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Types of Tablets and Their Charecteristics
Types of Tablets and Their Charecteristics
Types of Tablets and Their Charecteristics
ON
TYPES OF TABLETS
AND THEIR
CHARECTERISTICS.
By
Keerthi Harika,
M.Pharm I- sem
Department of pharmaceutics,
University college of
pharmaceutical sciences, 1
Kakatiya university,
WARANGAL.
CONTENTS
Introduction
Classification of tablets
Characteristics of tablets
Conclusion
References
2
DEFINITION
Tablet is defined as a compressed solid dosage
form containing medicaments with or without
excipients.
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CLASSIFICATION OF TABLETS
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ORAL TABLETS FOR INGESTION
Standard compressed tablets e.g. Paracetamol tablet
Multiple compressed tablets
I. Compression coated tablet
*sugar coated tablet
*Film coated tablet
*Gelatin coated tablet
*Enteric coated tablet
II. Layered tablet
III. Inlay tablet
Targeted tablet
I. Floating tablet
II. Colon targeting tablet
Chewable tablet e.g. Antacid tablet
Dispersible tablet
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TABLETS USED IN THE ORAL CAVITY
Lozenges and troches
Sublingual tablet e.g. Vitamin-c tablet
Dental cones
Hypodermic tablet
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Implants
TABLETS USED TO PREPARE SOLUTION
Effervescent tablet e.g. Dispirin tablet (Aspirin)
Molded tablets
I. Hypodermic tablet
II. Dispensing /soluble tablet e.g. Enzyme tablet
(Digiplex)
Tablet triturates e.g. Enzyme tablet (Digiplex)
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STANDARD COMPRESSED TABLET
These are the standard uncoated tablets made by
either
direct compression
wet granulation
dry granulation
systemic action.
In addition to medicinal agents they
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MULTIPLE COMPRESSED TABLET
I. COMPRESSION COATED TABLET
Function like sugar-coated or film-coated tablets or
gelatin-coated, enteric coated.
Coating of a tablet may
a. mask a bitter taste, odor, color of the substance
b. conceal an unpleasant or mottled appearance
c. provide a barrier for a substance irritating to the
stomach
d. Provide physical and chemical protection for one
inactivated by gastric juice.
e. Control the release of drug from the tablet.
o There are 3 principle designs in compression-coating
machines
o Colton model
o Stokes model
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o Manesty dry- cota model
film coated pills sugar coated pills
Disadvantages:
Improper centration of core either vertically/
horizontally produces weak edges and coating will
not hold together.
More expensive because of multiple granulation.
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III. INLAY TABLET
o DOT OR BULL’S EYE TABLET
o Instead of completely surrounded by the coating, its
top surface is completely exposed.
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TARGETED TABLETS
Under this category we have two
types of tablets:
I. GASTRO- RETENTIVE TABLET
Opted when API release is desired in stomach (antacids,
API’s used against H. pylori infection)
Floating tablet
To retain the drug for longer time period in stomach
following approaches can be used:
Low density tablet
Tablet that can expand in gastric environment (swelling
or unfolding).
Using muco - adhesive polymer
Supine position is to be avoided.
o Drugs like diazepam, levodopa, benserazide and
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ciprofloxacin are successfully marketed.
II. COLONIC TABLETS
For the drugs having poor absorption in stomach or
small intestine, colonic drug delivery is an answer
of choice.
The pH in this region varies from 6.4-7 and
presence of microbial flora plays an important role
in drug release.
Various mechanisms adopted for drug release in
this area are:
Coating with pH sensitive polymer e.g., Eudragit
S100 and L100
Biodegradable polymer which are sensitive to
colonic bacteria.
Bio- adhesive polymer e.g., poly carbophils/poly
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ethanes.
Redox sensitive polymers.
CHEWABLE TABLETS
Chewable tablets are to be chewed and thus
mechanically disintegrated in the mouth, so that
NO DISINTEGRANT IS INCLUDED.
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ADVANTAGES OF CHEWABLE TABLETS
Provide quick and complete disintegration of the
tablet and thus obtain a rapid drug effect after
swallowing and dissolution.
Easy administration, especially for infants and
elderly people.
Patient convenience through elimination of need of
water for swallowing.
Examples
Chewable Aspirin tablets (for children in the
treatment of rheumatoid and to prevent clot
formations in adults).
Antacid tablets
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Chewable multi vitamin tablet
DISPERSIBLE TABLETS
Disintegrate either rapidly in water to form
stabilized suspension or disperse instantaneously in
the mouth to be swallowed without the aid of water.
The properties such as porosity, hardness, DT,
increase in viscosity after dispersion are necessary
to investigate during manufacturing.
ADVANTAGES:
For pediatric patients who cannot swallow.
For API’s unstable if formulated in liquid
formulation.
Faster onset of action compared to standard
compressed tablet.
Patients having prolonged illness who are prone to
nauseatic sensation. 22
Examples: Analgesics (aspirin, ibuprofen etc.)
LOZENGES AND TROUCHES
Lozenges are flavored medicated dosage forms
intended to be sucked and held in mouth or
pharynx.
isoprinosine sulphate
nitroglycerine tablet
erythrityl tetra nitrate
isosorbide dinitrate
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BUCCAL TABLETS
Intended to be dissolved in buccal pouch.
Tablets are designed not to disintegrate.
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DENTAL CONES
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VAGINAL TABLETS
Designed for vaginal administration in treatment of local
vaginal infections, for systemic absorption and
absorption into vaginal tissue.
Examples:
Cyclodextran formulations of hydrophilic drugs such as
amino-glycosides, β- lactum antibiotics and peptides.
Propanolol
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RECTAL TABLETS
Old and acceptable means of treatment.
The volume and nature of rectal fluid, its buffer
capacity, pH and surface tension play a large part in
this but are subject to wide variation, even within
single subject, resulting in variability of absorption
by this route.
Advantages:
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IMPLANTS
Designed for subcutaneous implantation by surgical
procedure where they are slowly absorbed over a
period of month or a year.
Special injector with a hollow needle and plunger is
used to administer the rod shaped tablet.
For other shapes surgery is used.
Safety problems
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EFFERVESCENT TABLETS
Effervescent tablets are dropped into a glass of
water before administration during which CO2 is
liberated. This facilitates tablet disintegration and
drug dissolution; the tablet disintegration should
complete within few minutes.
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ADVANTAGES OF EFFERVESCENT TABLETS
Rapid drug action e.g. analgesics and antacids.
Significant differences in absorption kinetics
(gastric emptying rate, rapid tablet dissolution)
Facilitate drug intake, for example vitamins.
Special conditions
Low RH (25%) and moderate to cool
temperature
(250c) in processing areas is essential.
Effervescent tablets should be protected from
moisture, may be packed in blister packs.
Examples
wide range of effervescent tablets include antibiotics,
ergotamines, digoxin, methadone, L- dopa. Preparation for
veterinary use have also been developed. 36
MOLDED TABLETS
I. HYPODERMIC TABLETS
They are intended to be added in
WFI of sterile water to form a clear
solution which is to be injected
parenterally.
o Widely used by rural physician due to its
portability.
o Can be used for medicaments whose stability in
water is very poor.
o Their use in this manner should be discouraged,
since the resulting solutions are not sterile.
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II. DISPENSING/ SOLUBLE TABLET
They are to be added to water or other solvents to
make a solution containing a fixed concentration of
API.
Should contain no insoluble materials (including
glidants, binders etc.), since they will be made into
clear solution.
Examples
Mercuric chloride dispensing tablet (antiseptic), tablet
for ophthalmic drops of neomycin sulfate.
Others include topical local anesthetics (cocaine), 38
antibiotics (bacitracin).
TABLET TRITURATES
They are small, usually cylindrical, molded or
compressed tablets containing small amounts of
usually potent drugs.
39
STRUCTURE WISE
Divisible tablet
It is sometimes necessary to administer
40
Concave-convex tablets
These tablets have been designed with a view to
keep surface area of the structure relatively
constant during the dissolution process.
Area is lost on the convex surfaces and gained at the
concavities.
Core tablets
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ENTERIC COATED TABLET
Protect the drug from being destroyed by gastric
contents, either enzymes or highly acidic gastric
fluids. E.g., low pH destroys some drugs
(erythromycin)
Prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting associated
with a drug’s irritation of gastric mucosa. E.g.,
aspirin, strong electrolytes such as NH4Cl, KCl
Deliver the drug to its absorption site in the
intestine.
Deliver the drugs intended for local action in the
intestine. E.g., intestinal antibacterial or antiseptic
agents.
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COATING COMPOSITION
Enteric polymers e.g., shellac, CAP, HPMC
phthalate, methacrylic acid, polyvinyl acetate
phthalate, co-polymers like Eudragit L100,
Eudragit S100.
Plasticizers e.g., glycerin, PEG, propylene glycol,
castor oil, phthalate esters.
Solvents
Disadvantages-
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CONCLUSION
With advancement in technology and increase in
awareness towards modification in standard tablet to
achieve better acceptability as well as bioavailability,
newer and more efficient tablet dosage forms are
being developed.
The main reasons behind formulation of different
types of tablets are to create a delivery system that is
relatively simple and inexpensive to manufacture.
Provide the dosage form that is convenient from
patient’s perspective and utilize an approach that is
unlikely to add complexity during regulatory approval
process.
To understand each dosage form, tablets here are
classified by their route of administration and by the 47
type of drug delivery system they represent within
that route.
references 4. R.M.Mehta, Dispensing
pharmacy.
1. Leon Lachman, Herbert 5. Loyd V. Allen, Jr.
A. Lieberman, The theory Nicholas G. Popovich,
and practice of industrial Howard C. Ansel, Ansel’s
pharmacy; Special Indian pharmaceutical dosage
edition. forms and drug delivery
2. Herbert A. Liberman, systems; Eighth edition.
Martin M. Rieger and 6. M.E.Aulton, Text book
Gilbert S. Banker, of pharmaceutics.
pharmaceutical dosage
forms: Tablets; volume-I. NET REFERENCES
3. Remington, The science www.pharmapedia.com
and practice of pharmacy www.fotosearch.com
21st edition, vol-I. www.pharmainfo.net
www.authorstream.com
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