PRE-AP BIOLOGY

SEMESTER EXAM REVIEW

DECEMBER 2019

Understand a controlled experiment.

Be able to pick out the control group, experimental group, and manipulated (experimental)
variable in example experiments.
Know the characteristics of living
things. What is homeostasis?

I. BIOCHEMISTRY
1. What is dehydration synthesis?
2. What is hydrolysis?
3. What element is in all organic compounds?
4. What are the four organic compounds?
5. What are the three types of carbohydrates?
A single sugar is an example of what type of
carbohydrate? A double sugar is an example of what
type of carbohydrate? A starch is an example of what
type of carbohydrate?
6. What is the main energy source of cells?
7. A starch is made up of what molecule?
8. What is the storage form of sugar in plants?
9. What forms a disaccharide?
10. What is fiber in your diet?
11. What are the building blocks of proteins?
12. What is the importance of proteins?
13. How many different amino acids are there?
14. What are different types of lipids? examples:
15. What type of organic compound is used for energy storage?
16. What lipid molecule can be deposited on the walls of blood vessels?
17. Know the general structural formula of an amino acid.
18. What organic compound are human sex hormones?
19. What organic compounds make up the cell membrane?
20. What are polymers? Give an
example. monomers?
Give an example.
21. What is an enzyme?
22. What are enzymes composed of?
23. Know how enzymes function
24. If you add sugar to water, which is the solute? Which is the solvent? Which is the solution?
25. What is a monomer? Polymer?
26. List the 4 macromolecules. Name the monomer of each.
27. Know the functions and uses of the 4 macromolecules.
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28. What is the function of a catalyst? What is activation energy and how is affected by catalysts?
29. What is an enzyme? Name its function.
30. Be able to define the following things relating to enzymes: active site, denatured enzyme,
inhibitor, substrate, rate of reaction

II. CELL AND MICROSCOPES

1. What is a prokaryote cell?
eukaryote cell?
2. What is the cell theory?
3. What organisms contain cell walls with cellulose?
4. What organisms contain cell membranes?
5. What are lysosomes?
In what organism are they found?
6. What 2 organelles are in plants but not in animals?
7. Give the function of the following:
cell membrane
cytoplasm
Golgi apparatus
cell wall
ribosome
chloroplast
vacuole
rough ER
smooth ER
mitochondria
nucleus
nuclear envelope
8. What type permeability is the cell membrane?
9. Identify on a cell diagram:
mitochondrion
chloroplast
nucleus
vacuole
rough ER
smooth ER
Golgi apparatus
lysosome
cell wall
cell membrane
10. Draw and label on the cell membrane: channel protein, marker protein, cholesterol, phospholipid bilayer
and know what each part does.
11. What protein in the cell membrane must match in organ donors and recipients?

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12. The cell membrane is made of what type of macromolecule? What other macromolecules are present in the
cell membrane?
13. What is selective permeability?
14. What are the differences between diffusion, osmosis and active transport?
15. What are the two types of active transport?

III. HOMEOSTASIS / CELL MEMBRANE

1. How do cells maintain homeostasis?
2. What is diffusion?
Give an example:
3. What is osmosis?
4. What is active transport?
What are protein pumps?
5. What is facilitated diffusion?
6. What is endocytosis?
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
exocytosis
7. What processes require energy?
8. What does selectively permeable mean?
permeable
impermeable
9. What is plasmolysis?
cytolysis
10. What is hypotonic?
hypertonic
isotonic
Be able to apply them to different situations.
11. What is responsible for:
a snail dying from being salted
white blood cell surrounding bacteria
carbon dioxide moves out of cell into the blood stream with a high concentration of carbon dioxide
large glucose molecules move across the cell membrane
large waste molecules are removed from a cell
12. Describe hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions. State where water and particles will move in each.
13. Do plants wilt because they are in a hypotonic or a hypertonic solution?
14. Why does diffusion continue to occur even after equilibrium has been reached?
15. Be able to complete osmosis and diffusion problems.

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IV. CELLULAR ENERGY
1. What are the reactants of photosynthesis? What are the
products?
2. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things?
3. What is the plant pigment that processes light energy?
4. What are heterotrophs?
autotrophs?
5. Light reaction, dark reaction, Calvin cycle refer to what process?
6. Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain refer to what process?
7. What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?
8. In what organisms does cellular respiration occur?
9. What is cellular respiration?
10. During cellular respiration energy is transferred from .....
11. What is anaerobic respiration?
12. What are two types of anaerobic respiration?
13. Where does anaerobic respiration occur in people?
14. What is another name for anaerobic respiration?
15. Which is more efficient - anaerobic or aerobic?
16. What are yeast used for? Why?
17. What are ATP’s?
18. What are the reactants in cellular respiration?
products in cellular respiration?

V. CELL DIVISION
1. How many chromosomes are in a human cell?
2. In the cell cycle what phase takes the longest?
3. What is cytokinesis?
4. Be familiar with the stages of mitosis.
5. What is the purpose of meiosis?
6. What does haploid mean?
diploid?
Give example of each:
Be able to give diploid and haploid numbers from chromosome numbers given.
7. Which is larger - a sperm or egg cell?

8. What does meiosis produce? How many

sperm cells?
How many functional egg cells?
9. What are gametes?
10. What is a zygote?
11. What is chromatin? How does it appear?
12. What are chromosomes? How do they appear?
13. Know the parts of a chromosome.
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14. What is a karyotype?
15. What causes Down syndrome?
# of chromosomes
16. What is nondisjunction?
17. What are the sex chromosomes? Male - Female -
18. What are homologous chromosomes?
19. Where does meiosis occur in people?
20. What does crossing over create?
21. Be familiar with a drawing of meiosis.
22. What type cell division is responsible for: replacement
of damaged tissues chromatin duplicates
somatic cells sex cells
reduction of chromosomes zygote
dividing
growing
two cell divisions
two new cells from each original

VI. NUCLEIC ACIDS

1. What are the nucleic acids?
2. Describe / label the DNA ladder.
3. What does DNA look like?
4. What is DNA replication?
5. How does RNA differ from DNA?
6. What is a nucleotide?
7. What is transcription?
What nucleic acid is formed?
8. What is translation?
9. What is the purpose of DNA?
10. What is gene expression?
11. What is a codon?
anticodon?
12. What part of DNA has the information to direct protein synthesis?
13. Give the complementary base coding from DNA to DNA and mRNA to tRNA for the following:
TACGGGATCGUAGUCACC
14. Which nucleic acid carries the pattern for the assembly of proteins?
15. What is the flow of genetic information, starting with DNA?
16. Do all cells of an organism contain the same DNA?
17. Is all the DNA expressed in every cell of an organism?
18. What is a carcinogen?
19. What is an oncogene?
20. What is a tumor?
21. What is a point mutation? frameshift mutation?
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22. All living things have what in common?
23. What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
24. Name the differences in RNA and DNA.
25. List the stages in DNA replication and the enzymes involved.
26. Give the complementary strand for this DNA strand? A T G C G C T A T A T G C C G
27. When are the chromosomes visible in the cell cycle?
28. List the stages of the cell cycle included in interphase. What occurs in each phase?
29. List the stages of Mitosis in order. What occurs in each phase?
30. What are spindle fibers? What function do they serve during mitosis?

VII. GENETICS
1. Where are genes located?
2. What is a hybrid organism?
3. What are alleles?
4. What is a genotype?
phenotype?
5. What is heterozygous?
homozygous?
6. Who determines the sex of the offspring?
7. What are the alleles that determine blood type?
Which are dominant, recessive?
8. Where are sex-linked traits located?
Which sex show sex-linked traits more?
9. Be able to do genetic problems:
monohybrid crosses
sex-linked trait crosses
multiple allele crosses
incomplete dominance and codominant crosses
dihybrid crosses
10. What are restriction enzymes? What are they used for?
11. Describe PCR and its purpose.
12. How does gel electrophoresis work and what is it used for?
13. Describe selective breeding and why it is used in agriculture.
14. How does cloning work? What was the first organism ever cloned?
15. What is a pedigree and what does it show? Be able to analyze a pedigree.