SLM-Malayala Sahithyam-III-2017 Admn-Corrected On 02.11.2018 PDF

ae-bmf kmln-Xywþ3
STUDY MATERIAL
THIRD SEMESTER
COMMON COURSE : MAL3A03
For
BA/BSc
(2017 ADMISSION ONWARDS)
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
Calicut University P.O, Malappuram, Kerala, India 673 635
511A
School of Distance Education
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
STUDY MATERIAL
THIRD SEMESTER
BA/BSc
(2017 ADMISSION ONWARDS)
COMMON COURSE :
MAL3A03 : ae-bmfkmln-X-yw-þ3
Prepared by :
Sri. Kamarudheen Parappil,
Asst. Professor in Malayalam,
Farook College, Kozhikode.
Smt. Rughmini.K
Asst. Professor on contract,
School of Distance Education,
University of Calicut.
Layout: Computer Section, SDE

©
Reserved
aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 2

CONTENTS PAGE No
Module - I 5
Module - II 26
Module - III 39
Module - IV 53


Module - 1
"\m-Sy-im-kv{Xw' F-¶ \m-S-I-{K-Ùw c-Nn¨Xv?

D. `-c-X-ap-\n
2. [-\-Rv-P-b³ c-Nn-¨sX-¶v I-cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶ \m-S-I-kw-_-Ônbm-b Ir-Xn-?
D. Z-i-cq]-Iw
3. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ K-Zy-\mSIw?
D. I-e-ln-\n Z-a\-Iw
4. 'A-`nÚm-\ im-Ip´-fw \m-SIw' a-e-bm-f-`m-j-bn-te-¡v XÀ-Ö-a sN-bvXXv?
D. tI-c-f-hÀ-½ henb tIm-bn-¯-¼p-cm³ (1882)
5. 'I-e-ln-\n Z-a-\Iw' \mS-Iw c-Nn¨Xv?
D. I--¯nÂ h-dp-Ko-kp am¸nf
6. a-ebm-f `m-j-bnÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-« {]-Ya tkmt±-i km-aqln-I \m-S-I-w?
D. a-dn-bm-½ \mS-Iw
7. ap³-jn cm-a-¡p-dp-¸v c-Nn-¨ B-t£-]-lmkyw \n-d-ª \mSIw?
D. N-¡o-N¦-cw
8. A-Ôam-b \m-S-Im-\pI-c-W {`m-ń-s\-bpw AÀ-°-iq-\yam-b \m-S-I-c-Nm-\m
k-{¼-Zm-b-s¯-bpw \n-in-X-am-bn ]-cn-lk
- n-¡m-\m-bn hn-c-Nn-Xam-b \mSIw?
D. N-¡o-N¦-cw
9. Im-hyw, \m-S-Iw Xp-S§n-b I-em-hn-jv¡m-c am-Xr-II-sf ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶ {]mNo-\
Ir-Xn-?
D. A-án-]p-cm-Ww
10. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy kz-X-{´ \m-S-I-§-fn-sem¶m-b "BÄ-am-dm«w'
c-Nn¨Xv?
D. IÃqÀ D-½³ ^n-en-t¸m-kv
11. a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ B-Zy-am-bn {]-l-k-\-§Ä c-Nn-¨Xv
D. kn.hn cm-a³-]nÅ
12. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ N-cn-{X \mSIw?
D. ko-Xm-e-£v-an
13. 'ko-Xm-e-£van' F-¶ N-cn-{X \mS-Iw c-Nn¨Xv?
D. C.hn Ir-jv-W-¸n-Å
14. 'A-Sp-¡-f-bnÂ \n-¶v A-c-§-t¯¡v' F-¶ \m-S-I-w c-Nn¨Xv?

hn.Sn `-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Sv
15. 'a-d-¡p-S-¡p-Ån-se a-lm-\-cIw' F-¶ \mS-Iw F-gp-Xn-bXv
D. Fw.BÀ._n
16. 'E-Xp-aXn' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ IÀ-¯mhv?
D. t{]w-Pn
17. "`q-Xw' F-¶ t]-cnÂ C-_vksâ "tKm-kv-än'sâ a-ebm-f XÀ-Ö-a \nÀ-h-ln-¨-Xv?
D. kn.sP tXma-kv
18. "]m-«-_m¡n' F-¶ \mS-Iw c-Nn-¨-Xv?
D. sI. Zm-tam-Z-c³
19. "k-a-Xz-hmZn' F-¶ \mS-Iw F-gp-Xn-b-Xv?
D. ]p-fn-a-\ ]-c-ta-iz-c³ ]n-Å
20. "tI-c-f-¯n-sâ C-kv_³' F-¶p hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶Xv?
D. F³. Ir-jv-W-¸n-Å
21. Hm-kv-IÀ sshÂ-Unsâ "k-teman' F-¶ \m-SIs¯ "i-tem-an' F-¶ tdUntbm \m-S-
I-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n¨Xv?
D. kn.sP tXma-kv
22. {Ko-¡v \m-S-I k-¦Â-¸-¯nÂ kn.sP tXma-kv c-Nn-¨ \mSIw?
D. B a-\p-jy³ \o X-s¶
23. B-ß-{]-Imi-\w km-[y-am¡n-b kn.sP tXm-a-kn-sâ \m-S-I-w?
D. 1128 Â ss{Iw 27
24. Bân-t¹ F-¶v A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ kn.sP tXm-a-kn-sâ \mSIw?
D. 1128Â ss{Iw 27
25. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy Po-h-N-cn-{X \mSIw?
D. kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bp-sS \m-Sp-I-S-¯Â
26. kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n-bp-sS \m-Sp-I-S-¯Â F-¶ Po-h-N-cn-{X \mS-Iw c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. ]q-P-¸p-c Ir-jv-W³ \m-bÀ
27. "Iq-«p-Irjn' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ IÀ-¯mhv?
D. C-S-tÈ-cn tKm-hn-µ³ \m-bÀ
28. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-X\-Xp \mSIw?
D. I-en
29. 1970 Â Ip-«n-IÄ-¡m-bn sh-ªm-d-aq-«nÂ sIm-¨p-\m-cm-b-W-]n-Å-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-¯nÂ
B-cw-`n-¨ \m-S-I-thZn?

cw-K-{]-`m-Xv
30. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy G-Im-¦ \m-S-Iam-b 'ap-¶m-«p-hoc³' c-Nn¨Xv?
D. A-¸³ X-¼p-cm³
31. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ \m-S-I hn-Úm-\-tImiw?
D. a-e-bm-f \m-S-I kÀ-hkzw
32. "a-e-bm-f \m-S-I-kÀ-hkzw' X-¿m-dm-¡nbXv?
D. a-S-hqÀ `m-kn
33. a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ \mS-Iw c-Nn-¨ B-Zy h-\n-X?
D. Ip-«n-¡p-ªn X¦-¨n
34. "a-e-bm-fkm-ln-Xy N-cn{Xw' c-Nn¨Xv?
D. Pn. i-¦-c-¸n-Å
35. "a-ebm-f \m-S-I {]-Øm\w' F-¶ Ir-Xn-bp-sS IÀ-¯mhv?
D. Im-«p-am-Sw \m-cm-b-W³
36. "\m-S-I {]-thin-I' F-¶ \mSI ]T-\ {KÙw X-¿m-dm-¡nbXv?
D. F.Un l-cn-iÀ-½
37. "]u-c-kv-Xy \m-S-I ZÀ-i\w' F-¶ Ir-Xn c-Nn¨Xv?
D. ]p-¯³-Im-hv am-¯³ X-c-I³
38. "\m-S-I \n-L-p' X-¿m-dm-¡nbXv?
D. s{]m-^. sI. hn-P-b³ \m-bÀ
39. "tI-c-f kwKo-X \m-S-I N-cn-{Xw' c-Nn¨Xv?
D. tUm. sI. {io-Ip-amÀ
40. "a-ebm-f \m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-sS I-Y' F-¶ Ir-Xn c-Nn¨Xv?
D. a-S-hqÀ `m-kn
41. "Bân-KWn' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-\v a-ebm-f ]-cn`m-j \Â-InbXv?
D. kn.sP tXma-kv
42. kn.sP tXma-kv hn-hÀ¯-\w sNbv-X tkm-^m-¢n-kn-sâ \m-S-I-w?
D. Cu-Un¸-kv
43. "D-b-cp-¶ b-h-\n-I' F-¶ {K-Ùw c-Nn¨Xv?
D. kn.sP tXma-kv
44. tam-fn-b-dp-sS "Z ssakÀ' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n\v "]n-ip¡-sâ I-eym-Ww' F-¶ XÀ-Ö-a
D-m-¡nbXv?
D. kn.sP tXm-akv

kn.sP tXma-kv P-\n¨-Xv F-hnsS?

D. Iq-¯m-«p-Ipf-¯v
46. hn-tam-N-\k-a-cIme-¯v kn.sP tXma-kv F-gpXn-b I-½y-Wn-kv-äv hn-cp-² cm-jv-{So-b
\m-S-I-w?
D. hn-j-hr-£w
47. kn.sP tXma-kv A-´-cn¨-Xv F¶v?
D. 1960 Pq-sse 14 \v
48. kn.sP tXm-a-kn-sâ `m-cy B-cv?
D. Fw.]n t]m-fn-sâ a-IÄ tdm-kn
49. tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv kÀ-Æ-I-em-im-eb-¡p Io-gn-ep-Å "kvIqÄ Hm-^v {Um-a'bp-sS Øm-]-I
U-b-d-ÎÀ?
50. I-dp-¯-ssZ-h-s¯-t¯-Sn, ]q-Pm-apdn, i-c-i-b-\w F-¶o \m-S-I-§Ä
c-Nn¨Xv?
51. 1964 se tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\Sn-b Pn. i-¦-c-¸n-Å-bp-sS
\mSIw?
D. sd-bnÂ-¸m-f-§Ä
52. "\m-S-I-k-Z-ÊnÂ Cu tNmZyw hn-e-¡-s¸-« H-¶mWv' þ G-Xv tNmZyw?
D. \mSIw ImW-s\-¯p-¶-h-cnÂ F-{X-t]À \m-SI-s¯ \m-S-I-am-bn I-v B-kz-Zn-¡p-
¶pv.
‘The Demand of Audience' F-¶ Ir-Xn c-Nn¨-Xv?
slm-hmÀ-Uv en³-tU Howord Lindesy
FÂ. tXm-a-kp-Ip-«n-bpsS "a-ebm-f \m-S-I-N-cn-{X-¯n-\v H-cp B-ap-Jw' G-Xp Ir-Xn-bn-
se te-J-\-amWv?
D. t^m-Ivtemdpw a-ebm-f \m-S-Ihpw
55. a-ebm-f \m-S-I-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å NÀ-¨ F-hn-sS ap-XÂ B-cw-`n-¡-W-sa-¶m-Wv FÂ.
tXm-a-kp-Ip-«nbpsS A`n-{]mbw?
D. a-t\m-taml-\w I-¼-\n-bn-se Xn-cp-h-«mÀ \m-cm-b-W-]n-Å-bp-sS \m-S-I kw-cw-`-§Ä
ap-XemWv a-ebm-f \m-S-I-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å NÀ-¨ Bcw-`n-t¡-sX¶mWv
tXmakvIp«n-bpsS A`n-{]m-bw.
56. B-Zym-h-X-c-W-¯nÂ X-¶ "s{]m-ko-\n-bw tÌ-Pn'Â \n¶pw B-«n-bn-d-¡-s¸-«
"I-en' F-¶ X\-Xp \mS-Iw c-Nn¨-Xv Bcv?
D. kn.F³ {io-I-WvT³ \mbÀ

`m-cXo-b I-em-k-¦-ev-] {]-Im-cw Zr-iy-I-e-IÄ F-{X-X-cw? G-sXms¡?

D. aq-¶v Xcw; \m-Syw, \r-¯yw, \r-¯w
58. Z-i-cq-]-I-§Ä G-sXÃmw?
D. \m-SIw, A¦w, {]-Im-cWw, Cu-lm-arKw, Unaw, k-a-h-Imcw, `mWw, {]-l-k\w,
hoYn, hym-tbm-Kw
59. a-ebm-f \m-S-I-§Ä-¡v amÀ-K-\nÀ-t±-iw Im-Wn-¨ Nn-e X-an-gv \m-S-I§Ä?
D. tImh-e³ N-cnXw, A-cy½m-e \m-SIw, h-Ån-b-½mÄ \m-SIw, \Ã-X-¦mÄ N-cn-Xw, Kp-
te-_-¡mh-en
60. B-ZyIm-e kzX-{´ kw-Ko-X \m-S-I§Ä?
D. kwKoX ss\-j[w, kwKo-X l-cn-Ý-{µw, k-Zm-cm-a, kw-Ko-X-im-Ip-´fw,
cp-Ümw-K-N-cnXw, tZ-h-bm-\n N-cnXw, Ip-tN-e-tKm-]mew, ]m-¡-\mÀ N-cnXw.
61. B-ZyIm-e kw-kvIr-X \m-S-I hn-hÀ-¯-\§Ä?
D. Pm-\-Io-]-cn-W-bw, am-f-hn-Im-án-an-{Xw, D-¯-c-cm-a- N-cnXw, hn{I-tamÀ-Æ-iobw, am-e-Xo-
am-[hw, B-Ý-cy-Nq-Vm-aWn, th-Wo kw-lmcw, kz-]v-\-hm-k-h-Z¯w, Nm-cp-Z¯³
62. kn.F³ {io-I-WvT³ \m-b-cp-sS cm-am-b-W \m-S-I-{Xbw?
D. Im-©-\-ko-X, km-tIXw, e-¦-e-£v-an
63. sI.Sn ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \m-S-I-{X-bw F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶Xv?
D. krãn, ØnXn, kw-lm-cw
64. X\-Xp \m-S-I th-Zn-bn-se {][m-\ \m-S-I§Ä?
D. Ien ({io-I-WvT³ \m-bÀ), In-cm-Xw (Pn. i-¦-c-¸nÅ), ssZ-h-¯mÀ, A-h-\-h³
IS-¼, km£n, I-cn-¦p-«n (Im-hm-ew \m-cm-b-W-¸-Wn¡À)
\m-S-I-¯n-se {XnXzw Three As B-scms¡?
\m-S-I-Ir-¯ Author \-S³ Actor t{]-£-I³ Audience
kn.sP tXm-a-kn-sâ {][m-\ \m-S-I-§Ä?
D. A-bmÄ hopw h-cp¶p, hn-j-hr£w, cqYv, ]n-ip¡-sâ I-eym-Ww, 1128 Â ss{Iw
27, B a-\p-jy³ \o X-s¶
67. kwkvIrX \m-S-I-¯n-sâ C-Xn-hr-¯-¯n-se A-©p k-Ôn-IÄ G-sXms¡?
D. apJw, {]-Xn-apJw, KÀ`w, hn-aÀiw, \nÀ-Æ-l-Ww
68. N-XpÀ-hn-[m-`n\-bw F-¶mÂ F´v?
D. "\m-Sy-im-kv-{X'-{]-Im-cw A-`n\-bw \m-ep-hn-[-amWv. t\-{Xm-Zn-i-co-cm-h-b-h-§Ä
D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p-sIm-p-Å A-`n\-bw Bw-KnIw. kw-`m-j-W-cq-]-
¯n-epÅ-Xv hm-NnIw. k-hn-ti-jam-b th-j-`q-jm-Zn-I-fp-sS A-I-¼Sn-tbm-sS-bpÅ-Xv
B-lm-cyw. tkzZw, kv-tXm`w, th-]Yp, A-{ip, tcm-am©w, kz-c-`wKw, {]-fbw,
ssh-hÀv-Wyw Xp-S§n-b hn-Im-c-§-fnÂ \n-¶p-m-Ip-¶ `m-hm-`n\-bw km-Xzn-Iw.

'1128 Â ss{Iw 27' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-se I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS t]-sc-gpXpI?

D. Kpcp, in-jy³ am-Xyq, amÀ-t¡mkv, hÀ¡n, F-dp-¸p-¡m (amÀt¡m-knsâ `mcy)
In-gh³ (amÀt¡m-knsâ A¸³), N¡n, kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡oÂ, {]-Xn-h-¡oÂ, P-UvPv,
k-J-dn-b, cm-a-Ir-jv-W³,tIm¬-kv-ä-_nÄ 303, 316, im-kv-{Xn, tKm-]n
70. Nq-f-bnÂ hoWp-t]m-b amÀ-t¡m-kn-\p F-´p kw-`-hn¨p?
D. Nq-f-bnÂ hoWp-t]m-b amÀ-t¡m-kn-\v Im-cy-am-b ]-cn-s¡m¶pw D-m-bnÃ. Nq-f-bnÂ
\Ã C-cp«m-b Imc-Ww A-bm-sf BÀ¡pw Im-Wm-³ I-gn-ªnÃ. X-sâ F-Xn-cm-fnbm-
b hÀ-¡n-sb H-cp ]mTw ]Tn-¸n-¡m³ A-bmÄ h-b-\m-«n-te¡p-t]mbn. \m-S-Im-ý-
¯nÂ hÀ-¡n a-cn-¨-Xn-\p- ti-jw am{X-amWv Xn-cn-sI \m-«n-te-¡p h-¶Xv.
71. \m-S-I-c-N-\-bp-sSbpw \m-S-Im-h-X-c-W-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯n-sâbpw ]p-tcm-K-Xn-¡v {]-[m-\-amÀ-
K-X-S-Ê-am-bn Pn. i-¦-c-¸n-Å I-s-¯p-¶ Im-cy-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?
D. \mS-Iw H-cp P-\Io-b I-e-bm-sW¶pw kÀ-Æ-P-\o-\-am-Wv F¶pw A-Xp-sIm-v A-Xv
B-kz-Zn-¡p-hm³ {]-tXy-I ]-cnN-bw B-h-iy-an-sÃ-¶pw ]-d-b-s¸-Sp-¶ C-¡me-¯v
\m-SI-s¯ A-Xn-sâ ]qÀ-WmÀ-°-¯nÂ DÄ-s¡m-Åm³ I-gn-bp-¶ k-lr-Z-b-cp-sS
F-®w Ip-d-hmWv. C-Xm-Wv Pn. bp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ ]p-tcm-K-Xn-¡v
{][m-\ amÀ-K-X-S-Êw.
72. Pn. i-¦-c-¸n-Å-bp-sS {][m-\ \m-S-I-§Ä G-sXÃmw?
D. I-dp-¯-ssZ-h-s¯-t¯Sn, ]q-Pm-apdn, kv-t\-l-ZqX³, sd-bnÂ-¸m-f§Ä, hn-hm-lw
kzÀ-K-¯nÂ \-S-¡p¶p, i-c-i-b\w, `-c-X-hm-Iyw, _-µn, C-Sm³ a-d-¶ C-g, I-gp-I-
·mÀ
73. Pn. i-¦-c-¸nÅ-sb e-Lp-hm-bn ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯pI.
D. 1930 Pq¬ 22 \v Nn-d-bn³-Io-gn-em-Wv Pn. i-¦-c-¸n-Å P-\n-¨Xv. \m-S-I-c-N-\bpw ]T-

\hpw \m-S-I-hn-aÀ-i-\-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p A-t±-lw G-sd {]m- [m-\y-]qÀ-Æw ssI-Imcyw
sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶Xv. \m-tSm-Sn km-ln-Xyw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ K-th-j-W-ta-J-e-bm-bn-cp¶p.
tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv kÀ-Æ-I-em-im-e-bnse "kv-IqÄ Hm-^v {Um-a-'bp-sS Øm-]-I U-b-dÎÀ,
a-lm-ßm-Km-Ôn kÀ-Æ-I-em-im-e-bnse "kv-IqÄ Hm-^v se-tä-gvkv' hn-`m-Kw U-b-dÎÀ,
tI-c-f kwKo-X \m-S-I A-¡mZ-an sN-b-À-am³ F-¶o Øm-\-§Ä A-e-¦-cn-¡p-Ibpw
Ip-«n-I-fp-sS \m-S-I-th-Zn-¡m-bn A-tlm-cm{Xw ]-cn-{i-an-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp; Pn. 1989
P-\p-h-cn 1 \v At±lw a-c-W-a-Sªp.
74. \m-S-I-¯nÂ B-h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-e-[n-Iw B-Jym-\mw-i-¯n-\v {]m-[m\yw D-m-Im-\n-
Sbm-b km-l-N-cy-§Ä F-s´ms¡?
D. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ cq-]c-N-\ hm-Nm-e-am-bXpw A-an-Xam-b kw-Ko-Xm-`n-ap-Jyhpw \mS-Iw
H-cp kw-Çn-ã I-em-cq-]-am-sW-¶ [mc-Ww th--hn-[-¯nÂ D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯m-¯Xpw
\m-S-I-¯nÂ B-Jym-\mw-i-¯n-\v {]m-[m\yw D-m-Im³ km-l-N-cy-sam-cp-¡n.
75. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ aq-¶v aÀ-½-L-S-I-§-fm-bn Pn. i-¦-c-¸n-Å Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶-Xv
F-s´ms¡?
D. \m-S-I-c-N-bn-Xmhv, \m-S-I-thZn, \m-S-I-k-lr-Zb³
76. "a-ebm-f \m-S-I-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v hn-Nm-cn-¡m-s\m-cp-s¼-Sp-¶-h-scÃmw `-c-X-kq-{X-§-fp-²-
cn-¡p-I-bpw `m-c-Xo-bþkw-kvIr-X \m-S-]m-c-¼-cy-¯nÂ A-`n-am-\w sIm-Åp-Ibpw

sN-¿p¶-Xv sXäm-b N-cn{X-t_m-[w H-¶p-sIm-v am-{X-amWv'.þ FÂ. tXm-a-kp-Ip-«n-

C§-s\ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶-Xv F-´p-sImv?
D. C-ý-bn-se H¶mw N-{I-hÀ-¯n-sb-¶p I-cp-Xp-¶ au-cy-km-{am-Py-Øm-]-I\m-b N-{µ-
Kp]v-X au-cy\pw ]n-¶o-Sv km-{am-Py-§Ä XoÀ-¯ ap-K-fcpw a-dmT-i-àn-I-fp-sam-s¡
D-¯-c-{]-tZ-iw am-{X-am-Wv `-cn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. H-cp C-ý³ `-c-W hy-h-Ø-bnepw s]-Sm-sX
`q-an-im-kv-{X-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fmÂ H-ä-s¸-«p-In-S-¶n-cp-¶ tZ-i-am-bn-cp-¶p
tI-cfw. i-àam-b hn-tZ-io-bm-{I-a-W-§Ä GÂ-t¡-n-h-cm-¯, kmw-kv-Imcn-I
hnkv-t^m-S-\-§Ä-s¡m¶pw hn-t[-b-am-tI-n-h-cm-¯ P-\-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p tI-c-f-
¯nÂ. \m-a-am-{X-am-bn tI-c-f-]-cm-aÀ-i-ap-s-¶v I-cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶ A-tim-I-imk-\w
t]mepw C¶-s¯ tI-c-f-¯nÂ \n-¶Ã I-s-Sp-¯Xv. Sn-¸p-hn-sâ B-{Ia-Ww `m-Kn-
Ihpw XmÂ-¡m-en-Ihpw B-bn-cp-¶p. bq-tdm-]y³ i-àn-IÄ C-ý cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯p-
t¼mÄ t]mepw tI-c-f-¯n-sâ `q-cn-`mKw {]-tZ-ihpw A-h-cp-sS t\-cn-«p-Å `-c-W-
¯n-\p Io-gn-em-bn-cp-¶nÃ. `-c-W-]-cam-b G-Io-Ic-Ww \-S-¶n-«nÃm-¯, hf-sc tem-
eam-b kmw-kv-Imcn-I hn-\na-bw am{Xw C-X-c `m-cXo-b P-\-X-I-tfm-Sp-m-bn-cp-¶-
Xpam-b k-hnti-j P-\-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p tI-c-f-¯nÂ D-m-bn-cp-¶Xv. A-Xn-\mÂ a-e
bm-f \m-S-I-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å NÀ-¨ Xn-cp-h-«mÀ \m-cm-b-W-¸n-Å-bp-sS \m-S-I kw-cw-`-
§Ä ap-X-em-Wv \mw B-tem-Nn-t¡--Xp-Åp F-¶m-Wv FÂ. tXm-a-kv-Ip-«n-bp-sS A-
`n-{]m-bw.
F³. Ir-jv-W-¸n-Å-bp-sS \m-S-I-§Ä G-sXÃmw?
D. `-á-`-h\w, I-\y-I, _-em-_ew, A-\p-c-Rv-P\w, a-cp¸-¨, A-gn-ap-J-t¯¡v, ZÀ-i\w,
Ip-S-¯n-se hnf-¡v
78. Fw. tKm-hnµ³, kn.F³ {io-I-WvT³ \mbÀ, Pn. i-¦-c-¸n-Å, Im-hm-ew F-¶n-hÀ-¡v
a-ebm-f \m-S-I {]-Øm-\-¯nÂ FÂ. tXm-a-kp-Ip-«n IÂ-]n-¡p-¶ Øm-\-sa´v?
D. kyq-tUmþs{]m-^-WÂþsIm-ta-gv-kyÂ an-{in-X-am-bn ]-cn-W-an-¨n-cp-¶ \-½p-sS cw-K-th-
Zn-sb B-im-ky-aÃm-¯ NnÃ-d A-hX-c-W ]-cn-jv-I-c-W {i-a-§-fnÂ \n-¶p am-dn
\n-¶p t\m-¡n-¡m-Wm³ {i-an-¨-h-cnÂ {]-[m-\n-IÄ F-¶ \n-e-bn-em-Wv
Fw. tKm-hnµ³, kn.F³, Pn., Im-hm-ew F-¶n-hÀ-¡v te-J-I³ a-ebm-f \m-S-I
km-ln-Xy N-cn-{X-¯nÂ C-Sw \Â-Ip-¶Xv.
79. kn.F³ {io-I-WvT³ \m-b-cp-sS cm-am-b-W \m-S-I-{X-bw G-sXms¡?
D. Im-©-\ ko-X, e-¦m-e-£van, km-tI-Xw
80. "1128 Â ss{Iw 27' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-eq-sS kn.sP {i-an-¡p¶-Xv F-ń-\m-sW-¶m-Wv
FÂ. tXm-a-kp-Ip-«n A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv?
D. Xm-Xzn-I-ambpw {]m-tbm-Kn-I-ambpw {In-bm-ß-I-X-bnÂ \n¶pw \n-jv-{In-b-Xz-¯n-te-¡p-
Å H-fn-t¨m-«-am-bn-cp-¶ kz-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ AÀ-°m-\À-°-§-sfbpw s]m-Åbpw Zp-ã-
hpam-b N-«-§-fmÂ lnw-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ kzm-X-{ý-s¯bpw a-c-W-s¯bpw Po-hn-X-
s¯-bpw ]-än-bp-Å ZmÀ-i-\n-Iam-b B-i-b-¡p-g-¸-§-sfbpw H-scm-¯p-XoÀ-¸p-anÃm-
¯ FÃm k-¦oÀ-WX-I-tfmSpw Iq-Sn th-Zo-ap-J-t¯-¡v C-d-¡n-sh¡p-I am-{X-am-Wv
"ss{Iw' Â kn.sP tXma-kv sN-¿p-¶Xv. AXo-h k-¦oÀ-®am-b Im-en-I-Po-hn-X-¯n-
sâ I-em-cq-]w am{Xw A-Xn-E-Pp-hm-Ip-¶-sX§-s\ F¶v B [nj-Wm-im-en \ym-b-

ambpw kw-i-bn-¨n-cn-¡mw. \n-e-hn-ep-Å FÃm aq-ey-§-sf-bpw (a-cWw, \n-baw,
Zpx-Jw) l-kn-¡p-¶ A-¯-c-sam-cp \mSIw L-S-\-sIm-v \m-S-I-am-Ip-t¼mÄ X-s¶
\m-S-I-cq-]-s¯-bpw kzbw ]-cn-l-kn-¡p¶p. A-Xn-\mÂ am-{X-am-Wv \m-S-I-hn-cp²
Anti-play \m-S-I-¯n-te-¡v ss{Iw 27 kzm-`m-hn-I-ambpw F-¯n-t¨-cp-¶Xv.
kµÀ-`hpw Bi-bhpw F-gpXpI
X-sâ ]Ãv Z-´-ssh-Zy³ X-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw ]t£, F-sâ sN-cp-¸v X-sâ-sbm-s¡
ap-J-¯n-«v sXm-gn-¡m-\p-m-¡n-bXÃ'.
kn.sP tXm-a-kn-sâ "1128 Â ss{Iw 27' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ {]-th-in-I-bnÂ A-c-§n-
se-¯p-¶ Kp-cp-hpw tÌ-Pv am-t\-Pdpw X-½nÂ \mS-Iw B-cw-`n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-s¨mÃn
I-e-ln-¡p-¶p. tÌ-PnÂ \n-¶v Cd§n Hm-S-W-sa-¶v Kp-cphn-t\m-Sv kv-tä-Pv
am-t\-PÀ B-Úm-]n-¨-t¸mÄ in-jy-sâ {]-Xn-I-c-W-amWv Cu hm-Iy-§Ä.
82. "I-Åp Ip-Sn-¨ Ip-c-§n-sâ hm-enÂ tX-fp-Ip-¯n!'
D. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ {]-th-in-I-bnÂ cw-K-s¯¯n-b Kp-cphpw in-jy\pw tÌ-Pv am-t\-P-dp-
am-bn \mS-Iw B-cw-`n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\ sNmÃn I-e-ln-¡p-¶p. \mS-Iw Xp-S-§n-bn«pw tÌ-
PnÂ kÃ-]n-¨p \nÂ-¡p-I-bm-Wv Kp-cphpw in-jy\pw F-¶ tÌ-Pv am-t\-P-dp-sS ]-cn-
lm-kt¯mSvv Kp-cp i-à-am-bn {]-Xn-I-cn-¡p¶p. tÌ-Pv hn«p-t]m-tI-Xv am-t\-PÀ
B-sW¶pw t]m-bn-sÃ-¦nÂ in-jy-sâ Im-ep-sIm-v Xm³ C-\n kw-km-cn-¡p-sa¶pw
Kp-cp ]-d-ª-t¸mÄ \n-cm-i-tbm-sS ssI-a-eÀ-¯n Ac-§v hn-Sp-¶ kv-tä-Pv am-t\-P-dp-
sS hm-¡p-I-fm-Wn-Xv.
83. "F-tSm, ac-Ww H-cp ^-en-X-amWv. {]-tXy-In¨pw A-h-\h-sâ acWw'.
D. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ {]-th-in-I-bnÂ A-c-§n-se-¯p-¶ Kp-cphpw in-jy\pw X-½nÂ \-S-¯p-
¶ kw-`m-j-W-am-Wv k-µÀ`w. Xsâ Kp-cp a-cn-¨p F-¶ hmÀ-¯ in-jy³ tI-«n«pv.
A-Xn-sâ hm-kv-X-hw F-´m-Wv F-¶v A-dn-bm³ in-jy-³ {ian-¡p-¶p. F-¶mÂ ]-{X-
{]-hÀ-¯-I\m-b in-jy³ te-ä-Ìv i-h-hp-am-bn H-cp A-`nap-J kw-`m-j-Ww \S-¯n
]-{X-¯n-\v dn-t¸mÀ-«v F-gp-Xm-sa-¶v D-t±-in-¨p. Xs¶ Xnc¡n h-¶-Xm-Wv F-¶v kwi-
bn¨ Kpcp injys\ ]cn-l-kn-¡p¶p. F-¶mÂ C¯-cw Im-cy§-sf F-§-s\-bm-Wv
X-am-i-bm-bn Im-Wp-I F¶v in-jy³ k-¦-S-s¸-Sp¶p. Cu k-µÀ-`-¯n-em-Wv ac-Ww
H-cp ^-en-X-am-sW¶pw {]-tXy-In¨pw A-h-\h-sâ a-c-W-sa¶v Kp-cp ]-d-bp¶p.
X-sâ a-c-Whpw A-§-s\bmtWm F-¶ in-jy-sâ kw-i-b-¯n-\v "taÂ]-Sn X-s¶'
F-¶v Kp-cp a-dp]-Sn \Â-Ip¶p. in-jy³ a-cn-¨mÂ A-h-s\-{X sIm-Å-cp-Xm-¯-h-\m-
sW-¦nepw A-h-s\-¡-cp-Xn Nn-e hn-Im-c-§Ä D-m-bn- F¶p-hcmw. ]-t£ a-cn-¨h-
s\ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw A-sXm-cp \nÊm-c kw-`-h-am-bn-cn-¡pw. shdpw H-cp
^-en-Xw am{Xw F-¶v Kp-cp hy-à-am-¡p-¶p.
84. "Rm³ IrXyw tI-« km-£n-bmWv. Rm-\-Xn-s\¸-än H-cp hn-i-Zo-Ic-Ww X-cmw.'
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
85. "H-cp Z-cn-{Z-hm-kn c-m-a-sXm-cp Z-cn-{Z-hm-kn-sb sImÃp¶p. aq-¶m-a-sXm-cp Z-cn-{Z-hm-
kn A-Xn-s\¸-än {]-kv-Xm-\-bn-d-¡p-¶p!'
A-sÃ-¦nÂ

86. hy-h-km-b-im-e-bn-se sIm-e-]m-X-I-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v {]-kv-Xm-h\- X¿m-dm-¡m³ Xp\nª

im-kv-{Xn-sb k-J-dn-bm ]-cn-l-kn-¡m³ Imc-Ww F´v?
D. kn.sP tXm-a-kn-sâ 1128 Â ss{Iw 27 F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ B-Zy-cw-Kw H-cp ]-{X-
Øm-]-\-¯nsâ Hm-ô-kv BWv. A-c-§nÂ ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-IÀ A-Sp-¯ Zn-h-k-t¯-
¡p-Å ]{X-hmÀ-¯-IÄ F-s´m-s¡ F-¶ B-tem-N-\-bn-emWv. A¶-t¯¡v
{]-tXy-In-¨v H-cp hmÀ-¯-bp-anÃm-Xn-cn-¡p-t¼m-gm-Wv hy-h-km-b-im-e-bn-se Ip½m-bNq-
f-bnÂ H-cp sIm-e-]-mX-Iw \-S-¶ Imcyw t^m¬ h-gn A-dn-bp-¶-Xv. {]-kvXp-X kw`-
hw \-S-¶nS-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨v tI-« km-£nbm-b Xm³ H-cp hn-i-Zo-Ic-Ww X-cm-sa-¶v
]{X-tam-^n-kn-se-¯nb im-kv-{Xn-bp-sS hm-Kv-Zm\-s¯ dn-t¸mÀ-«À k-Jdn-b ]-cn-l-kn-
¡p¶p. GXp-Im-cyhpw AXn-I-Tn-\-amb ae-bm-f-]-Z-§-fpsS klm-b-¯mÂ am{Xw
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-bm-fmWv imkv{Xn. \-sÃm-cp \nL-p X-sâ ]-¡Â CÃm-¯-Xn-
\mÂ im-kv-{Xn-bp-sS hÀ-W-\ XÂ-¡m-ew B-h-iy-an-sÃ-¶v k-Jdn-b A-dn-bn-¡p¶p.
F-¦nÂ, {]-kv-Xm-h-\ BImw F-¶p ]d-ªp im-kv{Xn {]-kv-Xm-h-\ \-S-¯m-s\m-cp-
§p-t¼mÄ k-J-dn-bm ]-d-bp-¶-Xm-Wv Cu hm-Iy§Ä "H-cp Z-cn-{Z-hm-kn c-m-a-sXm-cp
Z-cn-{Z-hm-kn-sb sImÃp¶p. aq-¶m-a-sXm-cp Z-cn-{Z-hm-kn A-Xn-s\¸-än {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bn-d-
¡p-¶p.' am[ya temIs¯ acym-Z-tI-Sp-I-fn-te¡v hncÂ Nqp¶ Xc-¯n-emWv
kn.-sP. ]{X-Øm-]-\s¯bpw AhnsS \S-¡p¶ kw`m-j-W-§-sfbpw \mS-I-¯nÂ
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
87. "{]-Êv \n-dp-¯m³ ]-d. I-t¼m-knwKpw am-Xyp, \yq-kpvþ F-´m-bn-cp-¶p \yqkv?
D. hy-h-km-b-im-e-bn-se sIm-e-]m-X-I-s¯-¸-än-bp-Å \yq-kv {]-kv-Xm-h-\ k-ln-Xw
A-¨-Sn-¡m³ ]-{X-Øm-]-\-¯n-se Po-h-\-¡mÀ X-¿mdm-b th-f-bn-em-Wv A-äâÀ tKm-
]n H-cp \o-e-¡-h-dp-am-sb-¯p-¶-Xv. I-hÀ s]m-«n-¨p t\m¡n-b k-J-dn-bm D-¨-¯nÂ
hn-fn-¨v tKm]n-tbm-Sv ]-d-bp-¶XmWv kµÀ`w. a-e-{¼-tZ-i-§-fnÂ Xm-dm-hp Ir-jn \-S-
¯p-¶-Xn-s\-¸-än [-\-Im-cy-a-{ń-bp-sS {]-Êv tIm¬-^-d³-kv B-Wv I-h-dnÂ h-¶
{][m-\ \yqkv. Nqf-bnse sIm-e-]m-X-I-t¯-¡mÄ {]m[m\yw Iev]n-¡-¯-¡-XmWv
\oe-I-h-dnÂ h¶ Irjnsb kw_-Ôn¨ hmÀ¯ F¶ Imcyw Nncn¡pw Nn´¡pw
Ah-kcw Hcp¡p-¶p.
88. "A-hn-sS A\p-tim-N-\-sam-¶p-ap-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. hÃ-Xp-ap-m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ X-s¶
A-Xv A-\p-tam-Z-\-amWv".
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
89. "H-cp i-h-¯q-¡w \yq-kw A-tÃ?'
D. kn.sP tXm-a-kn-sâ "1128 Â ss{Iw 27' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ H¶mw cm-K-¯nÂ A-¨-
Sn-¡-¯-¡ {]m-[m-\y-ap-Å hmÀ-¯-I-sfm¶pw e-`n-¡m-sX H-cp ]-{X-am-¸o-kn-sâ Ah-
Ø-bmWv A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. hy-h-km-b-im-e-bn-se Nq-f-bnÂ H-cmÄ sImÃ-s¸-«
hnh-cw e-`n-¡p-¶-tXm-sS A-Xv F-§-s\-sbm-s¡ hmÀ-¯-bm-¡-sa-¶ B-tem-N-\ F-
Un-äÀ-amÀ-¡n-S-bnÂ \-S-¡p¶p. {]-kv-Xmh-\, A-`nap-J kw-`mj-Ww F-¶n-h-tbm-sS
sIm-e-t¡-kv hmÀ-¯-bm-¡m-\n-cp-¶-XmWv. A-t¸m-gm-Wv a-e-{¼-tZ-i-§-fnÂ Xm-dm-hp-
Ir-jn \-S-¯p-¶-Xn-s\¸-än [-\-Im-cy-a-{ń-bp-sS {]-Êv tIm¬-^-d³-kv e-`n-¡p-¶Xv.
A-tXm-sS sIm-e-t¡-kn-sâ {]-[m\yw cmw t]-PnÂ Ip-am-cn ]nÂ-kn-sâ Xm-sg
H-cp Ip-dn-¸n-te-¡v H-Xp-§n. C-sXÃmw I-p apjn-ª-Xn-\mÂ ]n-dp-]n-dp-¯p-h-cp-¶

injy-t\m-Sv sIm-e-]m-XI-s¯ Xp-SÀ-¶p ]{X-Øm-]-\-¯nÂ A\p-timN-\tam a-täm

D-m-bn-cpt¶m F-¶v A-t\z-jn-¡p¶p. ]-{Xm-am-¸n-knÂ A\p-tim-N-\-sam¶pw
D-m-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ¶pw hÃ-Xp-ap-m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ X-s¶ A-Xv Ign-ªn«v Hcp
hmÀ¯ Hcp¡m³ Ah-kcw Hcp¡n-b-Xn\v ih-¯n\v A\p-tam-Z-\-w \ÂI-em-bn-
cp¶p F-¶p in-jy³ a-dp-]-Sn- ]-d-bp¶p. C-Xp-tI-« Kp-cp-]-cn-lm-k-cq-]-¯nÂ tNm-Zn-
¡p-¶-XmWv. H-cp i-h-¯q-¡w \yqkv. A-tÃsb¶v? ac-Ww F-¶ X-am-i-sbbpw A-
XnÂ a-äp-Å-hÀ-¡p-Å hy-Xykv-X Xm-Xv-]-cy-§-sfbpw kn.sP \m-S-I-¯n-sâ B-Zy-cw-
K-w aXpÂ X-s¶ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ {i-an-¡p¶-Xv Im-Wmw.
90. "A-kv-a-Zr-i³ amÀ-t¡m-kv sXm-gn-em-fn-bp-sS A-ý-Im-e-§-fn-se th-X-\-hp-am-bn
B-K-X-\m-bn-cn-¡p-I-bmWv'-þ BcmWv BK-X-\m-bXv?
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
91. "A-ht\m N¯p. C-\n-sb-¦nepw R§-sf I-fn-¸n-¡-tÃ"
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
92. "km-td, km-dn-sXm¶pw t\m¡-þ C-sXm-s¡ I-gn-tª-¸n-s¶ A-h-bv-¡v X-e-bv-¡v
¨n-sc-tb-Xm-smcp. . . . km-dm Im-i-§p-sIm-Sp-t¯-¨m- aXn.'
D. Nq-f-¡-f-¯nÂ ho-Wp sImÃs¸«p-sh¶v Icp-X-s¸-Sp¶ amÀ-t¡m-kv sXm-gn-em-fn-
bpsS ho-Sm-Wv \m-S-I-¯n-sâ cmw cw-K-¯n-ep-ÅXv. I-dp-¸p Xn-¶m³ Im-inÃm-sX
£p-`n-X-\m-bn-¡-gn-bp-¶ In-g-h\pw Ip-ªp-§Ä-¡v Im-¸n D-m-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¡m³
h-gn-bnÃm-sX {]-bm-k-s¸-Sp-¶ F-dp-¸p-¡bpw ]W-s¯-s¨mÃn X-½nÂ I-e-ln-¨n-cn-
s¡-bm-Wv im-kv{Xn B ho-«n-se-¯p-¶Xv. X-sâ BK-a-t\m-t±iyw A-kv-am-Zr-
i³ amÀ-t¡m-kv sXm-gn-em-fn-bp-sS A-ý-Im-e-§-fn-se thX-\w B ho-«nÂ GÂ-¸n-
¡-em-Wv F-¶v A-t±-lw sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. I-en-hÀ-jw 1128 Ipw-`-am-kw 16, 17 Xn-¿-
Xn-I-fn-se Iqentb C-\n \Â-Im-\pÅq F-¶v im-kv-{Xn- IW-¡p-]-d-ª-t¸mÄ In-g-
h\pw F-dp-¸p-¡mbpw tZ-jy-s¸-Sp¶p. Ip-td Zn-h-k-t¯-¡v amÀ-t¡m-kv Iq-en hm-§n-
bn-«n-sÃ-¶v In-g-h³ ]-d-ª-t¸mÄ A-sXm-s¡ ap-t¼ sIm-Sp-¯-Xm-sW¶pw ]-Ww
sN-e-hm-bn-t¸m-bn-¡m-Wp-sa¶pw im-kv{Xn A-dn-bn¡p¶p. "A-ht\m N¯p. C-\n-
sb-¦nepw R§-sf I-fn-¸n¡-tÃ F-¶p amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ A-¸³ ]-dª-Xp im-kv-{Xn-
sb sNm-Sn-¸n-¡p¶p. amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ a-cW-s¯ Xp-SÀ-¶pm-b Ip-Spw-_-¯n-sâ Xo-
{h-Zpx-J-¯nÂ X-§Ä-¡p hf-sc k-l-Xm-]-w D-s¶pw F-¶mÂ X-§-fp-sS k-Xy-
k-ÔX-sb tNmZyw sN-¿p-¶ X-c-¯n-ep-Å In-gh-sâ {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bnÂ {]-Xn-tj-[n-
¡p-¶p F-¶pw im-kv{Xn Xpd-¶-Sn-¡p¶p. im-kv-{Xn- ]d-ª-Xnsâ AÀ°w a-\-Ên-em-
Im-ªv In-g-h-\pw F-dp-¸p-¡mbpw ]-c-kv]-cw an-gn-¨v t\m-¡p¶p. I-e-I-em-¶p sN-e-
¡m-sX Iq-en X-cm³ F-dp-¸p-¡ B-h-iy-s¸-Sp¶p. Xm³ ]-d-bp¶-Xv hn-iz-kn-¡pI-
tb amÀ-¤-ap-Åq F¶pw kw-i-b-ap-s-¦nÂ B-ôknÂ h-¶p IW-¡v t\m-¡-W-sa-
¶pw im-kv{Xn A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. A-§-s\-sb-¦nÂ amÀ-t¡m-kv H-Sp¡-s¯ IpSow Ip-Sn-
¨p ap-Sn-¨-Xm-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶v F-dp-¸p-¡ ]-d-ª-t¸mÄ "h-tÃmcpw \n-¡pt¼m A-Xp-
anXpw ]-d-b-tÃ-Sn' F-¶v In-g-h³ F-dp-¸p-¡m-sb im-kn-¡p¶p. AhÄ ]d-bp-
¶-sXm¶pw Im-cy-am-¡-cp-sX¶pw ]-Ww A-hÄ-¡p \Â-In-bmÂ aXn. sIm-e-]m-X-I-
¯n-\p-ti-jw A-h-fp-sS X-e-¡v C¯n-cn-tb-Xm-sm-cp A-h-Ø-bm-sW¶pw In-g-h³
A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. im-kv{Xn ]-W-saÃmw F-®n-s¡m-Sp-¯v A-hn-sS \n-¶p t]m-Ip-¶p.

93. _Ôp-hmb N-¡n amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ `m-cy F-dp-¸p¡-sb Im-Wm³ ho-«nÂ h¶Xnsâ

ImW-sa´v?
D. th--s¸-«-h-cp-a-cn-¨n-«v H-¶p tI-dn-h-¶nÃtÃm F-¶v \m-«p-Im-cp ]-d-bp-atÃm F-¶p
I-cp-Xn-bm-Wv N-¡n sIm-Ã-s¸-s«¶v Icp-Xs¸Sp¶ amÀt¡m-knsâ ho«n-te¡v Ibdn
hcp-¶-Xv. kµÀ`-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v Ic-bm\pw ]d-bm\pw s]cp-am-dm\pw N¡n¡v Ign-
bp-¶p. acWw Hcp ên-X-am-sW¶v Kpcp \mS-Im-Zy-¯nÂ {]kvXm-hn-¨Xv Cu
kµÀ`-¯nÂ A\zÀ°-am-Ip¶p F¶p ImWmw.
94. "Ip-am-cn N-¡n-¡p-th-n F-sâ £-am]-Ww kzo-I-cn¡pI"
D. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ c-mw cw-K-¯nÂ sIm-e-]m-X-I-¯n\v C-cbm-b amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ `m-cy-
sb¡-v B-iz-kn-¸n-¡m³ N-¡n F-¯p¶p. sIm-e- ]mX-Iw kw-_-Ô-am-bn
\m-«nÂ ]-c-¡p-¶ s]m-Xp-P\m-tcm-]-Whpw amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ Iq-en kw-_-Ôam-b Im-
cy-§-fp-sam-s¡ kw-km-cn-¨v t]m-Im-s\m-cp-§n-b N-¡n Ip-d-¨p- t\-cw C\n-bp-sat´m
]d-bm-\p-s-¶-t]mse an-gn-¨p \nÂ-¡p¶p. Xp-SÀ-¶v Ing-h-t\mSpw F-dp-¸m-¡-tbm-
Spw "C-\n \n-§Ä C§p-t]msc, A-Xp ]-d-bm-\Ã ]-dªXv' F-¶v A-dn-bn-¡p¶p.
tÌ-PnÂ N-¡n A-_-²-sa-s´-¦nepw ]-d-bp-sa-¶v `-b-¶ t{]mw-]v-äÀ cw-K-s¯-¯n
N-¡n-sb ]n-Sn-¨p-h-en-¡p¶p. D-S³ cw-K-s¯¯n-b Kp-cp N-¡n-sbbpw an-Ên-kv amÀ-
t¡m-kn-s\bpw A-`n-\-µn-¡p¶p. B-Zy-am-bn kv-tä-PnÂ Ib-dp¶ BÀ¡pw sNdn-b
A-_²sam-s¡ ]-äp-w. Ip-am-cn N-¡n-¡p-w A¯-c-¯n-semcp A_-²ta kw`hn-¨p-
Åp. AXnÂ AhÄ¡p th-n k-ZÊn-t\m-Sp Xm³ £-am]-Ww \-S-¯p-¶p F-¶p
Kp-cp A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. \nÀ-t¯-Xv F-hn-sS F-¶v N-¡n¡v HmÀ-½-bnÃm-Xm-bn-t¸m-b-
Xm-Wv A_-²-¯n\v Im-c-W-sa¶pw Kp-cp sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ ]m-c-¼-
cy-¨-«-¡q-Sp-I-sfbpw [m-c-W-I-sfbpw s]m-fn-¨p-I-f-bp-I-bm-Wv kn.sP. tXm-a-kv 1128
ss{Iw 27 F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-eq-sS sN-¿p-¶Xv. "Bân t¹'bp-sS kz-`m-hw C¯-cw cw-K-
§-fnÂ \m-S-I-Ir-¯v {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶p.
95. "km-sdm-cp kn-\n-¡m-sW-¶p tXm-¶p¶p'
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
96. a-äp-Å-hÀ a-cn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-hm-\p-Å k-a-c-am-WXv. a-cn-¨h-\p th-n-bÃ kz-´w
Imcyw'
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
97. "X-\n-s¡m-s¡ ap-e-¡p-¸n-bm-Wv thXv'
D. ac-Ww kw-`-hn-¨nS-¯v i-h-¯n-sâ Npäpw \-S-¡p-¶ _-l-f-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v Kp-cphpw
injy-\pw kw-h-Zn-¡p¶p. a-c-Wm-\-´-c-ap-Å th-Z-\-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨p Kp-cp- H¶pw ]-d-bp-
¶n-sÃ¶Xn-\mÂ Kpcp-hn-sâ hmZ-sam¶pw Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡m³ X\n¡v `m-h-an-sÃ¶v
injy³ A-dn-bn-¡p-¶p. H-cp ac-Ww \S-¶p F-¶p-I-cp-Xn {]-Ir-Xn-bnÂ \-S-t¡-
H-cp Im-cy-¯n\pw apS-¡w h-cp-¶n-sÃ-¶XmWv Kpcp-hnsâ hmZw. FÃmw ap-d-t]m-se
\-S-¡pw. C-Xp-tI-«v in-jy³ Kp-cp H-cp kn-\n-¡m-sW-¶p kw-i-bn-¡p¶p. Fs´-
¦nepw ]dªv X-s¶ ]-cn-l-kn-¡m-sX Imcyw a-\-Ên-em-¡m³ {ian-¡-W-sa-¶v Kp-cp
]-d-bp¶p. F-´m-Wv Xm³ a-\-Ên-em-t¡-Xv, _-Ôp-¡Ä a-cn-¨h-sâ ho«nÂ FÃp-
In«n-b ]-«n-sb-t¸m-se I-Sn-]n-Sn-Iq-Sp-¶XmtWm F-¶v in-jy³ tNm-Zn-¡p¶p. a-äp-
Å-hÀ a-cn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m-\p-Å k-a-c-am-Wv {]-kvXp-X _-l-f-§-f-§-sfm-s¡-sb¶pw

a-cn-¨-h-\p-th-n-bÃ A-h-sbm¶pw F-¶p Kp-cp. in-jy³ A-sXm¶pw i-cn-sh-¡p-

¶nÃ. a-c-Wm-\´-cw _-Ôp-¡Ä ]n-s¶-´p-sN-¿p-sa-¶m-Wv in-jy³ {]-Xo-£n-¡p-
¶Xv. hn-em-]-Im-hy cN-\, Nn-Xm-{]-th-iw Xp-S-§n-b-h-bn-eq-sS a-cn¨-h-t\m-Sv Iq-dv ]p-
eÀ-¯p-sa-¶v in-jy³ {]-Xo-£n-¡p-¶ptm F-¶v Kp-cp tNm-Zn-¡p¶p. Kpcp-hnsâ
hmZw XnI¨pw XmXzn-I-am-sW¶v injy³ Icp-Xp-¶p. AhnsS \S-¡p¶Xv \mS-I-am-
sW¶pw \mS-I-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ XXz-Nn-´¡v {]k-àn-bn-sÃ¶pw B-fp-IÄ Im-ip-sIm-
Sp-¯p \mS-Iw Im-Wp¶-Xv c-kn-¡m-\m-Wv ^n-tem-k-^n tI-«v ap-jn-bm-\Ã. AXn-
\mÂ ^n-temk-^n hÃ Nm-b-¡-S-bnepw sN-¶n-cp-¶v ]-d-bm-sa¶v in-jy³ Kp-cp-hn-
s\ ]cn-l-kn-¡p¶p. At¸mÄ X-\n-s¡m-s¡ ap-e-¡p-¸n-bm-Wv th-s-sX-¶v Kp-cp-
in-jy-s\ ]-cn-l-kn-¨v cw-K-¯p-\n¶pw am-dn-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶p.
98. "\n-b-a-¯n-\v a-c-W-¯nÂ Xm-Xv-]-cy-anÃ-; sIm-e-t¡-knÂ am-{X-ta-bpÅp'.
D. "1128 Â ss{Iw 27' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ aq-¶mw cwKw Kp-cphpw in-jy\pw X-½n-ep-
Å kw-km-c-t¯m-sS B-cw-`n-¡p¶p. a-cn-¨h-\v tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ \o-Xn e-`n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-
¸-än-bm-Wv A-h-cp-sS kw-kmcw. sIm-e-]mX-Iw sN-bv-X-h³ in-£n-¡-s¸-Sp¶-Xv \o-Xn-
bm-Wv F-¶ in-jy-sâ {]-kv-Xm-h\-sb \o-XnbÃ, \n-b-a-am-Wv F-¶v Kp-cp Xn-cp-
¯p¶p. H-cp-¯-s\-¡q-Sn a-cn-¸n-¨-Xp-sIm-v a-cn¨p-t]m-bh-\v b-m-sXm-cp Kp-Whpw
e-`n-¡p-¶nÃ. \n-b-a-¯n-\v a-c-W-¯nÂ Xm-Xv-]-cy-anÃ-; sIm-e-t¡-knÂ am-{X-ta-bpÅp.
\n-b-a-amI-s« a-cn-¨-h-\p-th-n-bÃ Po-hn-¡p-¶-h-\p-th-n-bmWv. sIm-¶-h³ ]n-
s¶bpw sImÃp-sa-¶ `bw. A-Xp-sIm-v sIm-e-]m-X-In-sb sIm-¶p-I-f-b-W-sa-¶v
tImS-Xn hn-[n-¡p¶p. C-Xm-Wv h-[-in-£-bv-¡p ]n-¶n-se¶v Kp-cp k-aÀ-°n-¡p¶p.
H-cp I-W-¡n-\v A-Xp i-cn-bm-sW-¶v in-jy³ k-½-Xn-¡p-t¼mÄ k-I-e I-W-¡n-\pw
`q-a-im-kv-{X-¯n-\pw A-Xp X-s¶-bm-Wv icn F-¶p Kp-cp {]-Jym-]n-¡p-¶p.
99. "A-h-sbÃmw F-sâ ]m-h-I-fmWv. C-sXm-cp tIm-S-Xn-bmWv'
D. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ aq¶mw cw-K-¯nÂ Kp-cp k-Z-ÊyÀ-¡v H-cp tIm-S-Xn-sb ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-
¯n-s¡m-Sp-¡p¶p. thZn-bnÂ 1128 Â ss{Iw 27 F¶ H-cp sIm-e-t¡-kn-sâ hm-Z-am-
Wv \-S-¡p-¶Xv. X-sâ aT-b\m-b in-jy-s\ Nne-Xv ]Tn-¸n-¡m-\m-bn D-m¡n-b
]m-h-t¡m-S-Xn-bm-Wv A-c-§n-ep-Å-sX-¶v Kp-cp A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. A-Xn-\mÂ tImS-Xn
\-S-]-Sn-I-sfm¶pw A-{X-bv-¡v "Iu-S-Xn-I'-am-bn-cn-¡n-sÃ-¶v Kp-cp k-Z-ky-sc D-WÀ-¯n-
¡p¶p.
100. "\n-§-fp-sS ap-¯pI-sf ]-¶n-I-fp-sS ap-¼nÂ C-«p-I-f-b-cp-sX-¶m-Wv th-Z-hmIyw"
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
101. "A-S-Sm, C-Xp \Ã Iq-¯m-b-tÃm; Rm-\p-m¡n-b ]m-h-IÄ F-t¶m-Sv tI-dn tImÀ-
¯p-Xp-S§n-tbm"
D. aq-¶mw cw-K-¯nÂ, X-sâ in-jy-s\ Nn-e Im-cy-§-Ä ]Tn-¸n-¡m-\m-bn Kp-cp H-cp
tImS-Xn \nÀ-½n-¨v A-XnÂ A-`n-\-bn-¡m³ Ipd-¨p ]m-hI-sf IYm-]m-{X-§-fmbn
Xo-cp-am-\n-¡p¶p. tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡oÂ, {]-Xn-h-¡oÂ F-¶n-hÀ tNÀ-¶v
sIme]mX-I-t¡-knse km-£n-sb P-Uv-Pn-bp-sS ap-¼m-sI hn-kv-X-cn-¡p¶p. sImÃ-
s¸-« amÀ-t¡m-kn-s\ {]-Xn F-ń-\m-Wv Nq-f-bn-te-¡v X-Ånb-Xv F¶ tNm-Zy-¯n-\v
{]-Xnbpw amÀ-t¡mkpw X-½nÂ h-g-¡p-m-¡n-b-Xn-s\ Xp-SÀ-¶m-Wv sIm-e-]mX-Iw
kw-`-hn-¨-sX-¶p km£n ]-d-bp¶p. A-hÀ X-½nÂ F-s´Ãmw ]-d-sª-¶ kÀ-¡mÀ

h-¡o-en-sâ tNm-Zy-¯n\v, A-sXm¶pw sIm-Åm-hp-¶-h-cp- tIÄ-t¡ ]-d-bm³

sIm-Åm-¯-Xm-sW¶pw th-W-sa-¦nÂ h-¡oÂ kmdn-t\m-Sv c-l-ky-am-bn ]-d-bm-
sa¶pw km-£n And-bn¡p¶p. C-Xp tI-« k-ZÊn-t\m-Sv c-lkyw ]-d-b-¶ a-«nÂ
Kp-cp ]-d-bp¶p: "\n-§-fp-sS ap-¯p-IÄ ]-¶n-I-fp-sS ap-¼nÂ C-«p-I-f-b-cp-sX-¶mWv
th-Z-hmIyw'. tImS-Xn-bnse Cu kw-km-cw tI-« P-Uv-Pn Np-än-I-sIm-v U-kv-¡n-e-Sn-
¨v B-cm-Wv tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ hÀ-¯-am-\w ]-d-bp-¶-sX-¶v B-cm-bp¶p. B k\-ZÀ`-
¯nÂ Kp-cp ]-d-bp-¶-Xm-Wv ta-ep-²-cn-¨ hm-Iyw. Xm-\p-m¡n-b ]m-h-IÄ X-t¶m-Sv
tI-dn XÀ-¡n-¨p Xp-S§ntbm F-¶v. IYm-]m-{X-§Ä \mS-I-Ir-¯ns\ \nb-{ń-
¡m\pw Xncp-¯m\pw X¡-{]m]vXn t\Sntbm F¶ tNmZyw \mSI \nb-a-s¯
kw_-Ôn¨ kn.sP. tXma-knsâ Btem-N-\-bpsS `mK-am-Wv.
102. amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ sIm-e-bm-fn-¡v P-bn-enÂ G-Xp-hn-[-¯n-ep-Å- kzo-I-c-W-am-Wv
e-`n-¨Xv?
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
103. "hm-g-¯Sn-t]m-se In-S¶mtWm Nn-ń-¡p¶-Xv?'
D. cw-Kw aq-¶nÂ, Kp-cphpw in-jy\pw tI-kp-hn-kv-Xm-cw tIÄ-¡m³ tIm-S-Xn-bn-se-
¯p¶p. tImS-Xn e-©n-\p ]n-cn-ª-Xn-\mÂ A-hn-sS ]m-dm-hn-\p-m-bn-cp-¶ c-v
t]m-eo-kp-Im-sc A-hÀ I-pap«p-¶p. tImSXn-bn-ep--m-bn-cp¶ _m-¡n-bp-Åh-sc
tX-Sn Kp-cp A-I¯p-t]m-b-t¸mÄ in-jy³ t]m-en-kpIm-tcm-Sv kw-km-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv
k-µÀ`w. {]-Xn-sb sIm-p-h-¶Xpw kzo-I-cn-¨-Xp-sam-s¡ B-cm-bn-cp-¶p, F§-s\-
bm-bn-cp¶p F¶v in-jy³ A-t\z-jn-¡p¶p. Ip-fn-¡m³ _m-e-Kp-fn-ÿm-Zn F-®,
ta-ep-I-gp-Im³ ]n-tb-gv-kv tkm¸v, tIm-cn-sbm-gn-¡m³ Nq-Sp-shÅw, ]p-dw tX-¨p-sIm-
Sp-¡m³ t]m-eo-kp-ImÀ, km-\-t«mP³. . . sIme¸p-Ån-¡pÅ ku-I-cy-§-sfÃmw
tI-«p-I-gn-ª-t¸mÄ in-jy³ {]-Xn GtXm kv-tä-äv K-kvämtWm F-¶v kw-i-bn-
¡p¶p. {In-an-\Â{]-Xn-sb tcm-Kn-bm-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¨v ssk-¡-f-Pn-¡Â tIm-km-¡n {So-
äv sN-¿p-I-bm-Wv ]-Xn-sh-¶v t]m-eo-kp-ImÀ Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. [m-c, ]n-gn-¨nÂ,
I-jm-bw XpS-§n Im-b-Iev-] k-Po-I-c-Ww h-sc A-hÀ {]-Xn-¡m-bn H-cp-¡n-bn-«p--
s{X. C-XpIqSn tI-«-tXm-sS in-jy³ I®pw an-gn-¨v t_m-[w sI-«v Xm-sg ho-gp-¶p.
C-Xp I-p-sIm-m-Wv Kp-cp Xn-cn-¨p-h-cp-¶Xv. Xsâ injy\v F-´p-]-än-sb-¶ Kp-cp-
hn-sâ tNm-Zy-¯n-\v A-t±-lw Nn-ń-¡p-I-bm-sW-¶v t]m-eo-kp-ImÀ ]-d-bp¶p.
hm-g-¯n-Sn-t¸m-e In-S¶mtWm Nn-ń-¡p-¶-sX-¶v Kp-cp tNm-Zn-¨-t¸mÄ A-Xp hn-j-b-
¯n-sâ Ku-c-h-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨m-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶v t]m-eo-kp-ImÀ a-dp]-Sn ]-d-bp¶p.
\mS-I-¯nse Gsd Xami \ndª Hcp cw-K-amWv CXv.
104. "Cu GÀ-¸m-Sv A-{X kp-Nn-ń-X-am-sW-s¶-\n-¡-`n-{]m-b-anÃ' G-Xv GÀ-¸m-Sv? BÀ-¡m-
Wv A-`n-{]m-b-anÃm¯Xv?
D. amÀt¡m-kns\ sIm¶p F¶m-tcm-]n¨v hÀ¡nsb h[-in-£bv¡v tImSXn hn[n-
¡m³ X¿m-sd-Sp-¡p-¶-XmWv kµÀ`w. H-cmÄ a-cn-¨-Xn-sâ ]-cn-lm-c-am-bn a-säm-cm-sf-
¡q-Sn sImÃp-I F-¶ GÀ-¸m-Sv A-{X kp-Nn-ń-X-am-b IÀ-¯-hy-am-sW-¶v X-\n-¡v A-
`n-{]m-b-an-sÃ-¶m-Wv ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I\m-b k-J-dn-bm ]-d-bp-¶-Xv.
105. ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-Icm-b cm-a-Ir-jv-W\pw k-J-dn-bmbpw t]m-eo-kp-Im-cp-am-bn Iq-Sn-¡mgv-
N \-S-¯nb-Xv F-ń-\m-bn-cp¶p?

D. amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ sIm-e-]m-X-In-¡v P-bn-enÂ e-`n-¡p-¶ ku-I-cy-§Ä D-d-¸p-h-cp-

¯m\pw hÃ- Xp-Ibpw A-Xn-te-¡v B-h-iy-sa-¦nÂ A-Xp t]m-eo-kp-Im-sc t\-cn-«v
GÂ-¸n-¡m-\p-am-Wv k-J-dn-bmbpw cm-a-Ir-jv-W\pw t]m-eo-kp-Im-cp-am-bn Iq-Sn-¡mgv-N
\-S-¯n-b-Xv.
106. "\-¶m-bnÃ. tam-iw Xo-sc tamiw. . . Rm³ A-t¶ ]-d-ª-Xm-Wv A-bm-fo `m-Kw
A-`n-\-bn-¨mÂ \-¶m-hp-I-bn-sÃ¶v. F-gp-Xn-bXpw \-¶m-bnÃ'.
D. Bdmw cw-K-¯nÂ sIm-e-]m-X-In-bp-sS B-ß-K-X-am-Wv A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. C-Xn-
\m-bn Kp-cp X-s¶-bm-Wv cw-K k-Öo-Ic-Ww H-cp-¡p-¶-Xv. amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ `m-cy-bp-
am-bn X-\n-¡v _-Ô-ap-s-¶p I-cp-Xn A-bmÄ X-t¶m-Sp h-g-¡n-\p h-¶-Xm-sW¶pw
H¶pw cpw ]dªv D´pw XÅpw D-m-b-t¸mÄ A-bmÄ kzbw Nqf-bnÂ ho-W-
Xm-sW-¶pw {]-Xnbmb hÀ¡n B-ß-K-X-am-bn ]-d-bp¶p. t]m-eo-kp-Im-cp-sS
A-Snbpw C-Snbpw A-bm-sf hÃm-sX th-Z-\n-¸n-¡p-¶p. Xq-¡n-s¡mÃp-sa-t¶mÀ-¯p-Å
A-bm-fp-sS t]-Snbpw Cu cw-K-¯nÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-tS-Xm-Wv. ]-t£ B-ßK-
XcwKw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨Xpw A-Xn-\m-bn F-gpXn-b kv-{In-¸väpw H«pw \-¶m-bn--sÃ¶v Kp-cp
A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
107. "{Iq-in-¡, {Iq-in-¡'þA-Xm-Wv P-\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-sâ k-\m-X-\ a{´w. \obpw B lnw-
{k P-´p-¡-fp-sS Iq-«-¯nÂ-s¸-«-h-\m-Wv'
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
108. "H-cp X-c-¯nÂ a-c-W-¯n-sâ hm-bnÂ \n-¶p c-£-s¸-Sp-¯n F-¶n-«v sI-t¦-a-am-bn
hn-Nm-c-W \S-¯n B-tLm-j-am-bn Xq-¡n-s¡mÃpI'
D. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ Ggmw cw-K-¯nÂ amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ sIm-e-]mX-In B-ß-l-Xy-bv-¡v
{i-an-¨p-sh¶pw A-bm-sf a-ä-p-Å-hÀ ssh-Zy-k-lm-b-t¯m-sS c-£n-s¨-¶p-ap-Å H-cp
]-{X-hmÀ¯-sb Xp-SÀ-¶v Kp-cphpw in-jy\pw X-½nÂ I-e-l-¯nÂ GÀ-s¸-Sp¶p.
hmÀ-¯ A-dn-ª in-jy³ "Iãw, A-bm-fp-sS `mKy-tZmjw' F-¶p k-¦-S-s¸-Sp¶Xv
I-t¸mÄ Kp-cp t£m-`n-¡p¶p. "A-bmÄ-¡p a-cn-¡m³ I-gn-bm-¯XmtWm `mKy-
tZmjw' F¶v. A-§-s\-sb-¦nÂ {]-Xn-bp-sS B-cm-¨m-cp-sS A-fn-b-\m-Wv in-jy-s\-
¶p Kp-cp. kz-bw Nm-hm-\m-ImsX, Xq-¡n sIm-¶-m-se A-¯-c-¡mÀ-¡v k-am-[m-\w
In-«q. A-bmÄ a-cn¡p-I F-¶-XÃ A-bm-sf X-§Ä X-s¶ sImÃp-I F-¶-Xm-Wv
\n-baw. B _-en-IÀ-½w \-S-¯m-\p-Å A-h-Im-iw Ip-¯-I-bm-¡n-sh-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-
Wv Nn-eÀ. a\p-jy\p \oXn \ÂIm¯ \nb-a-hy-h-Øsb Kpcp F¶ IYm-]m-{X-¯n-
eqsS kn.-sP. F¶ Xtâ-Sn-bmb \mS-I-Ir¯v hn-aÀi\ hnt[-b-am-¡p-¶p.
109. B-ß-l-Xy-sb-¡p-dn-¨v Kp-cp-hn-sâ A-`n-{]m-bw F-´mWv?
D. B-ßl-Xy sN-¿m³ {]-tXy-In-¨v A-h-Im-iw H¶pw BÀ¡pw B-h-iy-anÃ. B-ß-l-
Xy-¡v {i-an-¨p ]-cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\v in-£-bpv. A-¯-c-¡m-sc Xq-¡n-s¡m-¶mepw
Kp-cp-hn-\v hn-tcm-[-anÃ. B-ß-l-Xy a-c-W-¯n-sâ H-cp h-I-t`-Z-amWv. A-Xp-sIm-v X-
s¶ A-sXm-cp ^-en-X-hp-amWv. X-e- th-Z-\t`-Z-am-¡m³ X-e-sh-«n-¡-f-bp¶-X-t]m-se-
bp-Å H-cp Nn-In-Õ-bm-Wv B-ß-lXy. Bß-l-Xym-{i-aw Ip-ä-I-c-am-bn-cn-¡p¶-Xv
k-·mÀ-K-]-cam-b Im-c-W-§-sfm-¶p-w sImÃ. k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-\v A-§-s\-sbm-cp
t_m-[w D-m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ ¢n-tbm-]m-{S-bp-sSbpw th-ep-¯-¼n-bp-sSbpw B-ß-l-

Xy-sb hm-t\m-fw hm-gv-¯p-I-bnÃm-bn-cp¶p. C-Xm-Wv B-ß-l-Xy-sb-¡p-dn-¨v Kp-cp-hn-

\p-Å Im-gv-N-¸mSv.
110. h-[-in-£-sb-¡p-dn-¨v {]-Xn-`m-Kw h-¡oem-b A-ÐpÂ k-¯m-dn-sâ hm-Z§Ä hne-bn-
cp-¯pI?
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
111. h-[-in-£ k-ap-Zm-bw kz-b-c-£-bv¡pw \o-Xn-\ym-b-]m-e-\-¯n\pw th-n sN-¿p-¶-
Xm-sW-¶ kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡o-en-sâ hmZ-s¯ {]-Xn-`m-Kw h- ¡oÂ J-Þn-¡p¶-Xv
F-§s\?
D. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ F«mw cw-Kw 1128 ss{Iw 27 F-¶ \m-SI-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨v G-sd
{]-[m-\-s¸-«-XmWv. \m-S-I-Ir¯m-b kn.sP tXm-a-kn-sâ \m-S-I-e£yw hyà-amb
coXn-bnÂ A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ cw-K-am-WnXv. h-[in-£ k-ap-Zm-bw kz-c-£-bv¡pw
\o-Xn-]m-e-\-¯n\pw th-n sN-¿p-¶-Xm-Wv F-¶m-Wv kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡o-en-sâ A`n-
{]mbw. F-¶mÂ AXpw h-[w X-s¶- F-¶m-Wv {]-Xn-`m-Kw h-¡o-en-sâ hmZw. B-cp
sImÃp-¶p F-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-¨v sIm-e-bp-sS kz-`m-hw am-dp-¶nÃ. sImÃ-s¸-Sp-¶-bm-fn-
s\ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw hràn-tbm, k-ap-Zm-btam sIm-e-bm-fn F-¶ {]-iv-\w
{]-k-à-ta-bÃ. F-¦nÂ P-\-¡q-«w A-hÀ-¡n-ã-aÃm-¯ {]-hm-N-I-·m-scbpw
Ip-ä-¡m-scbpw hn-tZ-in-I-sfbpw ]n-¨n-¡o-dp-t¼mÄ A-Xn-s\bpw \o-Xo-I-cn-t¡-n-
h-cpw. Xq-¡p-in-£-bv-¡v \n-b-a-¯n-sâ k-½-X-apv. \ym-bhpw \o-Xnbpw A-\p-k-cn-
¨v sImÃm-sa-¶m-Wp hm-Z-sa-¦nÂ {]-Xn-bp-sS Ip-ä-¯n-sâ ]p-d-In-ep-Å km-am-\y\o-X
Iq-Sn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-W-sa-¶-Xm-Wv {]Xn-`mKw A-ÐpÂ k-¯m-À Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
112. "C-sXm-s¡ F-sâ B-im-\p-m¡n-b GÀ-¸m-SmWv. A-t±-l¯n-t\m-Sp ]-d-ªmÂ
aXn, Im-cy-saÃmw i-cn-bm-¡pw'þ F-´m-Wv Im-cyw?
D. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ H-¼Xmw cw-K-¯nÂ amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ sIm-e-]m-XIn-bp-sS h-[in-£
HmÀ-¯v ]{X-tam-ô-knÂ Jn-¶-\m-bn-cn-¡p-¶ am-Xyq-kv F-¶ in-jy-sâ hmIy-am-
WnXvv. Nm-hm³ t]m-Ip-¶h-s\ c-£-s¸-Sp-¯m-\p-Å D-]m-b-am-Wv am-Xyq-kv k-l-{]-
hÀ-¯-Icm-b k-J-dn-b, cm-a-Ir-jv-W³ F-¶n-h-tcm-Sv B-tem-Nn-¡p-¶Xv. A-¸o-ep-sIm-
Sp-¡m³ ]-W-anÃ, cm-jv-{So-b sIm-e-]mX-Iw AÃm-¯-Xn-\mÂ ]-W-¸n-cnhpw \-S-¡nÃ.
]-{X-¯n-eq-sS hn-aÀ-in-¨mÂ k-_v-Pp-Uo-kv {]-iv-\w A§-s\ H-cp h-Ibpw sN-¿m-\n-
sÃ-¶p h-¶-t¸m-gm-Wv k-J-dn-bm am-Xyqkn-t\m-Sv tNm-Zn-¡p-¶Xv. "C-¡m-cy-¯nÂ C-{X
t£m-`n-¡m³ F-´m-WpÅ-Xv?' C-Xv H-cp I-Y am-{X-atÃ. H-cp shdpw A-´À-\mS-Iw?'
D-S-³ Hcmibw Xe-bn-ep-[n¨ am-Xyq-kv Nm-Sn F-gp-t¶-äv ]-d-bp-¶-Xm-Wv k-µÀ`w.
"A-¿t¿m Rm-s\-´v aT-b-\mWv. C-sXm-cp \m-S-I-atÃ? C-sXm-s¡ F-sâ B-im-\p-
m¡n-b GÀ-¸m-SmWv. A-t±-l-¯n-t\m-Sv ]-d-ªmÂ aXn; Im-cy-saÃmw i-cn-bm-¡pw'.
PohnXw Xs¶ \mS-I-ambn ]cn-W-an-¡p-¶-Xnse lmkyw Cu cwKs¯ tNtXm-l-c-
am-¡p-¶p.
113. "C-Xv a-lm-Ip-g-¸-am-b-tÃm. I-Ym-]m-{X-§-sfÃmw C§-s\ cw-K-¯p-\n-¶nd-§n \-S¶m-
tem?
D. \m-S-I-¯n-se cw-Kw ]-¯nÂ tIknÂ hm-Z-{]-Xn-hm-Zm-\´-cw hn-[n{]-kv-Xm-hw tIÄ-
¡m-\m-bn Kp-cp-hn-s\ Iq-«n in-jy³ tIm-S-Xn-bn-se-¯p¶p. tImS-Xn kr-ãn-¨Xpw
]m-hI-sf I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fm-¡n-bXpw Kp-cp-hm-sW-¶-dn-bm-hp-¶ in-jy³ Xm-\m-{K-ln-

¡pw hn-[-¯nÂ i-cn-bm-¡n- ¯-c-W-sa-¶v A-`yÀ-°n-¡p¶p. A-Xp-]-än-sÃ¶pw Xm³

I-Y Xp-S§p-I am-{X-am-Wv sN-bv-XXv. A\-´-c kw-`-h-§Ä A-Xn-sâ K-Xn-b-\p-k-cn-
¨p X-s¶ \-S-¡-W-sa-¶m-Wv Xm³ B-{K-ln-¡p-¶-sX-¶v Kp-cp A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. Ccp-
hcpw tIm-S-Xn-bn-se-¯n-b-t¸mÄ, Kp-cp-hn-s\ I-tXmsS kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡oÂ ap-t¶m-
«p h-¶p At±-ls¯ h-µn-¡p¶p. A-t¸m-gm-Wv "C-Xv a-lm-Ip-g-¸-am-btÃm. I-Ym-]m-
{X-§-sfÃmw C§-s\ cw-K-¯p-\n-¶nd-§n \-S¶m-tem' F-¶v Kp-cp tNm-Zn-¡p-¶Xv.
hn-[n-]-d-bm³ h-¨ tI-kn-se {]-Xn-¡v kz-`mhn-I ac-Ww kw-`-hn-¨-X-n-\mÂ tI-kv
Xp-S-cm³ \n-hr-¯n-bn-sÃ¶pw F-´p-sN-¿-W-sa-¶-dn-bm-\m-Wv Kp-cp-hn-s\ I-p h-µn-
¨-sX¶pw kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡oÂ A-dn-bn-¡p-¶p. IYbpw IYm-]m-{X-§fpw cN-bn-Xm-
hns\ B{i-bn-¡m³ hn[n-s¸-«-h-cm-sW-¶ t_m[w Cu cwK-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-
s¸-Sp-¶p.
114. "Uyq-«n _m-[n-¨mÂ ]n-s¶ \n-§Ä a-\p-jy-\Ãm-Xm-bn-¯ocptam?"
D. tI-kn-sâ hn-[n-]-d-bm-\n-cn-s¡ {]-Xn a-cn-¨-Xm-bn Kp-cphn-t\m-Sv kÀ-¡mÀ `m-Kw
h-¡oÂ A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. lr-Z-b-¯-I-cm-dv aq-ew B-Wv A-bmÄ a-cn-¨-sX¶pw Rm³
]-d-bp¶-Xv k-Xy-am-sW¶pw h-¡oÂ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xn-\nsS {]-Xn-sb
"]m-hw' F-¶p kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶p. C-Xp-tI-« Kp-cp A-ev-]w ap-¼v B ]m-h-¯n-s\ Xq-¡n-
s¡mÃm\-tÃ h-¡oÂ InS-¶p tImS-Xn-bnÂ hnNm-cW ka-b¯v \n-e-hn-fn-¡p-¶-Xv
tI«-Xv F-¶v h-¡o-en-s\ ]-cn-l-kn-¡p¶p. A-Xp X-sâ Uyq-«n-bm-sW-¶v ]-d-ª
h-¡oen-t\m-Sv Kp-cp-hn-sâ tNm-Zy-am-W,v "Uyq-«n _m-[n-¨mÂ ]n-s¶ \n-§Ä a-\p-jy-
\ÃmXm-bn-¯ocptam?'F-¶-Xv.
115. "A-bmÄ-¡v a-\p-jy-Xz-sa¶-Xp a-\-Ên-em-hp-I-bnÃ. A-bm-sf \n-b-a-¸p-kvX-Iw
sIm-p-m-¡n-b-Xm-Wv".
D. \m-S-Im-ý-¯nÂ, tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ c-k-I-cam-b a-säm-cp hn-Nm-c-W-bm-Wv Kp-cp-hn-sâ
t\-Xr-Xz-¯nÂ A-c-t§-dn-bXv. h-¡o-e-·m-sc H-cp `m-K-¯pw P-Uv-Pn-s\ a-dp-`m-K-¯p-
am-bn \nÀ-¯n Kp-cp N-¡n-sb tImS-Xn-bnÂ sIm-ph-¶p hm-Zn-¸n¡p¶p. kÀ-¡mÀ
`m-Kw h-¡o-en-s\-¡p-dn-¨v N-¡nbpsS {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bm-WnXv. hÀ-¡n {]-Xn-bm-sW-¶p
hm-Zn-¡m\pw A-bmÄ-¡v h-[nin-£ D-d-¸m-¡m\pw a-Xn-bm-b sX-fn-hp-m-bn-cpt¶m
F-¶ N-¡n-bp-sS tNm-Zy-¯n-\v h-¡oÂ "H-cp t{]m-kn-Iyq-«À-¡v th-n-S-t¯m-fw
sX-fn-hv D-m-bn-cp-s¶¶v' bm-sXm-cphn-[ Iq-k-ep-anÃm-sX ]-d-bp-¶p. C-Xp-tI-« N-¡n
A-bm-sf hn-kv-X-cn-¨-Xp-sIm-v hen-b Kp-W-ap-s-¶p tXm-¶p-¶n-sÃ¶pw A-bm-sf
\n-b-a-]p-kv-X-I-¯mÂ \nÀ-½n-¡-s¸-«-Xn-\mÂ a-\p-jy-Xz-an-sÃ¶pw ]-d-bp-¶p. a\p-jy-
Xz-an-ÃmsX tIhew \nbaw sImv am{Xw a\p-jy-cpsS {]iv\-§sf kao-]n-¡p¶
lrZ-b-c-ln-Xsc s]mXpP\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸« N¡n-sb-s¡mv hnNm-
cW sN¿n-¡p-I-bmWv kn.sP tXma-kv.
116. N-¡n-bp-sS hn-Nm-c-W-¡n-S-bnÂ \ym-bm-[n-]³ (P-UvPn) F-´m-Wv Imcy-ambn B-tem-
Nn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv?
D. Ip-S-h-b-d³ F-¶ hm-¡n-\v sIm-S-´ F¶pw AÀ-°-apv. sIm-S-´ {]-tbm-Kw i-cn-
bm-Im³ amÀ-K-anÃ. "A-¼À-em sÌm-a¡³' F¶-tÃ sIm-S´ F¶ ]Z-¯nsâ
aq-e-[mXp. A§-s\ h-cp-t¼mÄ sIm-S-´-bm-hnÃ. Ip-S-´-bmWv. Ip-S + ´ = IpS-´.
C-Xm-Wv \ym-bm-[n-]³ B-tem-Nn-¨ hn-jbw. Im-cy-am-{X {]-k-àam-b hm-Z§Ä Hcp

sIme]m-XI tIknÂ tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ \S-¶p sIm-n-cnt¡, tIknt\m hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-

Z-¯nt\m H«pw {]m[m\yw \ÂImsX Xm-Xv-]-cy-c-ln-X-\m-bn-cn-¡p-¶ \ym-bm-[n-]-I-Ym-
]m-{X-s¯ adbn-ÃmsX A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p; kn.sP.
117. "H-¡qÃ. F-\n-¡v Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn A-`n-\-bn¡-Ww, Rm³ t]m-hqÃ'
A-sÃ-¦-nÂ
118. "FÃm-hcpw ]u-UÀ I-gp-In-¡f-ªv Ø-ew hn«p. C-\nbpw N-¯-h-s\m-s¡ D-bnÀ-
¡p-¶-Xn-\v ap-¼v I-Y \n-dp¯mw'
D. "1128 Â ss{Iw 27' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ A-h-km-\-`m-K-¯v amÀt¡m-knsâ `mcybv¡v
]W-hp-ambn imkv{Xn-sb-¯p-¶p. Nq-f-bnÂ ho-Wp N-¯p F-¶p-I-cpXn-b amÀ-t¡m-
kv F¶ sXm-gn-emfn IYm-]m{Xw \m-S-Imý¯nÂ Po-h-t\m-sS Xn-cn-¨p-h-cp¶p.
XÀ¡-¯n-\nsS Nqf-bnÂ hosW-¦nepw AbmÄ¡v Imcy-ambn H¶pw kw`-hn-¨n-cp-
¶n-Ã. hÀ-¡n-sb H-cp ]mTw ]Tn-¸n-¡m³ B-{K-ln-¨p h-b-\m-«n-te-¡v ap§pIbm-bn-
cp¶p; amÀ-t¡m-k.v Nqf-bnse Ccp«v ImcWw, AbmÄ IS-¶p-I-f-ªXv BÀ¡pw
a\-Ên-em-¡m-\m-bn-Ã. \S-¡m¯ sIme]mX-I-s¯-s¨m-Ãn-bm-bn-cp¶p C{X t\chpw
tImem-lew Dm-b-Xv. Xn-cn-¨p h-¶-t¸mÄ ]-ecpw At±-ls¯ t{]-Xw F-¶p hn-fn-
¨p. A-h-sc-sbÃmw Xm³ C-Sn-¨p-I-fp-bw F-¶v amÀt¡mkv {]-Jym-]n-¡p¶p. C-Xn-
\n-sS amÀt¡mkv Xncn-¨p-h-¶-Xn-\mÂ ]Ww \ÂtI--XnÃ F¶v IcpXn imkv{Xn
Ø-ew hn-Sm-s\m-cp-§p-¶p. im-kv-{Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw t\c-s¯ hm-Kv-Zm-\w sNbv-X
]-Ww In«ptam F-¶p F-dp-]p-¡ A-t\z-jn G-Xp ]-W-¯n-sâ Im-cy-am-Wv
Xsâ `mcy imkv{Xn-tbmSv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶ tNm-Zy-¯n-\v kw-Xr-]v-Xam-b
a-dp]-Sn amÀ-t¡m-kn-\v e-`n-¡p-¶nÃ. A-bmÄ F-dp-¸m-¡-bpsS ssI-]n-Sn-¨v "F-´p
cq-]-bm-So, ]d' F-¶v ò-j-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. AtXmsS in-jy³ C-S-s]-«v sIm-v amÀ-
t¡m-kn-sâ `m-Kw I-gn-sª¶pw X-\n-¡v t]m-Im-sa¶pw A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. Xm-³ kv-tä-
PnÂ \n-¶v t]m-In-sÃ¶pw X-\n-¡v A-`n-\-bn-¡-W-sa¶pw amÀ-t¡m-kv imTyw ]n-Sn-
¡p-¶p "\mS-Iw Xp-S-§n-b-t¸mÄ C-bmÄ-¡p Po-h-\nÃm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw Icp-W
hn-Nm-cn-¨v C-bm-sf D-bnÀ-¸n-¨-t¸mÄ X-s¶ F-XnÀ-¡m³ Xp-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw
in-jy³ k-ZÊn-t\m-Sv hn-fn-¨p ]-d-bp¶p. A-t¸mÄ th-Zn-bnÂ Ib-dn kv-tä-Pv am-t\-
PÀ ]-d-bp-¶ hm-Iy-am-Wv. "FÃm-hcpw ]u-UÀ I-gp-In-¡f-ªv Ø-ew hn«p.
C-\nbpw N-¯-h-s\m-s¡ D-bnÀ-¡p-¶-Xn-\v ap-¼v I-Y \n-dp-¯mw' s]m-Å-bmb \mS-I-
amWv ]e-t¸mgpw Pohn-Xw. CÃm-¯-Xn-\-¨mÃn Ie-ln¨v PohnXw \mSIw Hcphn[w
Ign¨v Iq«p¶ tIhe IYm-]m-{X-§-fmWv a\p-jyÀ. CXmWv kn.-sP. 1128 Â ss{Iw
27 eqsS Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
119. `mcXo-b \m-S-I k-¦-ev-]-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v Ip-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡pI.
D. A-hX-c-W I-em-cq-]am-b \m-S-I-¯n-\v C-ý-bnÂ a-l¯m-b ]m-c-¼-cy-am-Wp-ÅXv.
Z-i-cq-]-I-§-fnÂ C-ý-¡mÀ B-Zy-{]-Øm-\w \m-S-I-¯n-\m-Wv \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
\m-SIw, A¦w, {]-I-cWw, Cu-lm-arKw, Unaw, k-a-h-Imcw, `maw, {]-l-k\w, ho-Yn,
hym-tbm-Kw F¶n-h Z-i-cq]-Iw F-¶ t]-cnÂ {]-i-kv-X-amWv. I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS
F-®hpw {]m-[m-\yhpw I-Y-bp-sS {]-tabw, B-hn-jv-¡m-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ c-k§Ä, A-`n-
\-bn-¡p-¶-h-cp- sS km-aqln-I Øn-Xn XpS-§n ]-eX-cw L-S-I-§-fm-Wv Z-i-cq-]-
I-§-fp-sS hn-`-P-\-¯n-\v B-[mcw. Pm-Xo-bam-b D-¨þ\o-NXzw \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ C-ý³

th-Z-im-kv-{Xm-Zn {K-Ù-§Ä ]m-cmb-Ww sN¿mt\m tIÄ¡mt\m A-h-Im-i-anÃm-¯-

h-cm-bn-cp-¶p iq-{ZÀ. kÀÆ-P-\ hn-`m-K-§Ä¡pw I-pw tI«pw B-kz-Zn-¡m-\p-Å
H-cp hn-t\m-Z-I-em-cq-]-am-bm-Wv \mS-Iw cq-]w sIm--X-s{X. \m-Sy-s¯ C-X-c th-Z-§-
fnÂ \n¶pw kzm-io-I-cn-¨p kr-jv-Sn-¨ A©mw th-Z-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv C-
ý-¡mÀ. C-ý-bn-se B-Zy-\mS-Iw tZ-hm-kp-c-·mÀ-¡v ap-¶nÂ `-c-X ap-\nbpw ]p-{X-
·m-cpw tNÀ-¶v A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xm-sW¶v sF-Xn-ly-ap-v. "\m-Sy-im-kv{Xw' F-¶ Ir-Xn-
bn-eq-sS `-c-X-ap-\n C-ý³ \m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-sS {]m-cw-`-Im-e kz-`m-hw hn-h-cn-¡p-¶p-v.
\m-SI-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨ C-ý³ B-ZyIm-e Im-gv-¨-¸m-SnÂ \n¶pw G-sd hy-Xym-k-
s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p C¶-s¯ \m-S-I-th-Zn.
"[o-tcm-Zm-¯-\-Xn-{]-Xm-]-Kp-W-hm³ hn-Jym-X-hw-i³ [cmþ]m-e³ \m-b-
I,\©p k-Ôn-I,f-Xn-JymXw, I-Ym-h-kv-Xphpw \m-e-©m-fp-I-f-¦-a-©-[n-I-tam
irw-Km-ctam ho-ctam ap-Jyw, \nÀ-hlW-¯n-emÛp-Xc-kw \m-tYmZ-bw
\mSIw'.
C-Xv {]-Im-cw \m-S-I-¯n-se C-Xn-hr-¯w {]-kn-²-am-bn-cn-¡Ww. A-Xmb-Xv ]p-
cm-W-§-fnÂ \n-t¶m C-Xn-lm-k-§-fnÂ \nt¶m F-Sp-¯-Xm-bn-cn-¡-Ww F-¶À-°w.
[oc³, D-Zm-¯³ F-¶n§-s\ kÀ-Æ-Kp-W-k-¼-¶\m-b cm-Pm-hm-bn-cn¡-Ww
\m-bI³. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ A-©p-k-Ôn-IÄ D-m-bn-cn-¡Ww. A-©p- ap-XÂ ]-¯ph-
sc Aw-K-§-fm-Imw. ap-Jy-c-k-am-bn irw-Km-cs¯tbm ho-cs¯tbm ]-cn-K-Wn-¡Ww.
{]-[m-\-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fm-bn [m-cm-fw t]À D-m-I-cpXv. A-Ûp-X-c-k-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww \nÀ-
h-l-W-L-«-¯nÂ D-m-tI-Xv. \m-bI-sâ A-`yp-Z-b-¯n-te \m-S-I-¯n-\v Xn-cÈo-e
ho-gm-hq. C-Xm-Wv \m-S-I-¯n-\v \Â-I-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶ e-£Ww.
120. 1128 Â ss{Iw 27 F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ F«mw cw-K-¯n-\v \m-S-I-¯n-ep-Å {]m-[m\yw
hn-i-Z-am-¡pI.
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
121. amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ sIm-e-bm-fn-¡v h-[in-j \Â-Ip¶-Xv kw-_-Ôn-¨v kÀ-¡mÀ
h-¡oepw {]-Xn-`m-Kw h-¡oepw \n-c¯n-b hm-Z-ap-J-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI.
D. Nq-f-bnÂ ho-Wp amÀ-t¡m-kv sImÃ-s¸-Sm-\pm-b km-l-N-cy-§fpw sIm-e-]m-X-I-
¯n-\p km-£n-I-fm-b-hcpw tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ k-hn-kvX-cw NÀ-¨-bv¡pw hm-Z-{]-Xn-hm-Z-
¯n\pw hn-t[-b-am-Ip¶p. amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ sIm-e-]m-X-In-¡v h-[-in-£-th-W-sa-¶
hm-Z-am-Wv kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡o-en-\p-ÅXv. {]-Xn-`m-Kw h-¡o-emIs« Cu hmZ-s¯ F-XnÀ-
¡p¶p. "1128 Â ss{Iw 27' F-¶ X-sâ \m-S-I-¯ne-qsS kn.sP tXma-kv ap-t¶m-«p-h-
bv-¡m-\m-{K-ln-¡p-¶ cm-jv{So-bw F«mw cw-K-¯nÂ a-d-bnÃm-sX ]-dp-¯p-h-cp¶p. h-[-
jn-£-bp-sS \ym-b-\ym-b-§Ä X-½n-ep-Å B-i-b kw-L-«\-¯n-eqsS, \m-S-Io-b-X-bv-
¡v H«pw Ip-d-hpw ]-äm-sX t{]£-I-scbpw hmb-\-¡m-scbpw apjn-¸n-¡msX A-h-X-
cn-¸n-¡m³ \m-S-I-Ir¯n-\m-Ip¶p.
amÀ-t¡m-kv F-¶ k-l-{]-hÀ-¯I-s\ hÀ¡n-sb¶ {]-Xn- \n-jv-¡-cp-Ww
A-án-Ip-WvT-¯n-te-¡v X-Ån-bn-«p-sh¶pw X-Xv-^-e-am-bn A-bmÄ Z-b-\o-b-am-b A-h-
Ø-bnÂ a-c-W-s¸-«p-sh¶pw kÀ-¡mÀ hm-Zn-¡p¶p. {]-Xn Zp-Ê-lam-b {]-tIm-]-\-
¯n-\v A-Sn-s¸-«n-cp-¶p-sh-¶ Imcyw h-¡oÂ \n-tj-[n-¡p-¶nÃ. a-cn¨p-t]m-b amÀ-
t¡m-kn-sâ A-\n-b-{ń-Xam-b i-Im-c-hÀ-jhpw H-cp ]t£, \nÀ-±-bamb ssI-tb-

ähpw {]-Xn-sb {]-tIm-]n-¸n-¨n-cn-¡m-sa-¶v k-½-Xn-¡p-¶-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn¯-s¶ A-Xv Ip-ä-

¯n-sâ Kuc-hw Ip-d-bv-¡p-¶n-sÃ¶pw A-\y-Ym sX-fn-hn-s\ _-e-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-
s¶pw Iq-Sn h¡oÂ {]-kv-Xm-hn-¡p-¶p. {]-Xn-bp-sS Ip-ä-k-½-X-¯n-\v F-s´-¦nepw
\n-b-a-X-S-Ê-ap-m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ {]-Xn-bp-sS B-ß-l-Xym-{i-aw t]mepw A-t±-l-¯n-
sâ Ip-ä-I-cam-b a-\-km-£n-sb hn-fw_-cw sN-¿p-¶ an-I-¨ sX-fn-hmWv. Ip½m-b
Nq-f-bnÂ tPm-en sN-¿p-¶ {]-Xn-¡v H-cp a-\p-jy-i-co-cw B Xo-¿nÂ ho-WmÂ F-´p
kw-`-hn-¡p-sa-¶v a-\-Ên-em-¡m³ th- _p-²nbpw A-dnhpw Dv; D-m-bn-cn-t¡--
XmWv.
Ip-ä-¯n-sâ ]-cn-Xx-Øn-Xn-IÄ h-¨p t\m-¡n-bmÂ 299 mw h-Ip-¸p-{]-Im-c-ap-Å
H-cp Ip-ä-a-sÃ¶pw h-[n-¡-W-sa-¶ D-t±iyw {]-I-S-am-bn Im-Wp-¶-Xn-\mÂ 300 mw
h-Ip-¸p {]-Im-cw a-c-Win-£ e-`n-t¨-¡m-hp-¶ Ip-ä-am-sW¶pw kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡oÂ hm-
Zn-¡p¶p. F-{X X-s¶ {]-tIm-]-\-ap-m-bmepw H-cp hy-àn a-säm-cp hy-àn-bp-sS Po-
hn-X-¯n-\p hn-cm-a-an-Sp-¶-Xn-s\ \n-b-a-a-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶nÃ. Po-hn-Xw Zn-hy-amWv. AXv
Cu-iz-c-Z-¯-hp-amWv. H-cp Xr-W-¯-t¸mepw ap-f-¸n-¡m³ I-gn-bm-¯ a-\p-jy³ Cu-
iz-c-kr-ãn-I-fnÂ G-ähpw a-l-Xz-tadn-b a-\p-jy-Poh-s\ l-\n-¡m³ ]m-SnÃ. A-Xn-\p
hn-cp-²-am-bn Bsc-¦nepw sN-bv-XmÂ Ah-s\ X-¡in-£ A-\-`-hn-¸n¡-Ww F-¶m-
Wv kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡o-en-sâ ]£w.
kÀ-¡mÀ h-¡o-en-sâ A-Xn-Ku-c-ham-b ap-J-`m-h-t¯m-sS-bp-Å hm-Z-¯n-\v Npäpw
t\m-¡n ]p-©n-cn-¨p-sIm-v X-\-n-¡v h-f-sc-¡-dp-t¨ ]-d-bm-\p-Åq F-¶ B-ap-J-t¯m-
sS-bm-Wv {]-Xn-`m-Kw h-¡oÂ a-dp]-Sn ]-d-bp-¶Xv. {]-Xn- Ip-äw sN-bv-Xp F-¶v C-Xph-
sc sX-fn-ªn-«nÃ. ar-X-tZ-l-sa-hn-sS F¶ tNm-Zy-¯n-\pw Xr-]v-Xn-I-cam-b H-cp D-¯-
chpw e-`y-am-bn-«nÃ. Z-ln¨p-t]m-b-Xm-sW-¦nÂ A-Øn-I-sf-¦nepw D-m-bn-cn-¡Ww.
B-b-Xn-\mÂ Xo-bnÂ ho-Wp-sht¶m a-cn-¨p-sht¶m hn-[n-¡p¶-Xv km-l-k-am-bn-cn-
¡pw. i-hw In-«m-¯ A-h-Ø-bnÂ hn-Nm-c-W \-S-¯p-¶-XpX-s¶ \n-b-a-hn-cp-²-am-
sW-¶ A-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv {]-Xn-`m-Kw h-¡o-en\v. IrXyw I- km-£n-IÄ ]-e-cp-s-
¶ hm-Z-am-Wv t{]m-kn-Iyq-j³ `m-K-¯p-\n-¶p-m-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. b-YmÀ-°-¯nÂ
IrXyw I--Xm-bn H-cp km-£n am-{X-ta A-h-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶pÅp. B km-£n sam-gn
A-{XI-v kzo-Im-cyaÃ. Hm-¶ma-Xv km-£n sam-gn-bnÂ Xn¿-Xn sX-än-¨m-Wv
]-d-ªn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. {]-kvXp-X km-£n äyq-t«-gv-kv hn-äv-\-ÊmWv. c-ma-Xv IrXyw \-S-
¶p-sh-¶v ]-d-bp-¶ k-ab-¯v C-cp-«m-bn-cp¶p. H¶pw hy-à-am-bn I-n-cn-¡m³ C-S-
bnÃ. t]m-sc-¦nÂ A-bmÄ a-Zy-]n-¨n-cp-s¶¶pw hn-Nm-cn-¡mw. H-cp Nq-f-bn-se aq-¶v
tPm-en-¡m-cnÂ c-p-t]À am{Xw Ip-Sn-¨p-sh-¶p hn-Nm-cn¡p-I F-fp-¸-aÃ. C-{X-¡p
ZpÀ-_-eam-b sX-fn-hn-t·Â H-cp sIm-e-t¡-kv \-S-¯m³ t{]m-kn-Iyq-j³ \-S-¯m³
F§-s\ ss[-cy-s¸-«p-sh-¶p X-\n-¡p a-\-Ên-em-Ip-¶n-sÃ-¶v {]-Xn-`m-Kw h-¡oÂ A-
Ûp-X-s¸-Sp¶p. C-\n H-cp hm-Z-¯n-\p thn, {]-kvXp-X IrXyw \-S-¶-Xm-sW-¶v
X-s¶ k-¦Â-¸n-¡p-I. F-´m-Wn-Xn-sâ ]-cn-Xx-Øn-Xn-IÄ? £-W-t\c-s¯ tIm-]-
¯mÂ t{]-cn-X-\m-bn {]-Xn amÀ-t¡m-kn-s\ ssI-tb-äw sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡mw. ]-t£
A-¯-c-sam-cp Ie-lw {]-Xn B-cw-`n-¡p-I-bn-sÃ-¶v D-d-¸mWv. amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ `m-cy-
bp-sS \-S]-Sn Zq-jy-am-Wv I-e-l Im-cWw. {]-Xn A-hn-hm-ln-X-\mWv. A-Xp-sImv,
G-X-h-Ø-bnepw A-]-am-\n-X\m-b amÀ-t¡m-kv I-e-l-am-cw-`n-¨p F-¶m-Wv {]-Xn-`m-Kw

h-¡oÂ kw-i-bn-¡p-¶Xv. {]-Xn-¡v B-scbpw sImÃ-W-sa-¶v D-t±-iy-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p-

sh-¶v sX-fn-bn-¡m-\m-bn-«nÃ. £p-`n-Xam-b H-cp a-\Êv, {]-tXy-In¨pw Ip-Sn-¨n-cn-¡p-
t¼mÄ, H-cp sN-dnb ssI-t¿-ä-¯n-sâ `-hn-j-¯p-IÄ hn-`mh-\w sN-¿p-hm³ I-gn-
sª-¶p h-cn-I-bnÃ. Ipä-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨v B-sI-bp-Å sX-fn-hv {]-Xn-bp-sS Ip-ä-
k½-Xw am-{X-amWv. Ip-td \mÄ tem-¡-¸nÂ InS-¶ H-cp ]p-Ån-bp-sS Ip-ä-k½-Xw A-
{X hn-e-bp-ÅXÃ. A-Xn-\mÂ {]-Xn \n-c-]-cm-[n-bm-sW-¶v X-sâ hm-Zw kzo-I-cn-¡-W-
sa-¶v {]-Xn-h-¡oÂ A-`yÀ-°n-¡p-¶p.
B-ß-l-Xym-{i-a-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw {]-Xn-`m-Kw h-¡oÂ kw-km-cn-¡p-¶p-v. \-½p-
sS \n-b-a-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯n-sâ ]-e-L-«-§-fnepw Po-hn-X-t¯-¡mÄ t`-Zw a-c-W-am-sW-
¶p tXm-¶p¶-Xv A-km-[m-c-WaÃ. \nb-aw ]-e-t¸m-gpw in-£-tb-¡mfpw `-b-¦-c-am-Im-
dpv. X-sâ kp-lr¯v Iq-Snbm-b kÀ-¡mÀ `m-Kw h-¡oÂ ]-d-ª-t]m-se Po-hn-Xw
Zn-hy-amWv. AXv Cu-iz-c-Z-¯-hp-am-W-v. Po-h-³ \-in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp- ]m-]w Xs¶. amÀ-
t¡m-kn-tâ-Xp am-{XaÃ, {]-Xn-bp-sS-Xpw. {]-Xn F-´p-Ip-äw sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶mepw
A-bmÄ \-¶m-Ip-hm-\p-Å in-£-bn-e-[n-Iw tNm-Zn-¡p-¶Xpw sIm-Sp-¡p-¶Xpw
]m-]I-cw Xs¶. h-[in-£ k-ap-Zm-bw kz-b-c-£-bv¡pw \o-Xn-\ym-b ]m-e-\-¯n\pw
th-n sN-¿p-¶-Xm-Wv F-¶v h-¶mÂ t]mepw AXpw h-[w X-s¶-bmWv.
hy-ànbmtWm k-ap-Zm-bamtWm sIm-e-bm-fn F-¶ {]-iv-\-¯n-\v {]-k-àn- CÃ. \ym-
bhpw \o-Xnbpw A-\p-k-cn-¨p sImÃm-sa-¶m-Wp hm-Z-sa-¦nÂ {]-Xn-bp-sS Ip-ä-¯n-sâ
]n-d-In-ep-Å km-am-\y \o-Xn-Iq-Sn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-SWw. I-®n-\v ]I-cw I-®v F-¶
\nb-aw ]-cn-jvIr-X a-\p-jy-tâXÃ. A-Xp k-a-c-cw-K-¯n-sâ ss]-imNn-I
k-´-Xn-bmWv. Im-S-¯-¯n-sâ A-h-in-ã-amWv. C-Xm-Wv {]-Xn-`m-Kw h-¡o-en-sâ
hm-Z-KXn.
122. "\m-S-Ik-Z-Êv'F-¶ te-J-\-¯nÂ Pn.i-¦-c-¸n-Å ]-¦p-sh-¡p-¶ \m-S-Im-kzm-Z-\s¯
kw_-Ôn¨ Nn-´-IÄ t{Im-Uo-I-cn-¡p-I.
D. ae-bmf \mS-I-th-Zn-bpsS hfÀ¨bv¡pw hnIm-k-¯n\pw Gdw kw`m-h-\-IÄ
\ÂInb \mS-Im-Nm-cy-\mWv Pn. i¦-c-¸n-Å. \mS-I-¯nsâ ]ptcm-KXn \mSI
t{]£-I-cpsS \ne-hm-c-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨mWv kw`-hn-¡pI F¶v Pn. i¦-c-¸nÅ hniz-
kn-¡p-¶p. \m-SI-s¯ \m-S-I-am-bn¯-s¶ I-v B-kz-Zn-¡-W-sa-¶ hm-ZaWv "\m-S-
I-kZÊv' F-¶ te-J-\-¯nÂ Pn.i-¦-c-¸n-Å ap-t¶m-«v h-bv-¡p-¶-Xv. \mS-Iw H-cp
P-\Io-b I-e-bm-sW¶pw kÀ-Æ-P-\-\o-b-am-Wv A-Xn-sâ kzm-[o-\-sa¶pw A-Xn-\mÂ
A-Xv B-kz-Zn-¡m³ {]-tXy-I ]-cnN-bw B-h-iy-an-sÃ¶pw ]-ecpw ]-d-bp-¶pv.
F-¶mÂ \m-S-Im-kzmZ-\w ]qÀ-®mÀ-°-¯nÂ km-[y-am-¡p-¶ F-{X t]-cp-v? I-hn-
Xbpw Nn-{X-I-e-bpw kw-Ko-Xhpw k-¼qÀ-®-am-bn B-kz-Zn-¡m³ A-`ym-kw B-h-iy-
am-Wv \m-S-I-¯n\pw khn-ti-j-amb B-kzm-Z-\m-`ymk-\w th-Ww.
"iàn-tem-I-I-em-im-kv-{Xkq-£v-a-th-£-W-]m-Shw, A-`ym-k-kn-²n-bo ap¶pw tNÀ-
¶mÂ Im-hy-\n-an-¯-amw' F-¶ {]mNo-\ Im-hy-im-kv-{XÚ-sâ A-`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ
\mSI-{]-hÀ¯-IÀ hn-iz-kn-¡p¶p. A-XnÂ i-àn (Im-hy-iàn) H-gn-¨v a-säÃmw
{k-ãm-hn\pw k-lr-Z-b\pw Xp-ey-am-bp-m-bn-cn-t¡- Kp-W-am-sW-¶v ]-d-bmw.
\m-S-I-¯nÂ B-h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-e-[n-Iw D-Å B-Jym-\-kz-`m-h-s¯bpw Pn.
hn-aÀ-in-¡p¶p. "]-db-, \-Sn-¨p Im-«q" Dont tell us; but show us F-¶v t_m-[-ap-
Å k-lr-Z-b-s\-s¡mp ']-d-bn-¸n-'¡-¯-¡ X-c-¯n-em-Wv ]-e \m-S-I-§-fp-sSbpw
cq-]-cN-\. ]n-s¶ kw-Ko-X-¯n-\v A-an-Xam-b {]m-[m-\yw h¶p-t]m-bn \m-S-I-¯nÂ.
]m-«p-tI-«v X-e-bm-«n c-kn-¡m-\p-Å {]m-YanI t_m-[w sIm-p-am{Xw \mS-Iw ap-gp-
h\pw B-kz-Zn-¡m- sa¶v ]-ecpw sX-än-²-cn¨p. C-Xv \m-S-I-¯n-sâ km-t¦-Xn-I-t_m-

[hpw A-\p`-h-t_m-[hpw \m-S-I-k-lr-Zb-\v th-s-¶ [m-c-W-bn-te-¡v
\-bn¨p.
\mS-Iw H-cp kwÇnjvS Ie-bmWv F-¶ [m-c-W k-lr-Z-b\v Dm-IWw.
\m-S-I-¯n-sâ hnhn-[ L-«-§-fnÂ, hnhn-[ L-S-I-§-fnÂ tIm-a-f-I-e-IÄ ]-eXpw
A-Sn-Øm-\-kv-]À-inbm-b ]-e k-lm-b-§-fpw \Â-Ip-¶pv.
Pn. sb kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw I-hn-X-tbm-Sv G-ähpw A-Sp-¸-ap-Å H-cp I-em-
cq-]-am-Wv \m-S-Iw. [z\ym-ß-I-X-bnÂ, hm-Kv-cq-]-Nn-{X-§-fnÂ, `m-h-hy-Rv-P-I-Xz-¯nÂ
FÃmw A-Xp {]-I-S-amWv. A-Xp-sIm-mhmw F-¡m-e¯pw bm-YmÀ-°y-¯n-sâ H-¸n-
sb-Sp-¡Â {]-Øm-\w F-{X-sbm-s¡ I-S-¶m-{Ia-Ww \-S-¯m³ hy-{K-X-Im-Wn-¨n«pw
\mS-Iw A-Xn-sâ am-Xr-X-e-¯n-te-¡p (I-hn-X-bn-te¡v) aS-§n sN-¶n-«p-Å-Xv.
\m-S-I-c-N-bn-Xmhv, \m-S-I-thZn, \m-S-I k-lr-Z-b³ F-¶n§-s\ \m-S-I-¯n-sâ
aÀ-½-L-S-I-§Ä aq-¶m-sW-¶v te-J-I³ Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶p. \m-S-I-¯n-sâ `m-h-
`m-h-\-IÄ k-lr-Zb-s\ {]m-]n-¡p¶-Xv A-c-s§-¶ am-[y-a-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv. k-lr-Z-
b³ ]qÀ-®-am-bn ap-gp-Ip-¶-Xpw A-XnÂ Xs¶. \m-S-I-th-Zn F-¶ am-[y-a-¯n-sâ
km-[y-X-Ifpw ]-cn-an-Xn-Ifpw i-àn-ZuÀ-_-ey-§fpw \m-S-I-k-lr-Z-b³ A-dn-b-Ww.
C¯-cw A-dn-hp-Å k-lr-Z-b-·m-cp-sS lr-Zb-s¯ A-]-l-cn-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶
\m-S-I§-tf D-¯-a-\m-S-I-§-fmIq. C¯-cw ku-lr-Z-bÀ¡n-S-bnÂ \n-¶m-Wv \n-cq-]-I-
·mÀ D-bn-sc-Sp-¡p-¶Xv. \m-S-I-th-Zn-bp-sS \n-e-hm-cw D-b-cp-¶Xpw Xm-gp-¶Xpw \m-S-I-
k-lr-Z-b-cp-sS \n-e-hm-c-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨v B-bn-cn-¡pw.
k-a-{K-`m-h-¯nÂ \m-SI-s¯ DÄ-s¡m-Åm³ I-gn-bp-¶ H-cp kZ-Êv kz-bw-`q-
hm-bn D-m-Ip-¶XÃ. \nc-´-c \m-S-I ]-cn-N-b-¯n-eq-sS hm-bn¨pw I-p-ap-Å ]-cn-N-
b-¯n-eq-sS-bm-Wv C-Xv km-[y-am-Ip-¶Xv. \mS-Iw A-c-t§-dp-hm³ am{Xw k-an-Xn-I-fp-
m-Ip-¶ co-Xn-hn«v, \Ã \m-S-I-k-lr-Z-b-·mÀ D-ev-]-¶-cm-I-¯-¡ i-à-am-b H-cp A-
´-co-£w kr-ãn-¡m³ B-Wv I-em-k-an-Xn-IÄ \mS-Iw A-`n-\-bn-¡p-¶-sX-¶ Øn-Xn
D-m-I-Ww. C¯-cw C-S-s]-S-ep-IÄ D-¯-a k-lr-Zb-sc kr-ãn-¡m³ A-hk-cw H-cp-
¡pw.

Module - 2
Xnc-¡Y
1. B-Zy a-ebm-f kn\n-a GXv?

D. hn-K-X-Ip-am-c³ (kw-hn-[m-\w: sP.kn Um-\n-tbÂ 1928)
2. cm-as¯ ae-bmf kn\na?
D. amÀ-¯-Þ-hÀ-½ (kw-hn-[m\w: kp-µÀ-cm-Pv 1933)
3. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ i-Ðn-¡p-¶ kn\na?
D. _m-e³ (kw-hn-[m\w: s\m-«m-Wv 1938)
4. a-e-bm-f- kn-\n-a-bp-sS ]n-Xm-hv F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv?
D. sP.kn Um-\n-tbÂ
5. Z-£n-tW-ý-bn-se B-Zy kn\na?
D. Io-N-I-h-[w (1917)
6. kn-\n-a-bm¡n-b B-Zy km-ln-Xy IrXn?
D. kn.hn. cm-a³-]n-Å-bp-sS amÀ-¯m-Þ-hÀ-½ F¶ t\mhÂ
7. tI-c-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ kn-\n-a- {]-ZÀ-i-\im-e
D. Zn Im-¸n-tämÄ (Xn-cp-h-\-´-]pcw)
8. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy dn-bm-en-Ìn-Iv (b-YmX-Y) kn\na?
D. \yqkv-t]-¸À t_m-bv (kw-hn-[m\w: ]n. cm-a-Zm-kv 1955)
9. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy I-fÀ Nn{Xw?
D. I-w-s_-¨-tIm-«v (1961)
10. tI-c-f-¯n-se B-Zy ^nenw skm-sskän?
D. Nn-{Xte-J ^nenw skm-ssk-än
11. a-e-bm-f kn-\n-a-bv-¡v A-hmÀ-Uv GÀ-s¸-Sp¯n-b hÀjw?
D. 1969
12. Fw.Sn hm-kp-tZ-h³ \m-b-cp-sS B-Zy-s¯ kn\na?
D. ap-d-s¸-®v (1965)
13. a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ H-cp h-\n-X kw-hn-[m-\w sNbv-X B-Zy kn-\na?
D. \n-g-em-«w (kw-hn-[mb-I: \-Sn jo-e)
14. i-Ð-an-{i-W-¯n\v Hm-kv-IÀ A-hmÀ-Up-t\Sn-b a-e-bmfn?
D. d-kqÂ ]q-¡p-«n (kn\n-a: Éw-tUm-Kv anÃy-WbÀ)
15. kn-\n-a-bnÂ G-ähpw Db-cw Ip-d-ª \m-b-I-s\-¶ \n-e-bnÂ Kn¶-kv _-¡n-en-Sw
t\Sn-b a-e-bm-fn Xmcw?
D. A-P-b-Ip-amÀ (D--¸-{Ip)
16. 1954 Â ]p-d-¯n-d§n-b '\o-e-¡p-bnÂ' F-¶ kn-\n-a-bv-¡p Xnc-¡-Y X-¿m-dm-¡nbXv?
D. D-dq-_v (]n.kn. Ip-«n-Ir-jvW³)
17. B-Zy-am-bn `c-Xv A-hmÀ-Uv t\Sn-b a-ebm-f \S³?
D. ]n.sP Bâ-Wn (kn-\n-a: \nÀ-½m-eyw)
18. Fw.Sn. hm-kp-tZ-h³ \m-b-cpsS ']-Ån-hmfpw ImÂ-¨n-e-¼pw' F-¶ IY-sb B-kv-]-Z-
am-¡n A-t±-lw X-s¶ kw-hn-[m-\w sNbv-X kn-\n-a-bmWv

D. \nÀ-½meyw
19. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ cm-jv{So-b kn-\na?
D. I_-\o \-Zn Np-h-¶-t¸mÄ (kw-hn-[m\w: ]n.F _¡À)
20. cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bp-sS sh-Ån-sa-UÂ t\Sn-b B-Zy a-ebm-f Nn{Xw?
D. \o-e-¡p-bnÂ (kw-hn-[m\w: ]n. `m-kv-¡-c³ 1954)
21. cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bp-sS kzÀ-®-sa-UÂ t\Sn-b B-Zy a-ebm-f Nn-{Xw?
D. sN-½o³ (kw-hn-[m\w: cm-ap-Im-cym-«v 1965)
22. a-ebm-f kn-\n-a-bv-¡v \Â-Ip-¶ k-a-{K-kw-`m-h-\-IÄ-¡v kwØm-\ kÀ-¡mÀ GÀ-s¸-
Sp¯n-b ]p-c-kv-Im-c-amWv-
D. sP.kn Um-\n-tbÂ ]p-c-kv-Im-cw
23. ]-Ým-¯-e kw-KoXw ]qÀ-®-am-bn H-gn-hm-¡n \nÀ-½n-¨ a-e-bm-f- kn-\na?
D. sIm-Sn-tb-äw (kw-hn-[m\w: A-SqÀ tKm-]-e-Ir-jvW³)
24. kn-\n-a-bp-sS X-d-hm-«nÂ aq-¸-\p-k-cn-¨v Xn-c-¡-Ym-Ir-¯n-\v þþþþþþþþþþþ Øm-\-am-Wv
tem-I-sa-m-«p¡pw Aw-Ko-I-cn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¯n-«p-ÅXv.
D. aq¶mw Iq-dnsâ
25. Fw.Sn.bp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ, kn-\n-a-m-Xm-c-§Ä (A`n-t\-Xm-¡Ä) N-e-¨n-{X-¯n-sâ
þþþþþþ BWv.
D. hym-Jym-Xm-¡Ä
26. "t\m-h-en-kv-äp X-s¶ t\m-h-en-sâ Xn-c-¡-Y-sb-gpX-Ww. F-¶n-«v t\m-h-en-kv-äv X-s¶
A-Xv kw-hn-[m-\w sN¿-Ww" Cu A-`n-{]m-bw B-cp-tS-XmWv?
D. _À-Wm-Uv-jm-bp-tS-Xv
kv-{Io³-t¹-¡v Zriy-t\m-h-ep-I-ep-sS Visual Novels cq-]w \Â-Ip-I-sb-¶ ]-co£-
Ww \-S-¯n-b c-v F-gp-¯p-Im-cp-sS t]-sc-gpXpI?
D. BÀ-XÀ anÃdpw G-en I-km\pw
28. B-Zy-s¯ F-Iv-kv-{]-j-\n-Ìv kn\n-a GXv?
D. Im-_n\äv Hm-^v tUm-ÎÀ I-en-K-cn-
29. Im-_n\äv Hm-^v tUm-ÎÀ I-en-K-cn-bp-sS Xnc-¡-Y c-Nn¨-Xv Bcv?
D. ImÄ-ta-bdpw lm³-Uv tPm-t\m-hn-ävkpw
30. enbmw Hm-¹m-lÀ-«n-bp-sS 'C³-t^mÀaÀ' kn-\n-a-bm-¡nb-Xv Bcv?
D. tPm¬ t^mÀP-Uv
31. t{Xm¬ Hm-^v »-Uv B-cp-sS kn-\n-a-bmWv?
D. AIntcm Ip-d-tkm-h
32. "N-e-¨n-{X-I-e-bn-se tj-Iv-kv-]nbÀ' F-¶v Fw.Sn. hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p¶-Xv Bsc?
D. AIntcm Ip-d-tkm-hsb
33. ]n. ]-ß-cm-P³ P-\n¨-Xv F¶v? F-hnsS?
D. 1945 sa-bv 21 \v B-e¸p-g PnÃ-bn-se ap-Xp-Ip-f¯v
34. ]n. ]-ß-cmP-sâ {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-« B-Zy c-N-\ GXv?
D. tem-e anÂ-t^m-Uv F-¶ A-ta-cn-¡³ s]¬-In-Sm-hv
35. ]n. ]-ß-cmP-sâ B-Zy t\m-hÂ GXv?
D. \-£-{X§-tf Im-hÂ

36. 1972 Â tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an A-hmÀ-Uv t\Sn-b ]-ß-cmP-sâ t\mhÂ?

D. \-£-{X§-tf Im-hÂ
37. ]-ß-cmP-sâ B-Zy Xn-c¡Y?
D. {]-bm-Ww (1974)
38. ]-ß-cm-P³ A-´-cn¨-Xv F-¶v? F-hnsS?
D. 1991 P-\p-h-cn 23 \v tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv
39. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' dn-eo-kv sNbv-X hÀjw?
D. 1981
40. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' \nÀ-½n-¨Xv?
D. Xp--¯nÂ ^n-enw-kv, kp-tc-jv
41. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' kw-hn-[m-\w sN-bv-XXv?
D. ]n.]-ß-cm-P³
42. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ kn-\n-a-bp-sS F-Un-änw-Kv \nÀ-Æ-ln-¨Xv?
D. ]n. ]-ß-cm-P³
43. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ kn-\n-a-bv-¡v kw-Ko-Xw \nÀ-Æ-ln-¨Xv?
D. tPm¬-k¬
44. "^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-s¯ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨ \S³?
D. d-jo-Zv
45. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ kn-\n-a-bp-sS Iym-ad ssI-Imcyw sN-bvXXv?
D. hn-]n³- Zm-kv
46. sh-Sn-¡m-c³ eq-¡m ^-bÂ-hm-s\ BÀ-¡m-Wv ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-Sp-¯Xv?
D. X-¿Â-¡m-c³ in-h³-]nÅ-¡v
47. X-¿Â-¡m-c³ in-h³-]n-Å F-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-s¯ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨ \S³?
D. s\-Sp-ap-Sn th-Wp
48. ^-bÂ-hm-\p-th- In-fn-bnd-¨n B-cm-Wv F-¯n-¨p sIm-Sp-¯Xv?
D. th-«-¡m-c³ eq¡m.
49. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ kn-\n-a-bnÂ I®³, Im-ń F-¶o I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-
sS {][m-\ sXm-gnÂ F´v?
D. X-h-f ]n-Sp-¯w.
50. ^-bÂ-hm-\p-am-bn aÂ-¸n-Sp-¯-¯n-\v tPm-_v sIm-p-h¶-Xv B-sc-bmWv?
D. B-{Ô-¸p-en F-¶ ^-bÂ-hm-s\
51. tPm-_hpw ^-bÂ-hm\pw X-½n-epÅ t]m-cm-«-¯nÂ B-cm-Wv kz-bw hn-[n-IÀ-¯m-hm-
bn \n¶Xv?
D. sh-Sn-¡m-c³ eq-¡m
52. "Cu A-hk-cw ]m-gm-¡p-¶-hÀ ]n-¶o-Sv Zpx-Jn-t¡-n-hcpw'þG-Xv A-hkcw?
D. ^-bÂ-hm\pw B-{Ô-¸p-enbpw X-½n-ep-Å Kwò-c Kp-kv-Xn ]n-Sp¯w
53. "A-§-s\-sbm-cp `m-Kyw H-tÂ, AXv Cu \m-«o-s¸-« H-cp s]-®n-\p sI-S-¡-s«'þ
in-h³-]n-Å kq-Nn-¸n-¨ `mKyw F-´mWv?
D. ^-bÂ-hm-sâ `m-cy-bmIp-I F-¶ `m-Kyw.
54. N-¡c-sb hn-hm-lw I-gn¨-Xv Bcv?

D. ^-bÂ-hm³
55. "G-Xm-bmepw ^-bÂ-hm-\p s]-®n-s\ h-ey-Im-cyam" G-Xp s]-®ns\?
D. N-¡c-sb
56. ^-bÂ-hm-\p Xo-ä sIm-Sp-¡m³ ]-W-¯n-\v `m-cy N-¡-c I-s¯n-b amÀ-Kw F-´m-
bn-cp¶p?
D. ssI-¿n-ep-Å kzÀ-®m-`-c-W-§Ä hnÂ-¡p-I
57. ^-bÂ-hm³ \m-«n-te-¡v Xn-cn-¨p h-cp-¶-Xn-sâ e£yw F-´m-bn-cp¶p?
D. X-sâ `m-cy-sb-¡p-dn-¨v tI-« A\njvS Im-cy-§Ä i-cnbmtWm F-¶v A-dn-b-em-Wv ^-
bÂ-hm-sâ a-S-§n-h-c-hn-sâ e-£yw
58. ho-Sp-hn«p-t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ ^-bÂ-hm³ `m-cysb HmÀ-½n-¸n-¨ Imcyw F´v?
D. H-cp ^-bÂ-hm-sâ `m-cy-bp-sS \n-jvTIÄ HmÀ-½-th-Ww F-¶v
59. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ kn-\n-a-bp-sS I-Y-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X F´v?
D. a-\p-jy-_-Ô-§-fp-sS k-¦oÀ-W-X-Ifpw ssh-Imcn-I A-h-Ø-Ifpw c-Xnbpw {]-Xn-Im-
chpw tNÀ-¶ H-cp {Kmao-W I-Y-bm-Wv ]n. ]-ß-cm-P-sâ "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³'
F-¶ kn-\n-a.
60. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ kn-\n-a-bv-¡v e-`n-¨ Aw-Ko-Im-c-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?
D. tIm-em-ew-]q-cnÂ \-S-¶ 27 ma-Xv G-jy³ ^n-enw s^-Ìn-h-enÂ G-ähpw \Ã Nn-{X-
¯n\pw G-ä-hpw \Ã Xn-cn-¡-Y-bv-¡p-ap-Å kzÀ®-t{Sm-^n-Ifpw tI-c-f ^nenw {In-«n-Iv-
kv A-tkm-kn-tbj-sâ an-I-¨ Xn-c-¡-Y-¡p-Å k-½m-\hpw t\-Sn.
62. ]n.]-ß-cmP-sâ {][m-\ Xn-c-¡-Y-IÄ ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp¯p-I
D. {]-bmWw, s]-cp-h-gn-b-¼ew, H-cn-S-s¯m-cp-^-bÂ-hm³, I-Å³ ]-hn-{X³, \-hw-_-dn-
sâ \ãw, A-]c³, \-ap-¡v ]mÀ-¡m³ ap-ń-cn-t¯m-¸pIÄ, C-Xm C-hn-sS hsc,
Im-Wm-a-d-b¯v, tZ-im-S-\-¡n-fn I-c-bm-dnÃ, Xq-hm-\-¯p-¼nIÄ, Cu X-Wp-¯ sh-fp-
¸m³ Im-e¯v, Rm³ K-ÔÀ-Æ³.
63. ]-ß-cm-P³ F-gpXn-b {]-[m\ t\m-h-ep-IÄ Gh?
D. D-Z-I-t¸m-f, s]-cp-h-gn-b-¼ew, i-h-hm-l-\hpw tXSn, hm-S-I-bv-s¡m-cp lr-Zbw, \-£-
{X§-tf ImhÂ, {]-Xn-a-bpw cm-P-Ip-am-cnbpw
64. ]-ß-cmP-sâ {][m-\ sN-dp-I-Y-IÄ
D. A-]c³, {]-tl-fn-I, ]q-¡®-S, I-cn-b-e-¡mäp-t]mse, ssI-h-gn-bp-sS sX-t¡b-äw
65. Xnc-¡-Y F-¶mÂ F´v?
D. N-e-¨n-{X-¯n-sâ km-ln-Xy cq-]-am-Wv Xn-c¡-Y. Nn-{X-\nÀ-½mW-s¯ k-lm-bn-¡p-¶
amÀ-K-cq-]w Iq-Sn-bm-WnXv. Xn-c-Èo-e-bnÂ {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¡p-¶ I-Y F¶pw Xn-c-
¡Y-sb hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡mw.
66. Xnc-¡-Y c-N-\-bnÂ {i-²n-t¡- {]-[m-\ Im-cy-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?
D. Xnc-¡-Y ko-\p-I-fm-bm-Wv c-Nn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. Nn-{X-te-J-\k-a-b-¯v Shooting
Nn-{X-t]-S-I-¯nÂ Camera ]-Xn-¸n-¡m-hp-¶ H-cp Iq-«w tjm-«p-I-fm-Wv ko³. H-cp
I-Ym-´-co-£-¯nÂ \-S-¡p-¶ {In-bm-k-µÀ-`-¯n-sâ Xp-SÀ-N-e-\-§-fm-Wv ko³. H-cp
ko-\oÂ A-t\-Iw s{^-bn-ap-I-Ä A-S-§n-bn-cn-¡pw. Xn-c-¡-Ym-Ir¯v Cu s{^-bn-ap-I-
sf-¡p-dn-¨v cN-\m k-ab-¯v t_m-[-hm-\m-I-Ww. Om-bm-{Km-lI-\v s{^-bn-apI-sf
tÌm-dn t_mÀ-Un-sâ k-lm-b-¯mÂ a-\-Ên-em-¡m\pw ]-IÀ-¯m\pw km-[n-¡pw.

A-Xn-\p-]-äp-¶ X-c-¯nÂ A-Xmb-Xv Iym-a-d-bnÂ ]-IÀ-¯m-hp-¶ X-c-¯n-em-Wv Xn-c-

¡-Y-bp-sS `m-j D-m-tI-Xv. t\m-htem \mS-I-tam c-Nn-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n¶pw
XoÀ¯pw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv Xn-c-¡-Y-bp-sS `m-j-bpw ssi-en-bpw. I-Y-\-S-¡p-¶
Ø-ew A-Iw/]p-dw F-¶v thÀ-Xn-cn-¡Ww. k-a-b-hpw (D-Zm: cm-{Xn, ]-IÂ) Ø-e-hpw
(ho-Sn-\v ]p-d¯v, Hm-ô-kn-\v A-I¯v) Xn-c-¡-Y-bnÂ kv-]-ã-am-¡Ww. H-cp ko-\nÂ
\n-¶v a-säm-cp ko-\n-te-¡p-Å am-äw Jump kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww.
67. ]pXn-b ao-Un-b-¯n-te-¡v I-Y ]-IÀ-¯p-t¼mÄ Xn-c-¡-Ym-Ir-¯v F-s´m-s¡ L-«-
§-fm-Wv {i-²n-t¡-Xv?
D. {]-I-Shpw aqÀ-¯-hpam-b N-e-\w, A-Zr-iy-sa-¦nepw kw-th-Z-\-£-aam-b am-\-kn-I-N-
e\w, hm¡v, iÐw, \n-ÈÐ-X, kw-Ko-Xw t{]-£I-\v kz-´w a-\-Ên-sâ A-d-bnÂ
h-¨p kr-ãn \-S-¯m³ hn-Sp-¶ hn-S-hp-IÄ F-¶o L-S-I-§Ä h-¨p-sIm-m-Wv Xn-c-
¡-Y-Ir-¯v ]p-Xnb ao-Un-b-¯n- te-¡v I-Y ]-IÀ-¯p-¶-Xv.
68. _À-Kvam³ a-lmI-hn X-s¶ F-¶v Fw.Sn A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶-Xv F-´p-sImv?
D. kv-{Io³-t¹ H-cpX-cw aq-¶mwIn-S km-ln-Xy-hp-am-bn I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-¶ Im-e-ap-m-bn-
cp¶p. C-¶v A-Xn-\p am-äw h¶p. kv-{Io³-t¹ C-¶v G-sd hm-b-\-¡m-cp-Å km-ln-Xy
hn-`m-K-am-bn ]-cn-W-an¨p. Ip-tdm-tkm-h-bp-sSbpw _À-Kvam-sâbpw kv-{Io³-t¹-IÄ-¡p
km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \n-¶v Xmg-¯v Øm-\w \Â-Im³ Bcpw ss[-cy-s¸-SnÃ. _À-
Kvam³ Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ K-Xn-hn-K-Xn-I-sfbpw ssh-Imcn-I _-Ô-§-fn-se PoÀ-®-X-I-
sfbpw {Ko-jv-a-cm-hn-sâ hn-Im-c-t`-Z-§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼Mä A-hn-sS
kn\n-a A-sÃ-¦nÂ- km-lnXyw Im-hym-ß-I-X-bp-sS D-¶-X ta-J-e-bn-se-¯p¶p. ac-
Ww I-dp-¯ D-S-bm-S-b-Wn-ªv `-S-\p-am-bn N-Xp-cw-Kw I-fn-¡m-\n-cn-¡p-¶ cw-Kw
k-¦Â-]n-¨p _À-Kvam³ a-lmI-hn X-s¶ F-¶m-Wv Fw.Sn.bp-sS A-`n-{]mbw.
69. "C³-t^mÀaÀ' F-¶ kn-\n-a-bp-sS {]-ta-bw F´v?
D. C-cp]-Xv ]-h-\p-th-n H-fn-hn-ep-Å X-sâ ]-g-b Iq-«q-Im-c³ {^m-¦n-sb H-än-s¡m-Sp-
¡p¶ ssK-t¸m-hn-sâ [À-½-k-¦-S-amWv 'C³-t^mÀa-dn'sâ {]-tabw.
70. kv-{Io³-t¹ F-gp-¯p-ImÀ {i-²n-t¡--Xm-bn Fw.Sn. \nÀ-t±-in-¡p-¶ A-Sn-Øm-\-Im-
cy-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?
D. 1. Xm³ F-gp-Xp-¶ þ A-Xv X-tâ-Xm-hmw, a-äp-Å-h-cp-sS-Xmhmw þ {]-ta-b-¯n-sâ ssN-
X-\y-hpw B-ghpw I--dn-bp-I.
2. X-sâ I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä-¡p X-tâXm-b Nn-e am-\-§Ä Dimensions \Â-IpI.
t^m-kv-ä-dp-sS X-cw-Xn-cn-hn-\-\p-k-cn-¨p-Å H-gp-¡³ Flat I-Ym-]m-{X§-sf {Xn-am-\
Round I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fm-¡pI.
. hm-¡pI-sf am{Xw B-{i-bn-¡p-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä Ip-td I-gn-bp-t¼mÄ kw-km-cn-
¡p-¶ bm-{´-§-fm-Ip¶p. ]-d-bm-¯ hm-¡p-I-fn-eq-sS H-Xp-¡n-b hn-Im-c-§-fn-eq-sS
A-h-cp-sS a-\-Ên-sâ hm-XnÂ Xp-d-¡p-t¼mÄ A-hÀ t{]-£-I-cp-sS ap-¶nÂ Pz-en-¡p-
¶p-sh-¶ k-Xy-¯nÂ \n-¶p ap-X-se-Sp-¡pI.
5. kw-km-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ hm-¡p-IÄ-¡n-S-bn-se sNdn-b hn-S-hp-I-fn-eq-sSbpw kw-km-cn-
¡p-I.

6. G-ähpw {]-[m-\-am-bn kn\n-a F-¶ am-[y-a-¯n-\I-¯p \n-¶v kw-hn-[m-b-I-\p-am-bn

B-ssßIyw h-¶p {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-I. C-Xm-Wv kv-{Io³-t¹ F-gp-¯p-ImÀ {i-²n-t¡-
A-Sn-Øm-\ Im-cy-§-fm-bn Fw.Sn. ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶Xv.
71. X-h-f ]n-Sp-¯-¯n-\nsS I-®³ Im-ń-bp-sS X-e-bv-¡v In-gp-¡v sIm-Sp¯-Xv F-ń\v?
D. ]n-Sn-¨ X-h-f-I-sf FÃmw Im-ń-bp-sS ssI-¿n-ep-Å Nm-¡n-\-I-t¯-¡v C-«p-sIm-Sp-
¡p¶p. A-ev-]-t\-cw I-gn-ªm-Wv I-®-\-dn-bp¶-Xv Im-ń-bp-sS ssI-¿n-ep-Å
Nm-¡nsâ A-Sn-`mKw Hm-«-bm-sW¶v. A-Xp-h-sc-bp-Å A-[zm-\w hn-^-e-am-¡n-b-Xn-\m-
Wv I-®³ Im-ń-bp-sS X-e-¡n-«p In-gp-¡n-b-Xv. kn\n-a-bnse Hm¸-WnwKv ko\mWv
CXv.
72. "IrXyw ]-d-b-tW-ev C-\n-bn-t¸m tXm-sS®-Ww. F-tépw A-dn-ªn-§p X-¶manX'-
k-µÀ-`-taXv?
D. sh-Sn-¡m-c³ eq-¡m sIm-p-h-¶ ^-bÂ-hm-s\ X-¿Â-¡m-c³ in-h³-]n-Å¡v ]-cn-
N-b-s¸-Sp¯p-¶p. C-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ A-Sp-¯p-Å ap-dp-¡m³ I-S-bn-te-¡v ^-bÂ- t\m-
¡p¶-Xv X¿Â¡m-c³ Im-Wm-\n-S-bmbn. _oUntbm ap-dp¡mt\m th-W-sa-¦nÂ A-
hn-Sp-¶p kz-bw F-Sp-¡m³ in-h³-]n-Å- k½-Xw \ÂIn. F-¶mÂ ^-bÂ-hm³ IS-
bnÂ \n¶v H-¶n-\p-]nd-sI H-s¶m-¶m-bn ]-¯p-]-Xn\-©p ap-« F-Sp-¯p s]m-«n-¨p-I-
gn¨p. C-XpI-v A-Xn-i-b-s¸-«v A-Sp-s¯¯n-b in-h³-]n-Å-tbm-Sv F-{X-bm-bn F-¶v
^-bÂ-hm³ tNm-Zn¨p. a-dp-]-Sn-bm-bn in-h³-]n-Å-]-d-bp-¶-Xm-WnXv. Ir-Xyam-b I-W-
¡p-In-«m³ ap-«-t¯m-Sv F-®n t\m-¡Ww. F-s´-¦nepw I--dn-ªp \Â-In-bmÂ
a-Xn-sb-¶m-Wv in-h³-]n-Å-bp-sS \nÀ-t±-iw.
73. "\n-§-fn§-s\ t\m-¡n-s¡m-p \nÂ-¡m³ Xp-S-§n-bmÂ A-t±-l-¯n-s\m-cp ssh-j-
ay-am-bn-¯o-cpw-¶v ]-d-bv-Im-cp-¶p" þBÀ-¡v hn-j-a-ap-m-Ip-sa-¶m-Wv ]-d-bp-¶-Xv.
D. X-sâ I-S-bn-se¯n-b ^-bÂ-hm-s\ Im-Wm³ B-fp-IÄ Iq-«w-Iq-Sn \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xp-I-
in-h³-]n-Å \m-«pIm-tcm-Sp hn-fn-¨p ]-d-bp-¶-Xm-Wn-Xv. ^-bÂ-hm³ Ipd-¨p Znh-
kw X-sâ Iq-sS D-m-Ip-sa¶pw A-t¸mÄ A-t±l-s¯ C-\nbpw Im-W-W-sa¶pw
A-t±-lw Iq-Sn \n¶-h-tcm-Sp ]-d-bp¶p. A-Xp-tI-«v P-\w ]n-cn-ªp t]m-Ip-¶p.
74. "F-¶m-¸n-s¶ I-Sn-¡p-¶ ]-«n-sb h-fÀ-¯n \nÀ-¯m-cp-¶-tÃm"þ k-µÀ-`w hn-i-Z-am-
¡p-I
D. X-¿Â-¡m-c³ in-h³-]n-Å-bp-sS I-S-bnÂ AI-¯v c-v s_-©v ]n-Sn-¨n«v, A-Xn-
t·Â sN-cn-ªp In-S-¶p-d-§p-I-bm-Wv ^-bÂ-hm³. A-Xpw t\m-¡n Xm-Sn-¡p
ssI¿pw sIm-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p in-h³-]n-Å. A-t¸mÄ I-S-bn-te-¡v I-b-dnh-¶ H-cp
kv{Xo Xm³ X-¶ »u-kn-sâ I-gp-¯v C-d-¡w i-cn-bm¡ntbm F-¶v A-t\z-jn-
¡p¶p. ^-bÂ-hm³ AI-¯v D-d-§p-¶-Xn-\mÂ D-¨-¯nÂ kw-km-cn-¡-cp-sX-¶p
in-h³-]n-Å hn-e-¡p-¶p. ^-bÂ-hm³ h-¶-Xn-\mÂ A-ev-]w Xn-c-¡m-sW¶pw c-p-
Znh-kw I-gn-ªp Xcm-sa¶pw in-h³-]n-Å A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. kv{Xo in-h³-]n-Å-tbm-Sv
I-bÀ-¯pkw-km-cn-¡m³ Xp-S-§n-b-t¸mÄ ^-bÂ-hm³ D-WÀ-¶p X-e-sN-cn-¨p
t\m¡n. C-Xp-I-v t]-Sn-¨ kv{Xo I-S-bnÂ \n-¶v Cd-§n \-S-¡m³ Xp-S§n.
t]m-Ip¶ t]m-¡nÂ A-hÀ Xn-cn-ªp \n-¶v ]-d-bp-¶ kw-`m-j-W-am-WnXv.
75. "ssZ-hw X-¶ i-co-cw s]m¶p-t]m-se sh-¨p kq-£n-¡p-¶h-cm ^-bÂ-hm-·mcv' þ
k-µÀ-`-taXv?

A-sÃ-¦nÂ
76. ^-bÂ-hm-\v Xm-a-kn-¡m³ Ø-ew i-cn-bmb-Xv F-hnsS? F-§s\?
D. \Ã sh-Sn-bn-d-¨nbpw I-¡-bn-d-¨nbpw In-«p-¶ \m-«p-{]-tZ-iw X-\n-¡p \-¶m-bn ]n-Sn-s¨-
¶p ^-bÂ-hm³ ]-d-ª-t¸mÄ in-h³-]n-Å A-bmÄ-¡v \m«nÂ Xm-a-kn-¡m³ ]än-b
Ø-ew I-s-¯m-\p-Å B-tem-N-\-bn-embn. I®-sâ ho-«nÂ Xm-a-kn-¸n-¡m-\m-Wv
in-h³-]n-Å Xo-cp-am-\n-¨Xv. A-Xn-\m-bn I-®-s\bpw A-Ñ-s\-bp-sam-s¡ h-i-¯m-
¡m³ {i-an-¡p-I-bm-Wv, in-h³-]n-Å. I®\pw Imńbpw Xh-f-]n-Sp-¯-¯n\v
t]mIp-¶-Xn-\mÂ cm{Xn B-fnÃm-¯-t¸mÄ I®-sâ AÑ-\v H-cp Iq-«m-Ipw F-¶m-Wv
ta-kv-Xn-cn ]-d-ªXv. Iq-Sm-sX ]-eXpw ]d-ªv I-®-s\bpw A-Ñ-s\bpw tam-ln--¸n-
¡p-I-bm-Wv in-h³-]n-Å. km-[m-c-W ^-bÂ-hm-·m-cp h-¶mÂ Øe-s¯ {]-am-Wn-am-
cp dm-©n-sImp-t]mI-em ]-Xnhv. C-t¸mÄ ^-bÂ-hm-·m-cv t\-cn-«v h-¶v I-b-dnb-Xm
C-hn-sS? ^-bÂ-hm³ hn-Nm-cn-¨mÂ Im-in\pw ]-ª-sam-¶p-ap-m-InÃ. I-Åp-Ip-Sn,
]p-I-h-en, s]m-Sn-h-en F-¶n-h-sbm¶pw ^-bÂ-hm-\v CÃ. aq-¶p-t\-cw Ip-im-em-bn-«p
Xn¶pw hymbmaw sNbvXpw ssZ-hw X-¶ i-co-cw s]m¶p-t]m-se kq-£n-¡p-¶-h-cm-
Wv ^-bÂ-hm-·mÀ. ssZ-hn-IXzw D-Å-h-cm-Wv A-hcv. A-h-cp Xm-a-kn-¨mÂ A-Xn-sâ-
sbm-cp ]pWyw Cu a-®n-\p X-s¶ D-mIpw F-s¶m-s¡-bm-Wv in-h³ ]n-Å I-®-
s\-bpw A-Ñ-s\bpw ]d-ªp hn-iz-kn¸n-¨-Xv.
77. "C-¶p samX-ev ^-bÂ-hm³ t\-cn-s«m¶pw sN-e-hm-¡m, sN-e-shÃmw Rm³ h-ln-
¡pw. ]n-s¶ Imipw sIm-d-tªm-p h-cn-Im-WtÃm?"þ in-h³-]n-Å-bpsS Cu {]-kv-
Xm-h\-¡p ]n-d-In-se´v?
D. F-§p-\nt¶m X-sâ \m-«n-se¯n-b ^-bÂ-hm-s\ G-sä-Sp-¯p "aÂ-]n-Sp¯w' \S-¯n
Ipd-¨p t]cpw ]-Whpw D-m-¡m-sa-¶v in-h³-]n-Å I-cp-Xp¶p. Bin-¨-t]m-se DS-
s\ X-s¶ ^-bÂ-hm-\-s¡m-v D-S³ H-cp aÂ-]n-Sp-¯w kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡m³ in-h³-]n-
Å-bv-¡v H-cp A-hk-cw e-`n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. A-Xn-sâ B-th-iw -sIm-mWv
Cu {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bv-¡v inh³]nÅ X¿-dm-Ip-¶-Xv.
78. "Ç-gm F-\n-¡v ^-bÂ-hm-sâ ]m-Iw ]n-Sn-In-«-bXv. C-\n-bn-¸w Rm³ t\m-¡n-
t¡mfmw ^-bÂ-hm-sâ Im-cy-§fv'þBÀ-¡v F-t¸m-gm-Wv ^-bÂ-hm-sâ cp-Nn-bp-sS
]m-Iw ]n-Sn-In-«n-b-Xv.
D. I®-sâ A-Ñ³ th-eq-ªn-sâ {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bm-WnXv. ^-bÂ-hm-sâ Xma-kw th-eq-
ªn-sâ ]p-c-bn-emWv. H-cp Znh-kw A-bÂ-hm-knbm-b ImÀ-¯n-bp-sS tIm-gn-sb
^-bÂ-hm³ sIm-¶p I-dn-sh-¡m³ th-eq-ªn-s\ GÂ-¸n-¡p¶p. \Ã D-jm-dm-bn
th-eq-ªv tIm-gn s]m-cn-¨p-sIm- Sp¯p. ^-bÂ-hm³ Xn-¶p¶-Xv I--t¸m-Ä
th-eq-ªv A-`n-am-\-t¯m-sS ]-d-bp-¶-Xm-Wn-Xv.
79. "C-cp]-Xv þ C-cp-]-¯nb-©v cq-]-sb-¦n-epw X-cm-sX Rm³ H-cp-¯t\w hn-Sp-tIÃ!
^-bÂ-hm-t\bpw ò-a-tk-\-t\w H¶pw F-\n-¡v t]-Sn-bnÃ'þ B-cp-sS shÃp-hn-fn-bm-
WnXv? F-ń-\m-Wv ]-Ww B-h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶Xv?
D. A-bÂ-hm-kn ImÀ-¯n-bp-sS tIm-gn Xm³ Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶ ho-Sn-sâ apä-¯v D-em-¯p-¶-
Xp-I- ^-bÂ-hm-sâ hm-bnÂ sh-Å-aqdn. H-scm-ä A-Sn-¡v A-Xn-s\ sIm-¶v ^-bÂ-
hm³ th-eq-ªn-sâ ssI-¿nÂ sIm-Sp¯p. th-eqªpw ^-bÂ-hm\pw A-Xv s]m-cn-
¨p-Xn-¶p-¶-Xn-\n-sS ImÀ-¯n tIm-gn-sb Xnc-ªv A-hn-sS F¯n. X-sâ tIm-gn I-«p-

sIm-¶p-Xn-¶p-¶-Xdn-ª ImÀ-¯n th-eq-ªn-s\ No-¯-hn-fn¨p. X-\n-¡v tIm-gn-bp-sS

Im-iv C-t¸mÄ X-s¶ th-W-sa-¶v ImÀ-¯n B-h-iy-s¸«p. ]-Xn\-©p cq] tNm-Zn-¨n-«p
sIm-Sp-¡m-sX \nÀ-¯n-b-Xm-Wv ImÀ-¯n B tIm-gn-sb G-Xm-bmepw C-\n C-cp]-Xv þ
C-cp-]-¯nb-©v cq-]-sb-¦nepw th-W-sa¶pw A-Xp X-cm-sX H-cp-¯t\w hn-Sp-I-bnÃ
F-¶v ImÀ-¯n shÃp-hn-fn-¨p. ^-bÂ-hm-s\bpw `m-a-tk-\-s\-bp-sam¶pw X-\n-¡v
t]-Sn-bn-sÃ¶pw ImÀ-¯n Xp-d-¶-Sn-¡p¶p. tIm-gn-bp-sS Im-iv ta-kv-Xn-cn in-h³-]n-Å-
bnÂ \n¶pw hm-§n-¡m³ ^-bÂ-hm³ ImÀ¯n-tbm-Sv k-am-[m-\w ]-d-ª-t¸m-gm-
Wv ImÀ¯n-bpsS H-¨-¸m-Sv H-¶-h-km-\n-¨Xv.
80. "Rm³ h-n kv-ämÀ-«m-¡mw, ]n-Sn-¨p \nÀ¯mthm?' B-cp-sS shÃp-hn-fn-bm-WnXv?
k-µÀ-`-ta-XmWv?
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
81. "Rm³ sIm-p-hcpw C-Xn-t\-¡mÄ h-ey ^-bÂ-hms\" þ tPm-_v C§-s\ shÃp-hn-
fn-¡m-\n-Sbm-b km-l-N-cy-sa´v?
D. H-cn-¡Â tPm-_v X-sâ hm-l-\-hp-am-bn tdm-Un-eq-sS h-cp-t¼mÄ in-h³-]n-Åbpw
sh-Sn-¡m-c³ eq-¡mbpw h-gn-apS-¡n \n¶p. tPm-_n-sâ `-Åv Ip-d-¡-em-bn-cp-¶p A-h-
cp-sS D-t±-iyw. F-¶mÂ tlm-W-Sn-¨n«pw A-hÀ h-gn-am-dm-¯-XpI-v tPm-_v h-n
th-Kw Iq-«n F-Sp¯p. `-b-¶v h-gn-am-dm-t\ ta-kv-Xn-cn¡pw sh-Sn-¡m-c\pw \n-hr-¯n-bp-
m-bn-cp-¶pÅp. ]n-¶o-sSm-cn-¡Â X-sâ X-¿Â-¡-S-bv-¡-¸p-dw tPm-_v h-n \nÀ-¯n
C-d-§p-t¼mÄ ta-kv-Xn-cn A-h-\p-am-bn tImÀ¯p. £-Ww t\-cw sIm-v hmSm-t]m-Sm
hn-fn-IÄ t]mÀ-hn-fn-bn-te-¡v h-gn-amdn. ^-bÂ-hm-sâ H-ä-b-Sn-¡v tPm_pw Ah-sâ
]m-«h-nbpw ]-¸-S-am-Ip-sa-¶ ta-kv-Xn-cn-bp-sS hmZ-s¯ tPm-_v F-XnÀ¯p. "C-h³
F-t«m-gv-kv ]Æ-dv km-[-\am. . Ch-sâ Im-ä-Sn-¨mÂ h-sc ]-d-]-d-¡pw' F-¶p tPm-_v
Xn-cn-¨-Sn¨p. F-¦nÂ A-sXm-¶p Im-W-W-atÃm F-¶m-bn ta-kv-Xncn. A-hÀ X-½nÂ
s_-äp-sh¨p. B-fp-IÄ IqSn. X-sâ h-n ]n-Sn-¨p \nÀ-¯n-bmÂ Xm³ A-hn-sS sh-¨v
X-sâ ao-i-h-Sn-¡m-sa-¶p tPm-_v {]-Jym-]n¨p. A-§-s\-sb-¦nÂ Xm³ tXm-ämÂ sam-
«-b-Sn-¡m-sa-¶v ta-kv-Xn-cnbpw {]-Jym]-\w \-S¯n. sh-Sn-¡m-c³ eq-¡m-sb hn-[n-IÀ-
¯m-hm-¡n aÕ-cw B-cw-`n¨p. tPm-_n-sâ hml-\w ^-bÂ-hm³ H-cp-hn-[w ]n-Sn-¨p
\nÀ-¯p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. ]-cm-P-b-s¸« tPm-_n-\v in-h³-]n-Å am-¸v \Â-In-sb-¦nepw
A-h\-Xv C-ã-s¸-«nÃ. ]q-¨-¸q-S-t]m-epÅ B ao-ibpw sh-¨m-Wv A-h³ hen-b B-fp-
I-fn-¨p \-S-¡p-¶-sX¶pw Xm-\m-bn-«v A-Xv CÃmbv-a sN-¿p-¶n-sÃ¶pw ta-kv-Xn-cn ]-cn-
l-kn-¨p-hn«n. A-hn-sS-bp-Å-Xn-t\-¡mÄ hen-b ^-bÂ-hm-s\ Xm³-sIm-p-h-cp-sa-¶v
A-tX \m-«nÂ sh-¨v X-s¶ B X-Snb-s\ a-eÀ-¯n-b-Sn-¸n-¨n-sÃ-¦nÂ X-sâ A-¸³
th-sd-bm-sW¶pw shÃp-hn-fn-¨m-Wv tPm-_v A-hn-Sw hn-«Xv.
82. "A-Xv FÃm ^-bÂ-hmsâw hn-[n-bm" Cu {]-kv-Xm-h-\-bp-sS km-cw F´v?
D. H-cp ^-bÂ-hm-s\ sIm-p-h-cp-sa¶pw tXmÂ-¸n-¡p-sa-¶pÅ tPm-_n-sâ shÃp-hn-fn
Im-cy-am-bn-¯-s¶-bm-Wv in-h³-]n-Å G-sä-Sp-¯-Xv. tPm-_v sIm-p-h-cp-¶ ^-bÂ-
hm-s\ X-d-]-än-¡m-\p-Å X-¿m-sd-Sp-¸p-IÄ-¡v A-t±-lw X-sâ ^-bÂ-hm-s\ {]m-]v-X-
\m-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv k-µÀ`w. hm-in-]-d-ªn-«v H-Sp-hnÂ tXm-äp am-\-t¡-Sp-m-¡-cp-sX-¶v
A-bmÄ ^-bÂ-hm-s\ D-WÀ-¯n-¡p¶p. ap-¶q-dv cq-] ôkpw sIm-Sp-¯v tPm-_v
sIm-p-h-cp-¶ ^-bÂ-hm³ H-¯n-cn tI-«p-tIÄ-hn D-Å-h-\m-sW-¶ ta-kv-Xn-cn-bp-sS

A-`n-{]m-b-t¯m-Sv ^-bÂ-hm\pw tbm-Pn-¡p¶p. H-cn-¡Â _mw-¥q-cnÂ sh-¨v ko-\n-

bÀ ^-bÂ-hm\m-b A-bm-fp-am-bn A-Sn-¨-t¸mÄ Xm³ tXmäp-t]m-b-Xm-sW-¶v ^-bÂ-
hm-\nÂ \n-¶v tI-« ta-kv-Xn-cn ]-I-¨p-sIm-v A-bm-sf t\m¡n. ko-\n-bdpw
Pq\nbdpw H-¶pw \m-«p-Im-cp-sS A-Sp-¯v sN-e-hm-In-sÃ-¶pw tXm-ämÂ ]ns¶ am-\w
\-ã-s¸-«v ]p-d-t¯-¡v X-e-s]m-¡n \S-¡n \-S-¡m³ ^-bÂ-hm-\p km-[n-¡n-sÃ¶pw
ta-kv-Xn-cn Xp-d-¶-Sn-¨-t¸mÄ FÃm ^-bÂ-hm-·m-cp-sSbpw hn-[n A-Xp-X-s¶-bm-sW-¶v
^-bÂ-hm³ ]-d-bp¶p. h-cm-\n-cn-¡p-¶ ^-bÂ-hm³ X-t¶m-Sv tXm-ämÂ A-tXm-sS A-
bm-fp-sS t]cpw s]-cp-a-bpw Xocp-sa-¶pw ]n-s¶ sX-p-Itbm \m-Sp-hn-Sp-Itbm
H-s¡ sN-¿p-I-tb \n-hr-¯n-bpÅp. ]n-Sp-¯-¯nÂ tXm-ä-t¸mÄ {`m-´p-]n-Sn-¡p-Ibpw
Im-sem-Sn-¨p -Ifbp-Ibpw Xq-§n-¨-¯-hcpw H-s¡ ^-bÂ-hm-·mÀ-¡n-S-bnÂ D-s-¶v
^bÂ-hm³ hn-i-Zo-I-cn¨-Xv ta-kv-Xn-cnbpw th-eqªpw A-¼-c-t¸m-sS-bm-Wv tI-«-Xv.
83. "G-Xm-bmepw ^-bÂ-hm-\v s]-®n-s\ h-ey Im-cy-am" ImÀ-¯n C§-s\ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-
Sm-\n-Sbm-b km-l-N-cy-taXv?
D. B-{Ô-¸p-en-bp-am-bp-Å aÂ-]n-Sp-¯w P-bn-¨-tXm-sS ^-bÂ-hm-\v \m-«n-Â t]cpw
s]-cp-abpw In-«n. C\n Cu \m-Sp-hn«p-t]m-tI-s¶pw s]®p-sI-«n Iq-S-W-sa¶pw
in-h³-]n-Å-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-¯nÂ \m-«p-ImÀ ^-bÂhm-t\m-Sv B-h-iy-s¸«p. X-sâ
a-IÄ N-¡c-sb ^-bÂ-hm-\p sIm-Sp-¡-W-sa-¶ Xm-Xv-]cyw ImÀ-¯n¡v Dv. A-Xv
in-h³-]n-Å-tbm-Sv ]-¦p-sh-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv kµÀ`w. aÕ-cw P-bn-¨p-h-¶ ^-bÂ-hm³
N-¡c-¡v ]mcn-tXm-jn-I-am-bn hÃXpw Xn-¶m-s\-¶v ]d-ªv ]-¯pcq-] \Â-InbXv
At±-l-¯n-\v N¡ctbm-Sp hen-b Xm-Xv-]cyw tXm-¶n-b-Xp-sIm-m-sW-¶v ImÀ-¯n
A`n{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. ta-kv-Xn-cn H-¶p ^-bÂhm-t\m-Sp C-¡mcyw kw-km-cn-¡-W-sa-¶v
ImÀ-¯n N-«w sI-«p¶p.
84. "^-bÂ-hm-\v {_-Ò-Ncyw {]-[m\-am!" k-µÀ-`w F-gpXp-I
D. ImÀ-¯n-bp-sS B-h-iy-{]-Im-cw ta-kv-Xn-cn- in-h³-]n-Å- ^-bÂ-hm-\p-am-bn hn-hm-l-
¡mcyw NÀ-¨ sN-¿p-¶-Xm-Wv k-µÀ`w. t]m-cnÂ P-bn-¨-Xn-\mÂ C-\n H-¯n-cn ^-bÂ-
hm-·mÀ h-¶p Xp-S-§p-sa¶pw A-Xn-\mÂ Xm-a-kn-¡m³ \-sÃm-cp ho-Sp-th-W-sa¶pw
in-h³-]n-Å ^-bÂ-hm-s\ D-]-tZ-in-¡p¶p. \Ã-t]m-se B-lm-cw h-¨p-X-cm\pw
F-®-bn-«p-gn-bm\pw Np-Wbpw sIm-gp-¸p-ap-sÅm-cp s]-®v D-m-Ip¶-Xv \Ã-Xm-
sW¶pw A-t±-lw ]-d-bp¶p. hn-hm-lw- sN-t¿ {]mb-¯nÂ hn-hm-ln-X-\m-bn-sÃ-
¦nÂ ]n-s¶ A-t\z-jn-¨p sNÃp-t¼mÄ X-\n-¡p-m-b-t]m-se s]-®p-In-«m-¯ A-h-
Ø h-cp-sa-¶v in-h³-]n-Å HmÀ-½n-¸n-¡p¶p. C-sXÃmw tI-« ^-bÂ-hm³ ]-d-bp-¶-
Xm-Wv {]-kvXp-X Im-cyw. "]s£, ta-Ènco, ^-bÂ-hm-\v {_m-Ò-Ncyw {]-[m\-am!'
^-bÂ-hm-\p am-{X-aÃ FÃm-hÀ¡pw {_m-Ò-Ncyw {]-[m-\-am-sW¶pw A-Xv A§-
s\¯-s¶ C-cp-t¶m-s«-sb¶pw hÃ-t¸mgpw A-sXm¶p ew-Ln-¨mÂ a-Xn-sb-¶p-am-Wv
ta-kv-Xn-cn A-Xn-\p a-dp]-Sn ]-d-ªXv. H-Sp-hnÂ ImÀ-¯n-bp-sS a-IÄ N-¡-c-bp-am-bp-
Å ^-bÂ-hm-sâ I-Ãym-Ww ta-kv-Xn-cn D-d-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
85. "C\ow am¸n-f A-¼-e-¯o-t¡-do-¶v ]-dªv, FÃmcpw Iq-sS F-s¶ XÃn-s¡mÃqw
Iq-sS th-W-am-bn-cn-¡pw" B-cp-sS hm-¡p-I-fm-WnXv?
D. ^-bÂ-hm-\p-am-bp-Å X-sâ IÃym-W-¯n-\v tPm-_v h-cmª-Xv F-t´ F-¶ N-¡-c-
bp-sS tNm-Zy-¯n-\v tPm-_v ]-d-bp-¶ D-¯-c-am-WnXv. {]-kvXp-X hm-Iyw. c-pX-h-W

^-bÂ-hm-\p-am-bpmb t]m-cm-«-¯nsâ HmÀ-½ D-Å-Xp-sIm-m-Wv X-sâ ]qÀ-Æ-Im-

ap-In-bm-bn-cp-¶ N¡-c-tbm-Sv tPm-_v C-Xv ]-d-ªXv. Iq-Sm-sX N-¡-c- X-s¶ H-gn-hm-
¡n ^-bÂ-hm-s\ hn-hm-lw I-gn-¨-Xn-sâ ]n-W-¡hpw Ah-sâ hm-¡p-I-fn-epv.
86. "F-¶mepw N-¡-c-bv-¡v A-Xm-cp-¶ tNÀ-¨' I-®³ F-´v tNÀ-¨-bm-Wv D-t±-in-¨Xv?
D. tPm_pw N-¡-cbpw C-ã-¯n-em-sW-¶ Imcyw I®-\v A-dn-bmw. tPm-_n-\v ]I-cw
N-¡-c ^-bÂ-hm-s\ h-cn¨-Xv I®\v CjvS-am-bn-Ã. H-cp tNÀ-¨-bpw C-sÃ-¶m-Wv I®-
sâ A-`n-{]mbw. tPm-_p X-s¶-bm-Wv ^-bÂ-hm-s\-¡mÄ \Ã-sX-¶m-Wv I-®³ A-
h-tfm-Sv ]-d-bm³ D-t±-in-¨Xv.
87. "H-¯p-]n-Sn-¡m³ F-s¶ In-«p-tIÃ. Kp-kv-Xn ssZ-hn-I-Xz-ap-Å kw-K-Xn-bm'þ^-bÂ-
hm³ C§-s\ ]-d-bm³ Im-c-W-sa´v?
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
88. "h-ey ]peow I-cSow H¶pw th-, C-¨n-sc XSow an-Sp¡qw H-s¡-bp-Å G-sX-¦nepw
H-cp tNm-«m ^-bÂ-hm-s\ In-«n-bm-aXn"
D. B-{Ô-¸p-en-bp-am-bp-Å aÂ-¸n-Sp-¯-¯n-\p ti-jw ^-bÂ-hm-\p ]pXn-b a-Õ-c-§-
sfm¶pw H-¯p h-¶nÃ. ^-bÂ-hm-\p-Å sN-e-hn\pw sIm-Sp-¯p in-h³-]nÅ-¡v a-Sp-
¯p Xp-S§n. Im-S-bn-d-¨nbpw Xn-¶v I-gn-ªmÂ aXntbm B-sc-sb-¦n-ep-sam-s¡ h-cp-
¯n H-¶p a-eÀ-¯n-b-Sn-t¡-t F-¶ in-h³-]n-Å-bp-sS tNm-Zy-¯n-\p Kp-kv-Xn-bp-sS
Im-ew t]m-sb¶pw Bcpw Kp-kv-Xn-bnÂ Xm-Xv-]cyw Im-Wn-¡p-¶n-sÃ¶pw ^-bÂ-
hm³ hn-jm-Z-t¯m-sS a-dp]-Sn ]-dªp. A-Xpw ]-d-ªn-cp-¶n-«v Im-cy-an-sÃ-¶m-Wv
in-h³-]n-Å-bp-sS ]£w. A-§p-an-§p-am-bn B-sc-sb-¦nepw ^-bÂ-hm³-am-cm-bn-«v
Im-Wpw. hen-b ]p-enbpw I-c-Sn-bp-sam¶pw th-. Ip-d-¨v X-Snbpw an-Sp¡pw H-s¡-bp-
Å G-sX-¦nepw H-cp tOm«m ^-bÂ-hm-s\ In-«n-bmÂ aXn. A§-s\ B-sc-sb-¦nepw
In-«n-bmÂ B-Zy-ta ]-d-ªph-¨v sN-dn-sbm-cp Xp-Ibpw ssI-¿nÂ sh-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡-
Ww. F-¶n-«v Np-½m A-§v ]n-Sn-¨mÂ aXn. in-h³-]n-Å-bpsS Cu \nÀ-t±-i-t¯m-Sv
tbm-Pn-¡m³ ^-bÂ-hm-\m-bnÃ. H-¯p-]n-Sn-¡m³ X-s¶ In-«p-I-bn-sÃ-¶v A-bmÄ
]d-ªp ssZ-hn-I-Xz-ap-Å kw-K-Xn-bm-Wv Kp-kv-Xn F-¶m-Wv ^-bÂ-hm-sâ ]£w.
89. "A-sXm-s¡ C-t¸m-¡m-Wm-¸mT-am. A-{Í-sÊm-¶p ]-d-ªp X-¶m-a-Xn'þ F-´m-Wv
Im-Wm-¸mT-am-bn-«p-Å hn-jbw'.
D. Ip-td-¡m-e-am-bn ^-bÂ-hm-\p-am-bn Kp-kv-Xn-]n-Sn-¡m³ Bcpw Xnc-¡n h-cm-¯-Xn-
\mÂ ^-bÂ-hm-·m-sc C-t§m-«v hn-fn-¡m-\p-Å {i-aw in-h³-]n-Å Xp-S-§n. ap-¼v Ip-
d-¨p-t]À-¡v £-Wn-¨p-sIm-v I-¯v F-gp-Xn-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw H-cp a-dp-]-Snbpw D-m-
bnÃ. A-h-km-\-am-bn H-cp h-«w Iq-Sn {i-an¨p-t\m-¡m-sa-¶v in-h³-]n-Å I-cp-Xp¶p.
I-®qÀ, X-e-tÈ-cn `m-K-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³ D-s-¶v A-dn-ª-t¸mÄ A-bmÄ-
s¡m-cp I-s¯-gp-Xm-sa-¶v i-n-h³-]n-Å \nÀ-t±-in-¨-Xn-s\-¯p-SÀ-¶v ^-bÂ-hm³
I¯nsâ Bcw-`-ambn ]Xnhv t]mse iw-Jv h-ct¨m F-¶p Xnc-¡n A-sXm-s¡
Xm³ ]-t sd-Un-bm-¡n h-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶v in-h³-]n-Å A-dn-bn¨p. I-¯n-sâ
D-ÅS-¡w ]-d-bm³ ^-bÂ-hm³ {i-an-¨-t¸m-gm-Wv A-sXm-s¡ X-\n-¡v Im-Wm-¸mT-am-
sW¶pw A-{U-Êp ]-d-ªp-X-¶mÂ a-Xn-sb¶pw in-h³-]n-Å B-h-iy-s¸-«Xv.
90. "C-t§m-«mcpw h-¶n-tÃ-ev, F-hn-tSbpw t]m-bn ]n-Sn-¨p Im-sim-m-¡n sIm-p-h-cm³
]-d-sbSn! C-tÃ-t¸m-bn Iq-en-th-e sN¿-s«! X-Sn-sbmtÃm"

D. Kp-kv-Xn ]n-Sp-¯-anÃm-sX \-S-¡p-¶ ^-bÂ-hm³ ImÀ-¯n-¡v H-cp `m-c-am-bn Xp-S-§n-

bn-cp¶p. sh-dp-tX Xn-¶p ap-Sn-¡p-I-am-{X-am-Wv A-bmÄ sN-¿p¶-Xv F-¶m-Wv ImÀ-
¯n-bp-sS A-`n-{]m-bw. A-bmÄ-¡p sN-e-hp-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\p ]-Ww in-h³-]n-Å
X-cp-am-bn-cp¶p. h-¶ph-¶p A-bmfpw ssI-a-eÀ-¯m³ Xp-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. H-cp Znh-
kw ^-bÂ-hm³ ]p-d¯p-t]m-Im-s\m-cp-§n-b-t¸mÄ Ipd-¨v tX-bn-ebpw ]-©-km-
cbpw Xn-cn-¨p-h-cp-t¼mÄ hm-§n-h-c-W-sa-¶v ImÀ-¯n B-h-iy-s¸«p. C-sÃ-¦nÂ Ime-
¯p Nm-b Ip-Sn-¡m-\m-hn-sÃ¶pw A-dn-bn¨p. CXv ^bÂhm-s\bpw `mcy N¡-sc-
tbbpw sNm-Sn-¸n-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. X-sâ `À-¯m-hn-\v Kp-kv-Xn ]n-Sn-¡m³ Bcpw h-cm-
¯-Xn-\m-em-Wv \ne-hnse km¼-¯nI {]-Xnk-Ôn F-¶v N-¡-c A-½-tbmSv
]d-ªp. C-t§m-«v h-¶n-sÃ-¦nÂ F-hn-sS-sb-¦nepw t]m-bn a-Õ-cn-¨p Im-ip-sIm-p-
h-cm³ `À-¯mhn-t\m-Sp ]-d-bWw F¶v ImÀ-¯n \nÀ-t±-in¨p. C-sÃ-¦nÂ X-sâ
tIm-gnI-sf Xn-¶p-m¡n-b X-SnbptÃm AXpsIm-p Iq-en¸-Wn sNbvXv ]W-ap-
m-¡s« F¶pw ImÀ¯n tZjy-t¯msS Adn-bn-¨p.
91. "Cu-sbm-cp kwK-Xn \½-fp c-p-t]-cÃm-sX H-cp-¯³ A-dn-b-cp-Xv'þ kwK-Xn F´v?
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
92. "F-s¶ B s]-®p-¼n-Å h-¶p XÃn-s¡mÃpw. A-Xo-t`-Zw Rm-\q-sS Iq-sS h-cmw.
F-s¶bo \m-«o A-]-I-S-s¸-Sp-¯o-«v s]m-bv-¡-f-b-tÃ"- B-cp-sS A`yÀ°-\-bm-WnXv?
D. Kp-kv-Xn ]n-Sp-¯-¯n-\v ]pXn-b B-sf In-«m-sX h-¶-t¸mÄ ^-bÂ-hm³ \m-Sp-hn-Sm-
s\m-cp-§p¶p. ]-t£ A-bmÄ t]m-bmÂ ]n-s¶ Xn-cn-¨p h-t¶-¡nÃ F-¶ `-bw
in-h-]n-Å-bv-¡pv. a-säm-cp \m-«nÂ A-bmÄ-¡v `m-cy-bp-Å c-lkyw i-n-h³-]n-Å
^bÂhm³ ]dªv a-\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-«pv. B-Zyta A-¡mcyw A-dn-bm-sX-bm-Wv
inh³]nÅ N-¡c-sb ^bÂhm-s\-s¡mv sIm-p hn-hm-lw I-gn-¸n-¨Xv. Ah-
fpsS A½ ImÀ-¯n C-X-dn-ªmÂ D-m-tb-¡m-hp-¶ hn]-¯p in-h³-]n-Å B-tem-
Nn-¡m-t\ h-¿. A-tXmÀ-¯m-Wv A-bmÄ ^-bÂhm-t\m-Sv {]-kvXp-X A`yÀ°\
\-S-¯p-¶-Xv.
93. C-\n ap-XÂ H-ä am-{In-I-sfbpw sImÃp-¶n-sÃ-¶v I-®³ ]-d-bm-\p-Å Im-c-W-sa-´m-
bn-cp¶p?
D. X-h-fI-sf sImÃm-sX ]n-Sn-¨p-h-fÀ-¯m-\m-Wv X-§-fp-sS ]-²-Xn-sb-¶v I-®³ N¡-c-
sb Adn-bn-¡p-¶p. h-fÀ-¯n hen-b ap-«-·m-cm-bn am-dn-bmÂ \m-«n-ep-Å s]-¼n-Åmsc
Hm-tcm-cp¯-sc am-{In-sb-s¡m-p hn-hm-lw I-gn-¸n-¡-em-Wv A-h-cp-sS e-£yw.
94. "A-hÀ £a tNm-Zn¡pw t]m-se I®-s\ t\m¡n" Bcv? £-a tNm-Zn-¡m-\pm-b
km-l-Ncyw F´v?
D. A-bÂ-hm-knbm-b I®-s\ ImÀ-¯n Hcp hn-hm-l-¯n-\p t{]-cn-¸n-¡p¶p. X-sâ
a-IÄ N-¡c-sb I®-s\ sIm-v ]p-\À-hn-hm-lw sN-¿n-¸n-¡m³ ImÀ-¯n B-{K-ln-
¡p¶p. I-®-sâbpw ImÀ-¯n-bp-sSbpw hnhm-l-¡mcyw kw_-Ôn¨ kw-`mj-Ww
ho«n-\-I¯v Ccp¶v N-¡-c tIÄ-¡p-¶p-m-bn-cp¶p. I-®-s\-s¡m-v X-s¶ DS³
hn-hm-lw I-gn-¸n¡pw F-¶p-d¸m-b km-l-N-cy-¯nÂ N-¡-c C-S-s]-Sp-¶p. I-®-s\
X-sâ N¯p-t]m-b a-I³ tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W-s\-t¸m-se-bm-Wv ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-sX-¶pw
I®sâ \·-bmWv Xsâ e£y-sa-¶p-apÅ A-½-bp-sS ]-d-¨nÂ I-Å-¯-c-am-sW-¶v
N-¡-c Xpd-¶-Sn-¡p-¶p. GsX-¦nepw A½ KÀ-`n-Wnbm-b H-cp s]-®n-s\ kz-´w aI-

sâ X-e-bnÂ h-¨p-sI-«n-s¡m-Sp¡ptam F-¶v N-¡c tNm-Zn-¡p¶p. Xm³ KÀ-`n-Wn

B-b-Xn-\mÂ I®-sâ X-e-bnÂ sI-«n-sh-¡p-I-bm-Wv Xsâ A-½ F-¶pw N-¡-c
Xpd-¶p ]-d-bp¶p. Xm³ KÀ-`n-Wn-bm-sW-¶ k-Xyw N-¡-c bm-sXm-cp k-t¦m-N-hp-
anÃm-sX I®s\ c£-s¸-Sp-¯m-\mbn A-h-cp-sS ap-¼m-sI sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.
C-sXÃmw tI-«v sR«n-¯cn¨ I-®-t\m-Sm-Wv £-a-tNm-Zn¡pw t]m-se ImÀ-¯n t\m-
¡p-¶-Xv.
95. in-h³-]nÅ-¡v ^-bÂ-hm³ A-b-¨ I-¯n-sâ D-ÅS-¡w F-´m-bn-cp¶p?
D. Xm³ ]-e-bn-S-¯m-bn I-d-§p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw C-t¸mÄ sXm-«-Sp-¯v H-cn-S-¯p-
s-¶pw 23 m w-Xn¿-Xn sh-Ån-bmgv-N \m-«n-te-¡v h-cp-sa-¶p- am-bn-cp-¶p ^-bÂ-
hm-sâ I-¯n-sâ D-Å-S¡w. X-sâ s]-®n-s\-¡p-dn-¨v G-Xm-v tIÄ¡m-\n-S-bm-bn.
tI-«-sXm-s¡ i-cnbmtWm F-¶v A-dnbp-I Iq-Sn h-c-hn-sâ D-t±-iy-am-sW¶pw
I-¯nÂ tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.
D]\ym-k am-Xr-I-bn-epÅ tNm-Zy-§Ä
96. ]-ß-cmP-sâ Xn-c-¡-Y-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-XIÄ "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ Xn-c-
¡Y-sb ap³-\nÀ-¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.
kqN-\: a-\p-jy Po-hn-X-¯n-ep-m-Ip-¶ _-Ô-§-fp-sS ssh-Nn-{Xy hn-ti-j-§-fn-
te¡pw ssh-Im-cn-Im-h-Ø-I-fn-te-¡pw hn-cÂ Nq-p-¶ Xc-¯nÂ cNn-¡-s¸« Xnc-
¡Yþ F-hn-sS \nt¶m h-¶v hfsc s]-s«-¶v lotdm B-bn amdn-b H-cmÄ Iq-sS \n-
¶-h-cmÂ t]mepw ]p-d-´-Å-s¸-Sp-¶ Zpc´ IYm-]m-{X-ambn ]cn-W-an-¡p¶ Z-b\o-b
ØnXnþ ]n-Sn-In-«m-¯ \m-\mÀ-°-§-fp-sS Np-gn-bnÂ ho-Wp- ]n-S-bp-¶ am-\-kn-Ihpw
im-co-cn-I-hpam-b I-S-¸m-SpIÄþ ap-X-se-Sp-¸n-sâ ku-lr-Zw. (D-Z: ^-bÂ-hm-s\ ImÀ-
¯nbpw ta-kv-Xn-cn-bpw, N-¡c-sb tPmhpw) þ kn-\n-a-bp-sS B-cw-`-¯nÂ I-®³
]n-Sn-¨ X-h-f Nm-¡n-se Zzm-c-¯n-eqsS DuÀ-¶v t]m-Ip-¶ ko-³ kn-\n-a-bpsS D-Å-S¡-
s¯ km-[q-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.
97. "H-cn-S-s¯m-cp ^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ ioÀ-j-I-¯nsâ Hu-NnXyw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.
kpN-\: H-cp {Km-a-¯n-te-¡v F-hn-sS \nt¶m H-cp ^-bÂ-hm³ F-¯p¶pþ \m-«p-ImÀ
^-bÂ-hm-s\ G-sä-Sp-¡p-¶pþ Kp-kv-Xn CÃm-Xm-b-t¸mÄ asämcp Imcy-¯n\pw D]-I-
cn-¡m¯ ^bÂhms\ \m-«p-ImÀ A-t±l-s¯ X-Ån-¡-f-bp¶pþ \m-«nÂ \n-¶v
A-t±-lw F-t§mt«m Cd-§n t]m-Ip¶pþ kz´-amb C-Sw tX-Sepw t\-Sepw \-ã-s¸-
S-epw lr-Z-b-t`-Z-I-am-bn ]-ß-cm-P³ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
98. "^-bÂ-hm³' F-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-s¯ \n-cq]-Ww sN¿pI
kqN-\: Xn-c-¡-Y-bn-ep-S-\ofw Cu I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n-\v ^-bÂ-hm³ F-¶ t]-cm-Wv
D-ÅXv. kz-ám-b t]-cnÃþ F-hn-sS \n-¶p h-cp-¶p F-¶-dn-bnÃþ^-bÂ-hm³ F¶
t]cnÂ ]e-bn-S¯pw I-d-§-em-Wv Po-hn-X-¯n-eq-S-\o-fwþ`-ànbpw \n-jvT-bp-ap-Å hy-
àn-Xz-am-Wvþ\n-Xyhpw \Ã coXn-bn-epÅ `-£-Whpw hym-bm-ahpw C-t±-l-¯n-\v \nÀ-
_-Ô-amWvþ a-Zym-]\w, ]p-I-hen, kv-{Xo-hnj-bw XpS-§n bm-sXm-cp Zp-Èo-e-§fpw
CÃþ ^-bÂ-hm³ F-¶ sXm-gn-en-sâ Kp-W-hpw tZm-jhpw C-bmÄ-¡v \-¶m-b-dn-
bmwþ ^bÂhm-\mbn Pohn-t¡-n-h-¶Xv Xsâ hn[n-bm-sW¶v CbmÄ hniz-kn-
¡p-¶pþ kv-t\-ln-¨h-sc kv-a-c-W-bp-Å Iq-«-¯n-em-Wv C-t±lw. (DZm: N-¡c-¡v
]-¯p- cq-]- \Â-In-bXpw _o-]m-¯p-½ F-¶ `m-cysb HmÀ-¯-Xpw.)

99. N-¡-c F-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n-sâ kzm-`m-h-Nn-{Xo-Ic-Ww \-S-¯pI.

kqN-\: Xn-c-¡-Y-bp-sS Xp-S-¡-¯nÂ Ip-kr-Xnbpw Iu-Xp-Ihpw Xp-Sn-¡p-¶ kz-`m-
hwþ]n-¶o-Sv Zp-c-´ I-Ym-]m-{X-am-bn A-hÄ ]-cn-W-an-¡p-¶p. ImÀ-¯n-bp-sS a-IÄ,
tPm-_n-sâ {]-W-bn\n, ^-bÂ-hm-sâ `m-cy, I®-sâ A-bÂ-hm-kn C-Xm-Wv N-¡-c-
bp-sS I-Ym-]m-{X-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯n-sâ \m-e-Xn-cpIÄþ Cu A-Xn-cp-IÄ-¡p-ÅnÂ
Ir-Xyam-b taÂ-hn-em-kw kr-ãn-¡m³ A-hÄ G-sd ]m-Sp-s]-Sp¶pþ I-®-t\m-Sm-Wv
A-hÄ XpS-¡w apX-te Iq-Sp-XÂ kzm-X-{ý-t¯m-sS C-S-]-g-Ip-¶-Xvþ^-bÂ-hm-
sâ `m-cy F-¶ ]Z-hn \Ã \n-e-bnÂ A-hÄ sIm-p \-S-¡p-¶pþA-bm-Ä hn«p-t]m-
b-t¸mÄ tPm-_n-sâ sI-Wn-bnÂ ho-gp-¶pþI®-sâ X-e-bnÂ sI-«n-sh-¡-s¸-Sp-sa-
¶m-b-t¸mÄ B bp-hm-hn-s\ c-£n-¡m³ Xm³- cl-ky-KÀ`w Npa-¡p-¶-h-fm-Wv
F¶v ]-c-ky-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.

Module – 3
B-ßI-Y, kv-a-cW
1. F-´m-Wv Po-h-N-cn{Xw Biography
H-cmÄ a-säm-cm-fp-sS Po-hn-X-hr-¯m-´w hmb-\-£-a-ambn F-gp-Xp-¶-Xm-Wv Po-h-N-cn-{Xw.
hy-àn-Xz-amÀ-¶ H-cp I-Ym-cq-]-am-Wn-Xv.
2. _-tbm-{K-^n Biography F-¶ ]-Zw B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn¨-Xv B-cv ? F-hnsS?
D. 1683 "¹q-«mÀ¡v' k-am-lm-c-¯n-se-gpXn-b B-ap-J-¯nÂ ss{U-U³ F-¶ Cw-¥o-jv km-
ln-Xy-Im-c-\m-Wv _-tbm-{K-^n F-¶ ]-Zw B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¨-Xv.
3. Po-h-N-cn-{X-¯n-\v H-cp \nÀ-ÆN-\w F-gpXp-I
D. I-em-kr-ãn F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ X-¿m-dm¡n-b H-cp hy-àn-bp-sS k-Xy-k-Ôam-b Po-hn-X
tc-J-bm-Wv Po-h-N-cn{Xw F-¶v l-tcmÄ-Uv \n-Iv-k³ -\nÀ-Æ-Nn-¡p¶p.
4. e-£-W-sam-¯ B-Zy-s¯ Po-h-N-cn-{X-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ Ir-Xn GXv?
D. A¼-Xp {]-ikv-X hy-àn-I-fp-sS Po-h-N-cn{Xw DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ "se-hn³' B-Wv e-£-W-
sam-¯ B-Zy Po-h-N-cn-{X-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. {In-kv-Xp-hÀ-jw 46þ120 Im-e-§Ä-¡n-
S-bnÂ Po-hn-¨n-cp-¶ ¹q-«mÀ-¡v B-Wv {Ko-¡p `m-j-bnÂ ‘se-hn³' X-¿m-dm-¡n-bXv.
¹q-«mÀ¡-n-\v ap-t¼ tImÀ-Wo-enb-kv \n-¸m-kv (_n.kn 99þ24) e-¯o-\nÂ Nn-e-cp-sS Po-h-
N-cn{Xw F-gp-Xn-bn-«p-s-¶v ]-d-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
5. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy Po-h-N-cn-{X Ir-Xn GXv?
D. aÀkn-t\m-kv ]p-tcm-ln-X³ C-äm-en-b³ `m-j-bnÂ \n-¶v hn-hÀ¯-\w sNbv-X hn-ip-²
t{X-ky-bp-sS N-cn-{X kw-t£-]w 1886 Â BWv Cu Ir-Xn {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«-Xv.
6. Bß-I-Y F-¶m-se´v?
D. H-cm-fp-sS Po-hnX-I-Y A-bmÄ X-s¶ F-gp-Xp-¶-Xm-Wv B-ßIY.
7. B-ßI-Ym c-N-\-bp-sS Kp-W-tZm-j-§Ä hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-I.
D. kz-´w Po-h-N-cn-{X-am-Wv B-ßI-Y. kv-a-c-W-I-sf- Iq-«p-]n-Sn-¨p Po-hn-X-¯n-se {]-[m-\
kw-`h-- hnImk§sf hm-b\m-tbm-Kyam-b co-Xn-bnÂ s]-dp-¡n s]-dp-¡n h-bv-¡p-Ibm-Wv
B-ß-I-Y-bnÂ c-N-bn-Xm-hv sN-¿p-¶Xv. H-cm-fp-sS Pn-hn-X-I-Y-bnÂ c-N-bn-Xm-hv sN-¿p-¶Xv.
H-cm-fp-sS Pn-hnX-I-Y A-bmÄ X-s¶ F-gp-Xp-¶p F-¶-Xn-\mÂ A-\p-`-h-§Ä k-Xy-k-Ô-am-
Im\pw B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-Im\pw km[y-X Iq-Sp-X-emWv. F-¶mÂ kz-´w Po-hn-X-¯n-se FÃm
k-Xy-§fpw Bcpw ]qÀ-®-am-bn Xp-d-¶p ]-d-bp-I-bnÃ F-¶ kwi-bw hm-b-\m-¡mc-\p
D-mtb-¡mw. km-aqln-I Po-hn F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ Nn-e Po-hn-Xm-\p-`-h-§Ä a-d-¨p-sh-bv-
¡m³ B-ß-I-Y-m-Im-c³ \nÀ-_-Ôn-X-\m-tb-¡mw. Nn-e c-l-ky-§Ä ]-c-ky-am-¡p-t¼mÄ
A-Xn-\p ]n-d-In-se F-gp-¯p-Im-c-sâ e-£y-h-pw tNmZyw sN-¿-s¸-t«-¡mw. H-cm-fp-sS hy-àn-
k-¯-bp-sS I-em-]-cam-b B-hnjv-¡m-c-am-Wv B-ßI-Y. B-b-Xn-\mÂ ssh-Im-cn-Ihpw {]-
Úm-]-c-hp-am-b c-p-L-SI-§Ä B-ß-I-Y-bnÂ D-ÅS-¡w sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡pw. X-s¶ \-¶m-
bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-Wsa-¶ Xz-c F-gp-¯p-Imc-sâ hn-th-N-\ {]-{Inb-sb {]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn kzm-
[o-\n-t¨-¡mw. k-a-Nn-¯-X G-sd B-h-iy-am-bn- h-cp-¶ H-¶m-Wv B-ß-I-Ym c-N-\ Alw-
t_m-[-¯nsâ am-\n-s^-tÌm B-bn Bß-I-Y X-cw-Xm-gm-Xn-cn-¡m\pw F-gp-¯p-Im-c³ {i-
²n-¡Ww. ssh-Im-cn-Ihpw {]-Úm-_-²-hpam-b L-S-Ihpw Xp-ey-am-bn tNÀ-¡m³ F-gp-
¯p-Imc-\p I-gn-bp-t¼m-tg \Ã Bß-I-Y P-\n-¡q.
8. B-ß-I-Y-bpw kv-a-c-Wbpw X-½n-ep-Å hy-Xym-kw F´v?
D. kv-a-c-W-I-fpw Reniniscenes B-ß-I-hr-¯m-´ I-Y-\-§fpw Memmories) BßIYm
hn-`m-K-¯nÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¶-Xm-sW-¦nepw A-h X-½nÂ t\cn-b hy-Xym-k-§Ä Dv.
Bß-I-Y hr-¯m-´-I-Y-\-§Ä kz-´w Po-hn-X-¯n-se A-\p-`-h kµÀ-`-§Ä-¡v {]m-[m\yw
\Â-Ip-t¼mÄ kv-a-c-W-I-fnÂ A-\y-cp-sS Po-hn-Xw Fgp-¯p-Im-c\v A\p-`-h-s¸-«-Xnsâ hnh-
c-W-§Ä¡m-bn-cn¡pw At±lw {]m-[m\yw sIm-Sp-¡pI.
9. kv-a-c-W-I-fp-sS e£yw F´v?
D. H-cmÄ X-\n-¡p A-dn-bm-hp-¶ hy-àn-I-sfbpw t\-cn-«p _-Ô-ap-Å A-\p-`-h-§-sfbpw
]-än b-YmÀ°y-t_m-[-t¯m-sS F-gp-Xp-¶ Hm-À-½-¡p-dn-¸p-I-fm-Wv kv-a-c-WIÄ. hy-àn-Po-hn-
X-¯n-sâ _m-lymw-i-§-fp-sS Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-am-Wv Ch.
10. B-Zy-s¯ Po-h-N-cn-{X-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp¶-Xv B-cp-sS Ir-Xn-bmWv?
D. ¹m-«mÀ-¡v
11. ¹q-«mÀ-¡n-sâ þþþþþ F-¶ Ir-Xn-bm-Wv B-Zy-s¯ Po-h-N-cn{Xw?
D. se-hn³
-12. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ Po-h-N-cn-{X {KÙw?
D. hn-ip-² t{X-kym-bp-sS N-cn-{X-kw-t£]w (1886)
13. 107 Po-h-N-cn-{X-§Ä DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ 'a-l-Xv-Ncn-X kw-{Klw' {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨-Xmcv?
D. tI-c-f-hÀ-½ henb tIm-bn-¯-¼p-cm³ (1895)
14 "sI. Zm-tam-Z-c³' F-¶ Po-h-N-cn-{X-{K-Ùw X-¿m-dm-¡n-bXv?
D. Fw. d-jo-Zv
15. B-Zy-s¯ B-ß-I-Y-bm-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶ IrXn?
D. I¬-s^-j³-kv
16. I¬-s^-j³-kv c-Nn¨-Xv Bcv?
D. skâv A-K-Ìn³ ({In.h. 354þ430)
17. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ B-ßIY?
D. B-ß-IY þ ssh¡-¯v ]m-¨p-aq-¯-Xv (1814þ1883)
18. a-e-bm-f¯n-e km-am-\y e-£-W-§-fp-Å B-Zy B-ßIY?
D. F-sâ \m-Sp-I-S-¯Â
19. F-sâ \m-Sp-I-S-¯Â F-¶ Bß-I-Y c-Nn¨-Xv
D. kz-tZ-im-`n-am-\n cm-a-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å (1911)
20. hym-g-h-« kv-a-c-W-IÄ F-¶ Bß-I-Y F-gp-Xn-bXv?
D. _n. I-eym-Wn-b-½
21. 1978 Â tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\Sn-b B-ßIY?
D. F-sâ _m-ey-kv-a-c-W-IÄ (kn.A-¨p-Xta-t\m³)
22. I-®ocpw In-\mhpw F-¶ Bß-I-Y B-cp-tS-Xv
D. hn.Sn `-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Sv
23. 1971 se tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\Sn-b B-ßIY?
D. I-®ocpw In-\m-hpw
24. HmÀ-½-bp-sS A-d-IÄ F-gp-Xnb-Xv Bcv?
D. ssh-¡w ap-l½-Zv _-joÀ
25. 1992 Â tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an ]p-c-kv-Im-cw t\Sn-b Ac-§p Im-Wm-¯ \-S³
F-¶ Bß-I-Y c-Nn¨-Xv Bcv?
D. Xn-t¡m-Sn-b³
26. ]n. Ip-ªn-cm-a³ \m-b-cp-sS kva-c-W {K-Ù-¯n-sâ t]cv?
D. F-s¶ Xn-c-bp-¶ Rm-³.
27. Ip-«n-IÄ-¡m-bn a-l-Xv-N-cn-Xam-e F-¶ Po-h-N-cn-{X-am-e {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨ Øm-]\w?
D. ssIc-fn _p-¡v-kv
28. Po-h-N-cn-{X km-lnXyw F-¶ {K-Ùw c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. tUm. sI.Fw. tPmÀ-Pv
29. Po-h-N-cn-{X km-lnXyw a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ F-¶ {K-Ùw c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. \-Sph-«w tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W³
30. Po-h-N-cn-{X hn-Úm-\-tIm-i-¯n-sâ F-UnäÀ?
D. Fw.]n A-¸³
31 C-h³ F-sâ {]n-b kn.sP. F-¶ Po-h-N-cn{Xw X-¿m-dm-¡n-bXv?
D. tdm-kn tXmakv
-32. IÀ-½hn-]mIw F-¶ B-ß-I-Y c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. hn.Sn. `-«-Xn-cn-¸mSv
32 X-s¶ Bcpw þþþþþþ F-¶p-am-{Xw hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡-cp-sX-¶ B-{K-lw ap-l½-Zv A-Ðp-dlv-
am³ km-ln_n-\p-mbn-cp-¶p.
D. ap-\m-^n-Jv (I-]S³)
33. am-«v F-¶ A-\p-kv-a-c-W-¯nÂ kq-Nn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ ssh-c-t¦m-Sv `-Kh-Xn t£-{Xw Øn-
Xn sN-¿p¶-Xv F-hnsS?
D. a-e-¸p-dw PnÃ-bn-se Xn-cqÀ Xm-eq-¡n-se Xn-cp-\m-hm-b-¡-Sp-¯v ]ÃmÀ F-¶ {Km-a-¯nÂ
34. ssh-c-t¦m-Sv `-Kh-Xn t£-{X-¯nÂ DÕ-hw \-S-¡p-¶-sX¶v?
D. FÃm hÀ-jhpw a-ebm-f am-kw Ipw-`w 10 \v
35 sX-¡pw-ap-dn sX-cp-fn Ip-ªn-t¡mc-sâ a-I³ Xm-an-¡v Dmb B-{K-lw F´v?
D. ssh-c-t¦m-Sv the-¡v Ip-d-h-s\bpw Ip-d-¯n-sbbpw sI-«n-sb-gp-¶-Ån¡-Ww F-¶ ]q-Xn-
bm-Wv Xm-an-¡p-m-bXv.
36. B-gvhm-t©-cn X-{¼m-¡-·mÀ Xm-a-kn-¡p¶-Xv F-hnsS?
D.Xn-cp-\m-hm-b-¡-Sp-¯v B-X-h-\m«v
37. Xm-an-bp-sS I-eym-W-¯n-\v th- sN-e-shm-s¡ B-cm-Wv h-ln-¨Xv?
D. tIm-ln-\qÀ _m-¸p F-¶ _m-¸p ap-X-em-fn
38. Xm-an¡pw s]-®n\pw hn-hm-l-ti-j-ap-Å B-Zy k-Xv-Im-cw H-cp-¡nbXv F-hn-sS-bm-bncp
¶p?
D. _m-¸p-ap-X-em-fn-bp-sS ho-«nÂ
39. the-¡v sIm-«m-\p-Å Xp-Sn Xm-an kw-L-Sn-¸n¨-Xv F-hn-sS \n¶v?
D. A-¶m-c-¡m-c³ Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b-\nÂ \n¶v
40. Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ a-cn-¡m³ Im-c-W-a´v?
D. tPm-en I-gn-ªv a-S-§p-t¼mÄ Ft´m I-vv `b-¶v Pz-cw h¶v.
41. Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ tI-kv G-Xv tIm-S-Xn-bm-Wv ]-cn-K-Wn-¨Xv?
D. a-t©-cn tImSXn
42. Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ sIm-e-t¡-kv a-t©-cn tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ \-S-¡p-t¼mÄ A-hn-sS {]m-Îokn-
\p-mbn-cp-¶ kn-\n-a-mXm-cw Bcv?
D. a-½q«n
43. Xm-an, Xsâ A-Ñ\pw `m-cy-bpw Ip-«n-Ifpw a-cn-¡m-\pÅ Im-c-W-¡m-c-\m-bn I-cp-XnbXv
Bcv?
D. Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-s\
44. Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ X-sâ Ip-Spw_-s¯ F§-s\ \-in-¸n-¨p F-¶m-Wv Xm-an hn-iz-kn-¨Xv?
D. I-Sp-¯ ZpÀ-a-{´-hm-Zw sI-v
45. `m-hn-bnÂ Xm³ G-Xv t]-cnÂ A-dn-b-s¸-S-W-sa-¶m-Wv I-tÃ³ s]m-¡p-S³ B-{K-ln-
¨Xv?
D. I-Âs]m-¡pS³
46. X-\n-¡v A-\y-am-bn tXm-¶n F-¶v s]m-¡p-S³ k-¦-S-s¸-« hn-`m-Kw G-sXms¡?
D. X-sâ C-ã-s¸-« I-½yq-Wn-Ìv- ]mÀ-«nbpw ]p-e-b k-ap-Zm-bhpw

kmln_- v F-¶ a-\p-jy³
Fw. d-jo-Zv
47. "lo- hm-kv U-bn-©-d-kv-en tlm-W-kv-ä'vþ Bsc-¡p-dn-¨pÅ {]kvXm-h-\-bm-WnXv?
D. a-pl½-Zv A-Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln-_n-s\¸-än kw-km-cn-¡-t¼m-sgÃmw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ
in-jy-·m-cn-sem-cmfm-b Fw. C-kv-lm-Jv ]-d-bp-¶XmWv: "lo- hm-kv U-bn-©-d-kv-en
tlm-W-kv-äv'(A-bmÄ A-]-I-S-I-camw hn-[w k-Xy-k-Ô-\m-bn-cp¶p)
48. AÂþA-ao³ {]-Êv P-]v-Xn sN-¿-s¸-Sm³ Im-c-Ww F´v?
D. H-cp I-¨-h-S-Øm-]-\-¯nÂ \n-¶v t{]m-t\m-«v {]-Im-cw Ipd-¨p ]-Ww A-Ðp-d-lvam³
km-ln-_v I-Sw hm-§n-bn-cp¶p. Im-e-l-c-W-s¸-«-Xn-\p ti-j-am-Wv t{]m-t\m-«n-s\¸-än I-¨-h-
S-¡mc\v HmÀ-½-h-¶Xv. X-sâ ]-Ww t]m-b-Xp X-s¶ F-¶p-d-¸n-¨ B I-¨-h-S-¡m-c³
km-ln-_n-s\ k-ao-]n-¨p ]-dªp. "t{]m-t\m-«v Im-e-l-c-W-s¸-s«-¦nepw I-Sw ho-t«- IS-a
\n-§Ä-¡-dn-bn-tÃ? D-S³ km-ln-_v {]-Xn-h-Nn¨p. "Im-e-l-c-Ws¸« \n-b-a-¯nÂ H-cn-¡epw
H-cp ap-Én-an\pw A`-bw tX-Sm³ h-¿. C-t¸mÄ F-sâ I-¿nÂ ]-W-anÃ. A-Xp-sIm-v
Rm³ t{]m-t\m-«v ]p-Xp-¡n F-gp-Xn-¯-cmw’ km-ln-_v ]p-Xp¡n- \ÂInb t{]m-t\m-«v ]n-Sn-¨p-
sIm-Sp-¯ tI-kn-sâ ^-e-am-bn-«m-Wv ]n¶oSv AÂ-A-ao³ {]-Êv P-]v-Xn sN-¿-s¸-«-Xv.
49. "A-k-Xy-¯n-s\-Xn-sc s]m-cp-Xm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xpw k-Xy-s¯ k-lm-bn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xpw
H-cp t]m-se-bm-b-Xp-sIm-v Rm³ tbm-K-¯nÂ ]-s¦-Sp-¯v \n-§sf F-XnÀ¡pw'. BÀ-¡v
B-tcm-Sm-Wv F-XnÀ¸v? F-´m-Wv F-XnÀ-¸n-\v Im-cWw?
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
50. "ap-l½-Zv A-Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln-_v A-]-ISIc-amw hn-[w k-Xy-k-Ô-\m-bn-cp¶p'þ Cu
{]-kv-Xm-h\-sb km-[q-I-cn-¡p-¶ H-cp kw`-hw hn-h-cn-¡pI.
D. Ip-äym-Sn-bn-se ap¡-¯v sam-bv-Xo³ F-¶ ]-W-¡m-c³ A_vZp-dlvam³ km-ln-_p-ambn
hf-sc A-Sp-¸-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p. F-´p k-lm-bhpw F-t¸mÄ th-W-sa-¦nepw km-ln-_n-\p
\Â-Ip-¶-XnÂ k-t´m-jn-¡p-¶-bmÄ. A-t±-l-¯n-\p hf-sc Xm-Xv-]-cyap-Å H-cp N-´-bp-sS
{]-iv-\w A-Sp-¯v tN-cm³ t]m-Ip-¶ Un-kv-{Sn-Îv t_mÀ-Uv tbm-K-¯nÂ A-P--bn-ep-m-bn-
cp¶p. X-sâ N-§m-Xn-¡v Xm-Xv-]-cy-ap-Å Im-cya-tÃ F-¶p I-cp-Xn A-¡me-¯v t_mÀ-Uv
Aw-Kam-b km-ln-_v C-Xn-s\¸-än hn-i-Z-am-bn At\z-jn¨p. A-t¸m-sgm-cp-Im-cyw t_m-[y-
ambn. k-Xyhpw \ym-bhpw X-sâ kv-t\-ln-X\pw [-\n-I-\pam-b sam-bv-Xo-sâ `m-K¯Ã.
]m-h-s¸-«h\m-b F-Xn-cm-fn-bp-sS `m-K-¯mWv. X-\n-¡-\p-Iq-eam-b \n-e-]m-Sv F-Sp-¡-W-sa-¶-
`yÀ-°n-¨-t¸mÄ, k-Xy-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-bn \nÂ-¡m³ km-[y-a-sÃ-¶v km-ln-_v X-sâ kv-t\-ln-
X-t\m-Sv ]-dªp. X-s¶A-\p-Iq-en-t¡-s¶pw t_mÀ-Uv tbm-K-¯nÂ lm-P-cm-hm-Xn-cp-
¶mÂ a-Xn-sb¶pw sam-bv-Xo³ B-h-iy-s¸-«-t¸mÄ km-ln-_v sh-«n-¯pd-¶v ]-dªp: "A-k-
Xy-¯n-s\-Xnscs]m-cp-Xm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xpw k-Xy-s¯ k-lm-bn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xpw Hcp-t]m-se-
bm-b-Xp-sIm-v Rm³ tbm-K-¯nÂ ]-s¦-Sp-¯v \n§-sf F-XnÀ-¡pw.' km-ln-_v ]-d-ªXp-
t]m-se {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-sa¶pw X-·q-ew sam-bv-Xo³ _-²-i-{Xp-hm-Ip-sa¶pw ap³-Iq-«n I-
Nn-e A-\p-bm-bn-IÄ X-§-fp-sS t\-Xm-hv Un-kv-{Sn-Îv t_mÀ-Uv tbm-K-¯nÂ ]-s¦-Sp-¡m-Xn-cn-
¡m³ A-t¶ Zn-h-kw tIm-gn-t¡m-Sn-\v ]p-d-¯v Nn-e ]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXp.
]t£, A-Xp-sIm-sm¶pw ^-e-ap-m-bnÃ. t_mÀ-Uv tbm-K-¯nÂ ]-s¦-Sp-¯ km-ln-_v
sam-bv-Xo-s\-Xn-sc i-à-am-bn hm-Zn¨p. A-tXm-sSsam-bv-Xo³ A_vZp-dlvam³ km-ln-_n-sâ
I-Sp-¯ i-{Xp-hm-bn am-dp-I-bpw sk³-{SÂ A-kw-»n C-e-£-\nÂ km-ln_n-s\-Xn-sc {]-hÀ-
¯n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. sam-bvXosâ bm-sXm-cphn-[ ]-cn-{`-atam Zp:Jtam kmln-_n\v D-m-
bn-cp-¶nÃ.
51. "kz-´w k-´-Xn-bp-sS A-Im-e-a-c-W-¯nÂ ]n-Xm-hn-\p-mIp-¶ Xo-{h-Zpx-J-am-bn-cp-¶p
km-ln_n-\v A-t¸mÄ’ þ F-t¸mÄ?
D. ap-l½-Zv A-Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln-_n-sâ ho-«n-se h-fÀ-¯p-ar-K-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p s_-¨n F-¶
]p-Ån-am\pw ]p-Ên F-¶ ]q-¨-bpw. km-ln_n-sâ Im-dn-sâ tlm¬ tI-«mÂ A-hÀ tdm-U-
cn-In-te¡v Hm-Sn-sb-¯pw. Su-Wn-\-I-¯p-Å sNdn-b bm-{X-I-fnÂ s_-¨n Nn-e-t¸mÄ
Im-dnÂ km-ln-_n-sâ k-l-bm-{Xn-I-bm-Im-dpv. t]-¸-«n-bp-sS I-Sn-tb-äv s_-¨n N-¯-t¸mÄ
kz-´w k-´-Xn-bp-sS A-Im-e-a-c-W-¯nÂ ]n-Xm-hn-\p-m-Ip-¶ Xo-{h-Zpx-J-am-bn-cp-¶p
km-ln-_n\v.
52. cm-jv{So-b-{]Xn-tbm-KnI-sf hn-«p-ho-gv-¨-bnÃm-sX t\-cn-Sp-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw ap-l½-Zv A-
Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln_n-sâ F-XnÀ-¸v H-cn-¡epw hy-àn-\n-jvT-am-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¶v te-J-I³ ]-d-
bp¶-Xv F-´p-sImv?
D. tIm¬-{K-Ên-\I-¯v A-Ðp-d-lvam³ kmln_nsâ I-Sp-¯ F-Xn-cm-fn B-bn-cp-¶p
sI.tI-f¸³. sI. tI-f-¸-s\-Xn-sc kn.]n. a-½p-t¡-bn F-¶-bmÄ H-cp tI-kv sIm-Sp¯p.
km-ln-_pw tI-f-¸\pw X-½nÂ Io-cn-bp-w ]m¼pw t]m-se I-gn-bp-¶ k-a-bam-bn-cp-¶-Xn-
\mÂ tI-f-¸-s\-Xn-sc A-Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln-_v km-£n-]-d-bp-sa-¶v tIbn I-cpXn. A-Xn-\p
th-n t\-cn«pw kv-t\-ln-X-·mÀ ap-tJ-\bpw tI-bn km-ln-_nsâ taÂ k-½À-±w sN-ep-
¯n. F¶mÂ Xm-\pw tI-f-¸\pw X-½nÂ cm-jv-{So-bm-`n-{]mbhy-Xym-k-ap-s-¦nepw hy-àn-
]-c-am-bn A-t±l-s¯ D-]-{Z-hn-¡m³ Xm-s\m-cn-¡epw Iq-«p-\nÂ-¡p-I-bnÃ F-¶ \n-e-]m-
SmWv km-ln-_v kzoI-cn-¨-Xv.
53. "Xp-d-¶ i-{Xp-X F-\n-¡n-ã-am-Wv"þ kµÀ-`-taXv?
D. tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv ap³-kn-¸Â sN-bÀ-am³ Øm-\-¯n-\p bp. tKm-]-eta-t\m\pw tIm-gn-¸pd-
¯v am-[-hta-t\m\pw X-½nÂ ]n-Sn-h-en-bp-mbn. Cu c-p ta-t\m-·m-cnÂ kmln-_n-s\
]-c-ky-am-bn Iq-Sp-XÂ t{Z-ln-¨n-«pÅ-Xv tKm-]m-eta-t\m-\m-Wv. A-Xp-sImv sI.]n.kn.kn
{]-knUâv F-t¶ \n-e-bnÂ A-Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln-_n-sâ ]n´pW tIm-gn-¸p-d-¯n-\m-bn-cn-
¡p-sa-¶m-Wv FÃm-hcpw I-cp-Xn-b-Xv. ]t£, A-t±-lw tKm-]m-eta-t\m-s\-bm-Wv A-\p-Iq-
en-¨Xv. X-·q-ew tKm-]m-eta-t\m³ sN-bÀ-am-\m-b-t¸mÄ A-Ûp-Xw Iqdn-b kp-lr-¯p-¡-
tfm-Sv km-ln-_v ]dªp. "Xpd¶ i-{XpX F-\n-¡n-ã-am-Wv'..
54. ssh-¡w ap-l½-Zv _-joÀ A-Ðp-d-lv-am-s\-¡p-dn-¨v kv-a-cn-¨-Xv F-´m-bn-cp¶p?
D. ssh-¡w ap-l½-Zv _-jo-dn-s\ A-{X-sbm¶pw Bcpw A-dn-bm-Xn-cp-¶ Im-ew. Hcn¡Â
I-d-§n-¯n-cn-ªp tIm-gn-t¡m-s«-¯n A-ao³ tem-Uv-Pn-sâ h-cm-´-bnÂ In-S-¶p-d-
§pt¼mÄ hn-fn-¨p-WÀ-¯n X-sâ Ducpw t]cpw H¶pw A-t\z-jn-¡m-sX kmln_v `£-
Ww X-¶ A-\p-`-h-am-Wv _-joÀ F-gp-Xn-b-Xm-bn te-J-I³ kv-a-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
55. "c-tc-p hm-¡p-I-fm-Wv Rm³ sam-gn-ªXv. A-Xn-\v B hn-in-ã kv-a-cWn-I A§-
s\ hn-I-e-am-Im³ Im-c-W-am-b-XnÂ Rm³ C-¶ph-sc F\n¡v am-¸v \Â-In-bn-«nÃ'.
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
56. ap-l½-Zv A-Ðp-d-lvam-s\-¡p-dn-¨v sI.F. sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cn-sâ kv-a-c-W- hnh-cn-¡p-I.
D. ap-l½-Zv A-Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln_n-sâ h-fÀ-¯p-]p-{X\m-b A-ÐpÃ F-¶ sI.F. sIm-Sp-
§ÃqÀ tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv sP.Un.än. bnÂ ]Tn-¡p-¶ Im-ew. kÀ¡-kv ImW-Ww F-¶ H-cp
]q-Xn Hcn¡Â sI.F. sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cn-\v D-m-bn-cp¶p. H-cp Znh-kw D¨-¡p ti-jw tlm-
kv-ä-enÂ B-tcm-Spw ]-d-bm-sX sI.F. sIm-Sp-§Ãq-À tlm-kv-ä-enÂ\n-¶pw ]p-d-¯n-d-§n.
IÃm-bn tdm-Un-se A-ao³ tem-Uv-Pn-se-¯n-bn-«m-Wv B H-fnt¨m-«w \n-¶Xv. tem-Uv-Pn-se
ap-dn-bnÂ Ib-dn h-¶ sI.F. sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ km-ln-_v tIÄ-s¡ ap-c-S-\¡n. F-t´ h-¶
Imcyw F-¶v km-ln-_v A-t\z-jn-¨-t¸mÄ "kÀ-¡kv' F-¶p am-{X-am-Wv sI.F. bp-sS
hm-bnÂ \n-¶p D-bÀ-¶Xv. C-¡mcyw A-t±-l-t¯m-Sp ]-d-bm³ F§-s\ ss[-cyw h-¶p
F-t¶mÀ-¯v sI.F. sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cn-\v ]n-¶oSpw A-Ûp-Xw tXm-¶n-bn-«p-v. kÀ¡-kv ImW-
Ww F-¶ B-hiyw tI-« km-ln_v t]m-bn \n-kv-¡-cn-¨p hm F-¶p I-ev-]n¨p. sI.F. ]n-
s¶ X-sâ B-hiyw A-dn-bn¨p. "\n-kv¡-cn-¨p h-cm\-tÃ ]-d-ª-Xv' F-¶v km-ln-_.v kÀ-
¡-Ên-\n-S-s¡-´v \n-kv-Im-cw F-¶ `m-h-¯n-Â sI.F. A-hn-sS¯-s¶ \n¶p. km-ln-_v D-
S³ AI-s¯ ap-dn-bnÂ t]m-bn DS-s\ aS-§n h¶p. "\n-t¶mS-tÃ \n-kv-I-cn-¨p h-cm³ ]-d-
ª-Xv?' F-¶pw ]-d-ªv h-Sn-sImv-v \Ã A-Sn sIm-Sp¯p. sIm-tm-«n X-§Ä kv-t\-lm-
Zc-§-tfm-sS A-t±-l-¯n-\p k-½m-\n-¨ a-t\m-l-cam-b B hSnbpsS ]n-Sn-ap-dn-ª-t¸m-gm-Wv
A-Sn A-h-km-\n-¨-Xv. B hn-in-ã kv-a-cWn-I A§-s\ hn-I-e-am-Im³ Im-c-W-am-b-XnÂ
sI.F. kz-bw am-¸v \Â-In-bn-«nÃ. A-Sn I-gn-ªv km-ln-_v ]d-ªp "th-Kw \n-kv-I-cn-¨p
hm kÀ-¡-Ên-\p t]mImw". D-S-s\ sam-bv-Xo³ ]-Ån-bnÂ t]m-bn \n-kv-I-cn¨p aS-§n h-¶
Xt¶mSv AhnsS hnf-¼n-sh¨ `£-Ww I-gn-¡m³ ]-dªp. AXpw I-gn-ªv Ip-Xn-c
-h-nbnÂ km-ln_pw Ip-«nbpw kÀ-¡-kn\p-t]mbn. kÀ-¡-Ên-se A-`ym-k-§-tf-¡mÄ
sI.F. sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cn-s\ B-Ý-cy-s¸-Sp-¯nb-Xv A-Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln_v F-¶ a-\pjy-\m-
bn-cp¶p. X-s¶ A-Sn-¡p-Ibpw ti-jw kÀ-¡-kn-\v Iq-«n-s¡m-v t]m-bn sXm-«-Sp-¯n-cp-¶p
kÀ¡-kv Im-Wp-Ibpw sNbvX B a-\p-jy³: "\-½p-sS C-S-bnÂ Cu P-·w F§-s\
D-mbn? A-tÚ-bamb B {]-Xn-`m-k-¯n-sâ DZ-bw F-§-s\bp-mbn?' F¶v sI.-F.
sImSp§ÃqÀ AÛp-X-t¯msS kvacn-¡p-¶p.
57. A-ao³ tem-Uv-Pn-se A-Ðp-d-lvam³ km-ln-_n-sâ km-[m-c-W K-Xn-bn-se Zn-\-N-cy-IÄ
F-s´m-s¡-bm-bn-cp¶p?
D. DWÀ¶-bp-S-s\-bpÅ {]-`m-X-Ir-Xy-§Ä-¡v ti-jw tlm-«-enÂ \n¶pw H-cp Nm-b h-cp-
¯n-¡p-Sn-¡pw. A-Sn-b-´-c-am-bn sN-bv-Xp XoÀ-t¡ tPm-en-I-sfm-¶p-an-sÃ-¦nÂ, \-S-¡m³
t]m-Ipw. B \-S-¯-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ G-sX-¦nepw kv-t\-lnX-sâtbm A-\p-bmbn-bpsS-tbm
ho-Sp kµÀ-in-s¨-¶p h-cpw. ]-¨-sh-Å-¯nÂ Ip-fn-I-gn-ª ti-jw {]m-XÂ I-gn-¡pw.
tem-Uv-PnÂ X-s¶-bn-cp-¶p tPm-en-sb-Sp-¡p-¶ Zn-h-k-am-sW-¦nÂ ]-Xns\m-¶v a-Wn-¡v H-cp
Nm-b Ip-Sn-¡pw. D-¨-`-£-W-¯n-\v ap-t¼ fp-lv-dv \n-kv-Imcw. H-cpa-Wn-¡v tNmdpw ao³
I-dnbpw H-cp ]-¨-¡-dn-¡q-«m-\p-a-S§n-b D-¨-`-£-Ww. B-tcm-Ky-Zr-V-Km-{X-\m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw
In-«p-¶-sXm¶pw hm-cn-h-en-¨p Xn-¶p-¶ kz-`m-h-w km-ln-_n-\v D-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. A-ao³
tem-Uv-PnÂ ]-e-t¸mgpw D-¨-`-£-W-¯n-\v I-ªnbpw N-½-ńbpw D-mhm-dpv. `-£-W-
ti-jw kzÂ-]-t\-cw InS-¶p hn-{i-an-¡pw. Iq-«-¯nÂ sN-dn-sbm-cp a-b-¡hpw D-WÀ-¶-Xn-\v
ti-jw bm-{X-sN-t¿ ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-sfm-¶p-an-sÃ-¦nÂ F-gp¯ntem hm-b-\bntem kµÀ-i-I-
cp-s¦nÂ Ah-cp-ambn kw-`mj-W¯ntem GÀ-s¸-Spw. \m-ep-a-Wn-¡v Nm-b Ip-Sn-¡pw. Nn-
e-t¸mÄ A-Xn-s\m-¸w H-cp t_m -(kp-Jn-b³) cm{Xn C-im-\n-kv-Im-c-¯n-\v ti-jw Ht¶m
ctm I-jv-Ww sdm-«nbpw No-c-t¯m-c\pw GsX¦n-ep-sam-cp ]-ghpw H-cp ¥m-kv sh-Åhpw
Ip-Sn-¡pw. ]¸m-b B-bn-cp-¶p At±-l-¯nsâ C-ã-s¸-« ]-gw ]n-¶o-Sv Ip-td- t\-cw hm-bn-
¡p-Itbm F-gp-Xp-Itbm sN-bv-X-ti-jw kp¶-¯v \n-kv-I-cn-¨v In-S-¶p-d-§pw. C-Xm-bn-cp-¶p
km-ln-_n-sâ A-ao³ tem-Uv-Pn-se Zn-\-Ncy.
hfÀ¶p hcps¶mcmßmhv
(I®ocpw In\mhpw)
hn.Sn `«Xncn¸mSv
þþþþþþþþþþþþþþþþ
\¼qXncn kapZmb¯nse PoÀ®XIÄs¡Xnsc Xsâ BbpÊp apgph³
t]mcmSnb hyànbmbncp¶p hn.Sn F¶ Npcp¡t¸cnednbs¸Sp¶ shÅnXncp¯n
Xmg¯nÃ¯v cma³`«Xncn¸mSv. 1896 amÀ¨v 26\v ]gb s]m¶m\n Xmeq¡nse tag¯qÀ
hntÃPnÂ shÅnXncp¯n Xmg¯nÃ¯v At±lw P\n¨p. AÑ³ Xp¸³`«Xncn¸mS.v
A½ {iotZhn A´ÀP\w. GgphbÊnÂ D]\b\w H³]Xmw hbÊnÂ kamhÀ¯\w,
tag¯qÀIpf§c Xrt¡mhnÂ t£{X¯nepw ]n¶oSv \mep sImÃt¯mfw
s]cn´Âa®¡Sp¯pÅ ]mXmbv¡ca\bnepw GewIpf¯n\Sp¯pÅ apXpIpdnÈn
a\bnepw thZm[yb\w \S¯n. ]Xnt\gmw hbÊnÂ sjmÀ®qcn\Sp¯pÅ
apapIimkvXmwImhnÂ imńhr¯n Bcw`n¨p. C¡me¯mWv Hcp Xn¿mSn
s]¬Ip«nbnÂ \n¶v aebmf A£came ]Tn¡p¶Xv. 1918 Â sslkvIqÄ PohnXw
Bcw`ns¨¦nepw AXv XpScm³ IgnªnÃ. 1919 Â XrÈqÀ CS¡p¶nbnÂ \¼qXncn
hnZymebw Bcw`n¨t¸mÄ AhnsS hnZymÀ°nbmbn tNÀ¶p. AhnsS\n¶pw
B\µaT¯nsâ IognÂ hnZymÀ°n F¶ amknI kz´w ]{Xm[n]Xy¯nÂ IÃ¨nÂ
ASn¨nd¡n. 1920þ Â Hä¸me¯p\S¶ ae_mÀ tZiob kt½f\¯nÂ \¼qXncn
hfnbÀamcpsS t\XrXzw hln¨p. kv¡qÄ s]mXp]co£¡ncn¡p¶Xn\p ap³]v
Cý³ \mjWÂ tIm¬{KÊnsâ Al½Zm_mZv kt½f\¯nÂ ]s¦Sp¯p. B
bm{XbnÂ I¸enÂ k©cn¨p F¶ ImcW¯mÂ ]T\w \nÀt¯n h¶p. ]n¶oSv
Xr¯mebnÂ hnZymhnemkn\n kwkvIrX kv¡qfnÂ A[ym]I\mbn tPmensNbvXp.
1923--þÂ XrÈqÀ tbmKt£aw I¼\nbnÂ ¢À¡mbn tPmen¡vtNÀ¶p. ]n¶oSv
{]q^vdoUÀ, hnÂ¸t\mtZymKØ³ F¶n§s\ ]e NpaXeIfpw sNbvXp.
tbmKt£ak`bpsS apJ]{Xamb tbmKt£aw, bphP\k`bpsS apJ]{Xamb
D®n\¼qXncn F¶o {]kn²oIcW§fnÂ {]hÀ¯n¨p. bmYmkvXnIcpsS kpZÀi\w
F¶ ]m£nI]{X¯nsâXmbn ]mip]Xw F¶ ]{Xw XpS§n ]mip]X¯nÂ
cP\ocwKw F¶t]cnÂ Hcp ]wàn ssIImcyw sN¿pIbpw ]n¶oSv AXnse IYIÄ
cP\ocwKw F¶ t]cnÂ Xs¶ {]kn²oIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. aebmf¯nse
BZys¯ kmapZmbnI ]cnjvIcW \mSIamb ASp¡fbnÂ \n¶v Ac§t¯¡v
tbmKt£ak`bpsS Ccp]¯ncmw hmÀjnI¯nÂ Act§dnbXv hn.Sn. sb
tIcf¯nse kapZmb ]cnjv¡cWcwKs¯ Xnf¡apÅ \£{Xam¡n amän. ]n¶oSv
At±l¯nsâ PohnXw \mSI{]NcW¯n\pw kmapZmbnI {]hÀ¯\¯n\pambn amän
sh¡pIbmbncp¶p. \¼qXncnhnZy`ymk¯n\vthn hmZn¡pIbpw AXn\pthn
{]hÀ¯\§Ä \S¯pIbpw sNbvXp. \¼qXncn hnZymeb¯nsâ [\tiJcWmÀ°w
tIcf¯nepS\ofw Km\v[nsXm¸nbpw Nm¡pw [cn¨ Hcp kwLw \¼qXncn
bphm¡sfbpw sImv bmN\mbm{X \S¯n (1931 amÀ¨v 13 apXÂ sabv 12 hsc)
\¼qXncn bphP\kwLw tbmKt£ak`, \mjWÂ tIm¬{Kkv, F¶nhbnse
kPoh {]hÀ¯I\mbncp¶p. \¼qXncn kv{XoIfpsS hnZy`ymk¯n\pw ]ptcmKXn¡pw
thnbpÅ {]hÀ¯\§Ä \S¯n. ASp¡fbnÂ \n¶v Ac§t¯¡v F¶\mSIw
FgpXnbXv AXnsâ `mKambmWv. Abn¯w apXemb A\mNmc§Äs¡Xnsc
t]mcmSpIbpw KpcphmbqÀ t£{X {]thi\ {]NmcW¯n\v hSs¡ ae_mdnÂ
t\XrXzw sImSp¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Abnt¯m¨mS\¯nsâ `mKambn þC\n \ap¡v
A¼e§Ä¡v Xo sImfp¯pIþ F¶ eLpteJ {]kn²s¸Sp¯nbXn\v 1931 Â
sIm¨nalmcmPmhv AdÌv hmdv ]pds¸Sphn¨p. \¼qXncn kapZmb ]cnjvIcWw,
kv{XohnZy`ymk t{]mÕml\w, an{ihnhmlw, hn[hm hnhmlw F¶nh¡v
t{]mÕml\w Abn¯¯n\pw A\mNmc§Ä¡psaXncmb kac]cn]mSnIÄ
F¶n§s\ At±l¯nsâ IÀ½ aWvUe§Ä hepXmbncp¶p.
{][m\ IrXnIÄþþ
ASp¡fbnÂ \n¶v Ac§t¯¡v (\mSIw)
cP\ocwKw, t]mwhgn (IYIÄ )
kXysa¶Xv ChnsS a\pjy\mIp¶p, shSnh«w, Ime¯nsâ km£n, Fsâ a®v
(teJ\§Ä)
I®ocpw In\mhpw, PohnXkvacWIÄ, IÀ½ hn]mIw (BßIYm IrXnIÄ)
ChIqSmsX Icn©´ Fs¶mcp A{]IminX \mSIw IqSn At±lw FgpXnbn«pv.
I®ocpw In\mhpw F¶IrXn¡v tIcfkmlnXy A¡mZan AhmÀUv (1972) e`n¨p.
1976 Â At±l¯n\v kmlnXy A¡mZanbpsS s^temjn¸pw e`n¨n«p.v
1982 s^{_phcn 12 \v hn.Sn.`«Xncn¸mSv Aćn¨p.
Hcphyàn XsâXs¶ PohnXIY FgpXpt¼mÄ AXv BßIYbmhp¶p. ]m¨p
aq¯Xnsâ BßIYm{KÙt¯msS XpS§p¶ aebmf¯nse BßIYm kmlnXyw
hfsc k¼¶amWv. aebmf¯nse BßIYIfnÂ F®s¸tS HcpIrXnbmWv hn. Sn
`«Xncn¸mSnsâ I®ocpw In\mhpw Xsâ ImeL«¯nsâ kXykÔamb
BhnjvIcWamWv hn.Sn. Cu IrXnbneqsS \S¯p¶Xv. IÀ½hn]mIw,
PohnXkvacWIÄ F¶o BßIYm cN\IÄ At±l¯nsâXm bn«ps¦nepw
Ahtb¡msfÃmw hnImcXo{hXsImpw _mey kvacWIfpsS at\mlmcnX sImpw
anI¨p\nÂ¡p¶XmWv I®ocpw In\mhpw. \¼qXncn kapZmb¯nÂ Hcp A]v^\mbn
P\n¨ Xsâ PohnXmhØIÄ hnhcn¡p¶tXmsSm¸wXs¶ \¼qXncn
s]¬InSm§fpsS PohnX¯nsâ Zb\obmhØ IqSn shfns¸Sp¯p¶ Hcp
IrXnbmWnXv. CuIrXnbpsS BZy A[ymbw Xs¶ Hc]v^³ P\n¡p¶p F¶
t]cnemWv.
H¨bpmboe\¡ apmbosemþ
scmä¡panfbpw s]mńbnÃ.
F¶mWv Hc]v^\mb Xsâ P\\s¯Ipdn¨v At±lw hnhcn¡p¶X.v Imcyamsbm¶pw
sN¿m\nÃm¯ Hc]v^³\¼qXncnbpsS PohnXw FgpXpIbmsW¦nÂ GdnbmÂ
Act]Pne[nIw GXpkmlnXyIr¯n\pw hen¨p\o«m³ km[n¡m¯{X kw`h
hncfamsW¶t±lw CXnÂ ]dªp. AXpt]mseXs¶ Hcp \¼qXncn kv{XobpsS
PohnXhpw Hcp JWvUnIbnÂ HXp§p¶Xmbn At±lw FgpXp¶p. Hcp \¼qXncnbpsS
PohnX¯nÂ AbmfpsS IÀ¯hy§sf D®pI, Dd§pI, KÀàpm¡pI F¶ aq¶p
hm¡nepw \¼qXncn kv{XoIfpsS IÀ¯hy§sf sh¡pI, hnf¼pI, {]khn¡pI
F¶ aq¶phm¡nepw HXp¡mhp¶XmsW¶v At±lw ]dbp¶p.
‘hfÀ¶p hcp¶ Hcmßmhv’ F¶ `mKw at\mlchpw Xo{hhpamb
A\p`h§fpsS BhnjvImcamWv. \¼qXncn PohnX¯nsâ Zb\obX am{XaÃ Xsâ
_meyImem\p`h§fpsS kpµcamb hÀ®\Ifpw At±lw CXnÂ \S¯p¶pv.
IjvS¸mSpIÄ \ndªXmsW¦nepw _meyIme¯nsâ KrlmXpcamb HmÀ½Ifpw
Iuamc¯nse apf¨p s]m´p¶ kz]v\§fpw At±lw Cu IrXnbnÂ
]¦psh¡p¶pv. AXpt]mse thZÚs\¦nepw A£cm`ymkanÃm¯ X\n¡v
Iuamc¯nÂ A£c a[pcw ]IÀ¶p In«nb Ahkcs¯ IrXÚXtbmsS
HmÀ¡pIbpw sN¿p¶pv. hfÀ¶p hcps¶mcmßmhv F¶ A²ymb¯nÂ Cu
A\p`hs¯ At±lw C§s\ HmÀ¡p¶p “am³ amÀ¡v IpS F¶ hmIyw BZyambn
]Wns¸«v Iq«n hmbn¨t¸mÄ Fsâ a\ÊnÂ \ns¶mcp BËmZ[z\n
hn\nÀKfn¡pIbpmbn ‘am³ amÀ¡v IpS’ F¶ B i_vZw F{XXhW Rm³ Dds¡
BhÀ¯n¨p F¶v ]dbm\mhnÃ. B A¿¸³ Imhnse Aćo£¯nÂ XobmSn
s]¬Ip«n sImfp¯nX¶ sISmhnf¡mWv ]nÂ¡me PohnX¯nÂ F\n¡p
amÀ¤\nÀt±iw \ÂInb almtPymXnsÊt¶mÀ¡pt¼mÄ IrXÚX sImv Fsâ
I®pIÄ \ndªp t]mIp¶p”. hfÀ¶phcps¶mcmßmhv F¶ A²ymbw
hyàn]camb A\p`hs¯ am{XaÃ cmjv{Sob amä§sfbpw kmaqly
]cnWma§sfbpw hnebncp¯p¶p. H¶mw temIalmbp²w s]m«n]pds¸«Xn\p
tijapÅ temIamäs¯ hntijn¨pw tIcf¯nse kmapZmbnI ]cnjvIcW
{]Øm\§sf Ipdn¨pIqSn hnhcn¡p¶p. Cw¥ojv hnZy`ymk¯nsâbpw ]mÝmXy
Bib§fpsSbpsams¡ kzoIcWw A¶v h¼n¨ amä§Ä¡v ImcWambXmbn
At±lw ]dbp¶p. bmK§fpw tlma§fpw am{Xw sNbvXp h¶ \¼qXncnamÀ
hyhkmb§fpw sXmgnÂimeIfpapÅ Hcp \htemIw Iv A´whn«p\n¶p.
tbmKt£ak`bpsSbpw D®n\¼qXncn {]Øm\¯nsâbpsams¡ ]cnjvIcW
{]hÀ¯\§Ä kaql¯nÂ h³amä§Ä krjvSn¨p F¦nepw Hcp henb hn`mKw
BfpIÄ {]tXyIn¨pw kv{XoP\§Ä At¸mgpw kapZmb¯nsâ sNfn¡pnÂ \n¶pw
c£t\Snbncp¶nÃ. hn.Sn ¡v ]ptcmKXn F¶mÂ kz´w ]ptcmKXnbmbncp¶nÃ AXv
kaql¯nsâ BsI¡qSnbpÅXmbncp¶p, At±l¯nsâ hm¡pIÄ AXp
sXfnbn¡p¶p. ‘hnZymhn¹h¯nemhs« kmaqlyhn¹h¯nemhs« Rm³ {]thin¨Xv
Hcp kzmÀ°em`s¯bpw Dt±in¨mbncp¶nÃ Npäpw BNmc§fmÂ
N§e¡nSs¸SpIbpw AÔXbmÂ hoÀ¸pap«pIbpw sNbvX a\pjymßm¡sf
It¸mÄ Fsâ DÅpcpIn B NqSv Fs¶ sImv {]hÀ¯n¸n¨p AhcpsS
kzmX{ý¯n\v AYhm R§fpsS kzmX{ý¯n\v Rm³ {]hÀ¯n¨p. a\pjy Ncn{Xw
kzmX{ýkac§fpsS Ncn{XamsW¶v F\n¡v tXm¶p¶p’
A¡m-es¯ \¼qXncnkapZmbw F{XtaÂ Zpjn¨pt]mbncp¶p F¶v B
kapZmb¯nsâ DÅnÂ \n¶p sImv ]dbpIbmWv hn.Sn. Cu IrXnbneqsS.
AÀ°iq\yhpw bm{ńIhpamb BNmcm\pjvTm\§fpsS IWniXbnÂ _p²nbpw
tijnbpw apcSn¨v X§fpsS A`nemj§sf km£mXv¡cn¡m³ km[n¡msX
BßkwLÀj¯nÂs]«v IjvSs¸Sp¶ k{XoItfbpw ]pcpj³amtcbpw At±lw
Ip. B ImgvN At±l¯nÂ Dm¡nb Bßs\m¼c§fmWv hn.Sn. `«Xncn¸mSv
F¶ kmaqly]cnjvIÀ¯mhn\v P·w \ÂInbXv.
PohnXs¯ AXnsâ ka{KXbnÂ hc¨pImWn¡p¶ k¼qÀ® BßIYbÃ
CXv adn¨v Xsâ PohnX¯nsâ BZy Ccp]Xv hÀjImebfhnÂ Dmbn«pÅ
Xo£vWamb PohoXm\p`h§fpsS t\À¸IÀ¸mWv. Xsâ Ip«n¡mes¯ ZpcnX§fpw
IjvS¸mSpIfpw [mcWIfpw buh\¯nse {]Wbm\p`h§fpw kz]v\§fpw
taml§fpw taml`wK§fpw Xncn¨dnhpIfpw H¸w B ImeL«¯nse
PoÀt®m·pJamb kmaqlyhyhØnXnbpw hc¨pImWn¡p¶p. hyhkmb
hn¹h¯neqsSbpw imkv{Xob hnÚm\ ¯neqsSbpw temIw apt¶dpt¼mÄ
ZÀ`]pÃpsImv ]hn{XtamXnchpw IqÀ¨hpw sI«n tlmacqt]W \¼qXncnamÀ
\S¯nt]m¶ eLphyhkmb¯nsâ Zb\obXtbmÀ¯v At±lw ]cnX]n¨p.
\½psS kaImeo\ kmaqly hyhØnXnbnse Nne {]hWXIfpambn
Iq«nt¨À¯p hmbnt¡ Hcp IrXnbmWv ‘I®ocpw In\mhpw’ khÀ®XbptSXmb
Bib§Ä PohnX¯nsâ FÃm aWvUe§fnepw B[n]Xyw ]peÀ¯p¶ Cu
Ime¯v C¯cw cN\IÄ¡v hfscb[nIw {]kànbpv.
]mTkw{Klw
Xsâ ]Xn-t\-gm-as¯ hb-ÊnÂ, sjmÀ®q-cn-\-Sp-¯p-ff apapI imkvXmw-tIm-
hn-ense imń-¡m-c-\mbn hn.-Sn. Pohn-¡m-\m-cw-`n-¨p. F¶pw \me-c-a-Wn-s¡-gp-t¶äv Xe-
¨p-a-Smbn t£{X-¯nÂ F¯n-¨p-thWw imń-hr¯n Bcw-`n-¡m³. Nne-t¸mÄ A½-hm-
c-k-ymÀ hn.-Sn-.bpsS klm-b-¯n\v F¯pambn-cp-¶p. XpS-¡-¡m-c-\mb hn.-Sn-tbmSv Hcp
hme-y-¡m-c-t\m-sS-¶-t]mse A½-hm-c-k-ymÀ t£{X\S-]-Sn-IÄ ]eXpw Nqn-¡m«n sN¿n-
¨n-cp-¶p. hn.-Sn-bv¡v ]qPm-Zn-Im-c-y-§Ä bm{ń-I-amb Hcp A\p-jvTm-\-IÀ½am-bmWv
A\p-`-h-s¸-«-Xv. t£{X-_nw-_s¯ Ic-hn-cpXv Ifn-bm-Sp¶ Hcp Iem-h-kvXp-hm-bmWv
At±lw I-Xv. AXn\v Fs´¦nepw hnti-j-amb ssNX-\yw Df-f-Xmbn hn.-Snbv¡v
tXm¶n-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. D¨]qP Ignªv \S-b-S-¨mÂ kao-]-¯p-ff khÀ®-Kr-l-§-fnÂ
t]mbn \m«p-hn-ti-j-§fpw aäpw ]dªv t\cw If-bpw. Ahn-sS-bp-ff Bfp-I-fp-sS-
sbms¡ BZ-chp ]nSn-¨p-]-äm³ hn.-Snbv¡p Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. Hcp imń-¡m-c-s\¶ \ne-
bnÂ kao-]-Kr-l-§-fnse ASn-b-ń-c-§Äs¡ms¡ £Ww In«p-Ibpw Z£n-W-bmbn
]Whpw In«n-¯p-S-§n-b-tXmsS imń-hr¯n A{X tami-a-sÃ¶v tXm¶n. Cu Ime-L-«-
¯n-emWv A½-hm-c-k-ym-cpsS sNdp-a-IÄ A½p-¡p«n F¶ a[p-c-¸-Xn-t\-gp-Imcn Ig-I-hr-
¯n-¡mbn A¼-e-¯nÂ h¶p XpS-§n-b-Xv. Ah-fpsS kuµ-c-y-¯nÂ BIr-jvS-\mbn
]te at\m-cm-P-y-§-fnÂ apgpIn Znh-k-§Ä ]eXpw IS-¶p-t]m-bvs¡m-n-cp-¶p.
AXn-en-Sbv¡v asämcp kw`hw Dm-bn. Xn¿m-Sn-\-¼-ymcpsS sNdn-b- a-IÄ hn.-Sn-
bpsS kao]w h¶v Hcp IW¡v ]d-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡m-\mbn CuW-¡-t¯msS sI©n.
X\n¡v Fgp¯pw hmb-\bpw Adn-bn-sÃ¶v Ah-tfmSv F§s\ ]d-bp-sa-¶-dn-bmsX hn.-Sn.
\n¶p hnbÀ¯p. `mK-y-¯n\v B s]¬Ip«n Xsâ A½-bpsS imk\ tI«v AhnsS
\n¶pw HmSn-t¸m-b-Xn-\mÂ hn.Sn XÂ¡mew c£-s¸-«p. ]n¶oSv B ]¯p hb-Êp-Im-
cnsb Kpcp-hm¡n hn.-Sn. A£cw ]Tn-¡m³ XpS-§n. AhÄ ]d-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡p¶ A£-
c-§Ä Dcp-hn-«p-sImv ]mXn-cm-{Xn-bnepw At±lw Dd-§m-Xn-cp-¶p. Hcn-¡Â, iÀ¡c
s]mXn-ªp-sIm-p-h¶ IS-em-Ênse ‘am³amÀ¡v IpS’ F¶ Hcp ]c-k-y-hm-NIw BWv
Xm³ BZ-y-ambn Iq«n-hm-bn-¨-sX¶pw AXv hmbn-¨-t¸m-gp-mb BËmZw ]d-ª-dn-bn-
¡m³ Ign-bm-¯-Xm-sW¶pw hn.-Sn. ]d-bp-¶p. B Xn¿m-Sn-s]¬Ip-«n-tbm-Sp-ff IrX-
ÚX Ft¸mgpw hn.-Sn-bpsS I®p \nd-bv¡m³ t]m¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.
A¡m-e-¯mWv H¶mw-temI alm-bp²w \S-¶-Xv. tIc-f-P-\-Xsb BsI-sbm¶v
Ipep-¡n-bp-WÀ¯m³ AXv Imc-W-am-bn. C¡m-e-¯p-X-s¶-bmWv tbmK-t£ak`-bpsS
{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä kPo-h-ambn \S-¡p-¶-Xpw, ]e-X-c-¯n-ep-ff ‘hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-§fpw
sImv \memÄ IqSp-¶n-S-s¯ms¡ A´-cn£w i_vZm-b-am-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. sshZn-I-
hr-¯nbpw Cui-zc hni-zm-k-hp-amWv th-sX¶v Hcp hn`mKw iTn-¨-t¸mÄ \ho\ hnZ-ym-
`-ym-khpw \mK-cn-I-Po-hn-X-hp-amWv th-sX¶v asämcp hn`mKw Bh-i-y-s¸-«p. Cw¥ojv
hnZ-ym-`-ymkw kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-am-¡-W-sa¶v Bh-i-y-s¸«v IpdqÀ D®n \¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv tbmK-
t£-a-k`m kt½-f-\-¯nÂ {]tabw sImp-h¶p. hn.-Sn.-bpsS temIw hnim-e-ambn XpS-
§p¶ Ime-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. At±lw ‘tbmK-t£a’¯nsâbpw ‘tIcf
]{XnI’bpsSbpw Øncw hcn-¡m-c-\m-bXv C¡m-e-¯m-Wv. hÃ-¸p-g-bnÂ sh¨v \S¶
tbmK-t£-a-k-`-bpsS Ggmw hmÀjn-I-k-t½-f-\-¯nÂ \¼q-Xn-cn-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂ Cw¥ojv
hnZ-ym-`-ymkw kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-am-¡-W-sa¶ A`n-{]m-b-ap-bÀ¶p. AtXm-Sp-IqSn \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ
]ecpw Cw¥ojv ]Tn-¡m-\m-cw-`n-¨p. Cw¥o-jnÂ {]mho-W-y-ap-m-bn-cp¶ s]cp-a-\¯v
\mcm-b-W³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bmWv hn.-Sn.sb Cw¥ojp ]Tn-¡m³ t{]cn-¸n-¨-Xv. sjmÀ®qÀ
sdbnÂth DtZ-ym-K-Ø-sâ-b-Sp-¯mWv Ipd-¨p-Imew hn.-Sn. Cw¥ojv
]Tn-¡m-\mbn t]mb-Xv. B ka-b¯v AhnsS kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp aZm-½-¡p-«nbpw Cw¥ojv
]Tn-¡m³ h¶n-cp-¶Xv hn.-Sn. HmÀ¡p-¶p. sdbnÂth sXmgnÂim-e-bnse B[p-\n-I-amb
bt{´m-]-I-c-W-§-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä ImWm\pw AXp-ambn Xmc-X-ayw sN¿p-t¼mÄ
\¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ \S-¯p¶ tlmam-Zn-IÄ F{X-am{Xw \ncÀ°-I-am-sW¶v t_m[-y-s¸-Sm\pw
hn.-Snbv¡v Ah-k-c-ap-m-bn.
tbmK-t£-a-\-S-]-Sn-bpsS F«mw hmÀjn-I-tbmKw Hf-¸-a® a\-bv¡Â sh¨v \S-¶-
t¸mÄ hn.-Sn. AXnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯p. ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb ]e amä-§fpw B kt½-f-\-¯n-\n-
Sbv¡v ImWm³ Ign-ªp. hnZ-ym-ebw XpS-§-W-sa¶ IpdqÀ D®n-\-¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ
Bl-zm\w kZÊv lÀjm--c-h-t¯m-sS-bmWv kzo-I-cn-¨-Xv.
kt½-f\w Ignªv hn.Sn Xsâ CÃ-s¯-¯n-b-t¸m-tg¡pw Ahn-Ss¯ ØnXn-K-Xn-
IÄ Nne amä-§Ä {]I-S-am-bn-cp-¶p. tPy-jvT³ kv{Xo[\w hm§n hnhmlw sNbvXv Xd-
hm-Snsâ IS-§Ä Ipsd-sbms¡ ho«n-bn-cp-¶p. amdn-t¸mb IpSpw-_mw-K-§Ä ]ecpw
CÃ¯v Xncn-s¨-¯n. tPy-jvT³ Aev]w Al-¦m-cn-bp-ambn XoÀ¶n-cp-¶p. Hcp A]v^-\m-
b-Xp-sImp Xs¶ IqSpw-Ip-Spw-_-hp-an-Ãm¯ Xsâ ØnXn-tbmÀ¯v hn.-Sn. hnjm-Z-`-cn-X-
\m-bn. thKw-Xs¶ Ahn-sS-\n¶pw Xncn-¨v Xsâ imń-hr-¯n-bnÂ hym-]r-X-\m-bn.
A§-s\-bn-cns¡ Hcp Znhkw A¯m-g-]qP Ignªv \S-b-S¨v A{K-im-e-¸-Sn-taÂ
at\m-cm-P-y-¯n-em-n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ A½p-¡p«n hn.-Sn.-bpsS ASp-s¯-¯n. Ak-a-b¯v
h¶ Ah-sf-¡v hn.-Sn. ]cn-{`-an-¨p. AhÄ Xsâ aSn-¡p-¯nÂ \n¶pw Hcp Ipdn-s¸-
Sp¯p hn.-Sn-bpsS t\sc \o«n. At±lw B Ipdn¸v hm§n C§s\ hmbn-¨p. “s]cp-a-
\¯v \mcm-b-W³ \¼q-Xncn A½p¡p-«nbv¡v ]pSh sImSp-¡m³ \nÝ-bn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p”.
X\n¡v CjvS-s¸-«n-«Ã CsXm¶pw aäp-f-f-h-cpsS \nÀ_Ôw sImm-sW¶pw AhÄ
I®o-tcmsS hn.-Sn.sb Adn-bn-¨p. B hmÀ¯ hn.-Sn.-bnÂ henb \Sp-¡-ap-m-¡n-sb-
¦nepw \nÊ-lm-b-\mbn \nÂ¡mt\ At±-l-¯n-\m-bp-f-fq.
Essay Questions
1. B Xo¿mSns]¬Ip«n sImfp¯n¯¶ sISmhnf¡mWv ]nÂ¡me PohnX¯nÂ
F\n¡v amÀ¤\nÀt±iw \evInb almtPymXnsÊt¶mÀ¡pt¼mÄ IrXÚX
sImssâ I®pIÄ \ndªp t]mIp¶p þ kµÀ`hpw Bibhpw hniZam¡pI.
2 apapIimkvXmwImhnse imńhr¯nbpambn Ignbp¶Imes¯ A\p`h§sf
Xsâ kvacWIfneqsS hn.Sn BhnjvIcn¡p¶sX§ns\?
3 ]nÂ¡me¯v kmaqly {]hÀ¯I\mhm³ hn.Sn-þsb t{]cn¸n¨ kmlNcy§Ä
Fs´Ãmw?
4 tbmKt£ak`bpsS hmÀjnI¯n\v Hf¸a®a\s¡se¯nb hn.Sn AhnSs¯
]qÀÆmNmc ewL\§sf F§ns\bmWv IXv?
5 kz{]XybssØcyt¯msS Xncnªv t\m¡nbt¸mÄ A½p¡p«n Fsâ ap¶nenÃ.
Cfw \nemhv sI«pIgnªncp¶pþ CXnse kzmckyw F´v?
\nÀ±njvS cN\ (ASSIGNMENT)
\¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯n-\-Is¯ ]cn-jvI-c-W-{i-a-§Ä¡v t\Xr-Xzw \ÂInb hn.-Sn-
bpsS Pohn-Xs¯ At±-l-¯nsâ BßIYm-c-N-\-Isf ap³\nÀ¯n hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-ambn
hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.
am«v
hn.sI {io-cm-a³
1. I-eym-W-¯n-\v ]p-d-s¸-Sm³ t\-cw Xm-an-¡p«n-tbm-Sv Iq-«p-Im-c³ sk-bv-Xe-hn ]-d-ª-
sX´v?
D. amÀ-¡¡Ãym-W-am-Wv (amÀ-Kw I-gn-¡Â A-sÃ-¦nÂ kp¶-¯v IÃymWw) \-S-¡p-¶-Xv.
Xm-an-¡p-«n-sb kp¶-¯v I-gn-¡m-\m-Wv sIm-«p-w ]m-«p-am-bn sImp-t]m-Ip-¶-Xv F-¶v Iq-«p-
Im-c³ sk-bv-Xe-hn Xman-tbm-Sv ]-d-bp-¶p.
2. s]-®v-sI-«n-\v t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ Xm-an-sb A-½ {]-tXyIw HmÀ-½n-¸n-¨ Imcyw F-´m-
bncp¶p?
D. I-eym-W-¯n-\v t]m-Ip-¶ h-gn-¡v ap-v A-gnªp-t]m-bmÂ sNdn-b A-½m-h-t\m-Sv
]d-ªv A-Xv i-cn-bm-bn D-Sp-¸n-¡Ww. Xp-Wn-¡v A-Sn-bnÂ {Su-k-dp-s-¶v I-cp-Xn Xp-Wn-b-
gn-¨v tXm-fn-en-«v \-S-¡-cpXv. Xm-an C-t¸mÄ I-eym-W sN-¡-\m-Wv F-¶ HmÀ-½ thWw.
hf-sc sNdn-b {]m-b-¯nÂ hn-hm-ln-X-\m-tI-n- h-¶ a-I³ Xm-an hÃ A-{i²-tbm
hn-IrXntbm Im-Wn-t¨-¡p-sa-¶ `-bw Im-c-W-am-Wv A-½ am-X Ah-s\ C§-s\ HmÀ-½n-¸n-
¨Xv.
3. "tXm-ev am-Sm-\p-Å Im-bv sIm-Sp-¡-Ww-¶-tÃ-bp-Åq'
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
4. "Hm³ a-lm- \oi\m...... C-¿v H-¶v ]-d-ªp-sIm-Spt¯m Hm-\v Hd-¡w F-Wo-¡p-t¼m' B-
sc-¡p-dn-¨mWv Cu ]-cm-aÀiw? F-´m-Wv ]-d-ªp-sIm-Sp-t¡- Im-cyw?
D. Ipw-`- am-k-¯nÂ \-S-¡p¶ ssh-c-t¦m-Sv th-e-bv-¡v Ip-d-h-s\bpw Ip-d-¯n-sbbpw F-gp-
¶-Ån-¨p-h-¶-Xn-sâ £o-W-¯nÂ In-S-¶p-d-§p-¶ Xm-an-sb A-Ñ³ Ip-ªn-t¡mc³ H-¨-bn-
«p-WÀ-¯m³ {i-an-¡p¶p. th-e-¡v F-gp-¶-Ån-¸n-\p-th-n A-¶m-c-¡m-c³ Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-
b³ F-¶ kp-lr-¯nÂ \n-¶m-Wv Xp-Sn hm-S-I-¡v F-Sp-¯Xv. th-e I-gn-ªv t\m-¡p-
t¼mÄ Xp-Sn tXm-ep-s]m-fn-ªn-cn-¡p¶p. Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ a-I-t\m-Sv C-Xn-s\-s¨mÃn tZ-jy-
s¸-Sp¶p. A-Ñ-³ A-Xv {]-iv-\-am-t¡-s¶pw Xm³ X-s¶ Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-\v t\-cn-«v Xp-Sn
sImp- t]m-bn sIm-Sp-¡m-sa-¶pw tXm-ep-am-Sm-\p-Å- Imiv sIm-Sp-¡m-sa¶pw Xm-an AÑ-
s\ A-dn-bn-¨v H-¶p-Iq-sS ]pX-¨v aq-Sn In-S-¡p¶p. At¸mÄ D-½-d-t¯-¡v i-Ðw tI-s«¯n-

b `m-cy am-X-tbm-Sv Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ ]-d-bp-¶p. a-I³ hn-Nm-cn-¡p-¶-t]m-se-bp-Å B-fÃ

A-¶m-c-¡m-c³ Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ B-fv a-lm \o-N-\m-Wv. am«pw a-{´hpw ]-Xn-\m-dp-]Tn-¨v
Xr-ssh-c-s\bpw Nm-ap-n-tbbpw tk-h sN-bv-Xv ]q-Pn-¡p-¶-h-\mWv. Xm-an D-WÀ-¶mÂ
C-¡m-cy-sam-¶pw thhn-[w ]-d-ªp sIm-Sp-t¯-¡-Ww F-¶v Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ `m-cy-sb
D-]-tZ-in-¡p¶p.
5. "Rm-\pw-sâ sN-¡\pw tNm-c-\o-cm-¡n ]m-S¯pw ]-d-¼nepw \-bv-¨n-«m I-t¿-WXv. As¶-
t¸m-se I-Åpw Ip-Sn-¨v am«pw am-c-tWmw sN-bv-Xv \-S-¡-Wn-ey'þ kµÀ-`-sa-gp-XpI.
D. th-e-bv-¡v Ip-d-h\pw Ip-d-¯nbpw F-gp-¶-Ån-¡m-\m-bn A-¶m-c-¡m-c³ Ip-ªn-¡nfnb-
sâv cv Xp-Sn a-I³Xm-an-¡p-th-n Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ I-Sw-hm-§n-bn-cp¶p. th-ebp-sS
B-th-i-¯nÂ Xp-Sn cpw s]m-«n-s¸m-fnªp. A-Xn-sâ hm-S-Ibpw tXm-ep-amäm-\p-Å
Iq-enbpw Iq-Sn \q-än-b¼-Xv D-dp-¸n-I-bm-Wv Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ B-h-iy-s¸-«Xv. F-¶mÂ ap-¸-
¯nb-©v D-dp¸n-I am-{X-am-Wv Xm-an \Â-In-bXv. _m-¡n Xp-I In-«m-Xn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ I-Åp-jm-
¸nÂ sh-¨v Ip-ªn-t¡m-c\pw Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b\pw X-½nÂ hm-t¡-ä-apmbn. C-Xm-Wv
kµÀ`w. Ip-ªn-t¡m-c-s\ sh-Åw Ip-Sn-¸n-¡p-sa¶pw Xo-¿v Xo-än-¡p-sa-¶pw hm-¸p-ap-X-em-
fn-bp-sS D-kv-dv-½-ep-Å (D-in-c-n³-taÂ) A-h-sâ-bpw a-Isâbpw \S-¯w A-h-km-\n-¸n-¡p-
sa¶pw Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ shÃp-hn-fn-¨-t¸mÄ Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ a-dp]-Sn \Â-Ip-¶-Xm-Wo
hm-¡y-§Ä. X-sâ tcm-a-¯nÂ sXm-Sm-\m-hnsÃ¶pw hm-¸p ap-X-em-fn-bp-sS D-in-cn³-ta-eÃ
kz-´w A-²zm-\-¯n-em-Wv Xm\pw a-I\pw I-gn-bp-¶-sX¶pw Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ ]-d-bp¶p.
Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-s\ t]m-se IÅp-Ip-Sn-¨v amc-Ww sN-bv-XÃ X-§Ä Po-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. X-sâ
ssI-sIm-v H-¶v In-«nbmÂ Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-sâ Nq-c-t¡mepw H-Sn-a-dn-¨-epw H-s¡ t]m-Ip-
sa¶pw Ip-ªnt¡m-c³ Xm-¡o-Xv \Â-Ip¶p.
6. am-§m-«n-cn jm-¸nÂ Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ Ip-Sn-¡m³ I-b-dp-t¼mÄ B-fp-IÄ Ip-Sn-\nÀ-¯n
]-Ww sIm-Sp-¯p Xn-Sp-¡-s¸-«v C-d-§n-t¸m-Im³ Imc-Ww F-´m-bn-cp¶p?
D. Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b-\p-am-bn am-§m-«n-cn jm-¸n-se A-Sn-]n-Sn-I-gn-ª-Xn-sâ Ggmw Zn-hkw,
tPm-en I-gn-ªp a-S-§p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶ Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ Ft´m I-p `-b¶p. sXm-«-Sp-¯
Znh-kw Pz-cw h¶p. a-cp¶pw a-{´-hp-sam¶pw ^-en-¨nÃ. Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ ]-\nh-¶ Ggmw
\mÄ a-cn¨p. H-Sn-]-än-bn-«m-Wv Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ a-cn-¨-sX-¶v B-fp-IÄ AS-¡w ]-d-bm³ Xp-
S§n. A-tXm-sS jm-¸nÂ Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ h-¶mÂ B-fp-IÄ D-S³ Ø-ew Im-en-bm-
¡m³ Xp-S-§n.
7. "GtXm hn-ti-j-s¸-« X-e-bm-sW-t¶ t]m-eo-kp-Im-c³ I-cp-Xn-bpÅp. Fkv.sF ¡v Im-gv-
N-h-bv-¡m-\m-hpw" kµÀ-`w F-gp-XpI.
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
8. "kv-{Xo-IÄ Ip-«nI-sf ]p-c-bv-¡-I-¯m-¡n hm-Xn-e-S¨p. FÃm i-Ð§-fw s]-s«-¶-S§n.
FÃm Zr-iyhpw \n-Ý-e-am-bn" Im-c-Ww F-´m-bn-cp¶p?
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
9. "]-tl-sâ H-cp X-am-i-. ¶mepw B Nn-cn A-{X ]-ń-bÃtÃm?' þ B-cp-sS Nn-cn? F-´m-bn-
cp-¶p X-ami?
AsÃ-¦nÂ
10. "AXpw ssI-bnÂ ]n-Sn-¨v C-hn-sS-t¡-dn H-cp So Ip-Sn-¨n-«v t]mImw F-¶v Ah-\v tXm-
¶nbmtem?'þ BÀ¡v? I-¿nÂ F-´m-bn-cp¶p?
D. A-Ñ³ Ip-ªn-t¡m-c³ a-cn-¨-Xn-sâ ]-Xn-\memw Zn-h-k-am-Wv Xm-an-bp-sS `m-cy ap-n¡v
t]äp-t\m-hv Xp-S-§n-bXv. Xn-cqÀ B-ip-]-{Xn-bnÂ DS-s\ F-¯n-s¨-¦nepw I-\-¯ c-à-
{kmh-s¯ Xp-SÀ-¶v ap-nbpw Ip-«nbpw a-c-W-aSªp. X-sâ Ip-Spw_-¯n-sâ Zp-c-´-¯n-
\p Imc-Ww Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-sâ ZpÀ-a-{´-hm-Z-am-sW-¶v Xm-an hn-iz-kn-¨p. a-c-Wm-\´-cw ]n-

X-\memw Znh-kw Xm-an ho-«nÂ \n-¶nd-§n \-S¶p. am-§m-«n-cn jm-¸nsâ ]-Sn-ªm-dp-h-i-

¯p-Å Ip--\n-S-h-gn-bnÂ sh-¨v Xm-an Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-sâ X-e A-dp-s¯-Sp¯p. A-Xp
I-v \m-«p-ImÀ X-Sn-¨p-IqSn. kv-{Xo-IÄ B Imgv-N Im-Wm-Xncn-¡m³ Ip-«nI-sf ]p-c-¡-I-
¯m-¡n hm-Xn-e-S¨p. A-dp-s¯-Sp-¯ Xe ssI-bn-se tXmÀ-¯nÂ s]m-Xn-ªp Xq-¡n-¸n-
Sn¨p. A-XnÂ \n-¶p tNm-c C-än-äp ho-gp¶p. \-S-¶-Ie-th F-Xn-sc h-¶ X-®n-ap{In Xman-
tbm-Sv ssI-¿n-se-´m-sW-¶v tNm-Zn¨p. Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b-sâ X-e-bm-sW-¶v a-dp]-Sn X-am-i-bm-
bm-Wv ap-{In-¡v tXm-¶n-bXv. t]m-¯nd-¨n hm-§n tXmÀ-¯nÂ sI-«n- Rm-¯n _m-¸p ap-X-em-
fn-bp-sS ]p-c-bn-te-¡v sImp-t]m-Ip-¶p F-¶m-Wv ap{In hn-Nm-cn-¨Xv. F-¦nepw A-Xp-]-d-
bp-t¼mÄ Xm-an-bp-sS Nn-cnbnÂ Ft´m ]-ń-tI-Sp-Å-Xm-bn ap-{In-¡v tXm-¶n. BÄ-¡q-«w
Xm-an-bp-sS ]n-¶m-se Xr-¡-n-bq-c-¼-e-¯n-sâ ap-¶n-eq-sS t]meo-kv IzmÀ-t«-gv-kp-IÄ
IS-¶v Sn._n tdm-Un-te-¡v I-S¶p. B-kv-]{Xn ]-Sn-¡-ep-Å KtW-jv `h-sâ j-«À Xm-gv-¯n-
bn-«p kzman. B X-ebpw ]n-Sn-¨v Xm-an Nm-b-Ip-Sn-¡m³ I-S-bn-te-¡v Ib-dn hcptam F-¶v
A-bmÄ `-b¶p. aq-¶p In-tem-ao-äÀ \S-¶v t]meo-kv kv-täj-sâ D-½d-¯v F¯n-b Xman-
tbm-Sv ]m-dm-hp \n¶ t]m-eo-kv F-´m-Wv I-¿n-se-¶v tNm-Zn¨p. X-sâ I-¿nÂ Ip-ªn-¡n-
fnb-sâ X-e-bm-sW-¶v Xm-an- a-dp]-Sn ]-dªp. G-tXm hn-ti-j-s¸-« In-fn-bp-sS X-e-bm-sW-
¶m-Wv t]m-eo-kp-Im-c³ I-cp-XnbXv. "BÀ-¡v sIm-Sp-¡m-\p-Å-Xm-sW-¶' ]m-dm-hp-Imc-sâ
tNm-Zy-¯n-\v "BÀ-¡m-Wv-¨m sIm-Sp-t¯m-fn³:" F-¶v ]d-ªv Xm-an tXmÀ-¯nÂ s]m-Xn-
ª X-e ]m-dm-hp-Imc-sâ ap-¶n-te-¡n«p. C-XpI-v tK-änÂ Xn-§n-\n-d-ª P-\w BÀ-¯p-
hn-fn¨p. ]mdm-hp-Im-c³ tXm¡pw hn-«v kv-täj-sâ A-I-t¯-¡v ]mªp.
11. "Hm-tcmtcm hn-izm-k-§f-tÃ \-½p-sS IÀ-½-§Ä-s¡m-s¡ B-[m-cw. i-cn-tbXv,
sX-täXv? \-ap-s¡-§-s\-bm-Wv Xn-cn-¨-dn-bpI?
D. G-d-\m-«n-se {]-am-Zam-b Ip-ªn-¡n-fn-b³ sImet¡kv kn-\n-a-bm-¡nbmtem F-¶v
kn-\n-am-Xm-cw a-½q-«n B-{K-ln-¨n-cp¶p. A-¡mcyw hn.sI {io-cm-a-t\m-Sv ]d-ªp. F-ń-\m-
Wv A-§-s\-sbm-cp kn\n-a F¶ tNm-Zy-¯n\v "A-Ô-hn-izm-k-§Ä-s¡-Xncm-b kn-\n-a-
bmWv" F-¶ a-½q-«n-bp-sS a-dp]-Sn tI-«-t¸mÄ {io-cm-a³ tNm-Zn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wn-Xv. FÃm IÀ-½-
§Ä¡pw B-[mcw Hm-tcmtcm hn-izm-k-§-fm-b-Xn-\mÂ A-hbnse i-cn-sX-äp-IÄ Xn-cn-¨-dn-
bm³ \-ap-s¡§-s\ I-gn-bp-sa¶pw {io-cm-a³ tNm-Zn-¡p¶p.
12. B Nn-cn-bp-sS AÀ-°w F-\n-¡v Ip-td-sÈ a-\-Ên-em-hm³ Xp-S-§p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. B-cp-
sS Nn-cn-bp-sS AÀ-°-am-Wn-hn-sS kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv.
D. Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-s\ I-gp-¯-dp-¯v sIm-¶-Xn-\v Xm-an-sb Xq-¡n-s¡mÃm³ tImS-Xn
hn-[n¨p. Xn-cqÀ Sn._n- bnÂ sh-¨v t\-cnÂ I--t¸mÄ {io-cma³ Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-s\ sIm-
tÃ-n-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¶v tXm-¶p-¶n-tÃ F-¶p tNm-Zn-¨-t¸mÄ AÀ-°w a-\-Ên-em-Im-¯ X-c-
¯nÂ H-cp Nn-cn Nn-cn¨p. Xm-an-bp-sS AÑ-sâ ac-Ww Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-sâ H-Snsh-¸v B-bn-cp-
¶q F-¶v Xm-an C-t¸mgpw hn-iz-kn-¡p-¶ptm F¶ tNm-Zy-¯n-\v Xm-an ]-d-ª a-dp]-Sn
C-XmWv. "A-Ñ³ am-{XaÃ; F-sâ ap-nbpw Ip-«nbpw a-cn-¨Xpw Ip-ªn-¡n-fnb-sâ H-Sn-¸-
tWym-v X-¶ymWv. A-Xn-ev kw-i-bney. a-cn-¡-tWsâ ap¼v Hm³ sN-bv-Xp-h-¨ ]-Wn-
sIm-v Rm³ P-bn-enÂ sI-S-¡pt¼m F-sâ H-cp tam³ Iq-Sn a-cn¨p. Hm-sâ Xe t]m-tb-
sâ ti-jw \m-«n-sem-cp sIm-b-t¸mw CÃ". Xman hopw Nn-cn¨p. B Nn-cn-bp-sS AÀ-°w
X-\n-¡v Ip-td-sÈ a-\-Ên-em-Im³ Xp-S-§p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p F-¶m-Wv hn.sI {io-cm-a³ ]-d-bp-
¶Xv.

I-ÂPo-hn-Xw
I-tÃ³ s]m-¡p-S³
13. X-\n-¡n-ã-s¸-« k-ap-Zm-bhpw ]mÀ-«nbpw A-\y-am-bn tXm-¶p-¶p F-¶p s]m-¡p-S³ ]-d-
bm³ Im-c-W-sa´v?
D. B-Zy-Ime-¯v k-Po-h-I-½yq-Wn-Ìv cm-jv{So-b-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp-¶p s]m-¡pS³. I-½yq-Wnkw
F-¶ B-i-b-kw-ln-X-bpw kn-²m-´hpw A-dn-bn-sÃ-¦nepw ]m-h-§-fp-sS Iq-sS \nÂ-¡p-¶
]mÀ-«n F-¶ \n-e-¡m-Wv s]m-¡p-S³ I-½yq-Wn-kv-äv-Im-c-\m-bXv. F.sI.Pn B-bn-cp-¶p A-t±-
l-¯n-sâ C-ã-s¸-« t\-Xmhv. ]mÀ-«n \-S¯n-b k-a-c-§-fnÂ ]-s¦-Sp¯pw ]mÀ-«n B-h-iy-
s¸-«-sXÃmw sN-bv-Xp-sIm-Sp¯pw s]m-¡p-S³ X-sâ ]mÀ-«n Iq-dv {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-am-bn-cp¶p.
]t£, ]n-¶o-Sv ]-e Im-c-W-§-fmÂ ]mÀ-«n-¡v X-t¶mSpw X-\n-¡v ]mÀ«n-tbmSpw A-Sp-¸w
Ip-d-ª-Xm-bn s]m-¡p-S³ {]-kv-Xm-hn-¡p¶p. Ip-Sn-bm³ _nÃv kw-c-£n-¡m³ sNbv-X
k-a-chpw a-«-¡-W-sIm-v ]-¯v skâv Af-¶p sIm-Sp-¡m³ Im-Wn-¨ B-th-i-hpw 1980
þIÄ B-b-t¸m-tg¡pw ]mÀ-«n-¡v CÃm-Xm-b-Xm-bn s]m-¡pS-\v tXm¶n. A-tXm-sS A-t±-l-
¯n-\v cm-jv{So-b-¯nÂ a\-kv a-Sp-¯p. C-S-Xp-]-£-¡m-c\m-b H-cp ]p-eb-s\ DÄ-s¡m-
Åm³ am{Xw B-Zy-Im-e-§-fn-se ]p-eb- k-ap-Zm-bw h-f-cm-¯-Xn-\mÂ ]p-e-b-k-ap-Zm-b-
¯n\pw X-s¶ DÄ-s¡m-Åm-\m-bnÃ. F-¶mÂ C-t¸mÄ ]p-e-b k-ap-Zmb-s¯ DÄ-s¡m-
Åm³ C-S-Xp-]-£-¯n\pw C-Xphsc km-[n-¨n-«nÃ F-¶v s]m-¡p-S³ t_m-[y-am-b-Xm-bn
A-t±-lw ]-d-bp¶p. A-tXm-sSbm-Wv X-\n-¡n-ã-s¸-« c-v hn-`m-Khpw þ k-ap-Zm-b-hpw
]mÀ-«nbpw þ X-\n-¡v A-\y-amb-Xm-bn s]m-¡pS-\v tXm-¶n-b-Xv.
14. I-Â\-«p-h-fÀ-¯p-¶-Xp-sIm-p-Å {]-tbm-P-\-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?
D. I-S-en-se A-sÃ-¦nÂ Im-b-ense D-¸p-sh-Åw ip-²o-I-cn-¡m\pw Im-än-s\ X-S-bm\pw
Ic-sb kw-c-£n-¡m\pw I-Â-Im-Sp-IÄ {]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¶p. A-t\-Iw a-Õy- C-\-§Ä-
¡v ap-«-bn-«v s]-cp-Ip-¶-Xn\pw I--ep-IÄ km-l-N-cy-sam-cp-¡p¶p. ]p-gbnÂ \n-¶p-Å
Xn-c-b-Sn-¨v Nn-d X-I-cp¶-Xv I--ep-I-fp-sS k-lm-b-t¯m-sS X-S-bmw. Iq-Sm-sX Im-gvN-¡v G-sd
a-t\m-l-cam-b Zr-iy-sam-cp-¡m³ IÂ-¡m-Sp-IÄ A-h-k-csam-cp-¡p¶p.
15. "\-ap-¡v F-¶m-Wv C-sXm-s¡ t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-I"þ I-tÃ³s]m-¡pSsâ Cu tNm-Zy-¯nsâ
{]-k-àn- hy-à-am-¡pI?
D. I-ÂIr-jn-sb-¡p-dn¨pw A-Xn-sâ {]m-[m-\y-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw hy-à-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-
I-bm-Wv I-ÂPo-hn-Xw F-¶ te-J-\-¯n-eq-sS I-tÃ³s]m-¡pS³. {]-Ir-Xnkw-c-£-W-
¯n-\v h-\-hÂ-¡c-Ww A-h-iy-am-Wv. h-\-hÂ-¡-c-W kw-cw-`-¯nÂ Gsd {]m-[m-\yw
I--ep-IÄ-¡v \Â-I-W-sa-¶v s]m-¡p-S³ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. {]-Ir-Xn ]-e-X-c-¯nÂ tIm-
]n-¨v \m-iw hn-X-bv-¡p¶-Xv \mw C-¶v \n-Xyhpw Im-Wp¶p. \n-Ê-lm-b-cm-bn t\m-¡n-\nÂ-
¡m-s\ a-\p-jycm-b \-ap-¡v ]-e {]-Ir-Xn hn-]-¯p-IÄ-¡v ap-¶nepw I-gn-bp-¶pÅp. sIm-Sp-
¦m-ä-Sn-¨pm-b Po-h-\m-ihpw aäpw ]-{X-¯nepw Sn.hn-.bn-ep-sam-s¡ \mw Im-Wp¶p. a-\p-
jy³ Im-c-W-am-Wv C¯-cw Zp-c-´-§Ä kw-`-hn-¡p-¶Xv. bm-sXm-cp ho-p- hn-Nm-c-hp-anÃm-
sX a-\p-jy³ Xo-c-¡m-SpI-sf sh-«n \-in-¸n-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶p. cm-jv{So-b-¡mÀ, D-tZym-
KØÀ, tIm¬-{Sm-ÎÀ-amÀ XpS-§n k-I-eÀ¡pw Cu Im-cy-¯nÂ H-tc XmÂ-]-cy-amWv. ]p-
gbpw N-Xp¸pw a-®n-«v \n-I-¯p-t¼mÄ hÀ-j-Ime-s¯ A-[n-IP-ew DÄ-s¡m-Åm-\m-Im-sX
sh-Å-s¸m-¡w D-m-Ipw. Xo-c-{]-tZi-s¯ I-Â-¡m-Sp-IÄ \-in-¸n-¡m-Xn-cp-¶mÂ sIm-Sp-
¦m-änÂ \n-¶v c-£-s¸-Sm-sa-¶v C¶-s¯ Ime-¯v ]-{X-§Ä hmÀ-¯ sIm-Sp-¡m³ Xp-S§n.
FÃm ]-¨¸pw CÃm-Xm-Ip-t¼mÄ Np-g-än-b-Sn-¡p-¶ H-cp Im-äv aXn, a-\p-jyÀ-s¡Ãmw \-ã-s¸-
Sm³. Cu Im-cy-§-sfm-s¡ a-\p-jyÀ-¡v F-¶m-Wv t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-I F-¶-Xm-Wv I-tÃ³s]m-
¡pS-sâ {]-k-àamb tNm-Zyw.

Module - 4
k-©m-c-km-lnXyw
1. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-bm-{X-hn-h-c-W-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ IrXn?
D. hÀ-¯-am-\-]p-kvX-Iw
2. "hÀ-¯-am-\-]p-kvX-Iw' F-¶ k-©m-c-Ir-Xn c-Nn-¨-Xmcv?
D. ]m-td-am-¡Â tXm-am-I-¯-\mÀ
3. C-ý³ `m-j-I-fnÂ F-gp-X-s¸-« B-Zy-s¯ bm-{Xm-hn-hcWw?
D. hÀ-¯-am-\-]p-kvX-Iw
4. ]-Zy-cq-]-¯nÂ a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-« B-Zy-s¯ bm-{Xm-hn-h-cWw?
D. "[À-½-cm-Pm-hn-sâ cm-ta-iz-c-bm-{X' (c-Nn-¨-Xm-sc-¶v \nÀ-®-bn-¡-s¸-«n-«nÃ)
5. hÀ-¯-am-\-]p-kvX-Iw A-¨-Sn-¨ hÀjw?
D. 1936
6. kzm-\p-`-h-¯mÂ c-Nn-¡-s¸-« B-Zy-bm-{Xm-Im-hyw?
D. Im-in-bm-{Xm-hÀ®\w
7. "Im-in-bm-{Xm-hÀ-®\w' F-¶ k-©m-c-Ir-Xn c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. ssh¡-¯v ]m-¨p-aq¯-Xv
8. "a-Zn-cm-in bm{X' c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. Ip-ªn-¡p-«³ X-¼p-cm³
9. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se "tPm¬- K´À' F-¶v A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv?
D. F-kv.sI s]m-ä-¡m-Sv
10. "Rm³ I- A-td_y' F-¶ bm-{X-hn-hc-Ww c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. ]n. sam-bv-Xp-lm-Pn (1950)
11. ]n.sam-bv-Xp-lm-Pn-bp-sS "Rm³ I- A-td_y' F-¶ bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-¯n-sâ {]m-[m-
\yw?
D. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ l-Öv bm-{Xm-{K-Ùw
12. "cm-ta-iz-c-bm{X' c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. sh¬a-Wn A-Ñ³ \-¼q-Xn-cn
13. "I-Y-t]m-se Po-hnXw' F-¶ k-©m-cIr-Xn c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. bp.F Jm-ZÀ
14. "Rm³ H-cp ]pXnb tem-Iw I-p', "tkm-hnb-äv bq-Wn-b-\nÂ F-sâ A-\p-`-h-§Ä'
F-¶o Ir-Xn-IÄ c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. F.sI.Pn
15. "D-W-cp-¶ C-ý' c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. F³.hn Ir-jv-W-hm-cyÀ
16. 'A-¸q¸-sâ I-¯pIÄ' F-¶ bm-{Xm-hn-hc-Ww c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. \nXy-ssN-X-\yb-Xn
17. Hm-«w-Xp-Å-en-sâ cq-]-¯nÂ 'Kw-Km-kv-\m\w' F-¶ bm-{Xm-hn-hc-Ww X-¿m-dm-¡n-bXv?
D. Ip-«n-¡p-ªp X¦-¨n
18. {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨ hÀ-j-¯n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ bm-{Xm-hn-
h-cWw?
D. DuÀ-È-temw bm-{Xm-hn-hc-Ww
19. DuÀ-È-temw bm-{Xm-hn-hc-Ww {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨Xv?

D. 1895
20. 'BÄ-¡q-«-¯nÂ X-\nsb' F-¶ Ir-Xn c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. Fw.Sn hm-kp-tZ-h³ \m-bÀ
21. 'DuÀ-È-temw bm-{Xm-hn-h-cWw' c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. Kn-hÀ-Ko-kv amÀ {Kn-tKm-dnb-kv sa-{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯ (]-cp-a-e Xn-cp-ta\n)
22. "_n-em-¯n hn-tijw' c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. sI.]n tI-i-hta-t\m³
23. 1991 se tI-c-f- km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an A-hmÀ-Uv t\Sn-b "]-{X-{]-hÀ¯\w F-¶
bm{X' c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. hn.sI am-[-h³-Ip-«n
24. tem-Iw Np-än-¡-p, KÄ-^v Ub-dn F-¶o Ir-Xn-IÄ c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. kn.F¨v. ap-l½-Zv tIm-b
25. k-©m-cm-\p-`-h§-sf ap³-\nÀ-¯n t{]-a-in-ev-]n k-©m-cn-bp-sS Ko-X-§Ä F-¶o In-h-
Xm-k-am-lm-c-§Ä c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. F-kv.sI s]m-ä-¡m-Sv
26. a-e-bm-f-¯n-se bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W§-sf ]-cn-l-kn-¨v th-fqÀ Ir-jv-W³-Ip-«n F-gpXn-b
IrXn?
D. th-fqÀ Sp tamkvtIm
27. hn. ap-k-^À A-l-½-Znsâ "a-cp-`q-an-bp-sS B-ßI-Y' bp-sS B-Zy ]-Xn-¸v B-Zy-am-bn
]p-d-¯n-d§n-b hÀjw?
D. 2008 (amÀ¨v)
28. hn. ap-k-^À A-l½-Zv P-\n-¨Xv?
D. 1966 Pq-sse 16 \v a-e-¸p-dw PnÃ-bn-se s]-cn-´Â-a-®-bnÂ
29. hn. ap-k-^À A-l-½-Zn-sâ Im-hy-k-am-lmcw?
D. th-en¡pw hn-f-hn\pw
30. ap-km-^À A-l-½-Zn-sâ B-Zy a-cp-`q-bm-{X F-t§m-«m-bn-cp-¶pw?
D. k-¡m-¡-bn-te-¡v
31. G-Xv ]-{X-¯n-\p-Å dn-t¸mÀ-«nw-Kn-\m-Wv ap-km-^À A-l½-Zv k-¡m-¡-bn-te-¡v
t]m-bXv?
D. a-e-bm-fw \yq-kv Zn-\-¸{Xw
32. "lÀ-_pÂ amAv' F-¶-Xn-sâ AÀ-°w F´v?
P-e-bp-² Water war
"B-a-\p-jy³' F-¶v AÀ-°w h-cp-¶ Ø-e-\maw GXv?
D. AÂ-d-Pm-PnÂ
34. NmÄ-tIm-en-¯nIv, sN-¼p-bp-K-¯n-te-sX-¶p I-cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶ a-WÂ-¡Ãp-IÄ F-hn-sS-
bm-Wv Im-W-s¸-Sp-¶Xv?
D. AÂ-\-^q-Zv a-cp-`q-an-bnÂ
35. a-cp-`q-an-bn-se P-e-km-¶n[yw tX-Sn \-S-¡m³ ap-km-^-dn-s\ t{]-cn-¸n¨ kw`-hw
F´v?
D. k-¡m-I-bn-se P-e-bp-²m-\p`-hw
36. ku-Zn-A-td-_y-bp-sS [m-\y]p-c F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ Øew?
D. X-_q-¡v
37. X-_q-¡nÂ B-[n-]-Xy-ap-m-bn-cp-¶ cm-Pm-hv ?

D. ssI-kÀ
38. {]-hm-N-I³ ap-l-½-Zn-sâ A-h-km-\- bp-² bm-{X G-Xm-bn-cp¶p?
D. Xm-_q-¡v bp-² ]-cymS\w
39. AJv-_ I-S-en-Sp-¡v Øn-Xn-sN-¿p¶-Xv G-Xv I-SÂ-¯o-c¯v?
D. sN-¦-S-en-sâ Xo-c¯v.
40. sN-¦-Sn-en-s\ A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¨p \nÂ-¡p-¶ {]-kn-²am-b a-e-\n-c-IÄ GXv?
D. kn-\m-bv ]À-Æ-X-\n-c-IÄ
41. kn-\m-bv ]À-Æ-X-\n-c-IÄ Øn-Xn-sN-¿p¶-Xv G-Xv cm-Py¯v?
D. Cu-Pn-]v-XnÂ
42. ip-ssl-_v A-§m-Sn-bnÂ hnÂ-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ tI-c-f A-¡Â ( tI-c-f `-£Ww)
F-´mWv?
D. a-c-ö\n
43. bp.F³. k-t½-f-\-¯n-\v H-cp ssI-¿nÂ H-eohpw a-dp-ssI-¿nÂ tXm-¡p-am-bn
F-¯nb tem-I-t\-Xm-hv Bcv?
D. bm-kÀ A-d-^m-¯v
44. bm-kÀ A-d-^m-¯v G-Xp cm-Py-¯n-sâ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp¶p?
D. ^-e-kv-Xo³
45. lmÀ-_pÂ am-Av (P-e-bp²w) kw-_-Ôn-¨v ap-km-^À A-l-½-Zn-\v hn-i-Zo-Ic-Ww \Â-
Inb-Xv Bcv?
D. AÂ-a-Zo-\ Zn-\-]-{X-¯n-sâ AÂ-Pu-^v _yqtdm No-^v A-ÐpÂ A-ko-kv J-¯o-^n
46. AÂ-Pu-^n-se k-¡m-¡-bnÂ h-¨v ap-km-^À A-l-½-Zn-\v H-cp kw-Lw B-fp-I-fnÂ
\n-¶v A-Sn-In-«m³ Imc-Ww F´v?
D. tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ tI-kv c-Pn-kv-äÀ sN-¿-s¸-« H-cp In-W-dn-sâ ]-Sw F-Sp-¯-Xn-sâ t]-cnÂ
B-Wv ap-km-^À A-l-½-Zn-\v A-Sn In-«n-b-Xv.
47. \-^v-X-bn-se {Km-ao-WÀ-¡v tXm-¡p D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ A-\pa-Xn e-`n-¡m³ Imc-Ww
F´v?
D. Im-«n-se-¶-t]m-se lnw-{k-P-´p-¡-fp-sS B-{I-a-Ww a-cp-`q-an-bnepw ]-Xn-hpv. A-h-
bnÂ \n-¶v c-£-t\-Sm-\m-Wv \-^v-X-t]m-ep-Å {Km-a-§-fn-se B-fp-IÄ-¡v tXm¡pw
a-äp B-bp-²-§fpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ A-\pa-Xn e-`n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv.
48. dn-bm-Zn-se dKv-_ F-¶ a-cp-`q-an {Km-a-§-fnÂ ap¸-Xp hÀ-j-¯n-\n-sS A-{]-Xy-£am-b
c-v Iq-ä³ \-Zn-IÄ G-sXms¡?
D. J-iv-apÂ ln-km³ (Ip-Xn-c-aq-¡v ]pg), Jp-ssh-d AÂ-sk-bv-Z (]m-Xn-X-Wp-¸p-Å
sh-Å-ap-Å sh-fp-¯-]p-g)
49. "X-_q¡v' F-¶ Ø-e-\m-a-¯n-sâ \n-jv]-¯n F´v?
D. sXm-t_m-Kv F-¶ A-ko-dn-b³ ]-Z-¯nÂ \-n-¶m-Wv "X-_q¡v' F-¶ Ø-e-\m-a-¯n-
sâ P-\\w. sX-t_m-Kv F-¶mÂ "Po-h-\p-Å \o-scm-gp¡v' F-¶m-Wv AÀ-°w.
50. A-td-_y-bpw tI-c-fhpw X-½n-ep-Å A-Xn-Km-V-am-b-_Ô-s¯ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡m³
ap-km-^À A-l½-Zv I-s-¯p-¶ D-Zm-lc-Ww F´v?
D. A-td-_y-bn-se Ir-jn-¡mcm-b a-e-bm-fn-IÄ \m-«nÂ \n¶pw sIm-ph-¶ a-c-ö-\n-
¡-¼p-IÄ a-c-ö-\n-¡m-Sm-bn th-Kw h-fÀ¶p. tI-c-f A-¡Â (tI-c-f `-£-Ww) F-¶
t]-cnÂ A-Xv A-§m-Sn-bnÂ hn-ev-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. C-Xm-Wv A-td-_ybpw tI-
c-fhpw X-½n-ep-Å A-Xn-Km-Vam-b _-Ô-¯n-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn tc-J-I³ Nq-n-¡m-
Wn-¡p-¶-Xv.

51. B-[p\n-I ku-Zn A-td-_y-bp-sS Øm-]-I³ Bcv?

D. A-ÐpÂ A-ko-kv cm-Pm-hv
52. a-e-I-fnÂ BWpw s]®pw D-s-¶v hn-izm-kw ]p-eÀ¯n-b P-\-X GXv?
D. B-{^n-¡-bn-se BZn-a P-\X
53. tI-c-f-¯n-\v ]-Ý-a-L-« a-e-\n-c-IÄ t]m-se ku-Zn A-td-_y-bnÂ a-cp-`q-an-¡v Im-hÂ
\nÂ-¡p-¶ a-e-\n-c-IÄ GXv?
D. k-dmh-¯v a-e-\n-c-IÄ
54. {]m-tZ-in-I-am-bn Nn-e-bn-S-§-fnÂ A-¡m-Zn-b, Jp-ssdkn-b F-¶o t]-cp-I-fnÂ A-dn-b-
s¸-Sp-¶ a-e-\nc?
D. k-dmh-¯v a-e\nc
55. k-dmh-¯v a-e-\n-c B-b-Xv-\w-hm-¯o-b-\pIÄ, tPmÀ-Zm-\n-se s]-{S ap-XÂ A-td-_y-
bn-se a-Zm-bn³-kz-en-lv h-sc-bp-Å Ø-e-§-fnÂ _n.kn Bdmw \q-äm-nÂ Iq-ä³
]m-d Xpc-¶v ho-Sp-I-fp-m-¡n h-kn-¨n-cp-¶-h-cm-Wv \-_m-¯o-\n-b-\p-IÄ.
56. H-ä¡Ãv Xpc-¶v \nÀ-½n-¨ sIm-«m-c-§Ä-¡v D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv þþþþþþþþþ
D. J-_À AÂ-^-co-Zv
57. a-Zm-bn³ kzm-en-lnÂ h-kn-¨n-cp-¶p F-¶p hn-iz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ kzm-en-lv F-¶ {]-hm-
N-I-sâ (\-_n-bpsS) P\X?
D. k-aq-Zv tKm{Xw
58. k-aq-Zv tKm-{X-¯n-te-¡v ssZ-h-¯n-sâ Zr-ãm-´-am-bn kr-ãn-¨v A-b-¡-s¸-« Pohn?
D. hen-b H-cp H-«-Iw
59. sse-e-a-Pv-\q³ {]-W-b-I-Y-bn-se a-Pv-\p-hn-sâ b-YmÀ-°- t]cv?
D. ssJ-kv
60. P-ew-sIm-v ap-dn-th-ä-h-sc-¡p-dn-¨p-Å {]-i-kv-Xam-b Ihn-X F-gp-Xn-bXv?
D. temÀ-¡
61. "a-dn-b-¡p-«n I¯v' F-¶ am-¸n-f-¸m-«v F-gp-Xn-bXv?
D. ]p-en-t¡m-«nÂ ssl-ZÀ
62. "s_Ãm-cn-¡pS-s\ Rm³ h-cmw-N H-«p-h-gn-bpaptm?
hÃn-IÄ-¡-hn-tS-¡v h-cm³ ]m-Sptm?"
Cu h-cn-IÄ G-Xp ]m-«n-te-XmWv?
D. ]p-en-t¡m-«nÂ ssl-Z-dn-sâ a-dn-b-¡p-«n I-¯v ]m-«n-te-Xv
63. i-àam-b a-WÂ-Im-änepw Np-gn-bnepw s]-«v k-©-cn-¨n-cp-¶ Im-dv Ip-Sp-§n-b-t¸mÄ
te-JI-\p c-£-bv-¡v F-¯nb-Xv Bcv?
D. ap-l½-Zv J-lv-¯m-\n
64. dn-bm-Zv F-¶ Ø-e-\m-a-¯n-sâ AÀ-°w F´v
D. ]q-t´m-«w
65. ku-Zn-bnÂ F³Uv Hm-^v Zn thÄ-Uv F-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ Øew?
D. hm-Zn AÂ- A-½m-cn-b (A-½mcn-b Xm-gvhmcw)
66. C-ý-bn-se N-¼Â-¡m-Sv t]m-se sIm-Å-¡m-cp-sS Xm-h-f-am-bn-cp-¶ ku-Zn-bn-se H-cp
{]-tZiw?
D. ld-Zv
67. 2005 Â P-\m-{Zn-b tZio-tbm-Õ-h-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-bn \-S-¶ {]-`m-j-W ]c-¼-c \nÀ-Æ-
ln-¨ C-ý-¡mc³?
D. A-kv-lÀ A-en F-©n-\n-bÀ

68. AÂ-l-k-bn-se {][m-\ \K-cw GXv?

D. lp-^q-^v
69. P-_Â-Km-c (Kmc-a-e)bnÂ I-b-dn-bmÂ Im-Wm-hp-¶ a-t\m-l-cam-b a-cp-¸-¨
(H-bm-knkv) GXv?
D. AÂlm-k
70. A-td-_y-bn-se B-Zy-s¯ hm-Wn-Py Xp-d-ap-Jw GXv?
D. H-ssJ-d Xp-d-ap-Jw
71. H-ssJ-d Xp-d-ap-Jw Øm-]n-¨-Xv Bcv?
D. XpÀ-¡n-IÄ
72. hn-ip-² IAv-_ Øn-Xn-sN-¿p¶-Xv F-hnsS?
D. ku-Zn A-td-_y-bn-se a-¡ F-¶ Ø-e¯v.
73. hn-ip-² I-Av-_-bp-sS \nÀ-½m-W-¯n-\v kzÀ-K-¯nÂ \n-¶v \Â-I-s¸-«-sX-¶p hn-iz-
kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ IÃv GXv?
D. l-P-dpÂ A-k-h-Zv (I-dp-¯-IÃv)
74. AÂ-jn-^, AÂ-l-Z F-¶o Db-cw Iq-Sn-b ]À-Æ-X-irw-K-§Ä Øn-Xn-sN-¿p¶-Xv
F-hnsS?
D. Xzm-bn-^nÂ
75. \m-«p-h-gn-IÄ¡p-t]mepw tX³a-Ww A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶ A-td-_y-bn-se {]-tZ-iw GXv?
D. A-_-l
76. B-Zn-am-Xm-hv F-¶p hn-iz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ l-Æ A-ý-hn-{i-aw sIm-Åp¶-Xv F-hnsS?
D. _m-_p a-¡-bnÂ
77. tPÀWn Hm-^v am³ Journey of Man F-¶ hn-Jym-X-Ir-Xn c-Nn-¨Xv?
D. {]-ikv-X \-chw-i im-kv-{X-Ú³ kv-s]³-kÀ shÂ-kv
78. kzÀ-K-¯nÂ \n-¶pw ]p-d-´-Å-s¸-« B-Zw X-sâ C-W-bm-b lÆ-sb `q-an-bnÂ F-hn-
sS sh-¨p-I-p-ap-«n F-¶m-Wv hn-iz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv?
A-td-_y-bn-se a-¡-bn-ep-Å A-d-^ ssa-Xm\-¯v sh¨v.
79. ku-Zn A-td-_y-bp-sS X-e-Øm-\w GXv?
D. Pn-±
80. "Pn-±' F-¶ ]-Z-¯n-sâ AÀ-°w F´v?
D. ap-¯-Èn (sP±-¯v F-¶ A-d-_n-]-Z-¯nÂ \n-¶mWv 'Pn-±' F-¶ Ø-e-\m-aw D-m-b-
X-s{X)
81. Pn-±-bnse 'ln-tÌm-dn-¡Â knän' F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ Øew?
D. _-e-Zv (]-g-b Pn-±)
82. C-kvem-an-se XoÀ-°m-S-\ IÀ-½am-b lÖpw Dw-dbpw \nÀ-Æ-ln-¡m³ hn-iz-m-kn-IÄ
k-µÀ-in-¡p-¶ Ø-ew GXv?
D. a-¡
83. a-¡-bnÂ XoÀ-°m-S-\-¯n-s\-¯p-¶h-sc kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶ Xp-dap-J \-K-c-am-bn Pn-±
am-dnb-Xv G-Xv hÀjw?
D. F.Un. 647 Â (dm-jn-Zo-Jn-em^-¯v Im-e-am-b-Xn-\mÂ D-kv-am³ C-_v-\p A-^v-^³
B-bn-cp-¶p A¶-s¯ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn)
84. "a-¡-bn-te-¡p-Å ]m-X' F-¶ hn-Jym-X {K-Ùw c-Nn¨-Xv Bcv?
D. ap-l½-Zv B-km-Zv
85. "sN-¦-S-en-sâ dmWn' F-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ A-td-_y³ \-Kcw?

D. Pn-±
86. "Pn-±-bn-se N-h-dp-s]-«n-I-fnÂ ]c-Xn In-«p¶-Xv sIm-v Po-hn-¡p-¶ B-{^n-¡-¡m-sc-
bm-Wv Pn-±m-\-K-c-¯n-sâ th-Z-\ F-¶ te-J-I³ Nq-n- ¡m-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv.
87. Pn-±m-\-K-c-¯nÂ a-e-bm-fn-IÄ Iq-Sp-XÂ D-Å {]-tZiw?
D. j-d^nb
88. ap-l½-Zv \-_n X-sâ \m-«p-Im-cp-sS Xn-·-I-fnÂ au-\w a-Sp-¯v G-Im-´-[ym-\-¯nÂ
I-gnª-Xv F-hnsS?
D. ln-dm F-¶ Kp-l-bnÂ
89. ap-l-½-Zn-\v B-Zy-am-bn ssZ-h-¯nÂ \n-¶p-Å h-N-\w (JpÀ-B-\n-se B-Zy-kq-
à§Ä) A-h-X-cn¨-Xv F-hn-sS sh¨v? F-t¸mÄ?
D. ln-dm-Kp-l-bnÂ G-I-\m-bn [ym-\-¯nÂ I-gn-bp-t¼mÄ
90. B-Zy-am-bn A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-« JpÀ-B\n-I A-[ym-b-¯n-sâ t]cv?
D. kq-d¯pÂ A-e-Jv (96 mw A-[ymbw)
91. ln-dm Kp-l Øn-Xn-sN-¿p-¶ a-e GXv?
D. P-_-ep-¶q-dv
92. P-·-\mSm-b a-¡ hn-«v F-hn-tS-¡mWv ap-l½-Zv \-_n ]-em-b-\w (ln-Pv-d) sN-bv-XXv?
D. a-Zo-\-bn-te¡v
93. ln-Pv-d (]-emb-\) th-f-bnÂ i-{Xp-¡-fp-sS I-®nÂ-s¸-Sm-Xn-cn-¡m³ {]-hm-N-I³
H-fn-¨p \n¶-Xv F-hnsS?
D. kuÀ Kp-l-bnÂ
94. ln-Pv-d (]-e-bm-\) th-f-bnÂ ap-l½-Zv \-_n-s¡m-¸w D-m-bn-cp-¶ Iq-«p-Im-c³ Bcv?
D. A-_q-_-¡À kn-²o-Jv
95. In-kvh F-¶mÂ F´v?
D. hn-ip-² I-Av-_m-e-b-¯n-sâ ]p-dw `mK-¯v A-Wn-bp-¶ h-kv-{X-am-Wv In-kvh. hÀ-j-
¯nÂ c-v X-h-W-bm-Wv In-kvh am-äm-dp-Å-Xv.
96. a-¡-bn-se-¯p-¶-hÀ ti-J-cn-¡p-¶ ]p-Wy-P-e-¯n-sâ t]-cv F´v?
D. kw-kw-Pew
97. l-Öv IÀ-½-¯n-s\-¯p-¶-hÀ BZyw cm-]mÀ-¡p¶-Xv F-hnsS?
D. an-\m-bnÂ
98. ap-l½-Zv \-_n-bp-sS hn-Jym-Xam-b hn-S-hm-§Â {]-`mj-Ww \nÀ-Æ-ln-¡-s¸«-Xv
F-hnsS?
D. A-d-^-bn-se P-_-epÀ d-lva-bnÂ
99. hn-ip-² I-Av-_m-eb-s¯ Jn-_ve (A-`n-apJw) B {]-hm-N-I³ ap-l½-Zv {]-Jym-
]n¡pw ap-t¼ ap-Én-§Ä \n-kv-Im-c-¯n-\v G-Xp ]-Ån-sb B-Wv A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¨-Xv.
100. P-dp-k-te-an-te-¡pÅ ss_-¯pÂ ap-J-±n-kv ]-Ån-sb J³-Z-¡v (In-S§v) Io-dp-¶-Xn-
\n-S-bnÂ sImSn-b hn-i-¸p-aq-ew apc-p sIm-n-cp-¶ h- b-dn-s\ \n-b-{ń-¡m³
{]-hm-N-I³ ap-l½-Zv F-´m-Wv sN-bv-X-Xv?
D. c-v sNdn-b IÃv h-b-än-t·Â sI-«n-sh-¨p.
101. ssJ-_À bp-²-¯nÂ tIm-«-IÄ ]n-Sn-s¨-Sp¡p-I F-¶ Zp-jv-IÀ-½w G-sä-Sp¯ tbm-
²m-hv Bcv?
D. {]-hm-N-I³ ap-l-½-Zn-sâ ]n-Xr-hy-]p-{X³ A-en-¿v C-_v-\p A-_n Xzm-en_v.
102. h-ep-¸-¯nÂ temI-¯v H¶mw Øm-\-¯p-Å a-cp-`q-an G-Xv ?
D. klm-d

103. tem-I-¯n-se G-ähpw hen-b a-WÂ-a-cp-`q-an F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ Øew?

D. dp-_p-DÂ-Jm-en (Fw-än-IzmÀ«À)
104. dp-_pÂ-Jm-en k-©-cn-¨v ]p-kvX-Iw F-gpXn-b k-©mcn
D. hnÂ-{^-Uv sX-koKÀ
105. "AÀ-K' F-¶mÂ F´v?
D. A-td-_y³ ]m-c¼-cy \r-¯-am-Wv AÀ-K. sI-«n-bp-m¡n-b tÌ-PnÂ Z-^p-IÄ ap-g-
¡n ]-c-¼-cm-K-X Ad-_v th-jw [-cn-¨v hm-fp-IÄ D-bÀ-¯n-¸n-Sn-¨v ]p-cp-j-·mÀ \-S-
¯p-¶ \r-¯-am-WnXv. \r-¯-¯n-\v D-]-I-c-W-kw-Ko-X-¯n-sâbpw Nn-e-t¸mÄ hm-bv-
¸m-«n-sâbpw A-I-¼-Sn-bp-v. lq-Zv F-¶ hm-tZym-]-I-c-W-am-Wv ]-Ým-¯-e kw-Ko-X-
¯n-\v an-¡-t¸mgpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.
106. ^-e-`q-bn-jvTam-b N-{µ-¡-e (s^À-«-bnÂ {I-kâv) F-¶-dn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶ ]u-cmWn-I
Ø-e-§Ä Gh?
D. sa-km-s]m-t«m-an-b, kn-dnb, Cu-Pn-]v-Xv
107. H-eo-hv k-am-[m-\-¯n-sâ Nn-Ó-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sm³ km-l-Ncyw F´v?
D. ]-g-b Ime-¯v A-td-_y-bn-se bp-²-th-f-I-fnÂ k-am[m-\ k-tµ-i-IÀ H-eo-hv im-J-
IÄ D-bÀ-¯n-¡m-Wn-¨n-cp-¶p-h-s{X. A-Xn-\m-emI-Ww ssk-¯q³ (olive) k-am-[m-\-
¯n-sâ Nn-Ó-am-bn am-dn-b-Xv.
108. tem-I-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-{K-Ùw GXv?
D. I-p-In-«n-bn-«p-Å-XnÂ B-Zy-s¯ bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W {K-Ùw _n.kn F«mw \q-äm-nÂ
F-gp-Xn-b-Xm-sW-¶v I-cp-X-s¸-Sp¶p. "KnÂ-sa-jv' Gilgamesh
BWv. ]t£, Cu Ir-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v hn-i-Z-hn-h-c-§Ä e-`y-am-bn-«nÃ. _n.kn. \memw
i-X-I-¯nÂ Po-hn-¨n-cp-¶ sa-K-kv-X-\o-kv F-¶ k-©m-cn-bp-sS bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-Whpw
{In-kv-Xp-hÀ-jw F¬-]-XnÂ "s]-cn¹kv' F-¶ t]-cnÂ A-Úm-X-IÀ-Xr-Iam-b H-cp
bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-Whpw k-©m-c- km-ln-Xy N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ B-Zy Im-e-§-fn-te-¡v sh-fn-
¨w ho-ip-¶-h-bm-Wv.
109. C-ý k-µÀ-in-¨ B-ZyIm-e k-©m-cn-I-fp-sS t]-cv F-gp-XpI?
D. ssN-\-¡m-cm-b ^m-ln-bm³, lp-bm-Mv-kmMv, A-d-_n-Ifm-b AÂ-_n-dq\n, C-_v-\p-_-
¯q-¯, kp-sse-am³, ]m-Ým-Xycm-b amÀ-t¡m-t]m-tfm, sIm-fw-_kv, Iym-]v-ä³ Ip-
¡v, en-hnw-K-Ì³, tPm¬ K´À.
110. F-kv.sI. s]m-ä-¡m-Sn-sâ {][m-\ bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W§Ä?
D. Im-¸n-cn-I-fp-sS \m-«n-Â, ss\Â-U-bdn, ]m-Xn-cm kq-cy-sâ \m-«nÂ, _m-en-Zzo]v,
C-t´m-t\-jy³ U-bdn, C¶-s¯ bq-tdm¸v, knw-l-`qan, ¢n-tbm-]m-{S-bp-sS \m-«nÂ,
ln-am-e-b km-{am-Py-¯nÂ, Im-iv-aoÀ, sIbvtdm I-¯pIÄ, e-³ t\m-«v _p¡v,
t\-¸mÄ-bm{X, a-e-bm \m-Sp-I-fnÂ, s_-lo-an-b³ Nn-{X§Ä.
111. ap-k-^À A-l½-Zv F-¶ k©m-c km-ln-Xy-Imc-s\ ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯pI?
D. 1996 Pq-sse 16 \v a-e-¸p-dw PnÃ-bn-se s]-cn-´Â-a-®-bnÂ B-Wv hn. ap-k-^À A-
l½-Zv P-\n-¨Xv. sh-Å-t©m-e sam-bv-Xq«n, ]-ö-cn ssk-\-_ Z-¼-Xn-I-fp-sS
a-I-\m-Wv ap-k-^À A-l-½Zv. A-[ym-]\w, ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-\w F-¶o ta-J-e-I-fnÂ tk-
h\w. ku-Zn A-td-_y-bn-se Pn-±- bnÂ \n-¶v {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶ a-e-bm-fw \yq-kw
Zn-\-]-{X-¯n-sâ ]-{Xm-[n-] k-an-Xn-bwKw. th-en¡pw hn-f-hn-\pw (I-hn-Xm k-am-lmcw)
ap-dn- hp-I-fp-sS s]-®n-\v, ^-kv-Xo³þC-dm-Jv s]¬-I-hn-X-IÄ (hn-hÀ-¯\w) F-¶n-
h-bm-Wv {][m-\ Ir-XnIÄ.
112. k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ {]-tXy-I-X F´v?

D. a-\p-jy-sâ A-S-¡n-\nÀ-¯m-\m-hm-¯ Xr-jv-W-I-fn-sem-¶m-Wv A-dn-hp-t\Sp-I F-¶-Xv.

A-Úm-Xam-b Im-cy-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v A-dn-bm\pw A-dn-ª-Im-cy-§Ä a-äp-Å-h-tcm-Sv ]-
d-bm-\p-ap-Å Xz-c-bm-Wv a-\p-jy-k-aq-l-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨-bv-¡v th-Kw Iq-«n-bXv. X-sâ
Np-äp-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ F-´v \-S-¡p-¶p F-¶ A-t\zj-Ww a-\p-jy-s\ bm-{Xn-I-\m-¡n am-
än. bm-{X-bnÂ A-\p-`-hn-¨ Im-cy-§Ä hm-b-\m-{]m-[m-\y-t¯m-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m³
bm-{X-¡mÀ X-¿m-dm-b-tXm-sS bm-{Xm-hnh-c-W km-lnXyw AY-hm k-©m-c-km-lnXyw
F-s¶m-cp im-J-bv-¡p XpS-¡w Ip-dn¨p. sN-¶p I- \m-Sn-s\-¡p-dn-¨p-Å A-dp-ap-jn-
¸³ Øn-Xn-hn-h-c I-W-¡p-I-fÃ k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ \n-¶v {]-Xo-£n-¡p-
¶Xv. a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ Im-Wm-¸p-d-§-fn-se b-Ym-X-Y `m-h§-sf A-\p-`m-h-]qÀ-
Æw ]-cn-K-Wn-¡m³ bm-{Xn-IÀ X-¿m-dm-IWw. Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ \n-Jn-e-a-Þ-e-§-fn-
sebpw A-\p-`-h-§-fm-Wv k-©m-c-Ir-Xn-I-fnÂ A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-t¯-Xv. tZ-i-¯n³-
sc k-hnti-j `q-an-im-kv-{X-N-cn-{X-hpw, P-\-X-bp-sS Po-hn-X-coXn, kmw-kv-Im-cn-Ihpw
km-aq-ln-I-hpam-b kw-hn-[m-\-§Ä Xp-S-§n-b-h X-sâ kz-´w tZ-i-t¯-Xp-am-bn Xm-c-
X-ay-s¸-Sp-¯n-bmI-Ww F-gp-¯p-Im-c³ A-h-X-cn-¸n-t¡--Xv. Xn-I-ª \n-jv-]£-X,
ssh-hn[yw A-Sp-¯v A-dn-bm-\p-Åp Iu-XpIw, k-Xym-k-Xy§-sf thÀ-Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-\p-
Å tijn, I-s-¯n-b h-kv-Xp-XI-sf B-kzm-Zyam-b co-Xn-bnÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m-\p-
Å {]m-hoWyw F¶n-h k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy Ir-Xn-sb C-X-c-km-ln-Xy hn-`m-K-§-fnÂ
\n-¶v th-dn-«v \nÀ-¯p¶p.
k-µÀ-`w hn-h-cn¡p-I
113. "A-¶v cm{Xn \-Sp-¼p-d-¯p-Iq-Sn c-v jq-kp-IÄ B-ªv ]-Xn-ªv \-S-¡p¶-Xv kz-]v-\-
¯nÂ I-v sR-«n-bp-WÀ-¶p"
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
114. "hmÀ-¯ tX-Sn-t¸m-b ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯I³ Cu-´¸-\-tXm-«-¯nÂ kz-bw hmÀ-¯-bm-bn
am-dp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p'.
D. "a-cp-`q-an-bn-se B-ßI-Y' F-¶ hn. ap-k-^À A-l-½-Zn-sâ bm-{Xm-hn-hc-Ww B-
kzm-Z-I-lr-Zb-s¯ Np-«p-s]m-Ån-¡p-¶ A-\p-`-h-§-fmÂ k-ar-²-amWv. lÀ-_pÂ a-
Av (P-e-bp²w) F-¶ H¶mw A-[ym-bw ap-XÂ X-s¶ A¯-cw A-\p-`-h-§Ä a-cp-`q-
hn-se bm-{Xn-I³ hm-b-\-¡m-cp-am-bn ]-¦p-sh-¡p-¶pv. ku-Zn-A-td-_y tPmÀ-Zm-\p-
am-bn A-XnÀ-¯n ]-¦n-Sp-¶ AÂþPu-^n-se k-¡m-¡-bn-te-¡v a-e-bm-fw \yq-kv Zn-\-
¸-{X-¯n-sâ dq-dÂ dn-t¸mÀ-«nw-Kn-\m-bn Iq-«p-Im-c³ h-S-¡m-t©-cn-¡m-c³ A-en-bp-sam-
¯v F-¯n-b-Xm-Wv ap-km-^À A-l-½Zv. ku-Zn-bnÂ sh-¨v ]-cn-N-b-s¸-« A-Ðp-d-ln-
am³ A-JoÂ F-¶ kp-lr-¯n-sâ k-¡m-¡-bnse Cu-´-¸-g-t¯m-«w Im-Wm³ H-cp
A-hk-cw e-`n-¨-t¸mÄ ap- km-^À A-Xp ]m-gm-¡n-bnÃ. tXm-«-¯n-se a-t\m-l-cam-
b Im-gv-N-Ifpw A-Jo-en-sâ a-¡-fp-sS Ip-kr-Xn-Ifpw B-kz-Zn¨pw Iym-a-dn-bnÂ ]-IÀ-
¯nbpw ap-t¶-dp-¶-Xn-\n-S-bnÂ s]-s«-¶v Nn-e B-fp-IÄ h-¶v ap-k-^-dn-s\ B-{I-an-
¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p.
H-¶-c \q-äm-tm-f-am-bn B tXm-«-¯n-se In-W-dn-sâ D-S-a-Øm-h-Im-iw kw-_-Ôn-¨v
XÀ-¡w \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-I-bmWv. A-Jo-en-\v ]n-Xm-a-l-·m-cnÂ \n¶pw e-`n-¨-Xm-sW-
¦nepw tXm-«-¯n-sâ A-XnÀ-¯n ]-¦n-Sp-¶-bm-fp-w A-Xn-\v A-h-Im-i-hm-Zw D-¶-bn-¡p-
¶pv. tImS-Xn C-S-s]-«n-«pw {]-iv-\-¯n-\v A-ń-a ]-cn-lm-cw B-bn-«nÃ. tI-
knÂ hn-[n-h-cm³ G-Xm\pw \m-fp-IÄ Iq-Sn A-h-ti-jn-t¡ tI-kn-\p-_-e-ta-Im³
tc-J-I-fp-m-¡m³ t^mt«m F-Sp-¡p-I-bm-sW-¶v A-bÂ-¡mÀ sX-än-²-cn¨p. A-Xm-
Wv A-Sn-bp--Im³ Im-cWw.

115. P-e-bp-²-§Ä a-cp-`q-an-bp-sS B-ß-I-Y-bm-sW-¶v ap-km-^À A-l½-Zv ]-d-bp-¶-Xn-\v

Im-c-W-sa´v?
D. lÀ-_pÂ am-Av (P-e-bp-²-§Ä) a-cp-`q-an-bp-sS B-ß-I-Y-bm-W-s{X!, A-td-_y-bp-sS
N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ H-cp h-en-b-`m-Khpw Npäpw I-SÂ-P-e-am-bn«pw ip-²-P-e-¯n-\v £m-aw
A-\p-`-hn-¡m³ hn-[n-¡-s¸-«-h-cm-Wv A-td-_y-¡mÀ. B[p\n-I A-td-_y I-SÂ-sh-
Åw ip-²o-I-cn-¨v D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m³ {i-an-¡p-¶p-v. F-¶mÂ C¯-cw kw-hn-[m-\w
CÃm-Xn-cp-¶ ]-g-b A-td-_y-bnÂ H-cp In-W-dn-s\-s¨mÃn tKm-{X-§Ä X-½nÂ F{X-
tbm-Im-ew bp-²-¯n-teÀ-s¸-«n-cp¶p. H-cp a-cp-¸-¨ kz-´-am-¡m³ F{Xtbm t]À a-cn-
¨p-hoWp. a-cp-`q-a-bn-bnÂ G-ä-hpw {]-[m-\-s¸-«-Xv sh-Å-amWv. a-\p-jy kw-kv-Im-c-
s¯bpw N-cn-{X-s¯bpw sh-Åw F§-s\ \nÀ-Æ-Nn-¨p F-¶ h-kvXp-X AÂ aZo-\
Zn-\-]-{X-¯n-sâ A-ÐpÂ A-ko-kv J-¯o-^n ap-km-^À A-l-½-Zn-\v hn-h-cn-¨p sIm-Sp-
¡p¶p. A-ko-kn-sâ hn-h-c-W-am-Wv ap-km-^-dn-\v a-cp-`q-an-bp-sS Bß-I-Y k-Xy-
¯nÂ P-e-bp-²-§Ä B-sW-¶ [m-c-W-\Â-Ip-¶Xv. Iq-Sm-sX a-cp-`q-an-bn-se P-e-km-
¶n[yw tX-Sn-bp-Å A-t±-l-¯n-sâ bm-{X-bv-¡v t{]-c-W-bm-bXpw k-¡m-I-bn-se P-e-
bp-²hpw A-Xn-s\-¯p-SÀ-¶v A-ko-kn-sâ hn-h-c-Whpw B-bn-cp¶p.
116. a-kÀd F-¶m-se´v? a-kÀ-d-bn-se Po-hn-Xw F§-s\ F-¶v hn-h-cn¡pI?
D. ]-¨-¡-dn-IÄ, s\Ãv, tKm-X-¼v Xp-S-§n-b-h- Ir-jn-sN-¿p-¶ C-S-am-Wv A-td-_y-bn-se
akÀ-d F-¶v A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. a-kÀ-d-IÄ XoÀ¯pw hn-P-\am-b Ø-e-§-fn-em-bn-cn-
¡pw. ]pdw-tem-I-hp-am-bn bm-sXm-cphn-[ _-Ô-hp-anÃm-sX Po-hn-t¡-n h-cn-I, i¼-
fw Ir-Xy-am-bn e-`n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I, hÀ-j-§Ä G-sd I-gn-ªn«pw \m-«nÂ-t]m-Im³
A-\pa-Xn e-`n-¡m-Xn-cn¡p-I Xp-S§n-b {]-bm-k-§Ä a-kÀ-d-I-fn-se sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ
A-\p-`-hn-¡m-dpv. Ipd-¨v A-cnbpw H-cp Nm-¡v h-en-b D-Ån-bpw AÂ-]w Ip-_q-kpw
(N-¸m-¯n-¡v k-am-\-am-bn sdm«n) B-bn-cn¡pw C¯-cw sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ-¡v `£-Ww
D-m-¡m-\m-bn ap-X-em-fn-amÀ a-kÀ-d-bnÂ A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶ tdj³. B-Sp-I-sfbpw
H-«-I-§-sfbpw ta-¡p-¶ hn-tZ-i-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ a-\p-jy-sc Im-Wm-sX kz-´w `m-j-
t]mepw a-d¶p-t]m-b kw-`-h-§Ä Dp-t]m-epw. Nn-eÀ A-h-km-\w B-Sp-I-tfmSpw
H-«I-§-tfmSpw kw-km-cn-¨v a-\p-jyP-·w sh-Sn-ªv Nn-¯-{`-a-§Ä-¡v A-Sn-s¸-Sm-
dpv. a-kÀ-d-bn-se G-Im-´hpw ITn-\-hpamb tPm-en-bn-se hnc-k-X k-ln-¡m-\m-hm-
sX A-hn-Sw hn«v Hm-Sn-t¸m-Ip-¶ sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ D-v. s_³-bm-aosâ "B-Sp-Po-hnXw'
F¶ t\m-hÂ C-¯-c-¯nÂ I-gn-bm³ hn-[n-¡-s¸-« "\-Po_v' F-¶ I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n-
sâ Po-hnX-I-Y hn-h-cn-¡p-¶ H-cp Ir-Xn-bmWv.
117. "Cu kw-`-h-¯n-\p ti-jw H-cn-¡Â B ^m-an-\v ap-¶n-eq-sS t]m-sb-¦nepw A-t§m-«v
t\m-¡m³ t]-Sn-¨v hm-l-\-¯nÂ X-e-Xm-gv-¯n-bn-cp-¶p.' G-Xv kw-`-h-¯n-\v tijw?
D. Iu-Xp-I-¯n-\v ar-K§-sf h-fÀ-¯p-¶ H-cp ^mw dn-bm-ZnÂ D-m-bn-cp¶p. H-«-¸-
£nIÄ, Iw-Kmcp, ]p-en-IÄ XpS-§n \n-ch-[n ar-K-§fpw ]-£n-Ifpw Cu ^m-anÂ
h-fÀ-¯-s¸-«n-cp¶p. \Ã A-S-¨p-d-¸p-Å Iq-Sp-I-fnepw Xm-h-f-§-fn-ep-am-Wv FÃm Po-hn-
I-sfbpw h-fÀ-¯n-bn-cp-¶Xv. ]-{´-v sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ C-hn-sS tPm-en sN-bv-Xn-cp¶p.
Hcp cm{Xn kp-J-I-c-aÃm-¯ i-Ðw tI-«v H-cp X-an-gv sXm-gn-em-fn ]p-d-¯n-d§n. ]qÀ-®-
N-{µ-\p-Å cm-{Xn-bm-b-Xn-\mÂ Xm-a-k-ap-dn-bnÂ \n-¶v ]p-d-¯n-d§n-b A-bmÄ I-Xv
Iq-Sn-sâ ]q-«v X-IÀ-¯v ]p-d-¯n-d-§n \nÂ-¡p-¶ ]p-en-sb BWv. ]p-en A-bm-sf
£-W-t\-cw sIm-v A-Sn-¨p-ho-gv¯n. A-bm-fp-sS I-c-¨nÂ tI-s«¯n-b k-l-{]-hÀ-
¯-IÀ-¡v H¶pw sN-¿m-\m-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ. A-hÀ ap-dn-I-fnÂ `-bm-{Im-´-cm-bn t\m-
¡n \nÂ-s¡ X-an-gv sXm-gn-em-fn-sb ]p-en `-£n-¨p XoÀ¯p. Cu kw`-hw tI-«-Xn-\v

ti-jw H-cn-¡Â B ^m-an-\p ap-¶n-eq-sS te-J-I³ I-S¶p-t]m-sb-¦nepw `-bw \n-an-

¯w X-e D-bÀ-¯n A-t§m-«v t\m-¡n-bn-cp-¶nÃ.
118. ku-Zn A-td-_y-bn-se AÂ-Pu-^n-se AÂ k-^q-Zv a-cp-`q-an-bp-sS {]-[m\yw F´v?
D. h-S-¡³ ku-Zn A-td-_y-bnÂ AÂ-Pu-^v {]-hn-iy-bnÂ AÂ c-Pm-Pn-enÂ AÂ-\-
^q-Zv a-cp-`q-an-bnÂ ]-g-b-Im-e-s¯ A-h-in-ã-§Ä [m-cm-fw I-s-Sp-¡-s¸-«n-«pv.
ku-Zn A-td-_y tPmÀ-Zm-\p-am-bn A-XnÀ-¯n ]-¦n-Sp-¶ `m-K-am-Wv C-hnSw. G-I-tZ-iw
B-dm-bn-cw hÀ-j-§Ä-¡p ap-t¼ D-Å NmÄ-t¡m-en-¯nIv, sN-¼v bp-K-¯nÂ Xm-a-
kn-¨n-cp-¶-hÀ Øm-]n-¨-sX-¶v I-cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶ [m-cm-fw IÃp-IÄ C-hn-sS Im-Wmw.
H-cp IÃv \-Sp-hnÂ, Np-änepw C-X-fp-IÄ t]m-se Nmªpw sN-cnªpw a-äp IÃp-IÄ
C-§-s\ 54 C-S-§-fn-em-Wv IÃp-IÄ kw-L-am-bn \nÂ-¡p-¶-Xv. aq-¶v ap-XÂ 12 IÃp-
IÄ h-sc-bmWv Hmtcm Iq-«-¯nepw D-ÅXv. Cu IÂ-¡q-«-§-fp-sS {]m-[m\yw
BÀ¡pw \n-P-s¸-Sp-¯m-\m-bn-«nÃ. a-\p-jy-s\ kw-kv-I-cn-¡m³ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶
Ø-e-am-Wn-Xv F-¶ \n-Ka-\w Nn-eÀ ap-t¶m-«v h-¨n-cp-s¶-¦nepw D-Zv-L-\-\-§-fnÂ C-
Xv sX-fn-bn-¡-s¸-«nÃ. sa-k-s]m-t«m-an-b, t]Àjy, kn-dn-b, A-td_y, sb-a³ F-¶n-hn-
S-§-fn-ep-Å hym-]m-cn-IÄ ]-g-b Im-e-§-fnÂ C-Xn-eq-sS I-S¶p-t]m-b-Xm-bn [m-cm-fw
sX-fn-hp-IÄ e-`n-¨n-«pv. hym-]m-c-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-« A-S-bm-f-¡Ãp-IfmtWm C-hn-
sS Im-Wm³ I-gn-bp-¶-sX-¶ kwi-bw Nn-eÀ D-¶-bn-¨n-«pv. AÂ c-Pm-Pn-enÂ I-gn-
ªn-cp-¶ a-\p-jyÀ s]m-Xp-{]-iv-\-§Ä NÀ-¨ sN-¿m³ k-t½-fn-¨n-cp-¶ Ø-e-am-bn-cp-
¶p C-sX-¶v Nn-e N-cn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ hm-Zn-¡p¶p. Nn-e IÃp-I-fnÂ am-ªp-Xp-S§n-b
Nn-{X-§fpw h-c-Ifpw en-]n-Ifpw Im-Wm-\pv. AÂ c-Pm-PnÂ F-¶mÂ 'B a-\p-
jy³' F-¶m-Wv AÀ-°w. Ø-e-\m-aw X-s¶ ]-g-b-Im-ew ap-XÂ a-\p-jy-km-¶n-[y-ap-
m-cp-¶p-sh-¶v sX-fn-bn-¡m³ t]m-¶-XmWv. Cw-¥-n-se kv-täm¬ sls©, tPmÀ-
Zm-\n-se tZmÄ-sa³-kv F-¶n-hn-S-§-fnepw C-tX kz-`m-h-ap-Å in-em-D-Zym-\-§Ä I-
s-¯n-bn-«pv. F-¦nepw A-h-tb-¡mÄ ]-g-¡-ap-Å-Xm-Wv AÂ c-Pm-Pn-se km³-kv
tÌm¬ ]nÃ-dpIÄ. AÂ Pu-^v F-¶ ]-Z-¯n-sâ AÀ-°w a-S¡v, D-Ån-te-¡v
h-enª-Xv F-s¶m-s¡-bmWv. B {]-tZ-i-¯n-sâ In-S¸pw A-§-s\-bm-Wv.
119. "B-fp-IÄ A-XnÀ-¯n-bn-se-¯p-¶Xpw Im-¯n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv t^m¬ I-¼-\nIÄ'
G-Xv A-XnÀ-¯n-bnÂ
D. AJv-_ I-S-en-Sp-¡n-sâ ]-Sn-ªm-dv Cu-Pn-]v-Xnepw Ing-¡v tPmÀ-Zm-\pw BWv. I-S-en-
Sp-¡nÂ F-¯p-t¼mÄ Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-sebpw tPmÀ-Zm-\n- sebpw sam-ss_Â I-¼-\n-
I-fp-sS kzm-K-X k-tµ-i-§Ä F-¯p¶p. t^m¬ X-\n-sb tdm-anw-Kv kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-
te-¡v am-dp¶p. C³-I-anw-Kv tIm-fp-IÄ-¡v Im-iv t]m-bn-s¡m-n-cn-¡pw. B-fp-IÄ
A-XnÀ-¯n-bn-se-¯p-¶Xpw Im-¯n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv t^m¬ I-¼-\n-IÄ F-¶p
te-JI³ Cu-Pn-]vXpw tPmÀ-Zm\pw sXm-«p-sXm-«nÃ F-¶ a-«nÂ k-©m-cn-sb hn-fn-¨p-
sIm-n-cn-¡pw. A-¸p-dw I-S-¡m³ hn-k th-W-sa-¶v am-{Xw!
120. ap-km-^-dn-sâ B-Zy a-cp-`q- bm-{X F-hn-tS-¡m-bn-cp¶p?
D. tPm-en sN-¿p-¶ Pn-±-bn-se a-e-bm-fw \yq-kv Zn-\-¸-{X-¯n-\v dq-dÂ dn-t¸mÀ-«nw-Kn-\m-bn
ku-Zn A-td-_y tPmÀ-Zm-\p-am-bn A-XnÀ-¯n ]-¦n-Sp-¶ AÂ-Pu-^n-se k-¡m-¡-bn-
te-¡m-bn-cp-¶p ap-k-^À A-l-½-Zn-sâ B-Zy a-cp-`q-bm-{X.
121. k-¡m-¡-bv-¡-Sp-¯v \^v-X {Km-a-¯nÂ ap-km-^À A-l½-Zv I- ò-I-c-Imgv-N F-´m-
bn-cp¶p?
D. \-^v-X-bn-se H-cp a-k-d-bnÂ (Ir-jn-bnSw) X-Sn-¨p-hoÀ-¯ H-cp s]-cp-¼m-¼n-sâ D-S-ep-
Io-dn H-cp t\-¸m-fp-Imc-sâ Zn-hk-§-tfm-f-am-bn PoÀ-Wn-¨ P-Uw B-fp-IÄ ]p-d-s¯-

Sp-¡p-¶ Im-gv-N-bm-Wv I--Xv.

122. a-cp-`q-an-bn-se sN-Sn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨v X-sâ X-¼n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶ _-Zp ap-km-^dn-t\m-Sv ]-
dª-Xv F´v?
D. \n-em-hp-Å H-cp cm-{Xn-bnÂ a-cp-`q-an-bnÂ X-¼-Sn-¨v ]mÀ-¡p-I-bm-Wv te-J-I\pw Iq-«p-
Im-cpw. sXm-«-¸p-d-¯p-Å I-Ån-apÄ-s¨-Sn-Ifpw te-JI-sâ {i-²-bnÂ-s]-Sp¶p. H-cp
Npw_-\w G-äp-hm-§m-s\-¶-t]m-se F-gp-¶p \nÂ-¡p-¶ I-Ån-apÄ-s¨-SnIÄ! C-e-
IÄ \n-hÀ-¶p \n-¶-Xn-sâ ]n-¶m-se ap-Åp-Ifpw F-gp-¶p \n¶p. ap-Åp-IÄ sN-Sn-bp-
sS tcm-a-§-fm-sW-¶ ]mTw B cm-{Xn-bn-em-Wv te-J-I³ ]Tn-¨Xv. X-¼n-ep-m-bn-cp-
¶ {]m-b-ap-Å H-cp _-Zphn-t\m-Sv sN-Sn-I-fp-sS kz-`m-h-am-ä-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v te-J-I³
tNm-Zn¨p. a-cp-`q-an-sb A-dn-bm³ {i-an-¡p-¶h-\v {]-]-©-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v km-am-\y [m-c-
W F-¦nepw th-W-sa-¶v A-bmÄ Nn-cn-¨p-sIm-v ]-d-ªp. sN-Sn-Ifpw a-\p-jy-sc-
t¸m-se ssZ-h-kr-ãn-I-fm-sW-¶pw A-h-bv¡pw hn-Im-c-§-fp-s¶pw A-t±-lw Iq-«n-
t¨À-¯p.
123. a-cp-`q-an-bn-se A-kv-X-a-b-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v ap-km-^À hn-h-cn-¡p¶-Xv F-§s\?

D. a-cp-`q-an-bn-se A-kv-Xa-bw H-cp A-\p-`-h-am-sW-¶v ap-km-^À A-l½-Zv hn-h-cn-¡p¶p.
a-cp-`q-an-bnÂ k-©-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ kq-cy³ A-kv-X-an¡p-I s]m-Sp¶-s\ B-bn-cn-¡pw.
A-kv-X-a-b-¯n-\v C-\n-bpw G-sd k-a-b-ap-s-¶ a-«n-em-Wv kq-cy³ s]-cp-am-dp-I. bm-
{Xn-IÀ A-\-ám-b a-WÂ-]-c-¸nÂ D-·m-Zn-I-sf-t¸m-se \-S-¡p-¶-Xn-\n-S-bn-em-bn-
cn¡pw s]-s«-¶v C-cp-«n-sâ ]-cÈ-Xw I-¼-f-§Ä ]p-X-¸n-«v kq-cy³ ]n³-hm-§p-I.
A§-s\ ]-e X-h-W Xm³ a-cp-¡m-«nÂ Ip-Sp-§n-bn-«p-s-¶v te-J-I³ hy-à-am-
¡p¶p. ]-t£ kq-cy³ A-kv-X-an-¡p-¶-Xn-\v sXm-«p-ap-¼p-Å Imgv-N c-k-I-c-am-bn-cn-
¡p-a-s{X! A-kvX-a-b c-iv-an-IÄ a-WÂ-¸-c-¸nÂ A-kwJyw ]-Xm-I-IÄ XoÀ-¡p-
IbmtWm F-¶p tXm-¶pw. am-{X-aÃ a-WÂ-Ip-¶p-I-fnÂ s]-s«-¶v \n-gÂ kr-
ãn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw A-h-bp-sS \o-fhpw th-Khpw hÀ-²n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. \n-g-ep-
IÄ sI-«p-]n-W-bp-t¼mÄ ]-Xm-I-I-tfń-b A-kwJyw a-\p-jy-ap-ãn-IÄ D-bÀ-¶p h-
cn-I-bm-sW-¶v tXm-¶pw. H-«-I-¡q-«-§fpw B-«n³-]-ä-§fpw A-h-sb sX-fn¨p-t]m-Ip-
¶-hcpw \n-g-ep-I-fm-bn am-dpw. B Imgv-N a-\p-jy³ I-S-¶p-h-¶ ]-e h-gn-I-sfbpw
s]-s«¶v HmÀ-½n-¸n-¡p-sa-¶v ap-km-^À ]-d-bp¶p.
124. a-WÂ-¡m-«nÂ \o-cp-d-h-IÄ \ÂIn-b A-\p-{K-l-¯n-sâ hn-P-b-Km-Y' F-¶v ap-km-
^À hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p¶-Xv F´v?
D. ku-Zn A-td-_y-bnÂ G-ähpw Iq-Sp-XÂ Ir-jn \-S-¡p-¶ Ø-e-am-Wv X-_q¡v. h³-
tXm-XnÂ ]q-Ir-jn-bp-ap-v C-hnsS. B-kv-{S F¶ tXm-«-¯n-em-Wv ]q-Irjn. bq-tdm-
¸n-te-¡v ]q-¡Ä Ib-än A-b-¡p¶-Xv a-cp-`q-an-bp-am-bn \n-Xy-k-l-hm-k-¯n-ep-Å Cu
{]-tZi-¯v \n-¶m-W-s{X. hm-Pv-t]-bv kÀ-¡mÀ C-ý `-cn-¨ Ime-¯v D-Ån (k-hm-f)
£m-aw D-m-b-t¸mÄ SmUv-tIm (X-_q-¡v A-{Kn-IÄ-¨-dÂ tImÀ-¸-tdj³) tXm-«-§-
fnÂ \n-¶v C-ý-bn-te-¡v D-Ån Ib-än A-b-¨n-cp¶p. H-cp- ImÀjn-I cm-Py-¯v a-cp-`q-
\m-Sv hn-f-IÄ Ib-än Ab-¨p F¶-Xv Ir-jn-bnÂ C-hn-sS-bp-Å-hÀ t\Sn-b A-[n-I-
amcpw tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«nÃm-¯ hn-P-b-Km-Y-bmWv. a-WÂ-¡m-«nÂ \o-cp-d-h-IÄ
\ÂIn-b A-\p-{K-l-¯n-sâ hn-P-b-Km-Y-bp-am-Wn-sX-¶v ap-km-^À A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
125. kzm-en-lv \-_n-bp-sS P-\X-sb k-aq-Zv hw-iw \-in-¡m³ C-Sbm-b km-l-Ncyw F´v?
D. G-I-ssZ-h hn-izm-k-¯n-te-¡v P-\X-sb \-bn-¡m³ \n-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«-h-\m-Wv Xm-s\-
¶v k-aq-Zv hw-i-t¯m-Sv kzm-en-lv F-¶ {]-hm-N-I³ A-dn-bn-¡p¶p. kzm-en-lv ssZ-h-

Zq-X-\m-sW¶pw G-I\m-b H-cp ssZ-hw D-s¶pw hn-iz-kn-¡-W-sa-¦nÂ A-Xn-s\m-cp

Zr-ãm-´w D-s¶pw hn-iz-kn-¡-W-sa-¦nÂ A-Xn-s\m-cp Zr-ãm-´w th-W-sa-¶v k-aq-
Zp-ImÀ B-h-iy-s¸-Sp¶p. A-hÀ-¡v Zr-ãm-´-am-bn h-en-sbm-cp H-«-I-s¯ X-s¶ ssZ-
hw D-m¡n. B P-\-X-bv-¡v Ip-Sn-¡m-\p-Å ]mÂ \Â-Im³ I-gn-bp-¶-{Xbpw hen-b
H-cp H-«-I-am-bn-cp-¶p AXv. A-hn-sS D-m-bn-cp-¶ H-cp InW-än \n-¶m-Wv H«-Iw
P-e-]m-\w \-S-¯n-bXv. H-cp Znh-kw \m-«p-ImÀ F-¶ hy-h-Ø-bn-em-Wv In-W-dn-se sh-
Åw A-h D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p-h-¶-Xv. F-¶mÂ C-XnÂ {]-bm-kw tXm¶n-b \m-«p-ImÀ H-«I-
s¯ h-[n-¡p¶p. Xp-SÀ-¶pmb ssZ-h-tIm-]-¯nÂ tLm-c-i-Ð-ap-m-¡-Ibpw k-
aq-Zv hw-iw A-¸m-sS \-in-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
126. a-Zm-bnÂ kzm-en-lnÂ F-¯p-¶ k-©m-cn-IÄ k-Ôy-¡v ap-t¼ a-S-§-Ww F-¶ \nb-
aw D-m-Im³ Imc-Ww F´v?
D. H-cn-¡Â X-_q-¡n-te-¡v t]m-Ip-¶ k-µÀ-`-¯nÂ ap-l½-Zv \-_n a-Zm-bnÂ kz-en-lv
I-S¶p-t]m-bn-cp¶p. ssZ-hw i-]n-¨ Ø-e-am-W-Xv F- ¶pw A-hn-sS sh-¨v A-¶
]m-\o-b-§Ä I-gn-¡p-Itbm {]mÀ-°n-¡p-Itbm ]m-Sn-sÃ¶pw Xm-a-kn-¡m³ A-\p-a-
Xn-bnÃm-¯ Ø-e-am-W-sX¶pw {]-hm-N-I³ ap-l½-Zv hy-à-am-¡n-b-Xm-bn hn-iz-kn-
¡-s¸-Sp¶p. a-Zm-bn³-kz-en-ln-\v Np-äp-am-bn I-gn-ªn-cp-¶h-sc B-[p\n-I ku-Zn
`-c-W-Iq-Sw A-hn-sS \n¶pw am-än-]mÀ-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. C-Xm-Wv k-©m-cn-IÄ
k-Ôy-bm-Ipw ap-t¼ a-Z-bn³ kzm-en-lnÂ \n-¶v a-S-§-W-sa-¶ IÀ-i-\am-b \nb-aw
D-m-Im³ Im-c-Ww.
127. ]-g-b N-cn-{X- {K-Ù-§-fnÂ ]-cm-aÀ-i-ap-Å A-td-_y-bn-se c-v H-bm-kn-kp-IÄ (a-cp-
¸-ÏÄ) G-sXms¡?
D. l-k, sse-e A-^v-em-Pv F-¶o a-cp-¸-ÏÄ.
128. sse-e H-cp \m-Smbpw ssJ-kv a-Pv-\q³ Bbpw am-dp-¶-Xn-sâ A-\p`-hw ap-km-^-dn-\v
F-t¸m-gm-av t_m-[y-s¸-«Xv?
D. sse-eþA-^v-em-Pn-se Im-gv-N-IÄ I-v cm{Xn Sm-Iv-kn-bnÂ a-S-§p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶ ap-km-
^À A-l-½Zv. a-g-bnÂ \-\ª tdm-Uv h-I-h-bv-¡m-sX 140 In.an. th-K-X-bnÂ A-
Xn-k-aÀ-°-am-bn ss{U-hÀ hn Hm-Sn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. AÂ-JÀ-Pv F-¶ Ø-e-¯n-
\-Sp-¯p-Å A-§m-Sn-bnÂ knaâv Un-ssh-U-dp-Å aq-¶v {Sm-¡v tdm-UmWv. ]n-d-InÂ
\n¶pw A-Xn-th-K-¯nÂ h-¶ H-cp ImÀ- he-s¯ {Sm-¡nÂ \n-¶v sX-¶n aq-¶v
{Sm-¡p-IÄ¡pw knaâv Un-ssh-U-dp-IÄ¡pw ap-I-fn-eq-sS ]m-dn CS-t¯ aq-e-bnÂ
\nÀ-¯n-bn-cp-¶ sh-Åw \nd-¨v hn-Xc-Ww sN-¿p-¶ Sm-¦À tem-dn-bnÂ C-Sn¨p.
A-Xph-sc H-cp hm¡p-t]mepw D-¨-cn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶ Sm-Iv-kn ss{U-hÀ Aedn "lp-h a-Pv-
\q³" (A-h³ {`m-´-\m-Wv) {]-W- bhpw A-an-Xm-th-ihpw D-·m-Z-am-bn {`m-ń-sâ
kz-`m-h-§Ä Im-Wn-¡m³ Xp-S-§p-t¼m-sgÃmw a-Pv-\q³ F-¶ {]-tbm-Kw A-hn-sS
tIÄ-¡m-sa-¶v teJI³. a-S-¡-bm-{X-bn-se B A-\p-`-h-am-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ
t_m-[-¯nÂ sse H-cp \m-Smbpw ssJ-kv H-cp a-Pv-\q³ B-bpw B-g-¯nÂ ]-Xn-¸n-¨-
Xv.
129. A-t¡-jy-hm-en-¡v N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bp-Å {]m-[m\yw F´v?
D. A-td-_y³ s]³-kp-e-bnÂ In-g-¡vþ]-Sn-ªm-dv k-©-cn-¡m³ ]-g-b Ime-¯v D-]-
tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶ bm{Xm h-gn-I-fm-Wn-Xv. XpÀ-¡n `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn ]m-j dn-bm-Znse 'Z-cn-b'
sIm-«m-cw ]n-Sn-s¨-Sp-¡m³ ]-S-tbm-«w \-S-¯n-bXpw Cu Xm-gv-h-c-bn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp¶p.
130. Z-cn-b-bn-se {][m-\ sIm-«m-c-§-fpw sI-«n-S-§fpw G-sXÃmw?
D. kmÂ-hm-sIm-«mcw, ku-Zv-C-_v-\p-ku-Zv sIm-«mcw, Cu sIm-«m-c-§Ä-¡v ]pd-ta

Xp-ssd-^v _m-¯v lu-kv F-¶ G-sd {]m-[m-\y-ap-Å kv-\m-\- tI-{µhpw Z-cn-b-bn-

epv. ]-g-b Ime-¯v cm-Pm-¡-·m-cp-sS kw-hm-Z-tI-{µ-am-bn-cp-¶p Z-cnb.
131. AÂ-l-k F-¶ Ø-e-¯n-sâ {]-tXy-I-X F´v?
D. 40 In.an. Np-ä-f-hnÂ \q-dn-e-[n-Iw a-cp-¸-¨-I-fp-Å (Oasis) A-]qÀ-Æam-b a-cp-`q-{]-tZ-i-
am-Wv AÂlk. 'P-e-hoNn' F-¶m-Wv AÂ-l-k F-¶ \m-a-¯n-sâ AÀ°w. tem-I-
¯n-se G-ähpw hen-b a-cp-¸-¨ AÂ-lm-k-bm-sW-¶v Nn-e {K-Ù-§-fnÂ Im-Wp-¶p-
sh-¶v a-km-^À Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶p. AÂ P_À, AÂ s_m-ss_-cn-b, _-lv-e,
AÂ Jp-dn-bm-¯v AÂ lIÂ, A-Âl-c, AÂ-Jp-ZqZv, skm-sh-{Z AÂ ap-¯d-^n
F-¶n§-s\ {]-Ir-Xn-Z-¯am-b [m-cm-fw a-cp-¸-¨-IÄ AÂ-l-k-bnÂ Dv. a-cp-i-co-c-
¯n-se a-[p-cn-v-¡p-¶ hn-bÀ-Xp-Ån-I-fp-sS X-Sm-I-am-Wv AÂ-l-k F-¶v A-hn-sS tPm-
en sN-¿p-¶ X-sâ kp-lr¯pw I-hn-bpam-b kp-\nÂ Ir-jv-W³ ]-d-bm-dp-s-¶v
te-J-I³ ]-d-bp¶p.
132. AÂlm-k km£yw h-ln-¨ c-v N-cn-{X kw-`-h-§Ä GXv?
D. a-¡-bn-se hn-ip-²am-b IAv-_ \nÀ-½m-W-¯n-\v kzÀ-K-¯nÂ \n-¶v \Â-In-b-Xm-bn
hn-iz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ l-P-dpÂ A-kv-h-Zv (I-dp-¯ IÃv) H-cp Iq-«w tKm-{X-hÀ-K-¡mÀ
tam-ãn-¡p-Ibpw A-Xv AÂ-l-k-bn-se a-e-\n-c-I-fnÂ H-fn-¨n-cn-¡p-Ibpw ]n-¶o-Sv A-Xv
ho-s-Sp-¡p-I-bpw sNbv-X kw`-hw H-¶m-a-t¯Xv. a-säm-¶v c-ma-s¯ Pp-ap-A
(sh-Ån-bm-gv-N-I-fn-se a-[ym-Ó kw-L-hp-am-bp-Å \n-kv-Imcw) \nÀ-Æ-Nn-¡-s¸-« Pp-am
a-kv-Pn-Zv AÂ-l-k-bn-emWv.
133. "AÂ k-acn' F-¶mÂ F´v?
D. A-td-_y³ \m-«nÂ hn-hm-l-th-f-bnÂ \-S-¡p-¶ Im-hy-cm-hv B-Wv AÂ k-acn. \n-an-
j I-hn-I-fm-b sN-dp-¸-¡mcpw ap-XnÀ-¶ I-hn-Ifpw c-v kw-L-§-fm-bn \n-¶v Im-
hy-em-]-\ aÕ-cw \-S-¯p-¶-Xm-Wv AÂ k-acn. ssI-IÄ {]-tXy-I Xm-f-¯nÂ Iq-«n-
b-Sn-¨v ap-t¶m-«v N-en-¸n-¨m-Wv I-hn-X-I-fp-sS B-em-]\w. ssZ-h-a-l-Xzhpw tKm-{X-kv-Xp-
Xn-I-fp-am-Wv I-hn-X-I-fp-sS hn-j-b-§-fm-bn Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡p-I. k-Ôym-t\c-¯v Xp-S-
§p-¶ Im-hy-]-cn-]m-Sn cm-th-sd sNÃp-¶-Xph-sc \o-p-\nÂ-¡pw. AÂ-Z-l F-¶
H-cp {]-tXy-I \r-¯hpw hn-hm-l-th-f-I-fnÂ A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sm-dp-v.
134. B-cm-Wv Xz-emÂ a-±zmlv?
D. Ad-_v temI-s¯ an-I-¨ Km-b-Im-\-bn-cp-¶p Xz-emÂ a-±z-lv. 2010 Â A-_-l Sq-dn-kw
s^-Ìn-h-en-sâ `m-K-am-bn \-S-¶ kwKo-X k-Ôy-bnÂ B-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-\v B-fp-IÄ-
¡v ap-¶nÂ ]m-Sn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ A-t±-lw Ip-g-ªp-ho-Wp a-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-
cp¶p.
135. B-cm-Wv kao-d AaÂ?
D. G-gp hÀ-jw sIm-v ku-Zn A-td-_y-bp-sS tZio-b hn-Im-c-am-bn amdn-b bp-h-Xn-bm-
Wv kao-d AaÂ. `À-Xr-a-Xnbm-b Ch-sc H-cp bp-hm-hv \n- c´-cw ò-j-Wn-s¸-Sp-
¯p-Ibpw ssew-Kn-I-_-Ô-¯n-\v \nÀ-_-Ôn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. X-sâ Ip-Spw-_w
X-IÀ-¡-cp-sX-¶v ]-e X-h-W A-hÄ tI- W-t]-£n-¨n«pw bp-hm-hv ]n-·m-dn-bnÃ. H-cn-
¡Â `À-¯m-hv tPm-en-¡v t]m-Ip-¶ k-ab-¯v kao-d A-aÂ B bp-hm-hn-s\ ho-«n-
te-¡v £-Wn-¨p. A-c-bnÂ ]n-ÌÄ H-fn-¸n-¨p-sh-¨m-bp-¶p £Ww. ho-Sn-\p-Ån-te-¡v
Ib-dn h-¶ A-bm-sf sh-Sn-sh¨p. a-cn-¨p-sh-¶v D-d-¸m-b-t¸mÄ A-bm-fp-sS i-co-cw
I-jv-Ww I-jv-W-am-bn ap-dn¨p. ]n-¶o-Sv Nm-¡nÂ sI-«n-]m-gvh-kv-Xp-¡Ä sIm-n-Sp-¶
s]-«n-bnÂ (Jp-am-a) \n-t£-]n¨p. ap¶mw Znh-kw kaod t]m-eo-kv ]n-Sn-bn-embn. h-[-
in-£-bm-Wv i-coA-¯v tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS sIm-e-¡p-ä-¯n-\p-Å in-£. tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS

h-[-in-£-bnÂ \n-¶v kao-d c-£-s¸-S-W-sa-¦nÂ sImÃ-s¸-« bp-hm-hn-sâ Ip-Spw-_w

A-hÄ-¡v am-¸v \Â-IWw. am-\w Im-¡m-\m-Wv kao-d sIm-e-]mX-Iw sN-bvX-Xv F-¶v
FÃm-hÀ¡pw A-dn-bmw. ]-t£ bp-hm-hn-sâ Ip-Spw-_w am-¸v \Â-Im³ X-¿m-dm-bnÃ.
cm-Py-¯n-sâ ]-e-`m-K-¯p-\n¶pw bp-hm-¡Ä k-ao-d-¡v am-¸p-\Â-I-W-sa-¶ hm-Z-hp-am-
bn cw-K-¯p-h¶p. G-gp-hÀ-jw \o- hm-Z-{]-Xn-hm-Z-§Ä-s¡m-Sp-hnÂ 2007 Pq-sse-
bnÂ kao-d A-aÂ P-bnÂ tam-Nn-X-bmbn.
136. tkm-am-en kq-Jn-sâ {]-tXy-I F´v?
D. Pn-±-bn-se H-cp Ø-e-am-av tkm-am-en kqJv. C-Jma Residential Permit t]m-¡-ä-Sn-
¡p-¶-hÀ Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶ tI-{µ-am-WnXv. C-Jm-a-bp-sS Iq-sS t^m¬ \-¼tdm _-Ô-
s¸-Sm-\p-Å a-äp kq-N\-Itfm D-s-¦nÂ CJm-a \-ã-s¸-«-bmÄ-¡v tkm-am-en
kq-JnÂ \n-¶v t^m¬ h-cpw. B-bn-cw dn-bm-en-\v A-sÃ-¦nÂ A-XnÂ Iq-Sp-XÂ Xp-I-
bv-¡v CJm-a Xn-cn-¨p Xcmw F-¶ hm-Kv-Zm-\-am-bn-cn¡pw t^m-WnÂ. kz-´w C-Jm-a-bv-
¡v Im-iv sIm-Sp-t¡-n h-cn-I F-¶ hn-[n F{Xtbm B-fp-IÄ tkm-am-en kq-JnÂ
t]m-bn A-\p-`-hn-¨n-«p--s{X. CJma t]m-bmÂ tkm-am-en kq-JnÂ _-Ô-s¸-Sm-\p-Å
G-Pâp-am-cp-apv. C-h-cnÂ a-e-bm-fn-Ifpw Dv.
"]n-Sp-¯w sIm-Sp-¡m-\p-Å In-S-¯-¯n-sâ {]m-[m-\y-sa´v?
D. ku-Zn A-td-_y-bnÂ Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶ hn-tZ-in-I-fnÂ [m-cm-fw t]À A-\-[n-Ir-X-am-bn
IS-¶p Iq-Sn-b-h-cmWv. H-cp am-k-t¯-¡v D-Å Dw-d hn-k-bnÂ (l-Ön-s\ A-t]-£n-
¨v sNdn-b XoÀ-°m-S-\-am-Wv Dw-d) a-¡, a-Zo-\, Pn-± F-¶o h-ip-²-Ø-e-§Ä k-µÀ-
in-¡m-\m-Wv Dw-d hn-k A-\p-h-Zn-¡p¶-Xv.) h-cp-¶-hÀ ]-Xn-äm-p-I-tfm-fw A-\-[nIr-
X Xm-a-k-¡m-cm-bn A-td-_y-bnÂ Xp-S-cp-¶p. C¯-cw A-\-[n-Ir-X-hm-kw a-Xn-bm-Ip-
t¼mÄ ]mkv-t]mÀ-«v Un-¸mÀ-«v-saân-\v Io-gS-§n \m-«n-te-¡v a-S-§pw. Nn-eÀ C-Xn-\p
ap-t¼ ]mkv-t]mÀ-«v Un-¸mÀ-«v-saân-sâ sd-bv-UnÂ ]n-Sn-bn-em-Ipw. C-ý-¡m-c-\m-sW-
¶v C-ý³ tIm¬-kp-te-äv Øn-co-I-cn-¨mÂ ku-Zn kÀ-¡mÀ \Â-Ip-¶ hn-am-\-Sn-¡-
änÂ C-hÀ-¡v \m-«nÂ t]m-Im³ I-gn-bpw. Dw-d hn-k-bnÂ h-¶-hÀ \m-«n-te-¡v t]m-
Im³ th-n ]mkv-t]mÀ«v Hm-ô-kn-\v k-ao-]-ap-Å ]m-e-¯n-\-S-n-bnÂ t]m-bn In-S-
¡pw. ]n-Sp-¯w sIm-Sp-¡m-\p-Å InS-¯w F-¶m-Wv C-Xn-\v t]-cv.
138. Pn-±-bn-se H-cp kv-tä-Un-b-¯n-sâ a-Xn-en-\v 'KÀ-`n-Wn-I-fp-sS a-XnÂ' F-¶p t]-cp-ho-
gm³ Im-c-W-w F´v?
D. B-fp-IÄ {]-`m-X-§-fnepw km-bm-Ó-§-fnepw cm-{Xn-I-fn-ep-sam-s¡ hym-bm-aw F-¶
\n-e-bnÂ Øn-c-am-bn tÌ-Un-b-¯n-\v Npäpw \-S-¡pw. \n- ch-[n KÀ-`n-Wn-Ifpw C-hn-
sS \-S-¡m³ F-¯m-dp-m-bn-cp¶p. A-§-s\-bm-Wv tÌ-Un-b-¯n-se a-Xn-en-\v KÀ-`n-
Wn-I-fp-sS a-XnÂ F-¶ t]-cp In-«n-b-Xv.
139. "tem-I-¯n-sâ R-c-t¼mSn-b \-Kcw' F-¶v Pn-± hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶-Xv F-´p-
sImv?
D. l-Öv IÀ-½-¯n-\m-bn tem-I-¯n-se `q-cn-`m-Kw cm-Py-§-fnÂ \n-¶p-Å-hÀ hn-cp-¶p
h-¶p ]mÀ-¡p-¶ \-K-c-am-Wv Pn-±. l-Öv ko-k-WnÂ Pn-±-bn-se l-Öv sSÀ-an-\-en-\v
k-ao-]w \n-¶mÂ tem-Iw Pn-±-bn-te-¡v A-Snh-¨p \-S-¶p-h-cp¶-Xp Im-Wmw. 4,30,000
N-Xpc-{i A-Sn-bm-Wv l-Öv sSÀ-an-\-en-sâ hn-kv-XoÀWw. tem-I-¯n-se G-ähpw hen-
e `-c-W-tI{µ Hm-ô-km-bn I-W-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ A-ta-cn-¡-bn-se s]â-K-Wn-sâ h-en-
¸-¯n-sâ C-cp-]-¯nb-©v i-X-am-\w Iq-Sp-X-em-Wn-Xv. l-Pv Ime-¯v Pn-±-bn-en-d-§p-¶
lm-Pn-am-cp-sS ap-J-tc-J-IÄ tNÀ-¯v h-¨mÂ A-Xv tem-I-¯n-sâ `q-]-S-am-bn amdpw
F-¶-XnÂ kw-i-b-w C-sÃ-¶v te-J-I³ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. l-Pv ko-k-WnÂ

am-{XaÃ, Dw-d sN-¿m\pw C-tX {]-hm-l-ap-m-bn-cn-¡pw. FÃm \mfpw tem-Iw Pn-±-

bnÂ h-¶n-d-§n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-W-s{X.
140. hn-ip-² IAv-_ Øn-Xn-sN-¿p¶-Xv F-hnsS? F-´m-Wv I-Av-_-bp-sS {]m-[m-\yw?
D. tem-I-sa-§p-ap-Å C-kvemw a-X-hn-izm-kn-IÄ Zn-h-khpw A-©p-t\-cw \n-kv-I-cn-
¡p¶-Xv Pn-±-bn-se hn-ip-² I-Av-_m-eb-s¯ A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¨mWv. B-n-sem-cn-
¡Â \nÀ-Æ-ln-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ l-Öv XoÀ-°m-S-\hpw F-t¸mÄ th-W-sa-¦nepw \nÀ-h-ln-
¡-s¸-Sm-hp-¶ Dw-d-bpw I-Av-_m-e-b-¯n-\p Np-äp-am-Wv \m-S-¡m-dv. 39 A-Sn-bpw 5
C©pw D-b-c-ap-Å tK-l-am-Wv hn-ip-² I-Av-_. 627 Np-Xc-{i A-Sn-bm-Wv I-Av-_-bp-
sS hn-kv-XoÀWw. A-I-h-i-¯n\vv 1389 ao-äÀ hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bm-Wp-ÅXv. I-Av-_m-e-¯n-
sâ Np-a-cp-IÄ H-cp ao-äÀ ho-Xn-bn-em-Wv D-ÅXv. DÄ-hi-s¯ X-d P-\-§Ä Xz-hm-^v
({]-Z-£nWw) sN-¿p-¶ \n-c-¸nÂ \n¶v 2.2 ao-äÀ D-b-c-¯n-emWv. ap¸-Xv e-£-¯n-te-
sd XoÀ-°m-S-I-cm-W-s{X IAv-_ {]-Zn£-Ww sh-bv-¡m³ tem-I-¯n-sâ hnhn-[ `m-K-
§-fnÂ \n¶pw F-¯n-t¨-cpI.
141. AÂD-e, a-Zm-bnÂ kzm-en-lv F-¶o {]-tZ-i-§-sf Ip-dn-¨v Ip-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡pI.
D. {]-hm-N-I-\-K-cnbm-b a-Zo-\-bnÂ \n-¶v 370 In-tem-ao-äÀ h-S-¡pw, lm-bn-enÂ \n-¶v 416
In-tem-ao-äÀ ]-Sn-ªm-dpw, X-_q-¡nÂ \n-¶v 47 In-tem-ao- äÀ h-S-¡p-am-bn In-S-¡p-¶
{]-tZ-i-am-Wv AÂ-D-ebpw a-Zm-bnÂ kzm-en-lpw. ]-g-b kv-ss]-kv dq-«n-sâ ap-Jy-tI-{µ-
§-fn-sem¶v. s^À-ss«Â {Ikâv F-¶v A-dn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶ sam-k-s]m-t«m-an-b, kn-dnb,
Cu-Pn-]v-Xv F-¶o {]-tZ-i-§-fp-am-bn ]u-cmWn-I Im-e-¯v h³-hym-]m-cw \-S-¶n-cp-¶
tI-{µw. A-Xn-ep]-cn a-X-hn-izm-khpw N-cn-{X-hpw \-c-hw-i-im-kv-{Xhpw Htc-t]m-se
k-t½-fn-¡p-¶ A-]qÀ-ÆØw. C-ý-bn-se A-P-´þF- tÃm-d-bp-sS H-cp A-td-_y³
]-Xn-¸v.
AÂ D-e A-§m-Sn-¡v Np-äpw ]À-Æ-X-I§Ä, in-em-`-h-\§Ä, H-cp inÂ-]n sIm-¯n-
bn-«Xp-t]m-ep-Å cq-]-§Ä [m-cm-fw Im-Wmw. a-Zm-bn³ kzm-en-ln-te-¡v {]-th-in-
¡m³ A-\pa-Xn th-Ww. AÂ D-e-bnÂ \n-¶v 25 In.an. A-I-se-bm-Wv a-Zm-bn³ kzm-
enlv. th-Ä-Uv sl-dn-tä-Pv ssk-änÂ bp-s\kvtIm Cu {]-tZi-s¯ DS-s\ DÄ-s¸-Sp-
¯p-a-s{X. ]m-d-IÄ Xp-c-¶p-m¡n-b ho-Sp-Ifpw Ip-gn-am-S-§-fp-am-Wv a-Zm-bn kzm-en-
lnÂ D-ÅXv. _n.kn Bdmw \q-äm-nÂ \-_m-¯n-b-\p-IÄ (Nabateans) F-¶ P-\-
hn-`m-Kw C-hn-sS h-kn-¨-Xm-bn A-\p-am-\n-¡-s¸-Sp¶p. AÂ-ln-PnÀ F¶pw hm-Zn AÂ-
Jp-d ({Km-a-§-fp-sS Xm-gvh-c) F¶p Cu Ø-ew A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.
142. ap-ssk-J-n-d-bn-se in-em-Nn-{X-§Ä Im-Wm³ ]p-d-s¸-« te-J-I\pw kw-L-¯n\pw
F-´p kw-`-hn¨p?
A-sÃ-¦nÂ
143. ap-sskJn-d a-cp-`q-an ap-km-^À A-l-½-Zn-s\ ]Tn-¸n-¨ Im-cy-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?
D. 2005 s^-{_ph-cn aq-¶n-\v Iq-«p-Im-cp-am-bn dn-bm-ZnÂ \n-¶v 110 In.an. A-I-se-bp-Å ap-
sskJn-d a-cp-`q-an-bn-se in-em-Nn-{X-§Ä Im-Wm³ ap-km-^À A-l½-Zv ]p-d-s¸-Sp¶p.
ap¸-Xv In.an. Zq-cw a-cp-`q-an-bn-se a-WÂ-Nm-en-eq-sS bm-{X sN-bv-Xv th-Ww ap-ssk-Jn-
d-bn-se _n.kn. 1000þ3000 hÀ-j-§Ä-¡n-S-bnÂ h-kn-¨ a-\p-jyÀ sIm-¯n-sb-Sp-¯
Nn-{X-§Ä D-Å ]m-d-s¨-cp-hp-I-fnÂ F-¯m³. F-¶mÂ bm-{Xm-at[y s]-s«-¶pm-b
A-Xn-`-b-¦-cam-b a-WÂ Im-änÂ A-hÀ k-©-cn-¨ Im-dv a-WÂ Np-gn-bnÂ Ip-Sp§n.
]pd-¯p I-S-¡m³ ]Tn-¨ ]-Wn ]-Xn-s\«pw ]b-än t\m-s¡-b-¦nepw H-cp Kp-W-hp-ap-
m-bnÃ. H-Sp-hnÂ ap-l½-Zv J-lv-¯m-\n F-¶ H-cp kz-tZ-in bp-hm-hv Ah-sc c-£-
s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm-Wv D-m-bXv. Xn-cn-¨v Pn-±-bn-se-¯n A-Sp-¯ Znh-kw ]-{X-§Ä I--

t¸m-gm-Wv A-td-_y³ s]-\nkp-e ap-gp-h³ s]m-Sn-¡m-äv B-ª-Sn-¨n-cp-¶p-sh-¶v a-\-

Ên-em-¡n-bXv. Iq-Sm-sX A-¶v ISÂ-t£m-`hpw D-m-bn-cp-¶-s{X. Xm-_q-¡n {]-hn-iy-
bn-emI-s« a-WÂ-¡m-än-s\m-¸w h³-t]-am-cnbpw D-mbn. C-tX- Xp-SÀ-¶v \q-tdm-fw
C-S-b-·mÀ a-WÄ Im-änÂ Ip-Sp-§p-I-bpw 14 t]À a-c-W-s¸-Sp-Ibpw D-m-bn. ap-ssk-
Jn-d-bnÂ h-¨v X-s¶ a-cp-`q-an c-v Im-cy-§Ä ]Tn-¸n-¨-Xm-bn te-J-I³ ]-d-bp¶p.
H¶v Hmtcm a-\p-jy-\nepw H-cp t^m-knÂ Ip-Sn-sIm-Åp¶p. c-v a-cp-`q-an-bnÂ H«pw
km-l-kn-I-X ]m-SnÃ.
144. "P-\-{Zn-b' s^-Ìn-h-en-s\-¡p-dn-¨v Ip-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡pI.
D. dn-bm-ZnÂ \n-¶v 45 In.an. A-I-se-bp-Å {Km-a-{]-tZ-i-am-Wv P-\m-{Zn-b. \m-j-WÂ KmÀ-
Un-sâ B-`p-ap-Jy-¯nÂ s^-{_p-h-cnþamÀ-¨v am-k-§-fnÂ 15 Znh-kw \o-p \nÂ-¡p-
¶ tZio-tbm-Õ-h-am-Wv P-\m-{Zn-b s^-ÌnhÂ. ]-g-b A-td-_y B \m-fp-I-fnÂ P-\m-
{Zn-bnÂ ]p-\À-P-\n-¡pw. ]-c-¼-cm-K-X A-td-_y³ N-´-I-fp-sS ]p-\À-\nÀ-½n-Xn-bm-Wv
D-Õ-h-¯n-se {][m-\ C\w. ssI¯-dn h-kv-{X-§-fm-bn-cn¡pw N-´-bn-se {][m-\
B-IÀ-jWw. cm-Py-¯n-sâ hnhn-[ `m-K-§-fnÂ \n-¶pÅ ssI¯-dn hn-Z-Kv-[À A-hn-
sS X-§-fp-sS I-c-hn-cp-Xp {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¡m³ F-¯pw. ku-Zn-bn-se ]-e \-K-c-§fpw
{Km-a-§fpw P-\m-{Zn-bnÂ Ip-d-¨p-Znh-kw H-¶n-¨p ]mÀ-¡pw. A-_-l-bnÂ \n-¶p-Å
tX\pw J-ko-a-bnÂ \n-¶p-Å ho-Sp-\nÀ-½m-W-hn-Z-b XpS-§n cm-Py-¯n-sâ an-\n-tb-¨À
D-Õ-h-¯nÂ Im-Wmw. H«-Iw, B-Sv F-¶n-h-bpsS tXm-ep-Ifpw Xp-¶nbpw tNÀ-¯v
ImÀ-¸-äp-m-¡p-¶ hn-Zy \-¶m-bn A-dn-bp-¶ J-ko-a-bn-se kv-{Xn-IÄ A-¶v A-hn-sS
F-¯pw. H«-I-tbm-« a-Õcw, \m-S³ ]m-«p-I-fp-sS A-h-X-cWw. hnhn-[ {Kmao-W
\r-¯§Ä, {]-`m-j-W§Ä, I-hn-b-c-§p-IÄ Xp-S-§n-b-h D-Õ-h-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-bn
A-c-t§-dpw.
145. "C-{X-tb-sd in-ev-]-§-fp-Å a-säm-cp \-K-chpw ku-Zn-bn-ep-m-InÃ"þ ap-km-^À
A-l½-Zv in-ev-]-\-K-c-sa-¶v Pn±-sb hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡m³ Imc-Ww F´v?
D. Pn-± F-¶ \-K-c-¯n-sâ N-Xz-c§-sf A-e-¦-cn-¡p¶-Xv [m-cm-fw inÂ-]-§-fmWv. am-\-
t¯-¡v t\m-¡n-\nÂ-¡p¶ ssk-¡nÄ, t¥m_v, \o-e R-c-R-c-¼p-IÄ F-Sp-¯p \nÂ-
¡p-¶ ]pcp-j apãn, hn-am\w, I-¸Â F-¶n§-s\ \n-ch-[n A-Sbm-f inÂ-]-§Ä
\-K-c-¯nÂ F-hn-sS-bpw h-gn-Im-«n-I-fm-bn \nÂ-¡p¶p. _o-¨n-te¡ t]m-Ip-¶ h-gn-bn-
emI-s« a-t\m-l-c-§-fm-b inÂ-]-§-fmÂ k-¼-¶-amWv. C-t¸mÄ ]-d-¡p-sa-¶v tXm-
¶n-¸n-¡p¶ tem-l-¯nÂ-]Wn-X In-fn-¡q«w, ao-\p-IÄ-¡v h-¶v I-b-dn-¯m-a-kn-¡m³
tXm-¶n-¡p¶ tem-lh-e, ao-\p-Ifpw I-SÂ-Po-hn-Ifpw Ip-Sp-§n-¡n-S-¡p-¶ N-XpÀ-`p-
Pw ({]-ikv-X inÂ-]n Pn-tbm-sh-¶n-bpsS c-N-\-bp-sS ]-IÀ¸v) {]-ikv-X kuZn
inÂ-¸n A-ÐpÂ lm¯nw dm-Zv-hn H-cp ]mÀ-¡nÂ sNbv-X Cu-´-¸-\-¡q«w, tImÀ-Wn-
jv tdm-Un-ep-Å {]-Ir-Xn-bn-te-¡v Xp-d-¶ I-®p-am-bn \nÂ-¡p-¶ sl³{Sn aq-dn-sâ
c-N\-I-tfm-Sv k-am-\-X-bp-Å inÂ¸w, sN-¼p-]m-fn-I-fnÂ \nÀ-½n-¨ kq-cy-Im-ń-¸mSw,
Nmªpw sN-cnªpw \nÂ-¡p-¶ Iq-P-§-fp-sS in-ev-]-N-Xz-cw A§-s\ F-®n-bmÂ
Xo-cm-¯ inev-] D-Zym-\-am-Wv Pn±. Cu \-K-c-¯nÂ H-cn-¡Â h-¶p t]m-b-h-cpsS
HmÀ-½-I-fnÂ H-cp inÂ-]-sa-¦nepw Xp-Sn-¨p \nÂ-¡p-sa-¶v D-d-¸m-sW-¶v ap-km-^À
A-l½-Zv A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p-v. 'a-cp-`q-an-bp-sS B-ß-I-Y-'bnÂ
146. FÊmw AÂ Km-en-_v B-cm-Wv?
D. th-jw am-dn \S-¶v a-\p-jy-sâ b-YmÀ-° A-h-Ø-IÄ ]Tn-¡m\pw ]-IÀ-¯m\pw
{i-an-¨ ku-Zn ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I-\m-Wv FÊmw AÂ Km-en_v. A-ta-cn-¡-bnÂ ]Tn-¡p-
Ibpw Ipd-¨p \mf-s¯ A-hn-Sp-s¯ Po-hn-X-¯n-\p-ti-jw Pn-±-bn-se-¯p-Ibpw

sN-bv-X-bmÄ. C-dm-JnÂ A-ta-cn-I-Iyp-sS A-[n-\n-th-iw \-S-¡p-t¼mÄ bm-{Xm-tc-J-I-

sfm-¶p-anÃm-sX Ip-ssh-¯n-eq-sS \pg-ªp Ib-dn _m-Kv-Zm-Zv h-sc t]m-bn C-dm-Jn-se
bm-YmÀ-°y-§Ä dn-t¸mÀ-«v sN-bv-Xp F-Êmw. _m-Kv-Zm-ZnÂ h-¨v ssI-¿n-ep-Å-sXÃmw
sIm-Å-b-Sn-¡-s¸-«-t¸mgpw FÊmw dn-t¸mÀ-«nw-Kv \nÀ-¯n-bnÃ. tem-I-¯n-sâ ]-e
`m-K-¯p-\n-¶p-sa¯n-b am-[y-a {]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-¡v Ad-_n A-dn-bm-¯-Xn-\mÂ A-hÀ-
¡p-th-n ]-cn`m-j \nÀ-Æ-ln-¨v ]-W-ap-m¡n. A-t±-lw X-sâ dn-t¸mÀ-«p-IÄ Pn-±-bn-
se Ad-_v \yqkv Hm-ô-kn-te-¡v A-b-¨p-sIm-n-cp¶p. A-[n-\n-h-k k-ab-¯v
kn.F³.F-¶nÂ BZyw {]-Xy-£-s¸-« Ad-_n ap-Jhpw hm-Z-§fpw F-Êm-an-tâ-Xm-bn-
cp-¶p.
H-cn-¡Â FÊmw {Sm-^n-Iv kn-á-ep-I-fn-Â sh-Åw hnÂ-¡p-¶-h-cp-sS Po-hn-Xw t\-cn-«-
dn-bm³ A-h-cp-sS th-jw sI-«n s]m-Åp-¶ Nq-SnÂ cm-hn-se ap-XÂ ssh-Ip-t¶-cw
h-sc sh-Åw hnäp. A-¯-c-¯nÂ A-¶w tX-Sp-¶-h-cp-sS {]-iv-\-§Ä A-t±-lw tem-
I-t¯m-Sp hn-fn-¨p-]-dªp. sa-säm-cn-¡Â h-en-b Xn-c-¡p-Å- ssl-¸À tjm-¸nw-Kv
am-fn-\v ap-¶nÂ Im-ep-IÄ X-fÀ-¶ bm-N-I-\m-bn FÊmw th-jw sI-«n. A-hn-sS-bp-Å
a-äp bm-N-I-cp-am-bn kw-km-cn-¡p-Ibpw CS-¡v bm-N-\m-]m-{X-¯nÂ ho-gp-¶ ]-Ww
t\m-¡nbpw H-cp ap-gp-Znh-kw FÊmw A-hn-sS C-cp¶p. \-K-c-h-Xv-I-c-Ww, bmN-\,
sXm-gnÂ-cm-lnXyw F-¶n§-s\ D-Å {]-iv-\-§-fn-te-¡v A¶-s¯ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ
dn-t¸mÀ-«v sh-fn-¨-hoin. a-säm-cn-¡Â {]-Ir-Xn-hn-cp² ssew-Kn-I-X-bp-sS \-K-c-¯n-se
th-cp-IÄ A-dn-bm³ A-XnÂ Xm-ev-]-cy-ap-Å-bm-fm-bn th-jw sI«n. Pn-±-bnÂ hnÂ-¡-
s¸-Sp¶ ssew-Kn-I-Zm-lw XoÀ-¡p-¶ b-{´-§-fp-sS hn-]-Wn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v FÊmw
F-gpXn-b dn-t¸mÀ-«v sR-«n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.
147. kw-kw In-W-dn-sâ (_n-Av-dp-kwkw) ]n-d-In-se I-Y F´v?
D. a-¡-fnÃm-Xn-cp-¶ {]-hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp-¶ C-{_m-lnw (ss_-_n-fnÂ F-{_-lmw) X-sâ
`À-¯m-hn-sâ Zpx-Jw a-\-Ên-em¡n-b km-dm C-_v-dm-lnan-t\m-Sv X-sâ A-Sn-abm-b lm-
Pd-sb hn-hm-lw I-gn-¡m³ D-]-tZ-in-¡p¶p. lm-P-d-bnÂ C-kv-am-CuÂ F-¶ a-I³
C-_v-dm-lo-an-\v D-m-Ip¶p. ssZ-h-¯n-sâ \nÀ-t±-i-{]-Im-cw lm-P-d-tbbpw a-I-\-
sbpw a-¡ a-W-em-c-Wy-¯nÂ Xm-a-kn-¡m³ C-_v-dmlnw X-¿m-dm-Ip¶p. a-¡-bn-
se¯n-b lmP-d, X-sâ ]n©p-ss]-XÂ C-kv-am-boÂ Zm-l-P-e-¯n-\m-bn I-c-ª-
t¸mÄ sh-Åw tX-Sn A-§p-an§pw ]c-¡w ]mªp. sXm-«-Sp-¯v I- k-^m-a-e-bn-
te-¡v k-lm-b-¯n-\mbn Hm-Sn-¡-bdn. A-hn-sS F§pw B-scbpw I-nÃ. P-e-km-
¶n-[y-hp-anÃ. D-S³ A-hn-sS \n-¶n-d-§n sXm-«-Sp-¯p-Å aÀ-Æ-a-e-bn-te-¡pw HmSn. C-Xv
]-eX-h-W B-hÀ-¯n-s¨-¦nepw sh-Åw am{Xw I-s-¯m-\m-bnÃ. C-_v-dmlnw BI-
s« C-dm-Jn-te-¡v t]m-b-Xm-bn-cp¶p. Bcpw k-l-m-b-¯n-\nÃm-¯ a-cp-`q-a-bnÂ sh-¨v
lm-Pd ssZ-h-t¯m-Sv C§-s\ Ic-ªp {]mÀ-°n-¨-s{X: "ssZ-h-ta F-sâ aI-sâ
Zm-lw XoÀ-¡m³ AÂ-]w P-ew I-\n-tª-In-bmepw".
k-^þaÀ-Æ a-e-IÄ-¡n-S-bnÂ `q-an-bnÂ InS-¶v I-c-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶ C-kv-am-boÂ F-¶
Ip-ªv Im-en-«-Sn-¨ Øe-¯v \n-¶v s]-s«-¶v H-cp D-d-h {]-Xy-£-s¸«p. B D-d-h [m-c-
ap-dn-bm-sX P-ew Np-c-¯m³ Xp-S§n. sh-Åw X§-sf aq-Sn-¡-f-bp-tam F-¶p `-b-¶
lm-P-d-_o-hn A-hp-sS `m-j-bnÂ "kw. . . kw" (A-S§q) F-¶v Dd-h-tbm-Sv B-Úm-
]n-¨p. B D-d-h-bnÂ \n-¶v e-`n-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶ P-e-am-Wv kwkw. l-ÖvþDw-d
XoÀ-°m-S-\-¯n-\v F-¯p-¶-h-scÃmw tcm-K-i-a-\-¯-n\pw a-äp B-{K-l-k-^-eo-I-c-W-
¯n-\p-am-bn ]m-\w sN-¿m³ kw-kw P-ew kz-´w \m-Sp-I-fn-te-¡v ti-J-cn-¨p
sImp-t]m-Im-dp-v.

148. a-Zo-\-bnÂ ]-ehn-[ a-[p-c-§Ä D-s-¶v te-J-I³ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sm³ Im-c-W-sa´v?

D. a-cp-`qa-bn Bß-I-Y F-¶ k-©m-c-km-ln-Xy Ir-Xn-bp-sS A-h-km-\-`mK-¯v
hn. ap-km-^À A-l½-Zv {]-hNm-I \-K-cnbm-b a-Zo-\-sb-¡p-dn¨pw A-hn-Sp-
s¯ P-\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw hn-h-cn-¡p¶p. a-Zo-\-bnÂ ]-ehn-[ a-[p-c-§-fp-s-¶m-Wv
A-t±-l-¯n-sâ A-\p-`hw. A-td-_y-bn-se G-ä-hpw a-[p-c-ap-Å Cu-´-¸-g-am-Wv A-h-
bn-sem-¶v. N-hÀ-¡p-sa-¶v tXm-¶p-¶ a-WÂ-a-®nÂ C-{Xbpw a-[p-cw X-cp-¶ ^-
etam F-¶mcpw kw-i-bn¨p-t]m-Ipw. Cu-´¸-\-tXm-«-§-fn-te-¡v I-b-dp-t¼mÄ X-s¶
a-[p-c-K-Ôw Im-änÂ D-bÀ-¶p-s]m-§pw. \m-hnÂ sh-¨mÂ A-en-ªp t]m-Ip-¶ X-c-
¯n-ep-Å- Cu-´-¸-g-§Ä a-Zo-\-bn-teXp-t]m-se a-ä-[n-Iw Ø-e-§-fnÂ Xm³ I-n-«n-
sÃ-¶v te-J-I³ hn-h-cn-¡p-¶p.
a-Zo-\-bp-sS A-hn-kv-a-c-Wo-bhpw lr-Zy-hpa-bm a-säm-cp a-[p-cw A-hn-Sp-s¯
\m-«p-ImÀ X-s¶-bmWv. G-Xv A-]-cn-Nn-X-s\bpw F{Xtbm Im-e-am-bn ]-cn-N-b-ap-Å
kp-lr-¯n-s\-t¸m-se A-hÀ kzo-I-cn-¡p¶p. a-Zo-\-¡mÀ-¡v K-X-Im-ew ap-X-ep-m-bn-
cp-¶ A-Xp-eyamb -Kp-W-am-bn-cn¡-Ww CXv. i-{Xp-¡-fp-sS \n-c-´-c-ieyw \n-an-¯w
P-·-\mSm-b a-¡ hn-Sm³ {]-hm-N-I³ ap-l½-Zv \nÀ-_-Ôn-X-\m-b-t¸mÄ H-cp kw-i-
bhpw Iq-Sm-sX aZo-\ Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡m³ A-t±l-s¯ t{]-cn-¸n-¨-Xv a-Zo-\-¡m-cpsS
Cu kz`m-h Kp-W-am-bn-cn-¡Ww. a-Zo-\-¡m-cp-sS Xp-SÀ¨m-b £-Whpw kzo-I-cn-
¡m\pw kw-c-£n-¡m-\p-ap-Å Xz-cbpw {]-h-Nm-I-cp-sS a-\-Ên-s\ B-IÀ-jn-¨n-«p-m-
IWw. a-¡n-bnÂ \n-¶v a-Zo-\-bn-te-¡v lnPv-d ]p-d-s¸-« ap-l½-Zv \-_n ssZ-h-¯n-sâ
{]-tXy-b-im-kv-{Xw (C-kvemw aXw) P-\-§-fn-se-¯n¨-Xv {]-[m-\-ambpw a-Zo-\-bnÂ
sh-¨m-bn-cp-¶p-h-tÃm.
d-a-fm³ am-kw (t\m-¼p-Imew) aZo-\ k-µÀ-in-¡p-¶-hÀ-¡v B \m-«p-Im-cp-sS kv-t\-
lhpw B-Xn-Yy-a-cym-Z-Ifpw Iq-Sp-XÂ A-Sp-¯n-S-s]-«v A-\p-`-hn-¨-dn-bm³ I-gn-bpw.
t\m-¼p-Xp-d-¡p-¶ k-abw, a-kv-Pn-Zv \-_-hn-¡p-Ånepw ]p-d¯pw aZo-\ \n-hm-kn-IÄ
t\m-¼p-Xp-d-¡p-Å hn-`-h-§-fp-am-bn A-Yn-XnI-sf Im-¯n-cn-¡p-a-s{X. an-¡-hm-dpw Kr-
l-\m-Y\pw a-¡-fp-a-S-§p-¶ sN-dp-kw-L-§Ä t\m-¼p-Xp-d-¡m³ B-fpI-sf £-Wn-
¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡pw. £-Ww kzo-I-cn-s¨-¯p-¶h-sc sN-dp kw-L-§Ä A-h-À H-cp¡n-
b `-£-W-¯n-\-cn-In-te-¡v B-\-bn-¡pw.
X-\n-¡p-m-b H-cp-\p`-hw ap-km-^À A-l½-Zv hn-h-cn-¡p¶-Xv Im-Wp-I: H-cn-¡Â
Xsâ H-cp kp-lr-¯v H-cp kw-L-¯n-sâ £-Ww C-¯-c-¯nÂ kzo-I-cn-¡p-I-bp-
mbn. A-h-À H-cp¡n-b Øe-¯v t\m-¼p-Xp-d-¡m-\m-bn A-bmÄ sN-¶v C-cp¶p.
Ipd-¨v I-gn-ª-t¸m-gm-Wv AÂ-]w AI-se A-bm-fp-sS Iq-sS h-¶ kp-lr-¯v t\m-
¼p-Xp-d-¡m-\n-cn-¡p¶-Xv A-bmÄ I-Xv. F-¦nÂ Ah-sâ Iq-sS-bn-cp-¶v t\m-¼p-Xp-
d¡mw F-¶p I-cp-Xn C-cp-¶n-S-¯p-\n¶pw A-bmÄ F-gp-t¶-äp. X-§-sfm-cp¡n-b
`-£-W-¯n-sâ ap-¶nÂ \n¶pw A-Xn-Yn F-gp-t¶Â-¡p¶-Xv I- B-Xn-tY-b-kw-Lw
Abm-tfm-Sv X§-sf D-t]m-£n-¨v t]m-I-cp-tX F-¶v tI-W-t]-£n¨p. A-h-cp-sS kv-t\-
l-]qÀ-Æ-ap-Å \nÀ-_-Ô-¯n\pw B-ßmÀ-°-X \n-d-ª s]-cp-am-ä-¯n\pw B kp-lr-
¯v Io-g-S-§n-b-s{X.
149. a-Zo-\-bnÂ t]m-Ip-t¼m-sgÃmw "Jeo-^ D-a-À' F-¶ ]mTw a-\-Ên-te¡v Hm-Sn-sb-¯p-
sa-¶v ap-km-^À ]-d-bm³ Im-c-W-sa´v?
D. aZo-\ \n-hm-kn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å a-[p-cn-¡p-¶ kv-a-c-W-I-fm-Wv ap-km-^À A-l½-Zv
X-sâ k-©m-c-Ir-Xn-bn-se A-hkm-\ A-[ym-b-§-fnÂ ]-¦p-sh-¡p-¶Xv. a-Zo-\-¡m-cp-

sS B-XntY-b a-\x-Øn-Xn ap-km-^-dn-s\ A-Ûp-X-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. kv-Iq-fnÂ ]Tn-¨

Jeo-^ D-aÀ F-¶ ]mTw a-Zo-\-bnÂ t]m-Ip-t¼m-sgÃmw X-sâ kv-a-c-W-I-fn-te-¡v F-
¯p-¶p-sh-¶v A-t±-lw ]-d-bp-¶p. 'Jeo-^ D-aÀ' F-¶ ]mT-`m-K-¯n-sâ km-cmw-iw
C-§-s\-bm-Wv: ]m-Xn-cm-t\cw, aZo-\ \-K-c-¯nÂ FÃm-hcpw D-d-¡-am-Wv. H-cp
ho-«nÂ am{Xw ap-\n-ªp I-¯p-¶ hn-f-¡n-sâ sh-fn-¨w Im-Wmw. B ho-«nÂ Z-cn-
{Zbm-b H-cp D-½ hni-¶v I-c-bp-¶ X-sâ a-¡Ä-¡v `£-Ww D-m-¡p-I-bmWv. A-Sp-
¸nÂ sh-¨ I-e-¯nÂ A-hÀ X-hn-sIm-v C-f-¡n-s¡m-t-bn-cn-¡p¶p. `£-Ww C-
t¸mÄ ]m-I-am-Ip-sa-¶v hni-¶v X-fÀ-¶ X-sâ a¡-sf C-S-bv-¡n-S-bv-¡v A-hÀ B-iz-
kn-¸n-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶p. A-Sp-¸nÂ sh-¨ I-e-¯nÂ k-Xy-¯nÂ ]-¨-sh-Å-aÃm-sX
a-säm¶pw D-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. Im-cy-am-bn `£-Ww D-m-¡p-I-bm-Wv X-sâ a¡-sf sX-
än-²-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p; \nÀ-²-\bmb B D-½. X-fÀ-¨-bv-s¡m-Sp-hnÂ {]-Xo-£-
tbm-sS Im-¯n-cn-¡p-¶ X-sâ a-¡Ä A-dn-bm-sX D-d-§n-s¡mÅpw F-¶v B D-½ {]-
Xo-£n-¡p-¶p.
A-tX ka-bw X-sâ P-\-§-fp-sS Po-hn-X-Øn-Xn t\-cn-«-dn-bm³ th-jw am-dn \-S-¡p-I-
bm-bn-cp¶p; a-Zo-\-bp-sS `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cnbm-b D-aÀ C-_v-\p J-¯m_v. ho-Sn-\p sh-fn-
bnÂ \n-¶v D-½-bp-sS {]-IS-\w Jeo-^ D-aÀ thZ-\-tbm-sS a-\-kn-em¡n. A-t±-lw a-
S§n-t]m-hp-I-bpw B ho-«n-te-¡v B-h-iyam-b `-£-W-km-[-\-§-fp-ambn DS-s\ X-
s¶ F-¯p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. B `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-sS ]n³-Km-an-I-fnÂ \n-¶v C¯-cw
kzo-I-c-Whpw kv-X-Im-chpw {]-Xo-£n-¡m-sa-¶v te-J-I³ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p.
150. dp-_p-DÂ Jmen-tbm-Sv tNÀ-¶ "i-dq-d' F-¶ {Km-a-¯n-\v Np-äp-ap-Å-hÀ a-cp-`q-a-n-bnÂ
]-c-kv]-cw I-p-ap-«n-bmÂ A-`n-hmZyw sN-¿p¶-Xv F-§s\?
D. A-]-I-S-I-c-am-Wv a-cp-`q-a-n-bp-m-Im-hp-¶ A-\p-`-h§Ä. a-\p-jy-scbpw h-fÀ-¯p ar-
K-§-sfbpw A-]m-b-s¸-Sp-¯pw hn-[-ap-Å lnw-{k-P-´p-¡-fpw D-{K-hn-j-ap-Å D-c-K-
§fpw a-cp-`q-an-bnÂ [m-cm-fw Im-Wmw. Ch-sb {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn {Km-ao-W-cp-
sS (_Zhn) ssI-¿nÂ tXm-¡p-IÄ D-m-Ipw. a-cp-`q-an-bnÂ sh-¨v H-cp _-Z-hn-sb H-ä-
s¸-« \n-e-bnÂ a-säm-cmÄ I-mÂ, "K-Æn-¯p' (\o hf-sc i-à-\m-bn-cn-¡s«) F-¶p
A-bm-sf A-`n-hmZyw sN-¿Ww. DSs\ "\-Po-¯p" (\o ]-d-ª-Xn-em-Wv F-sâ hn-P-
bw) F-¶v c-m-a-s¯-bmÄ {]-Xy-`n-hmZ-\w sN-¿pw. Xp-SÀ-¶v C-cp-hcpw B-bp-[w Xm-
gv-¯n B-enwK-\w sN-¿pw.

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ae-bmf kmln-Xywþ3

COMMON COURSE : MAL3A03

Layout: Computer Section, SDE

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 2

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 3

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 4

"\m-Sy-im-kv{Xw' F-¶ \m-S-I-{K-Ùw c-Nn¨Xv?

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 5

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 6

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 7

kn.sP tXma-kv P-\n¨-Xv F-hnsS?

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 8

`m-cXo-b I-em-k-¦-ev-] {]-Im-cw Zr-iy-I-e-IÄ F-{X-X-cw? G-sXms¡?

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 9

'1128 Â ss{Iw 27' F-¶ \m-S-I-¯n-se I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fp-sS t]-sc-gpXpI?

D. 1930 Pq¬ 22 \v Nn-d-bn³-Io-gn-em-Wv Pn. i-¦-c-¸n-Å P-\n-¨Xv. \m-S-I-c-N-\bpw ]T-

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 10

sN-¿p¶-Xv sXäm-b N-cn{X-t_m-[w H-¶p-sIm-­v am-{X-amWv'.þ FÂ. tXm-a-kp-Ip-«n-

sâ I-em-cq-]w am{Xw A-Xn-E-Pp-hm-Ip-¶-sX§-s\ F¶v B [nj-Wm-im-en \ym-b-

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 12

86. hy-h-km-b-im-e-bn-se sIm-e-]m-X-I-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v {]-kv-Xm-h\- X¿m-dm-¡m³ Xp\nª

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 13

injy-t\m-Sv sIm-e-]m-XI-s¯ Xp-SÀ-¶p ]{X-Øm-]-\-¯nÂ A\p-timN-\tam a-täm

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 14

93. _Ôp-hmb N-¡n amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ `m-cy F-dp-¸p¡-sb Im-Wm³ ho-«nÂ h¶Xnsâ

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 15

a-cn-¨-h-\p-th-­n-bÃ A-h-sbm¶pw F-¶p Kp-cp. in-jy³ A-sXm¶pw i-cn-sh-¡p-

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 16

h-¡o-en-sâ tNm-Zy-¯n\v, A-sXm¶pw sIm-Åm-hp-¶-h-cp- tIÄ-t¡ ]-d-bm³

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 17

D. amÀ-t¡m-kn-sâ sIm-e-]m-X-In-¡v P-bn-enÂ e-`n-¡p-¶ ku-I-cy-§Ä D-d-¸p-h-cp-

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 18

Xy-sb hm-t\m-fw hm-gv-¯p-I-bnÃm-bn-cp¶p. C-Xm-Wv B-ß-l-Xy-sb-¡p-dn-¨v Kp-cp-hn-

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 19

¡pw hn-[-¯nÂ i-cn-bm-¡n- ¯-c-W-sa-¶v A-`yÀ-°n-¡p¶p. A-Xp-]-än-sÃ¶pw Xm³

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 20

sIme]m-XI tIknÂ tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ \S-¶p sIm-­n-cnt¡, tIknt\m hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 21

th-Z-im-kv-{Xm-Zn {K-Ù-§Ä ]m-cmb-Ww sN¿mt\m tIÄ¡mt\m A-h-Im-i-anÃm-¯-

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 22

ähpw {]-Xn-sb {]-tIm-]n-¸n-¨n-cn-¡m-sa-¶v k-½-Xn-¡p-¶-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn¯-s¶ A-Xv Ip-ä-

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 23

h-¡oÂ kw-i-bn-¡p-¶Xv. {]-Xn-¡v B-scbpw sImÃ-W-sa-¶v D-t±-iy-ap-­m-bn-cp-¶p-

h\pw B-kz-Zn-¡m- sa¶v ]-ecpw sX-än-²-cn¨p. C-Xv \m-S-I-¯n-sâ km-t¦-Xn-I-t_m-

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 25

1. B-Zy a-ebm-f kn\n-a GXv?

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 26

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 27

36. 1972 Â tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an A-hmÀ-Uv t\Sn-b ]-ß-cmP-sâ t\mhÂ?

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 28

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 29

A-Xn-\p-]-äp-¶ X-c-¯nÂ A-Xmb-Xv Iym-a-d-bnÂ ]-IÀ-¯m-hp-¶ X-c-¯n-em-Wv Xn-c-

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 30

6. G-ähpw {]-[m-\-am-bn kn\n-a F-¶ am-[y-a-¯n-\I-¯p \n-¶v kw-hn-[m-b-I-\p-am-bn

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 31

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 32

sIm-¶p-Xn-¶p-¶-Xdn-ª ImÀ-¯n th-eq-ªn-s\ No-¯-hn-fn¨p. X-\n-¡v tIm-gn-bp-sS

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 33

A-`n-{]m-b-t¯m-Sv ^-bÂ-hm\pw tbm-Pn-¡p¶p. H-cn-¡Â _mw-¥q-cnÂ sh-¨v ko-\n-

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 34

^-bÂ-hm-\p-am-bp­mb t]m-cm-«-¯nsâ HmÀ-½ D-Å-Xp-sIm-­m-Wv X-sâ ]qÀ-Æ-Im-

aebmf kmln-Xyw III Page 35

D. Kp-kv-Xn ]n-Sp-¯-anÃm-sX \-S-¡p-¶ ^-bÂ-hm³ ImÀ-¯n-¡v H-cp `m-c-am-bn Xp-S-§n-

sN-¿p¶-Xv sXäm-b N-cn{X-t_m-[w H-¶p-sIm-v am-{X-amWv'.þ FÂ. tXm-a-kp-Ip-«n-

a-cn-¨-h-\p-th-n-bÃ A-h-sbm¶pw F-¶p Kp-cp. in-jy³ A-sXm¶pw i-cn-sh-¡p-

sIme]m-XI tIknÂ tIm-S-Xn-bnÂ \S-¶p sIm-n-cnt¡, tIknt\m hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-

h-¡oÂ kw-i-bn-¡p-¶Xv. {]-Xn-¡v B-scbpw sImÃ-W-sa-¶v D-t±-iy-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p-

^-bÂ-hm-\p-am-bpmb t]m-cm-«-¯nsâ HmÀ-½ D-Å-Xp-sIm-m-Wv X-sâ ]qÀ-Æ-Im-

Sp-¡p-¶ Im-gv-N-bm-Wv I--Xv.

Zq-X-\m-sW¶pw G-I\m-b H-cp ssZ-hw D-s¶pw hn-iz-kn-¡-W-sa-¦nÂ A-Xn-s\m-cp

am-{XaÃ, Dw-d sN-¿m\pw C-tX {]-hm-l-ap-m-bn-cn-¡pw. FÃm \mfpw tem-Iw Pn-±-

148. a-Zo-\-bnÂ ]-ehn-[ a-[p-c-§Ä D-s-¶v te-J-I³ A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sm³ Im-c-W-sa´v?