Jonathan Hammond

12122019

Johnson

Breaking Barriers: The Cuban Missile Crisis Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources:

Images:

50 Years Ago: The Cuban Missile Crisis​, The Atlantic, 15 Oct. 2012,

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uac

t=8&ved=2ahUKEwi3wOLAnbvmAhUqTt8KHSwQDWoQjRx6BAgBEAQ&url=https://

www.theatlantic.com/photo/2012/10/50-years-ago-the-cuban-missile-crisis/100387/&psig

=AOvVaw2IwMpTm0p_l6ZdJ7Z-n9I0&ust=1576622189184395​.

The U.N. meeting depicted is used to represent the negotiation and communication that occurred

between the U.S. and many other countries such as the U.K. and the Soviet Union around the

time of the Cuban Missile Crisis. However, it does not show all of the countries present at the

meeting, nor does it show the negotiation processes between countries.

“Fidel Castro.” ​The Cuban Missile Crisis​, Wikipedia, ​https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro​.

 Fidel Castro, the political and military leader of Cuba at the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis,

is depicted in this image giving a speech. Castro distrusted the Kennedy administration, and

often coordinated with Khruschev on the installation of Soviet Missiles in Cuba. This image

is used to depict Castro as the leading political and military figure of Cuba during this time

period.

John F. Kennedy​. ​https://www.pinterest.com/pin/224124518931481321/​.

This image depicts President Kennedy giving a speech. Public communication was one of the

fastest between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, because official transmissions took hours to

decode. This image is used to represent the public communications between nations.

“Jupiter Missiles.” ​The Cuban Missile Crisis​, Wikipedia,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis​.

The missiles depicted in this image were located in Turkey prior to their removal as part of

negotiations between President Kennedy and Khrushchev. Used alongside images of Soviet

missile sites in Cuba, this image represents the agreements met at the conclusion of the Cuban

Missile Crisis.
 Khrushchev Criticizes Stalin​. Mr. Allsop History,

https://www.mrallsophistory.com/revision/khruschevs-criticism-of-stalin-in-his-secret-spe

ech.html​.

Khrushchev would often communicate with Kennedy via public channels such as news

correspondents as opposed to official ones, because the official messages took hours to decode.

This image is used to depict Khrushchev as a major political figure in the Soviet Union at the

time of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

“President Kennedy Meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev at the Vienna Summit in

June, 1961.” ​JFK Was Completely Unprepared For His Summit with Khrushchev​,

History.com,

https://www.history.com/news/kennedy-krushchev-vienna-summit-meeting-1961​.

Khrushchev and Kennedy met in Vienna in June of 1961, prior to the Cuban Missile Crisis, as

depicted in this image. Communications between the U.S. and the Soviet Union were at times

sporadic, providing for physical meetings between the two leaders. This image is used to

indicate the barriers that were present in negotiation and communication prior to the

Moscow-Washington Hotline.

“U-2 Surveillance Imaging.” ​The Cuban Missile Crisis,​ National Geographic,

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/13-days-president-kennedy-and-cuban-missil

e-crisis/​.
This image shows surveillance footage from American U-2 plane flights, pointing out Soviet

missile sites. On the website, it is used to indicate the removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba in

exchange for the removal of USAF missiles from Turkey.

Letters/Memorandums:

John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. “Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to

President Kennedy, October 27, 1962.” ​Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President

Kennedy, October 27, 1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library

& Museum​, ​https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct27/doc4.html​.

This letter from Chairman Khruschekv to President Kennedy highlights the Soviet terms for the

removal of Soviet Missiles from Cuba. Khruschev is completely transparent in his letter,

demanding the removal of missiles in Turkey, and he provides excellent reasoning for doing so.

This letter was used to point out the deal made between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. “Memorandum of Conversation with

Andrei Gromyko.” ​Memorandum of Conversation with Andrei Gromyko - Cuban Missile

Crisis - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum,​

https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct18/doc1.html​.

This conversation between Ambassador Gromyko and President Kennedy provided insight into

the policies of the United States and the Soviet Union around the time period of the Cuban
Missile Crisis in 1962. Additionally, both President Kennedy provide reasoning for the positions

their county takes, as well as some historical context to the situation.

Speeches/Radio Broadcasts:

“John F Kennedy's Address after the Bay of Pigs (1961).” ​The Cold War,​ 23 Mar. 2018,

https://alphahistory.com/coldwar/kennedy-address-bay-of-pigs-1961/​.

Kennedy’s radio broadcast during the Bay of Pigs invasion prior to the Cuban Missile Crisis

provided reasoning for the distrust Fidel Castro had for the Kennedy Administration, as the

White House continued to mislead the American people at this time. It also points to a pattern in

communications between the Soviet Union and the United States - that is, both were continually

misleading.

John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. “Radio and Television Report to the

American People on the Soviet Arms Buildup in Cuba.” ​Radio and Television Report to

the American People on the Soviet Arms Buildup in Cuba - Cuban Missile Crisis - John F.

Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum​,

https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct22/doc5.html​.

This speech indicated the biases of the Kennedy administration, as they point out the faults of

Soviet communications while ignoring their own. It also provides historical context for the

Cuban Missile Crisis and demonstrated that this conflict was largely a matter of public
appearance and looking stronger on the national stage. In his speech to the American People,

Kennedy brought to attention the installation of ballistic missile sites in Cuba which had the

capability to reach most of the continental U.S. Kennedy stressed the offensive nature of these

weapons, and pointed to a statement by the Soviet government that all weapons given to Cuba

were purely defensive. He continued to point out that this statement was deceiving and false, and

that the USSR, as a great nation, should promote peace instead of sneakily deploying missiles.

The President outlined U.S. foreing policy of peace and opposition to war

Secondary Sources:

Newspaper Articles:

Stone, Webster. “Moscow's Still Holding.” ​The New York Times​, The New York Times, 18 Sept.

1988,

https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/18/magazine/moscow-s-still-holding.html?pagewanted=print​.

This newspaper article, published in 1988, provided context surrounding the

Moscow-Washington Hotline. It also provided additional details on the use and effect of the

Moscow-Washington Hotline on negotiations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. However,

it comes from an American newspaper, the New York Times. It contains some bias against the

Soviet Union but is largely unbiased. It is also a secondary source.

Videoes:
HistoryPod. “30th August 1963: Moscow-Washington Hotline Enters Operation.” ​YouTube,​

YouTube, 29 Aug. 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iwn9IlLWnpg.

This video by HistoryPod provided excellent context for the Moscow-Washington Hotline and

pointed to the Cuban Missile Crisis as the primary motive for ensuring communication between

the Kremlin and the Pentagon was immediate and effective. However, it did not cite any sources

in the video description.