‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ )ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٣٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٨٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٥٥‬ﻟﺘﺮ ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،(٢٠٢٠‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﰎ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﳐﻄﹼﻂ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ )ﻣﻦ ‪ ٨٩٨‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻡ‪ ٣‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٨‬ﺇﱃ ‪١،٢٨٧‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻡ‪ ٣‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .(٢٠٢٠‬ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺴﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﲢﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺰ ﰲ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳊ ّﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺨﺼّﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻮﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻫﻲ ﺣﻖ ﻷﻃﻔﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ(‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺰ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﻘﻠﹼﺺ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺳﺘﺘﺴﻊ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻞ ﻓﻮﺭﻱ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﲢﺴﲔ "ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﲡﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﻣﻦ ﺣﻨﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺩﺷﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ ‪..‬ﺍﱁ( ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻝ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﱄ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﱐ ﻳﺘﺪﺑﺮ ﺃﻣﻮﺭﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﲝﺼﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﲏ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٢،١‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺷﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺴﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﱂ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﻠﻮﺛﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻏﺴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ ﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﳊﺪﺍﺋﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﺪّﺭﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﹼﻞ ‪ % ٣٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﻛﻤﻴّﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻝ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺳﻜﻨﻴّﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻔﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﳍﺎ )ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻷﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺍﲣﺎﺫﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﲨﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﰎ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﳊﻴﻄﺔ ﳌﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻈﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳُﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺢ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺁﺧﺬﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ‬

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‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺣﻠﻮ ﹰﻻ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ )‪ (Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 1997‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﻣﻨﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻭﳚﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻠﺨﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﻳﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﰲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺁﺧﺬﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺸﺢ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻻ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺗﺘﻮﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻃﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٧٧‬ﻛﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻢ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲣﻀﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﻳﺰﻭﻧﺎ ﻓﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ‬
‫ﲤﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰎ‬
‫ﲢﻀﲑ ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺒﲔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺃﺭﻳﺰﻭﻧﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻈﻞ ﻭﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ )‪.(Residential Graywater Reuse June 2000‬‬

‫)‪(Jeppesen & Solley 1984; Anda & Matthew 1997‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻧﺸﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﲔ ‪ ١٩٩٤‬ﻭ ‪١٩٩٧‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺪﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺒﲔ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻗﱪﺹ ﺑﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﻋﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﺭﻱ ﺍﳊﺪﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻭﰲ ﻣﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻗﱪﺹ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ )ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺪﻳﻬﺎﺕ( ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ )‪.(Kambanellas 1999‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭ ‪ CIRIA‬ﻭ ‪ BSIRIA‬ﺑﻨﺸﺮ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ )‪ . (CIRIA 2001‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﻄﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﻏﺴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺗﻌﻘﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ١٥٠‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﲣﻄﻲ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﲟﺪﻯ ﻣﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣ ّﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺘﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﺃﻏﻠﻰ ﺳﻌﺮﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﳊﺪﺍﺋﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﰲ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﲨﻊ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻐﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺣﺎﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺗﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻃﻮﻛﻴﻮ ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٠،٠٠٠‬ﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﹰﺎ )‪.(Hanson 1997‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺭﻳﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﲔ ﻭﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﻦ ) ‪.(http://network.idrc.ca/ev.php‬‬

‫‪ ١،٢‬ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻵﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺭﻱ ﺍﳊﺪﺍﺋﻖ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﲨﺎ ﹰﻻ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻐﺎﺳﻞ ﻭﺩﺷﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﻧﻴﻮﻫﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲤﺮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﺃﻭ ﲨﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻏﺴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻳﺸﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

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 ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺧﺰﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺸﺎﻬﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﺳﺘﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﲣﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﺎ ًﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻋﺪﺕ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺃﺧﺬ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ١،١،٢‬ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﱰﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺷﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻐﺎﺳﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻏﺴﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ﻭﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﺎ ٍﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻭﻯ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺼﺢ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺷﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﻠﻮﺛﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻛ ﹰ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﲢﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺭﻳﺰﻭﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻴﻮﻣﻜﺴﻴﻜﻮ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﺦ ﻭﻏﺴﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳎﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﳏﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳُﻌﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﱵ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺦ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﺼﺢ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﺦ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ (www.oasisdesign.net) Oasis Design‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺭﻓﺾ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺭﻓﻀﹰﺎ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﳏﻞ ﺟﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﻳﺰﻭﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺭﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﺦ ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲡﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﲝﺚ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٢،١،٢‬ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺩﻟﻮ ﲢﺖ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻐﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﻫﻮ ﺣﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﻐﻲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻳﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﲣﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﲎ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﹰﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺻﺮﻑ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٣ ،١ ،٢‬ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺗُﻌﺎﰿ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﺮ ﺑﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻻ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻫﻮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﺿﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻏﺬﺍ ًﺀ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻔﻌّﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻭﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ١،٢‬ﻧﻈﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻣﱰﻟﻴًﹰﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻳُﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊ ّﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺷﺘﻤﻠﺖ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺵ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ‪٥٠‬ﻣﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﰎ ﺛﻘﺐ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﺤ ّﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﳉﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﱂ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺃﻱ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺘﲔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :١،٢‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫)ﺭﺳﻢ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﲔ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺼﺢ ﲟﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻧﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻭﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺟﻮﺭﺏ‬
‫ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻮﻫﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﲝﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .٢،٢‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺳﻂ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪٣،٢‬‬
‫)‪.( Little 2001‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :٢،٢‬ﻣﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﺭﺏ )ﺭﺳﻢ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ‪(Little 2001‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :٣،٢‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻰ‬
‫)ﺭﺳﻢ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ‪(Little 2001‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ )‪ (Ludwig 1994 -2000‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﻮﺽ ﻣﻠﻲﺀ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ )ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﻭﳊﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺮ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻪ( ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻭﺳﻄﹰﺎ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻀﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﲢﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺼﻰ ﲝﺠﻢ ﺣﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺯﻳﻼﺀ‪ ،‬ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﲢﺖ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﻮﺽ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺀﹰﺍ ﺑﺎﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﹰﺍ ﺩﻭﺭّﻳﹰﺎ ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺃﻗﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺮﺍﻃﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺴﲑﺍﻣﻴﻚ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺤﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻮﺽ ﻣﻐﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﺒﺦ ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺤﻮﻡ ﳌﻨﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻘﻈﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻔﻮ‬

‫ﻳﻮﺻﻰ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﻔﻮ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻄﻔﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻔﻮ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﱪﺩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﲞﺰﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ٤،٢‬ﺣﻮﺽ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﻔﻮ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :٤،٢‬ﺣﻮﺽ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﻔﻮ‬

‫)ﺭﺳﻢ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ‪(Little 2001‬‬

‫ﻭﺧﻼﻓﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ٥،٢‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ﺃﻭﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺿﺒﻂ ﻭﳏﺎﺑﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ )‪ Create an Oasis with Graywater (Ludwig 1994 - 2000‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻫﻆ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻦ ﺇﺫ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ١،١٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﹰﺎ )ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٧٨٠‬ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻧﻴﹰﺎ( ﻭ‬
‫‪ ٨،٠٠٠‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ )ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ٥،٦٨٠‬ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻧﻴﹰﺎ(‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﳌﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :٥،٢‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺃﻭﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫)ﺭﺳﻢ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ‪(Ludwig 1994 - 2000‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺽ‬
‫ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ) ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪٥‬ﻭ‪ ٠‬ﺟﺰﺀ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﲣﻔﺾ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﳑﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﻢ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺷﻲﺀ ﳚﺐ ﲡﻨﺒﻪ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﺎ ﲤﻮﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺖ ﻗﺼﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻀﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﺮﻙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﳌﺪﺓ ‪ ١٢‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﲨﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺎﺟﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﲔ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺘﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺒﻪ ﳌﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻳﺄﺧﺬ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﻌﺘﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻌﺎ ﹰﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﹼﺖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﳌﺒﲎ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻄﻌﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﲎ ﻣﻜﺘﱯ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﲦﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻫﻆ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٤ ،١ ،٢‬ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺧﺎﻃﺊ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲣﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺛﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳍﻀﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻀﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﱂ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﲣﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲣﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻬﺗﻮﻳﺔ ﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ ﻟﻺﺯﻋﺎﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﲤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻮﺻﻮﻥ ﲟﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﺧﻔﺾ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪ -‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻠﻌﻘﱵ ﻃﻌﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ ٥‬ﻟﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺧﺰﻬﻧﺎ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﱴ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﻴﻮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺷﻄﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﻼﺑﺲ ‪ -‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﻮﺽ ﲤﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ٦،٢‬ﺭﲰﹰﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :٦،٢‬ﺣﻮﺽ ﲤﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫)ﺭﺳﻢ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻦ ‪(Little 2001‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺣﱴ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺧﺰﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻛﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺣﲔ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﰲ ﺇﺟﺎﺯﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻼﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﲝﻴﺚ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﻼﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﻬﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺇﻥ ﺩﻋﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٥،١،٢‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﳊﺪﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻼ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ٧،٢‬ﻧﻈﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﹰﺎ ﻣﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻐﺴﻠﺔ ﺃﻳﺪﻱ ﲝﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻐﺴﻠﺔ ﺑﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﲔ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﺎﺽ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :٧،٢‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪(Jeppesen and Solley 1994‬‬

‫‪(Leggett et‬‬‫ﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﹰﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫)‪ al. 2001a; Leggett et al. 2001b‬ﻗ ّﺪﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ١٥٠‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻐﺴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﲣﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﻘﻴﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺘﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻗﱪﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﳊﺪﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‬
‫)‪.(Kambanellas 1999‬‬

‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﲨﺎﻉ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﻼﻣﺲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻳﹰﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﲟﺠﺮّﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﺎﺽ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﲣﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺮﺷﺶ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﹰﺍ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺻﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺘﻄﻬﲑ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺼ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ ٢،٢‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٨٩‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﺎ ﺑﺎﺭﺑﺮﺍ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪﺋ ٍﺬ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻓﺪﺭﺍﱄ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪ -‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﻳﺰﻭﻧﺎ‬

‫ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠١‬ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﻳﺰﻭﻧﺎ ﺑﻨﺸﺮ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١،٥٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻖ ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺃﻱ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪١،٥٠٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ١٣،٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٣،٠٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺓ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺘﺮﺧﻴﺼﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮّﻑ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﻳﺰﻭﻧﺎ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻏﺴﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺷﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﺎﺳﻞ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﺦ ﻭﻏﺴﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﲡﺮﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،٢٠٠٣‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳُﺴﻤﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﺦ ﲢﺖ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨـﺎﺯﻝ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺼﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻱ ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ .‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﻛﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﲦﺎﺭ ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﻱ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻃﺒﻌﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺵ ﳑﻨﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﺿﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻼﺑﺲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺧﻄﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﱰﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﺭﺗﺪﺍﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﻟﻠﺤ ّﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳌﻨﻊ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻮﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺧﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻹﺣﺒﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﻴﺾ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪١,٥‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺮّﺿﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﲟﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﻫﹰﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻼ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺳﻬ ﹰ‬
‫ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻞ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻛﺘﱢﻴﺐ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﻳﺰﻭﻧﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
‫)‪ Water Conservation Alliance of Southern Arizona (Water CASA‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫‪http://www.watercasa.org‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪ -‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫)‪ (CAC) (Title 24, Part 5, Appendix J, Graywater Systems for Single Family Dwellings‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﲔ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﺭﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﻳﺰﻭﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻗﻞ ﳒﺎﺣﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻀﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺮّﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﲣﺘﻠﻂ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺷﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻐﺎﺳﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﺴﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ﻭﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻭﻻ ﲡﻴﺰ ﻛﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻐﺎﺳﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﺦ ﻭﻣﻐﺎﺳﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﻏﺴﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻫﹰﺎ ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻛﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻀﻊ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﳚﺐ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻀﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﻂ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻮﺩ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺼﺮﳛﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻻ ﲢﻔﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﻳﺰﻭﻧﺎ ﳌﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﲤﻨﻊ ﻛﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﲤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﻨﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﻭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻔﺼّﻞ ﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫)‪ Builders Greywater Guide, (Ludwig, 1995-1999‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ‪ Oasis Design‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫)‪.(http://www.oasisdesign.net‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪ -‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻧﻴﻮ ﻣﻜﺴﻴﻜﻮ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻧﻴﻮ ﻣﻜﺴﻴﻜﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺑﺴﻦ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﻳﺰﻭﻧﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ًﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ ‪ ٢٠٠٣‬ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ‬
‫ﻃﻠﺐ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﻳﺰﻭﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﱵ ﺃﺭﻳﺰﻭﻧﺎ ﻭﻧﻴﻮ ﻣﻜﺴﻴﻜﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪ -‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﺎﺱ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮّﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻏﺴﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺷﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﺎﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻄﺮﺓ‬
‫)‪ .(Regulations: Chapter 285: On-Site Sewage Facilities (1999), http://www.tceq.state.tx.us‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﳎﻠﺲ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﱰﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻀﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪ -‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻧﻴﻔﺎﺩﺍ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻧﻴﻔﺎﺩﺍ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﺣﲔ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳُﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻮﺽ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻴﻨﺔ ﳊﻔﻆ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪ -‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﺳﺎﺷﻮﺳﺘﺲ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﺳﺎﺷﻮﺳﺘﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫‪(Government of Massachusetts, Chapter 176 of the Acts of 2002,‬‬
‫)‪.http://www.state.ma.us/legis/laws/seslaw02/sl020176.htm‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮّﻑ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﻭﻝ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﺦ ﺍﳌﺰﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﺂﻟﺔ ﻃﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﺦ ﻭﻏﺴّﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﺳﺎﺷﻮﺳﺘﺲ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.٢٠٠٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪ -‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﻨﺘﻜﺖ‬

‫ﰎ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ٢٠٠١‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺭﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﺑﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪ -‬ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ‬

‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺷﻨﻄﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﺑﺈﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺧﺺ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﲢﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﻂ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻔﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪(Washington State, Department of Health, Wastewater Management Section,‬‬
‫‪http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/ts/waste.htm).‬‬

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 ‫ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﰲ ﳏﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﰲ‬
‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺭﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﹰﺍ )‪ .(Queensland Sewerage and Water Supply Act 1949-1982‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﻳﱰﻻﻧﺪ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻳﱰﻻﻧﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﲟﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﲣﻀﻊ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻓﻜﺘﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﹰﺍ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺭﻛﺰﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(AS/NZS 1547-2000, On Site Domestic Wastewater Management, 2000‬‬

‫ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻗﱪﺹ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﱪﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻭﺑﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﻋﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻗﱪﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺷﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﺎﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺴﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﺦ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻳﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪١٩٩٩‬‬
‫‪(HMSO 1999 Water Supply (Water Fittings) Regulations 1999. Statutory Instruments No. 1148, No. 1506, Water Industry,‬‬
‫)‪ England and Wales‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﺰﻭﺩﺓ ﳏﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪَﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻲ ﻭﳏﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻁ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻓﻴﺾ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻔﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )‪ (WRAS‬ﺑﻨﺸﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﺇﲨﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻐﺴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﳊﺪﺍﺋﻖ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ – ٣‬ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ ١،٣‬ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻷﺟﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﻴّﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﲢﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻘﺔ )ﻧﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﺳﺎﺥ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﻭﺷﺤﻮﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻏﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻼﺑﺲ ﺃﻭﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﺾ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻘﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻌﻤﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﺤﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻫﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﻭﺷﺤﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﻌﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻘﺔ )ﺟﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻗﻤﺸﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﻴﻮ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺵ‬
‫ﻭﺷﺤﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﳐﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻘﺔ )ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻃﻌﺎﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺩﻫﻮﻥ ﻭﺯﻳﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺴﻠﺔ )ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﻮﺽ‬
‫ﻭﺷﺤﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ ﳐﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﺒﺦ(‬
‫ﻛﻠﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﺒﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪ :١،٣‬ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪FCC‬‬ ‫‪EC‬‬ ‫‪pH‬‬ ‫‪SS‬‬ ‫‪BOD5‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ‬
‫‪CFU/100ml‬‬ ‫‪µS/cm‬‬ ‫)‪(mg/l‬‬ ‫)‪(mg/l‬‬
‫‪١١٤٠ - ٣٢٥‬‬ ‫‪٨,٧ – ٦,٦‬‬ ‫‪٣٣٠ - ٤٥‬‬ ‫‪١٢٠ – ٩٠‬‬ ‫)‪(Jeppesen 1996‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺮﺳﺒﺎن اﻟﺮﻣﺎدﻳﺔ‬

‫‪٢٥٠ - ٨٢‬‬ ‫‪٨,١ – ٦,٤‬‬ ‫‪٣٨٠ - ٤٣‬‬ ‫‪٣٣٠ – ٤٥ (Christova – Boal et‬‬
‫)‪al. 1995‬‬
‫‪٨٨٠ - ٨٣‬‬ ‫‪٩,٥ – ٦,٣‬‬ ‫‪٤٠٠ - ٢٦‬‬ ‫‪٥٢٠ – ١٠‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺷﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﻮﻫﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ‬

‫‪٧،٦٤٠،٠٠٠ ٢٠‬‬ ‫)‪(Water CASA 2000‬‬

‫–‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﻳﺰﻭﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫‪٥٠٠٠ - ٠‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫)‪(Jeppesen 1996‬‬
‫ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ٢ ،٣‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

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 ‫‪ - (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) BOD5‬ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻴﺲ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪ BOD5‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ BOD5‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،mg/l ١‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻷﻬﻧﺎﺭ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـ‪ BOD5‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪Kiely ) mg/l ٥‬‬
‫ﻼ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻴﺔ )‪ (JS 893‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ BOD5‬ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ‬ ‫‪ .(1997‬ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻠـ‪ BOD5‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻬﺑﺎ ﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﺮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪.mg/l ١٥٠‬‬

‫‪ - (Suspended Solids) SS‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ‪ -‬ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ )ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٧‬ﺗﻌﲏ ﻭﺳﻄﹰﺎ ﲪﻀﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٧‬ﺗﻌﲏ ﻭﺳﻄﹰﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﹰﺎ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪pH‬‬

‫‪ -(Electrical Conductivity) EC‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ‪ -‬ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻟﻸﻣﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ )‪:(µS/cm‬‬
‫‪ – ٠‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﺎﳊﺔ‪٢٠٠٠ – ٠ ،‬‬
‫‪ – ١‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ‪٤٠٠٠ – ٢٠٠٠ ،‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪٨٠٠٠ – ٤٠٠٠ ،‬‬
‫‪ – ٣‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪١٦٠٠٠ – ٨٠٠٠ ،‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪١٦٠٠٠‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـ ‪ EC‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﳑﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺳﺔ ) ‪Bennett et al.‬‬
‫‪.(2002‬‬

‫‪ - (Fecal Coliform Count) FCC‬ﺟﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﻗﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ FCC‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٠٠٠‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ ‪ ١٠٠ /‬ﻣﻠﻴﻠﺘﺮ‬
‫)‪ (CFU (Colony Forming Units) / 100 ml‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ )‪.(Leggett et al. 2001a‬‬

‫‪ ٢،٣‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬

‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺇﲨﺎ ﹰﻻ ﰲ ﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳚﺐ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﳐﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺃﺻ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ "ﺣﺮﻕ" ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻘﺪﺍﻬﻧﺎ ﻟﻮﻬﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﲤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ‪ ٦٩‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺠﺮﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٧٠‬ﻭ ‪ ٢٠٧‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺠﺮﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ‪ ٢٠٧‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺠﺮﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ) ‪Bennett‬‬
‫‪ .(et al. 2002‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻋﻮﻕ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ )‪ (SAR‬ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻪ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ )ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ (١٣‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺳﻴﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻮّﻥ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﳛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑﻩ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ )ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ(‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﲟﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺬﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲟﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﲔ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﲡﻨﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺈﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻋُﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺳﺎﻡ ﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﲑﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﺣﺮﻕ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﻟﻮﻬﻧﺎ ﻭﺍﻧﻜﻤﺎﺷﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻘﻮﻃﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻛﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺆ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٠,٧٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﺠﺮﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٠,٧٥‬ﻭ ‪٢,٠‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﻴﺠﺮﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٢,٠‬ﻣﻠﻴﺠﺮﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ )‪ .(Bennett et al. 2002‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺻﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﺒﻮ ﻓﻴﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ‬
‫ﺿﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ )‪ .(Ludwig 1995-1999‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻼﻧﻮﻟﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺿﺮﺭﹰﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻔﺎﺕ ﻳﻀﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻨﻈﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﻴﻖ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺎﺋﻀﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻏﺬﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻻﻣﺴﺖ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺪﺛﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻔﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﻟﻮﻬﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪١٤٢‬ﻣﻠﻴﺠﺮﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ‪ ١٤٢‬ﻭ ‪ ٣٥٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﺠﺮﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ٣٥٥‬ﻣﻠﻴﺠﺮﺍﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ )‪ .(Bennett et al. 2002‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻀﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻘﻀﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ ﻭﺗﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺄﻛﺴﺪ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻏﺬﺍﺀ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﲔ ﻳﻔﻀﻠﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﺦ ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﳑﺎ ﲢﺘﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﺦ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻷﺫﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻮﻳﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٣،٣‬ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬

‫ﳚﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻭﻯ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﳚﺐ ﺍﳊﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﻘﻰ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ "ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ" ﺣﻮﺍﻑ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﺻﻔﺮﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﺣﲔ ﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻴﻞ ﻭﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲡﻨﺒﺎ ﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﳏﺪﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺭﻱ ﻧﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺻﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﲤﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻮﺭﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﲨﺎﻻﹰ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺬﻭﺭ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳُﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻷﺷﺘﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﻷﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﲨﺎﻻﹰ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺳﺘﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﶈﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﺎﳉﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﶈﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺣﻴﺰ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳛﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﶈﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺬﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳋﺲ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺗﻼﻣﺲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻃﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﻨﺪﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺮﻱ ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲦﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺑﻌﺪﹰﺍ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﻛﻞ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺣﺼﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﲦﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺻﺐ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﲢﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺵ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﻳﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﻴﻘﺎﻬﻧﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲪﻀﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﲢﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٥‬ﻭ ‪ .٧‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٥,٥‬ﻭ ‪ ،٦,٥‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬
‫ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﲔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ‪ ٥‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ )ﺃﻱ ﻭﺳﻂ ﲪﻀﻲ ﻗﻮﻱ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﺰ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﲔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ‪ ٨‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ )ﻭﺳﻂ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻮﻱ(‪ ،‬ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻧﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻻﺻﻔﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻭﻕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﺮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﺮﻓﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ )‪ (١‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٤ ،٣‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (١‬ﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺇﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﲤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﺿﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺳﻴﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـ )‪ ،(SAR‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻝ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﲑ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﳝﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ‪ ٢٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ )‪.(Greenhouse People’s Environmental Center‬‬

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‫ﻭﺣﲔ ﺭﻱ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺳﻴﺠﻌﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺭﺩﻳﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻀﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (pH‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟـ )‪ ٧,٥ (pH‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺻﻲ )‪ (Greenhouse People’s Environmental Center‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﺒﺲ‬
‫)ﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ( ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟـ )‪ .(pH‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﻳﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﺒﺲ ﲟﻌﺪﻝ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﻏﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻡ‪ ٢‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺧﻔﺾ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟـ )‪ (pH‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪.(http://www.awgypsum.com/gypsum.htm) ٧,٠‬‬

‫ﻭﻻ ﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﲣﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﻄﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﲟﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺬﺑﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻮﲰﲔ ﻟﻸﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﻳﺰﻭﻧﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺮﻏﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٥،٣‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻼﻣﺴﺔ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻀﺮﺍﻭﺍﺕ ﺗﻠﻮﺛﺖ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ ﻗﺪ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﹰﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻧﻒ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺫﺍﺫ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺷﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﳏﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﻮﺛﺖ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻼﻣﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺑﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﺻﻼ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻻﻣﺲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺷﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﺳﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺫﻯ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺘﺠﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﲟﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻸﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻬﻴﺄﺓ‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻫﻈﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺘﺼﺮﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺗﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﺼﺢ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺷﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺟﻮﹰﺍ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﲢﻈﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﺼﺢ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻞ ﻟﻌﺐ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﻃﺌﹰﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻳﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﻂ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﳑﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺭﺫﺍﺫ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺟﻮﹰﺍ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺏ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻐﺴﻞ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﻔﺎﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻼﺑﺲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻲﺀ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﺪ ﻣﻌﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻝ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺼﺒﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲡﻨﺒﺎ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻛﻬﺬﻩ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻐﻄﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻢ‬
‫ﳌﻨﻊ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻮﺽ ﻭﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٦ ،٣‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻹﳚﺎﰊ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺚ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻃﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳐﺰﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ‬
‫ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﰊ – ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ‪ -‬ﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٠٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٤٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲤﺘﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬
‫ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﳊﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺬﺭ ﰲ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻴﺎﻫﻬﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺿﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ‬

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 ‫ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺿﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺚ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻁ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﻳﺰﻭﻧﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ُﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﳐﺰﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻪ ﻋﻦ ‪ ١,٥‬ﻡ )‪.(Little 2001‬‬

‫‪ ٧،٣‬ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻳُﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﳑﺎ ﺫﹸﻛﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻮﺽ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺣﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺵ‬
‫ﻭﲡﻨﺐ ﺭﻛﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻱ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﻂ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳊﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻛﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺮ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﳑﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﲡﻨﺒﺎ ﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﺇﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺯﺍﺋﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﲡﻤّﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻮﻗﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻛﻲ ﲡﻒ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺭﻱ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺻﻰ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﺮﺍﻃﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺣﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﻂ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﺣﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺣﲔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﲔ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﳊﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ ٨،٣‬ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺫﻛﺮﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ )‪ (٢‬ﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺘﺘﻢ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﳊﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﹰﺎ ﻟﻸﺭﺩﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﲢﻀﲑ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻳﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻴﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ١،٤‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻧﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﺳﻜﺎﻬﻧﺎ‬
‫ﳛﺮﺻﻮﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﲡﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﳉﻤﻊ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻮﺗﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﺮ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻄﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﻨﻴﺖ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻼﻉ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻧﺸﺌﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻼﻉ ﻋﺠﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﺑﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻭﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٩‬ﺑﺄﻥ ‪ %٦٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﰲ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ‪ %٣٠‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﱐ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ )‪.(Center for Development Research 1999‬‬

‫‪ ٢،٤‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﰲ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺭﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﻠﻌﺐ ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻴﺴﺎﱐ ﰲ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﺸﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻬﺎ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺷﺠﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻈﻴﻒ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻼﻣﺲ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺩﺍﻉ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺟﺮّﺍﺀ ﺭﻳﻪ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻴﻮﺕ ﺭﻳﻔﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﴰﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺕ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻐﺴﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺿﺤﻞ ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .١ ،٤‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺧﺰﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺇﱃ ﺣﲔ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺩﻟﻮ‬
‫ﻟﺮﻱ ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺇﲨﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺍﱐ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺧﺰﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﱂ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻝ ﻣﻦ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :١،٤‬ﺧﺰﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫)ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ(‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻴﺖ ﺁﺧﺮ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺻﺤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﻏﺴﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻨﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .٢،٤‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻝ ﻗﺪ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ‬

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‫ﻼ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﲢﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺯ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﲢﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :٢،٤‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫)ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ(‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﳌﻨـﺰﻝ ﰲ ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﳎﺎﻭﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻻ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺻﺤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻨﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ٣،٤‬ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻨﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺠﻪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﻭﻯ ﲨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﰲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :٣،٤‬ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﺭﻳﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻭﻯ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫)ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ(‬

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‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﰲ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺠﻤّﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﲔ ﻭﺗﻀﺦ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .٤،٤‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺭﻱ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺎﻣﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﺬ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﻋﻮﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻮﺍﺗﲑ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻏﻄﹼﻰ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﱂ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻱ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻮﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ٤،٤‬ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ‬

‫)ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ(‬

‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ )‪ ،(Care International‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﳔﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .١٩٩٠‬ﻭﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺷﺎﻣﺒﻮ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻮﻥ ﳛﺘﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫)ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ‪.(٢‬‬

‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺕ ﰲ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﻴﺖ "ﺡ ﺏ" ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺃﺫﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﲪﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﹸﻨﻬُﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ )ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ( ﰒ ﲢﻮّﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﻱ ﻋﱪ ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـ ‪) PVC‬ﻣﺒﻠﻤﺮ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﻞ( ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ‪ ٢‬ﺇﻧﺶ ﻭُﺿﻌﺖ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﲝﻮﺍﱄ ‪ ١٥‬ﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺛﻘﺒﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺜﻘﻮﺏ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻠﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﺼﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫‪ .٥،٤‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﱂ ﻳﻀﻄﺮ ﺳﻜﹼﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺵ ﻭﻣﻐﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻭﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﲔ ﻭﱂ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﻱ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬

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 ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﱂ ﺗﺰﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻧﻴﹰﺎ )ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﹰﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :٥،٤‬ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﲟﻴﺎﻩ ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲪﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ(‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺁﺧﺮ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﻣﻨـﺰﻝ "ﻥ ﻑ" ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋﺒﺪﻭﻥ ﰲ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺑﲏ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺳﲑ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺽ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﲪﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻐﺎﺳﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻐﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻏﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲨﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ‬
‫ﺿﺨﻬﺎ ﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺵ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﰎ ﻭﻗﻒ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﰎ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﳘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺵ ﻟﻠﺮﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻬﺑﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ ٣،٤‬ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﳚﺐ ﺃﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺣﲔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺗُﻤﺪ ﲢﺖ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﻬﺑﺪﻑ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﻠﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﺷﻰ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ )ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ( ﳚﺐ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﹸﻨﻬُﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻼ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺳﻬ ﹰ‬
‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﰲ ﻣﱰﻝ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ )ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﳜﻀﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲡﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﻹﺯﻋﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻜﻠﻔﹰﺎ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﻌﻤﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﻣﺰﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﲞﻂ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﻟﺘﺮ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ(‬

‫‪١٢٦‬‬
‫)‪(Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 2002‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬
‫‪) ٧٠ – ٦٠‬ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ(‬
‫)‪(Center for Development Research 1999‬‬

‫)‪(World Bank 2001‬‬ ‫‪٣٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬

‫)‪(Kiely 1998‬‬ ‫‪٢٢٥‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫‪) ١٥٠ - ١١٠‬ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤﻮﻥ(‬ ‫ﻗﱪﺹ‬
‫‪) ٣٩٠‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺡ( )‪(Kambanellas 1999‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪ :١،٤‬ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬

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‫ﺇﻥ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻬﺗﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﲞﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺼﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻭﻣﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﱯ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻤّﻊ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻻ ﺗُﻀﺦ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺇﻻ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﳏﺪّﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﺘﺠﻨﺐ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻫﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺿﺨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻴﲔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﻮﻥ ﺣﻨﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻮﻬﺗﻢ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﻜﲔ ﰲ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻤﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﻴﻮﻫﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﺪﺷﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬

‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻄﺮﻕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺗﻀﺦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺧﺰﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﺦ ﰲ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻝ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﲢﻔﺮ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﲢﻔﻆ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺳﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﻌﺒﲔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻳُﻌﺎﺩ ﺿﺦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﻄﻒ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻼ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻀﺦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺴﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﺦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺫﺭﻭﺗﻪ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﺦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺧﺰﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺟﺰﺀ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻫﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻀﺦ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺳﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺧﺰﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺿﺦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﻟﻴﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﱰﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻻ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﰲ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﻳﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﱄ ﻛﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ )ﻡ‪ (٣‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ )ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻡ‪(٣‬‬

‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﺗﻮﺭﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪٢‚٩٧٢ ،‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺮ ‪٢٠ -‬‬
‫‪٠‚١٥٩‬‬ ‫‪٤٠ - ٢١‬‬
‫‪٠‚٤٧٩‬‬ ‫‪٧٠ - ٤١‬‬
‫‪٠‚٧٧٢‬‬ ‫‪١٠٠ - ٧١‬‬
‫‪٠‚٩٦٨‬‬ ‫‪١٢٠ - ١٠١‬‬
‫‪١‚٢٤٢‬‬ ‫<‪١٢١‬‬

‫‪١‚٦٥٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﱄ ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺰﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫)‪(Center for Development Research 1999‬‬ ‫‪ ٤‚٠٠٠ -١‚٠٠٠‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ )ﺷﺎﺣﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ(‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪ :٢،٤‬ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﳊﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﻀﺦ ﳌﱰﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺎﺣﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻓﻼ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﻭﺗﻀﻄﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺪﺑﲑ ﺃﻣﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﲣﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﰲ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﳕﻂ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻪ ﺑﺄﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺪﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻠﻐﺴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﰊ )ﻣﻦ ‪ ٣٠٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٤٠٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ(‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻻ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺰﻬﻧﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﰲ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻀﻄﺮﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺪﺑﲑ ﺃﻣﻮﺭﻫﻢ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٦٠‬ﺇﱃ ‪ ٧٠‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪/‬ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫)‪.(Iskandarani 1999‬‬

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 ‫‪ ٤،٤‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬

‫ﻛﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﱄ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭﻛﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫)‪ .(Ministry of Public Works and Housing 1988‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻛﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱐ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺳﺎﻬﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ )‪ ،٢/٤/٢‬ﺹ‪(٢٠‬‬
‫ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻮﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﻊ‬
‫ﺻﺮﻳﺢ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺻﺮﻑ ﺻﺤﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻄﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﺎﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻧﻴﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺷﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﳐﻄﻂ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺡ )ﺹ‪ (٨٥‬ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺻﺮﻑ ﺻﺤﻲ ﻣﻨـﺰﱄ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﺎﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻄﺎﻓﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺵ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﺴﻠﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌُﻨﻬُﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣُﻨﻬُﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﳌﺒﲎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﰲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﹸﻨﻬُﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳓﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﻬﺑﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ )ﺹ‪ (٨٥‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﲪﺎﻡ ﻣﺰﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﲟُﻨﻬُﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ )ﺹ‪ (٦٢‬ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﺭﻱ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻔﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺼﺮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﰎ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﳉﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،٨٩٣‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﰲ ﳏﻄﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺷﺎﺳﻊ ﰲ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﲟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٥ ،٤‬ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﺑﺴﻂ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﱄ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺳﻨﻮﻱ ﻣﻌﲔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﲦﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪﻩ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ )ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ٢،٤‬ﺗﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻥ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺰﻭﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﱰﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﲦﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﲟﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺸﻤﻠﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲤﺮ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﰲ ﻓﻮﺍﺗﲑ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﲑﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻬﻧﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﺋﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺴﺎﺗﲔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻀﻄﺮ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﲢﻔﻴﺰﹰﺍ ﳍﺎ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﰲ ﻓﻮﺍﺗﲑ‬
‫ﻼ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺇﺿﺎﰲ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺰ ﰲ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺠﺰ ﺳﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﰎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﲣﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﺳﺘﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﲏ‪ ،‬ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﱄ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﺖ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨـﺰﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻨﻊ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺫﺍﻬﺗﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﺣﲔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻻﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺷﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻮﺍﺗﲑ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺳﺘﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﳌﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﻣﱰﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﻴﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﰲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺳﻴﻮﻓﺮ ﳍﻢ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺗﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺁﺧﺬﺓ ﺑﺎﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﺋﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ﻳﺮﻏﺒﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺭﻱ ﺍﳊﺪﺍﺋﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

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:‫ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬

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Reuse. Tucson: Water Conservation Alliance of Southern Arizona (Water
CASA). Retrieved June 18, 2003, from
<http://www.watercasa.org/research/residential/resindex.htm>.

42
Whitney Farms Gardeners, 2003. Gardening Guide. Independence, OR: Whitney
Farms and the Rod McLellan Company. Retrieved January 6, 2003, from
<http://www.whitneyfarms.com/guide/faqs/faq_watering.shtml>.

:‫ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ‬

Brewer, D.; Brown, R.; and Stanfield, G. 2001. Rainwater and Greywater in
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Christova - Boal, D.; Lechte, P.; and Shipton, R. 1995. Installation and
Evaluation of Domestic Greywater Reuse Systems. Victoria, Australia:
Department of Civil and Building Engineering, Victoria University of Technology.

Hanson, L. 1997. Environmentally Friendly Systems and Products. Water Saving

Devices. Bracknell: BSRIA, Department of Environment, Transport and the
Regions.

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Department of Statistics 2002. Statistical Yearbook.

Issue No. 52. Amman: Department of Statistics.

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Ministry of Public works and Housing 1988.

Jordanian National Building Regulations. Nos. 18 and 19. Amman: Ministry of Public
Works and Housing.

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Ministry of Water and Irrigation 1997. Wastewater

Policy. Amman: Ministry of Water and Irrigation.

Her Majesty's Stationary Office 1991, Drainage and Waste Disposal, Document HI,
Section 2.3, Building Regulations. Norwich: Her Majesty's Stationary Office (HMSO).

Iskandarani, M. 1999. Analysis of Demand, Access and Usage of Water by Poor

Households in Jordan. Bonn: Center for Development Research (ZEF).

Jeppesen, B. 1996. Model Guidelines for Domestic Greywater Reuse for

Australia. Research Report No. 107. Brisbane: Urban Water Research
Association of Australia.

Jeppesen, B.; and Solley, D. 1994. Domestic Greywater Reuse: Overseas

Practice and its Applicability to Australia. Research report No. 73. Brisbane:
Urban Water Research Association of Australia.

Kambanellas, C. A. 1999. Cyprus Report for CEHA Regional Workshop on

Water Conservation and Reuse: Important Elements of Water Resources
Management Strategies, Amman, Jordan. Nicosia: Department of Water
Development.

Kiely, G. 1997. Environmental Engineering. Singapore: Irwin/McGraw-Hill.

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Rainwater and Greywater Use in Buildings, Best Practice Guidance. Report No,
C539. London: CIRIA, Department of Trade and Industry.

43
Leggett, D. J.; Brown, R.; Stanfield, S.; Brewer, D.; and Holliday, E. 2001b.
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Conservation. Report No. PR80. London: CIRIA, Department of Trade and
Industry.

Little, V. 2001. Graywater Guidelines. Tucson: Water Conservation Alliance of

Southern Arizona (Water CASA).

Ludwig, A. 1994 - 2000. Create an Oasis with Greywater. Santa Barbara: Oasis
Design.

Ludwig, A. 1995 – August 1999. Builder’s Greywater Guide. Santa Barbara:

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National Water Demand Management Center, 2000. A study of Domestic

Greywater Recycling. Bristol: Environment Agency.

Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand 2000. Australian/New Zealand

Standard AS/NZS 1547:2000 On-site Domestic Wastewater Management.
Strathfield: Standards Australia International.

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reclaimed water systems,’ August 1999, No 9-02-04, Issue 1. Oakdale (United
Kingdom): Water Regulation Advisory Scheme (WRAS).

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(United Kingdom): Water Regulation Advisory Scheme (WRAS).

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44
 (١) ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻖ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬
(‫)ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬

‫اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
Acacia cyanophylla Mimosa ‫أآﺎﺷﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Acacia farnesiana Sweet Acacia ‫ﻋﻨﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬
Acacia greggii Catclaw Acacia ___ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬
Agave palmeri Foxtail Agave ‫أﺝﺎف‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺎرﻳﺔ‬
Albizia julibrissin Silk Tree ‫أﻟﺒﻴﺰﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬
Aloe nobilis Golden-tooth Aloe ‫أﻟﻮي‬ ‫ﻋﺼﺎرﻳﺔ‬
Bougainvillea sp. Bougainvillea ‫ﻣﺠﻨﻮﻥﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﻠﻘﺔ داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Brachychiton populneus Bottle Tree ‫ﺑﺪة اﻟﻌﻔﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Buddleia davidii Butterfly Bush ‫ﻃﺮف اﻟﻌﺮوس‬ ‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬
Caesalpinia gilliesii Bird of Paradise Bush ‫ﺷﻮارب اﻟﻨﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬
Ceratonia siliqua Carob ‫ﺥﺮوب‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Cereus peruvianus Apple Cactus ‫ﺹﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺹﺒﺎرﻳﺔ‬
Chamaerops humilis European Fan Palm ‫ﺷﻤﻴﺮوﺑﺲ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Cortaderia selloana Pampas Grass ‫ﺣﻠﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺐ زﻳﻨﺔ‬
Cupressus arizonica Smooth Arizona Cypress ‫ﺳﺮو ﻓﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Cupressus sempervirens Italian Cypress ‫ﺳﺮو ﻋﻤﻮدي‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Dodonaea viscosa Purple Hop Bush ‫دودﻳﻨﻴﺎ ﺣﻤﺮاء‬ ‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Eucalyptus
Red River Gum ‫آﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
camaldulensis
Grevillea robusta Silk Oak ‫ﺝﺮاﻓﻴﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Iris sp. Bearded Iris ‫ﺳﻮﺳﻦ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاء‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Lantana camara Lantana ‫أم آﻠﺜﻮم‬ ‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة ﺷﺒﻪ داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Lantana montevidensis Trailing Lantana ‫أم آﻠﺜﻮم زاﺣﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺮة‬
Laurus nobilis Sweet Bay ‫ﻏﺎر‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Lavandula angustifolia Lavender ‫ﻻﻓﻨﺪر‬ ‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Lonicera japonica Japanese Honeysuckle ‫ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﺮاﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﻠﻘﺔ داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Malephora crocea Ice Plant ____ ‫ﻋﺼﺎرﻳﺔ‬
Morus Mulberry ‫ﺕﻮت‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬
Myrtus communis Myrtle ‫ ﺁس‬،‫رﻳﺤﺎن‬ ‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Nerium oleander Oleander ‫ﻣﻘﺰّﻣﺔ دﻓﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Nolina sp. Mexican Grass Tree ‫أرﺝﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺮة‬
Oenothera sp. Evening Primrose ____ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺮة‬
Olea europaea Olive ‫زﻳﺘﻮن‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Opuntia ficus-indica Prickly Pear ‫ﺹﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺹﺒﺎرﻳﺔ‬
Parkinsonia aculeata Jerusalem Thorn ‫ﺑﺮآﻨﺴﻮﻥﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬
Pennisetum setaceum Fountain Grass ‫ﺣﻠﻔﺎ ﺣﻤﺮاء‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺐ زﻳﻨﺔ‬
Penstemon sp. Beard Tongue ____ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺮة‬
Petunia hybrida Common Garden Petunia ‫ﺑﺘﻮﻥﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺮة‬
Phoenix dactylifera Date Palm ‫ﻥﺨﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Pinus halepensis Aleppo Pine ‫ﺹﻨﻮﺑﺮ ﺣﻠﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Pistacia atlantica Betoum ‫ﺑﻄﻢ أﻃﻠﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬
Prosopis sp. Mesquite ‫اﻟﻐﺎف‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬
Punica granatum Pomegranate ‫رﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬

45
Robinia psuedoacacia Black Locust ‫روﺑﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬
Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary ‫ﺣﺼﺎﻟﺒﺎن‬ ‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Salvia microphylla Sage ‫ﻣﻴﺮاﻣﻴﺔ زﻳﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة أو ﻣﻌﻤﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ‬
Senecio cineraria Dusty Miller ‫ﻓﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Sophora japonica Japanese Pagoda Tree ‫ﺹﻮﻓﻮرا‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬
Syringa vulgaris Lilac ___ ‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬
Tamarix aphylla Tamarisk ‫إﺙﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬
‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة أو ﻣﺘﺴﻠﻘﺔ داﺋﻤﺔ‬
Tecomaria capensis Cape Honeysuckle ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻤﺎﺭﻴﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Vitex agnus-castus Chaste Tree ‫آﻒ ﻣﺮﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬
Washingtonia filifera Washingtonia ‫وا ﺷـﻨﺘﻮﻥﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Yucca aloifolia Spanish Bayonet ‫ﺣﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
Ziziphus spina-christi Jujube ‫ﺳﺪر‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬

46
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫)ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ(‬

‫اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ‬

‫اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻡﻼﺣﻈﺎت‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺕﺤﺐ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪة‬
‫‪Camellia japonica‬‬ ‫‪Camellia‬‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻤﻴﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬
‫‪Magnolia‬‬ ‫‪Southern‬‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺕﺼﺎب أوراﻗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺹﻔﺮار‬
‫ﻤﺎﺠﻨﻭﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫‪grandiflora‬‬ ‫‪Magnolia‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬ ‫إذا زرﻋﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺕﺮﺑﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫‪Magnolia‬‬ ‫‪Saucer‬‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺕﺼﺎب أوراﻗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺹﻔﺮار‬
‫ﻤﺎﺠﻨﻭﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫‪soulangiana‬‬ ‫‪Magnolia‬‬ ‫اﻷوراق‬ ‫إذا زرﻋﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺕﺮﺑﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫‪Cape‬‬ ‫ﺕﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺕﺮﺑﺔ ﺣﻤﻀﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪Gardenia‬‬ ‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫‪Jasmin,‬‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺭﺩﻴﻨﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻥﻤﻮهﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫‪jasminoides‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
‫‪Gardenia‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫‪Rhododendron‬‬ ‫ﺕﺰرع ﻓﻲ أﺣﻮاض ﻣﺮﺕﻔﻌﺔ‬
‫____‬ ‫____‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻀﺮة أو‬
‫‪sp.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬
‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺕﺰرع ﻓﻲ أﺣﻮاض ﻣﺮﺕﻔﻌﺔ‬
‫‪Azalea sp.‬‬ ‫____‬ ‫____‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻀﺮة أو‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ اﻷوراق‬
‫ﺷﺠﺮة أو ﺷﺠﻴﺮة‬
‫‪Taxus baccata‬‬ ‫‪English Yew‬‬ ‫____‬ ‫ﻻ ﺕﺘﺤﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
‫ﺕﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪Cornus‬‬ ‫ﻏﻄﺎء أرﺽﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Bunchberry‬‬ ‫____‬
‫‪canadensis‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻂ اﻷوراق‬ ‫)‪ Cornus mas‬ﺕﺘﺤﻤﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ(‬
‫‪English‬‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة أو ﺷﺠﻴﺮة‬
‫‪Ilex aquifolium‬‬ ‫____‬ ‫ﺕﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻤﻮﺽﺔ‬
‫‪Holly‬‬ ‫داﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
‫‪Heavenly‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﱠﺽﺔ ﻟﻺﺹﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﺹﻔﺮار‬
‫‪Nandina‬‬ ‫‪Bamboo,‬‬ ‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫____‬ ‫اﻷوراق إذا زرﻋﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺕﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫‪domestica‬‬ ‫‪Sacred‬‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫‪Bamboo‬‬
‫أﻏﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Protea sp.‬‬ ‫‪Protea‬‬ ‫____‬
‫اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬ ‫)‪Protea neriifolia‬‬
‫ﺕﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ(‬
‫‪Prunus‬‬ ‫‪Carolina‬‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺕﻈﻬﺮ ﺣﺮﻗًﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺠﻴﺮة داﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫‪caroliniana‬‬ ‫‪Laurel‬‬ ‫____‬ ‫واﺹﻔﺮارًا ﻓﻲ اﻷوراق إذا‬
‫اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
‫‪Cherry‬‬ ‫زرﻋﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺕﺮﺑﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫‪Taxodium‬‬ ‫‪Bald‬‬ ‫ﺷﺠﺮة ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺕﺘﺤﻤﻞ أي ﺕﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﺪا اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫____‬
‫‪distichum‬‬ ‫‪Cypress‬‬ ‫اﻷوراق‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺷﺠﺮة أو ﺷﺠﻴﺮة‬
‫‪Tsuga sp.‬‬ ‫‪Hemlock‬‬ ‫____‬ ‫ﺹﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺔ داﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻤﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻀﺮة‬
‫‪Chinese‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﺣﺬر اﺹﻔﺮار اﻷوراق إذا‬
‫‪Wisteria sinensis‬‬ ‫ﻭﺴﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ‬
‫‪Wisteria‬‬ ‫اﻷوراق‬ ‫زرﻋﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺕﺮﺑﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬

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 ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻖ )‪(٢‬‬
‫ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﳊﺪﺍﺋﻖ‬
‫)ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪(http://www.csbe.org‬‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺑﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﺳﻞ ﻭﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺤﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺴﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻮّﺛﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﻠﻮّﺙ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻃﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﳚﺐ ﺃﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻴﻄﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺘﻪ ﻭﺳﻬﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﻼﻣﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺃﻱ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﻴﻀﺎﺕ( ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮّﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻄﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻐﺎﺳﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺑﺦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻟﻠﺮﻱ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﳚﺐ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ "ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺔ" ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﳊﻴﻄﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﹼﺎﻇﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ ﲟﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﻴّﻀﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﺮﻱ ﳚﺐ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﲟﻴﺎﻩ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﲔ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ )ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﲝﺚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻻﺣﻖ(‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺭﻓﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ – ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻐﻨﻴﺰ – ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪* .‬‬

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‫‪ .٣‬ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ‬
‫ﻼ ﳚﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺿﺦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻷﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺳﻌﺘﻪ ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﳌﺪﺓ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻌﲏ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﺦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﺦ‪ .‬ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺿﺦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﻤﱰﻝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﳊﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺣﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٤‬ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﱰﻝ ﺑﺪ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻦ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﱰﻝ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﱰﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﺘﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺟﲑﺍﻧﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻟﺮﻣﺎدﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .٥‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺻﻐﲑ ﲤﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٦‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻥ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻭﻧﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺸﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺒّﺐ ﺑﺎﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٧‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺳﺎﺧﻨﺔ )ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺴﺎﻟﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺣﱴ ﺗﱪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻬﺑﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۸‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﺭﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﻛﺮﻳﻬﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ‬
‫ﻏﻄﺎﺀ ﳏﻜﻢ ﳋﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻹﺯﻋﺎﺝ ﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻬﺗﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺑﺎﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻭﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﲔ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺮﺝ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻥ ﺑﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۹‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﺗﱪّﻙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ .١٠‬ﳚﺐ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﲟﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﳚﺮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻴﻴﺾ ﻭﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﹼﺎﻇﺎﺕ(‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺎﺷﻲ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺚ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .١١‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺮﺩﻓﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﲤﺖ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ ٣٠٠‬ﻣﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺰﻭّﺩ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﺑﺼﻤﺎﻡ ﳝﻨﻊ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﻠﻮﻳﺚ ﻣﻴﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﻣﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﲜﻬﺎﺯ ﲢﻜﻢ )ﻋﻮّﺍﻣﺔ( ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﲔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺰّﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﳚﺐ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﲟﺎﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻃﻔﺢ ﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١٢‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﱴ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻀﺨﺔ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .١٣‬ﰲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺧﺮﻃﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٣‬ﻣﻠﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺍﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺮﺳﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺮﻃﻮﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .١٤‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺮّﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻴﻞ ﲣﺪﻡ ﻏﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﱰﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺭﻱ ﲣﺮﺝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻨﻪ‬
‫ﲢﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﲢﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﻃﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺣﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺮﺝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻸﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﱰﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﲨﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺮﺝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .١٥‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺃﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ ﻭﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﳚﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﳋﻀﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺲ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻭﺭﺓ( ﺃﻭ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﳋﻀﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻼﻣﺲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﻳﻬﺎ )ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﻛﻞ ﻧﻴّﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳋ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻃﺎ(‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻛﻞ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻘﺪﻭﻧﺲ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻷﺷﺘﺎﻝ ﻭﻳﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻭﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺿﻊ ﰲ ﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ‬
‫ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﱐ ‪٢٠٠٣‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫– ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﳊﺪﺍﺋﻖ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫‪Val Little, Graywater Guidelines (Tucson: Water Conservation Alliance of‬‬

‫‪Southern Arizona, 2002).‬‬

‫‪CASA Water‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﻟـ‬

‫– ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ‪ Oasis Design‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫* ﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻤّﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻔﺎﺕ ﺭﻓﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ )ﺗﻠﻔﻮﻥ‪،(٠٦) ٥٣٣٢۹۹٣ :‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻛﺲ ‪.(http://www.nic.gov.jo/inwrdam ، inwrdam@nic.net.jo ،(٠٦) ٥٣٣٢۹٦۹‬‬

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