MINOR PROJECT REPORT

ON
Fuzzy Based Automatic
Target Shooter

GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

Under Guidance of: Submitted By:

Mr. Dhirendra Kumar Ashish Singh(024)

Mahesh Gupta(052)

Ashish Kumar Singh(023)

 CONTENTS

o Introduction

o Literature survey

o Module 1: Study of components

o Module 2: Hardware design

o Future scope

o References
 INTRODUCTION

Automatic target shooter is used to control the position and the movement of

a shooting device, through the use of a motor and 8051microcontroller. When

an intruder tries to enter through this area, then motion sensors detect him

and the gun will target him automatically.

It’s function is basically to reduce

the human effort and increase the efficiency in watch tower or bunkers (chauki)

near the border to reduce the intrusion.

Now as the target shooter can shoot the target automatically or by user interface.

Fuzzy logic gives increase to the accuracy and efficiency of the Automatic target

shooter.

This project can help our border

security agencies to control the intrusion more efficiently. In short, we can say

that, this project is very useful in defense/security purpose for any country.
 LITRATURE SURVEY

1. Human Tracking With Wireless Distributed Pyroelectric Sensors

Qi Hao, David J. Brady, Senior Member, IEEE, Bob D. Guenther, John B.
Burchett, Mohan Shankar, and Steve Feller

(IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL, VOL. 6, NO. 6, DECEMBER 2006)

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a wireless pyroelectric sensor system, composed of sensing

modules (slaves), synchronization and error rejection module (master), and a
data fusion module (host), to perform human tracking. The computation
workload distribution among slave, master, and host is investigated. The
performances and costs of different signal-processing and target–tracking
algorithms are discussed. A prototype system is described containing pyro-
electric sensor modules that are able to detect the angular displacement of a
moving thermal target. Fresnel lens arrays are used to modulate the sensor
field of view. The sensor system has been used to track a single human target.

2. Multiple Human Tracking and Identification with Wireless

Distributed Pyroelectric Sensor Systems
Qi Hao, Member, IEEE, Fei Hu, Member, IEEE, and Yang Xiao, Senior Member,

(IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL. 3, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2009)

 ABSTRACT

This paper presents a wireless distributed pyroelectric sensor system for

tracking and identifying multiple humans based on their body heat radiation.
This study aims to make pyroelectric sensors a low-cost alternative to infrared
video sensors in thermal gait biometric applications. In this system, the sensor
field of view (FOV) is specifically modulated with Fresnel lens arrays for
functionality of tracking or identification, and the sensor deployment is chosen
to facilitate the process of data-object-association. An Expectation-
Maximization-Bayesian tracking scheme is proposed and implemented among
slave, master, and host modules of a prototype system. Information fusion
schemes are developed to improve the system identification performance for
both individuals and multiple subjects. The fusion of thermal gait biometric
information measured by multiple nodes is tested at four levels: sample,
feature, score, and decision. Experimentally, the prototype system is able to
simultaneously track two individuals in both follow-up and crossover scenarios
with average tracking errors less than 0.5 m. The experimental results also
demonstrate system’s potential to be a reliable biometric system for the
verification/identification of a small group of human subjects. The developed
wireless distributed infrared sensor system can run as a standalone prisoner/
patient monitoring system under any illumination conditions, as well as a
complement for conventional video and audio human tracking and
identification systems.

3. Tracking and Identifying Multiple Humans with Wireless Geometric

Pyroelectric Sensors
Qi Hao, Jian-Shuen Fang, David J. Brady, Bob D. Guenther and Mohan Shankar

(SUBMITTED TO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEM, MAN, AND CYBERNETICS,

PART A, 2006)
 ABSTRACT

This paper presents a description of a wireless pyro-electric sensor system,

whose sensing visibilities are modulated by Fresnel lens arrays, for tracking and
identifying multiple humans. The concept of a geometric sensor is discussed
and utilized in local/global visibility modulation for the node-centric sensor
system, to implement the process of data-object-association and walker
feature extraction. An Expectation-Maximization-Bayesian tracking scheme,
consisting of detection, localization, filtering, and prediction, is proposed and
implemented among slave, master, and host modules of a prototype sensor
system. Experimentally the prototype system was able to simultaneously track
two individuals and recognize five individuals with an average success rate of
86 %.

4. Path-dependent human identification using a pyroelectric infrared

sensor and Fresnel lens arrays
Jian-Shuen Fang , Qi Hao , David J. Brady , Mohan Shankar , Bob D. Guenther ,
Nikos P. Pitsianis and Ken Y. Hsu

(Optics Express, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 609-624, Jan. 2006)

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a design and development of a low power consumption,

and low cost, human identification system using a pyroelectric infrared (PIR)
sensor whose visibility is modulated by a Fresnel lens array. The optimal
element number of the lens array for the identification system was
investigated and the experimental results suggest that the lens array with more
elements can yield a better performance in terms of identification and false
alarm rates. The other parameters of the system configuration such as the
 height of sensor location and sensor-to-object distance were also studied to
improve spectral distinctions among sensory data of human objects. The
identification process consists of two parts: training and testing. For the data
training, we employed a principal components regression (PCR) method to
cluster data with respect to different registered objects at different speed
levels. The feature data of different objects walking along the same path in
training yet at random speeds are then tested against the pre-trained clusters
to decide whether the target is registered, and which member of the registered
group it is.

5. A pyroelectric infrared biometric system for real-time walker

recognition by use of a maximum likelihood principal components
estimation (MLPCE) method
Jian-Shuen Fang , Qi Hao , David J. Brady , Bob D. Guenther and Ken Y. Hsu

(Optics Express, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 3271-3284, Mar. 2007)

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a novel biometric system for real-time walker recognition
using a pyroelectric infrared sensor, a Fresnel lens array and signal processing
based on the linear regression of sensor signal spectra. In the model training
stage, the maximum likelihood principal components estimation (MLPCE)
method is utilized to obtain the regression vector for each registered human
subject. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are also investigated to
select a suitable threshold for maximizing subject recognition rate. The
experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
pyroelectric sensor system in recognizing registered subjects and rejecting
unknown subjects.
6. Real-time human identification using a pyroelectric infrared
detector array and hidden Markov models

Jian-Shuen Fang , Qi Hao , David J. Brady , Bob D. Guenther and Ken Y. Hsu

(Optics Express, vol. 14, no. 15, pp. 6643-6658, Jul. 2006)

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes a real-time human identification system using a

pyroelectric infrared (PIR) detector array and hidden Markov models (HMMs).
A PIR detector array with masked Fresnel lens arrays is used to generate digital
sequential data that can represent a human motion feature. HMMs are trained
to statistically model the motion features of individuals through an expectation-
maximization (EM) learning process. Human subjects are recognized by
evaluating a set of new feature data against the trained HMMs using the
maximum-likelihood (ML) criterion. We have developed a prototype system to
verify the proposed method. Sensor modules with different numbers of
detectors and different sampling masks were tested to maximize the
identification capability of the sensor system.

7.Real-time Walker Recognition Using Pyroelectric Sensors

Qi Hao, Member, IEEE, Jian-Shuen Fang, David J. Brady, Senior Member,IEEE,
and Bob D. Guenther

(SUBMITTED TO IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL,2006)

 ABSTRACT

This paper presents a framework of pyroelectric sensor systems, whose sensing

visibilities are modulated by Frensnel lens arrays, for human walker
recognition. Both event signal spectra and event index sequences derived from
the pyroelectric sensor signals, generated by human objects walking across
detection regions, are chosen as dynamic features to characterize individuals.
The analog and digital features are modeled with linear regression models
(LRMs) and hidden Markov models (HMMs) respectively, recognizing walker
in two modalities, path-dependent and path-independent. The experimental
results show that the proposed pyroelectric sensor systems can work as a low-
security biometric system for the verification/identification of a small group of
human objects.

8. Human-tracking systems using pyroelectric infrared detectors

Mohan Shankar, MEMBER SPIE, John B. Burchett, Qi Hao, Bob D. Guenther
and David J. Brady

(Opt. Eng. 45, 106401 (2006))

ABSTRACT

We design and develop a low-cost pyroelectric detector based IR motion-

tracking system. We study the characteristics of the detector and the Fresnel
lenses that are used to modulate the visibility of the detectors. We build sensor
clusters in different configurations and demonstrate their use for human motion
tracking.
9. Human Motion Detection Using Fuzzy Rule-base Classification Of

Moving Blob Regions.

John See , Lee Sze Wei and Madasu Hanmandlu

(2005)

ABSTRACT

The task of detecting and classifying human motion is an important

preliminary tool for many high-level applications. However, many approaches
suffer from the lack of robust classification and proper motion cues. This paper
presents novel human motion detection algorithm that uses a fuzzy rule-base
classification scheme based on moving blob regions. This approach first obtains
a motion image through the acquisition and segmentation of video sequences.
Then, preprocessing is applied to the motion image before major blobs are
identified. Using motion estimation and ellipse fitting, three blob characteristics
are extracted from the major blobs as classification criteria. These characteristics
are used as inputs to a fuzzy rule-base for classification of the detected motion.
Through experimental evaluation – a database test and real-time field test, the
implemented system achieved good detection rates in both tests at efficient real-
time speeds. In comparison with earlier approaches, this algorithm also managed
better detection rates. Above all, the performance of the proposed algorithm has
demonstrated its feasibility for an effective real-time implementation.

10. Adaptive Tracking in Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks

Lizhi Yang, Chuan Feng, Jerzy W. Rozenblit and Haiyan Qiao

(IEEE CONFERENCES,2006)
 ABSTRACT

We study the problem of tracking moving objects using distributed Wireless

Sensor Networks (WSNs) in which sensors are deployed randomly. Due to the
uncertainty and unpredictability of real-world objects’ motion, the tracking
algorithm is needed to adapt to real-time changes of velocities and directions
of a moving target. Moreover, the energy consumption of the tracking
algorithm has to be considered because of the inherent limitations of
wireless sensors. In this paper, we proposed an energy efficient tracking
algorithm, called Predict-and-Mesh (PaM) that is well suited for pervasively
monitoring various kinds of objects with random movement patterns. PaM is
a distributed algorithm consisting of two prediction models: n-step
prediction and collaborative prediction, and a predication failure recovery
process called mesh. The simulation results show that the PaMalgorithm is
robust against diverse motion changes and has the excellent performance.

11. Coded apertures for efficient pyroelectric motion tracking

U. Gopinathan, D. Brady, and N. Pitsianis

(Optics Express, Vol. 11, Issue 18, pp. 2142-2152 (2003))

ABSTRACT

Coded apertures may be designed to modulate the visibility between

source and measurement spaces such that the position of a source among N
resolution cells may be discriminated using logarithm of N measurements.
We use coded apertures as reference structures in a pyroelectric motion
tracking system. This sensor system is capable of detecting source motion in
one of the 15 cells uniformly distributed over a 1.6m x 1.6m domain using 4
pyroelectric detectors.
12. Lightweight biometric detection system for human
classification using pyroelectric infrared detectors
John Burchett, Mohan Shankar, A. Ben Hamza, Bob D. Guenther,Nikos
Pitsianis, and David J. Brady

(Applied Optics, Vol. 45, Issue 13, pp. 3031-3037 (2006))

ABSTRACT

We use pyroelectric detectors that are differential in nature to detect

motion in humans by their heat emissions. Coded Fresnel lens arrays create
boundaries that help to localize humans in space as well as to classify the
nature of their motion. We design and implement a low-cost biometric
tracking system by using off-the-shelf components. We demonstrate two
classification methods by using data gathered from sensor clusters of dual-
element pyroelectric detectors with coded Fresnel lens arrays. We propose
two algorithms for person identification, a more generalized spectral
clustering method and a more rigorous example that uses principal
component regression to perform a blind classification.

13. Multiplex sensors and the constant radiance theorem

David J. Brady

(Optics Letters, Vol. 27, Issue 1, pp. 16-18 (2002))

ABSTRACT

Coherent mode representation of the cross-spectral density is used to

derive a modal analog of the constant radiance theorem with general
 applicability to linear optical systems. The theorem is used to consider the
relationship between spatial detector geometry and multiplexing capacity.

14. Pedestrian detection and tracking with night vision

Fengliang Xu and Kikuo Fujimura

(IEEE JOUNRAL,MARCH 2003)

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a method for pedestrian detection and tracking using a
night vision video camera installed on the vehicle. To deal with the nonrigid
nature of human appearance on the road, a two-step detection/tracking
method is proposed. The detection phase is performed by a support vector
machine (SVM) with size-normalized pedestrian candidates and the tracking
phase is a combination of Kalman filter prediction and mean shift tracking.
The detection phase is further strengthened by information obtained by a
road detection module that provides key information for pedestrian
validation. Experimental comparisons have been carried out on gray-scale
SVM recognition vs. binary SVM recognition and entire body detection vs.
upper body detection.

15. HUMAN-TRACKING SYSTEMS USING PYROELECTRIC

INFRARED DETECTORS
Mohan Shankar, ; John B. Burchett, Qi Hao, Bob D. Guenther, and David J.
Brady, member spie

(Opt. Eng., Vol. 45, 106401 (2006))

 ABSTRACT

We design and develop a low-cost pyroelectric detector-based IR motion-

tracking system. We study the characteristics of the detector and the
Fresnel lenses that are used to modulate the visibility of the detectors. We
build sensor clusters in different configurations and demonstrate their use
for human motion tracking.

15. Thermal Imaging Using Pyroelectric Detectors

R. W. Astheimer and F. Schwarz

(Applied Optics, Vol. 7, Issue 9, pp. 1687-1695 (1968))

ABSTRACT

The pyroelectric detector is a new radiation detector that employs the

temperature sensitivity of electrostatic polarization as the sensing principle.
Electrically, the detector behaves as a capacitance on which a charge appears
when thermally irradiated. This detector has a number of features that make
its use attractive for thermal imaging. It does not require cooling, and no
biasing voltage is needed. Being electrically capacitative, the noise decreases
with frequency, and consequently it has a useful signal/noise ratio at
frequencies far above that corresponding to its thermal time constant. Also,
these characteristics suppress 1/f type amplifier noise and permit good
performance at very low frequencies. A new thermal imaging device or
thermograph has been developed to exploit these properties. This is a
scanning radiometer that scans a 10° × 10° field in 30 sec with a 0.1° × 0.1°
instantaneous element, thus giving 10,000 picture elements. It uses a 7.6-cm
diam germanium objective lens and has a noise equivalent temperature of
0.1°C. The thermal image is presented as either a black to white tonal picture
 or a color picture on Polaroid film. Examples of its use for nondestructive
testing purposes are given.

17. Pyroelectric null detector for absolute radiometry

M. M. Pradhan and R. K. Garg

(Applied Optics, Vol. 21, Issue 24, pp. 4456-4458 (1982))

ABSTRACT

A pyroelectric detector has been so designed that the sensing element is

comprised of two uniformly poled crystal plates joined together so that the
polarity of the domains reverses across the junction. The front electrode of
the detector is used for absorption of radiation and the back electrode for
producing electric heating pulses. An in-phase signal taken by a photodiode is
used to produce electric heating pulses in the detector through a heater
amplifier. A null output is obtained when radiation power is equal to electric
heating power. The pyroelectric null detector (PND) has been used for
absolute measurement of radiation.

18. Pyroelectric infrared sensor-based thermometer for

monitoring indoor objects
C. F. Tsai and M. S. Young

(Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, September 2003)

 ABSTRACT

This article describes a system for measuring temperature by monitoring

an object’s radiation in the infrared spectrum. Using a measuring device by
passing through a data acquisition interface, a long-term observation of the
temperature variance of objects on a personal computer by the LabVIEW
software is conducted. A special mechanism joined with a pyroelectric
infrared (PIR) sensor, optical chopper, and Fresnel lens is presented in this
system. This separable architecture makes the lens easily replaceable and
portable. In this study, the PIR sensor into a quantitative measurement for
long-term and long-distance applications with calibration equipment based
on a blackbody and some electrometers was successfully applied.
Experimental results show that the measuring device only has an average
error rate of 1.21% in the overall range from 40 to 200 °C, and field of view is
4.58°. The results confirm that noncontacted temperature measurement
using a PIR sensor is feasible.

19. A novel approach for surveillance using visual and

thermal images
Jones, G.D.;Hodgetts, M.A.;Allsop, R.E.;Sumpter, N.; Vicencio-
Silva,M.A.;Sira Ltd., Chislehurst, UK

(pp. 911–919 (2001))

ABSTRACT

New technology has been developed to create uncooled thermal cameras

with comparable thermal and spatial resolutions at a fraction of the cost
of cryogenically cooled cameras. Still cheaper are infrared arrays which
have similar thermal resolution, with a much lower spatial resolution.
Work has been carried out to fuse the data from a thermal array with that
 of a CCTV camera. The pyroelectric array has a low spatial resolution and
will only detect objects that are in a state of flux and are hotter than the
background. This attribute has the potential for removing most causes of
false alarms at little extra cost. A calibration algorithm has been developed
which maps correspondence between the two cameras. By concentrating
the area of search on that indicated by the thermal camera, the analysis in
both images can then be made more elaborate without undue
computational effort. An extended Markov model has been developed to
fuse and segment the area in the visual and thermal images within an
optimal Bayesian framework.

20. Reference structure tomography

David J. Brady, Nikos P. Pitsianis, and Xiaobai Sun

(JOSA A, Vol. 21, Issue 7, pp. 1140-1147 (2004))

ABSTRACT

Reference structure tomography (RST) uses multidimensional modulations

to encode mappings between radiating objects and measurements. RST may
be used to image source-density distributions, estimate source parameters,
or classify sources. The RST paradigm permits scan-free multidimensional
imaging, data-efficient and computation-efficient source analysis, and direct
abstraction of physical features. We introduce the basic concepts of RST and
illustrate the use of RST for multidimensional imaging based on a geometric
radiation model.
21. A $10 Thermal Infrared Imager
Philip C. D. Hobbs

(Proc. SPIE Vol. 4563, p. 42-51 (2001))

ABSTRACT

A thermal infrared imager of competitive sensitivity and very simple

construction is presented. It is a pyroelectric device of 96 pixels, based on
ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). It uses a novel charge-
dispensing multiplexer based on ordinary light emitting diodes to achieve a
noise-equivalent temperature change (NE∆T) of 0.13 K at a 5 Hz frame rate
(2.1 Hz BW). Design information, theory, and measured performance
are presented. Achieving such a low total system cost requires the use of
the very least expensive optical system, a moulded polyethylene Fresnel
lens, whose advantages and limitations are discussed. Several possible
improvements, aggregating approximately 30 dB in sensitivity are also
discussed, leading to the interesting possibility of few-millikelvin NE∆T
values with an uncooled pyroelectric device of extremely low cost.

22. Pyroelectricity: From Ancient Curiosity to Modern Imaging

Tool
Sidney B. Lang

(Physics Today,August 2005)

ABSTRACT

One of the least-known properties of solid materials, pyroelectricity is

rigorously defined as the temperature dependence of the spontaneous
 polarization in certain anisotropic solids. To appreciate the meaning of
that definition and the nature of the pyroelectric effect, consider a
simple example: a thin, parallel-sided sample of material, such as a
tourmaline crystal or a ceramic disk of barium titanate, cut so that its
crystallographic symmetry axis is perpendicular to the flat surfaces. The
unit cells of pyroelectric materials have a dipole moment. The dipoles are
packed so that the components of the dipole moment in each unit cell
add up in the direction normal to the flat surfaces. The dipole moment
per unit volume of the material is called the spontaneous polarization PS.
Always nonzero in a pyroelectric material, PS. exists in the absence of an
applied electric field and is equivalent to a layer of bound charge on each
flat surface of the sample.

23. Tracking and imaging humans on heterogeneous infrared

sensor arrays for tactical applications
Steven D. Feller; Evan Cull; David P. Kowalski; Kyle Farlow; John Burchett;
Jim Adleman; Charles Lin; David J. Brady

(Proc. SPIE Vo l . 4708, pp. 212–221 (2002))

ABSTRACT

We recently implemented a heterogeneous network of infrared motion

detectors and an infrared camera for the detection, localization, tracking,
and identification of human targets. The network integrates dense
deployments of low cost motion sensors for target tracking with sparse
deployments of image sensors for target registration. Such networks can be
used in tactical applications for local and distributed perimeter and site
security. Rapid deployments for crisis management may be of particular
interest. This paper focuses particularly on the need for applications that
 deal with relatively dense and complex source fields such as crowds move
through sensor spaces.

24. Measuring pedestrian trajectories using a pyroelectric

differential infrared detector
Armitage, A., Binnie*, T. D., Kerridge, J., and Lei,

(2003)

ABSTRACT

Low-cost, low-resolution infrared detectors have been used for measuring

the trajectories of pedestrians. The detectors have been designed for
counting the number of pedestrians crossing a line. The use of these
detectors has been extended to provide complete trajectories across
measurement areas approximately 3 Metres Square. This provides an
effective way of rapidly measuring large numbers of pedestrian
movements. Current work involves extending the effective area by
combining trajectories from multiple detectors. Matching across detectors
has been made difficult by the presence of edge effects. Progress is being
made on the algorithms needed to track across fields of view.
 MODULE 1
Study of Components
COMPONENTS USED:

 Microcontroller 8051

 Crystal Oscillator 12 Mhz

 24 V Transformer

 IR Sensors

 555 Timer

 Regulator IC LM7805

 Discrete components: Resistors, Capacitors

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

When we have to learn about a new computer we have to familiarize about the
machine capability we are using, and we can do it by studying the internal
hardware design (devices architecture), and also to know about the size, number
and the size of the registers.
A microcontroller is a single chip that contains the processor (the CPU), non-
volatile memory for the program (ROM or flash), volatile memory for input and
output (RAM), a clock and an I/O control unit. Also called a "computer on a chip,"
billions of microcontroller units (MCUs) are embedded each year in a myriad of
products from toys to appliances to automobiles. For example, a single vehicle
can use 70 or more microcontrollers. The following picture describes a general
block diagram of microcontroller. The hardware is driven by a set of program
instructions, or software. Once familiar with hardware and software, the user can
then apply the microcontroller to the problems easily.
The following are some of the capabilities of 8051 microcontroller.

 Internal ROM and RAM

 I/O ports with programmable pins
 Timers and counters
 Serial data communication
The pin diagram of the 8051 shows all of the input/output pins unique to
microcontrollers:

8
0
5
1

The 8051 architecture consists of these specific features:

 16 bit PC &data pointer (DPTR)

 8 bit program status word (PSW)
 8 bit stack pointer (SP)
  Internal ROM 4k
 Internal RAM of 128 bytes.

For any electronics project the power supply plays a very important role in its
proper functioning.

In this project we are using external A.C supply (220 v) as input , this high
voltage is converted into 12 Volts A.C by step down transformer then we use
voltage regulators and filters with bridge rectifier to convert the A.C into D.C
voltage .

For voltage regulation we are using LM 7805 and 7812 to produce ripple free 5
and 12 volts D.C constant supply.

IR SENSOR
INFRARED LED'S:-

Gallium arsenide is a direct-gap semiconductor with an energy gap of 1.4eV

at room temperature. A typical GaPs LED is made by solid-state impurity diffusion
with zinc as the p-type impurity diffused into an n-type substate doped with tin,
tellurium or silicon. The external efficiency at room temperature is typically 5
percent.
A GaAs diode can also be fabricated by liquid-phase epitaxy with silicon as both its
n and p dopants. If a silicon atom replaces a Ga atom, it provides one additional
electron, thus the resulting GaAs in as n-type. If a silicon atom replaces arsenic
atoms, an electron is missing and the resulting GaAs is a p-type. In Si doped GaAs
diode, the emission peak shifts down to 1.32eV. Since the emission is in infrared
region, GaAs light sources are suitable for application such as the optical isolator.
The high switching speed, with a recovery time between 2 and 10ns, makes them
ideal for data transmission.

The disadvantages of the GaAs emitter are emitted wavelength and the
associated attenuation an dispersion. A critical issue of using an LED for the fibre
optics is the coupling of light from the semiconductor to the fibre. Because of the
larger refractive index of GaAs relative to air, the internal efficiency of LED can be
quite low.

INFRARED DETCTORS:-
An infrared detector is a photodetector that reacts to infrared (IR) radiation. The
two main types of detectors are thermal and photonic.

The thermal effects of the incident IR radiation can be followed through many
temperature dependent phenomena. Bolometers and microbolometers are based
on changes in resistance. Thermocouples and thermopiles use the thermoelectric
effect. Golay cells follow thermal expansion. In IR spectrometers the pyroelectric
detectors are the most widespread.
Object Detection using IR light:
Then all you have to do is to pick-up the
reflected IR light. For detecting the reflected
IR light, we are going to use a very original
technique: we are going to use another IR-
LED, to detect the IR light that was emitted
from another led of the exact same type!
This is an electrical property of Light Emitting
Diodes (LEDs) which is the fact that a led
Produce a voltage difference across its leads
when it is subjected to light. As if it was a
photo-cell, but with much lower output
current. In other words, the voltage generated
by the leds can't be - in any way - used to
generate electrical power from light, It can
barely be detected. that's why as you will
notice in the schematic, we are going to use a
Op-Amp (operational Amplifier) to accurately
detect very small voltage changes.
The response time and
sensitivity of photonic
detectors can be much higher,
but usually these have to be
cooled to cut thermal noise.
The materials in these are
semiconductors with narrow
band gaps. Incident IR photons
can cause electronic
excitations. In photoconductive
detectors, the resistivity of the
detector element is monitored.
Photovoltaic detectors contain
a p-n junction on which
photoelectric current appears
upon illumination. A few
detector materials: Indium
gallium arsenide(InGaAs),
Germanium, Lead sulfide (PbS),
Lead selenide (PbSe).
 555 timer

The buffer circuit's input has a very high impedance (about 1M ) so it requires
only a few µA, but the output can sink or source up to 200mA. This enables a high
impedance signal source (such as an LDR) to switch a low impedance output
transducer (such as a lamp).

It is an inverting buffer or NOT gate because the output logic state (low/high) is
the inverse of the input state:

Input low (< 1/3 Vs) makes output high, +Vs

Input high (> 2/3 Vs) makes output low, 0V

When the input voltage is between 1/3 and 2/3 Vs the output remains in its present
state. This intermediate input region is a deadspace where there is no response, a
property called hysteresis, it is like backlash in a mechanical linkage. This type of
circuit is called a Schmitt trigger.

If high sensitivity is required the hysteresis is a problem, but in many circuits it is a

helpful property. It gives the input a high immunity to noise because once the
circuit output has switched high or low the input must change back by at least
1
/3 Vs to make the output switch back.
 MODULE 2
Hardware Design
IR detector

IR Detector Circuit

L293 connection Diagram

IR Transmitter

Power supply
 8
0
5
1

8051 Basic Circuit

 FUTURE SCOPE

Military purpose:
1. Tracking of human at large or small area can be developed.
2. Tracking despite of weather conditions can be developed.
3. Multiple target tracking can be developed.
4. Tracking beyond obstacle can be implemented.

Security purpose in wild life centuries:

1. Cameras along with tracking system can be used to monitoring of animals.
2. Can be used for security of animals from hunters.
3. Can be used to monitor the activities of tourists.

Security purpose in offices:

1. Camera along with tracking system can be used in days and night.
2. Can save our energy, resources and time besides of continuously
monitoring CCtvs.
3. Can Reduces human effort for security purpose.
 REFERENCES

1. F. Xu and K. Fujimura, “Pedestrian detection and tracking with night vision,” in

Proc. IEEE Intelligent Vehicle Symp. (2002).

2. R. Bodor, B. Jackson, and N. Papanikolopoulos, “Vision-based human tracking

and activity recognition,” in Proc. 11th Mediterranean Conf. on Control and
Automation (2003).

3. S. B. Lang, “Pyroelectricity: from ancient curiosity to modern imaging tool,”

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