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WINTER 2020 | VOLUME 11 ISSUE 04

CONTROLLING CANADA THISTLE IN


MACKENZIE COUNTY... PAGE 3

GROWING PULSES IN CROP


ROTATIONS... PAGE 6

WEED SUPPRESSION USING COVER


CROPS... PAGE 10

2020 CONFERENCE: REGENERATIVE


TOOLS TO HELP YOUR FARM... PAGE 12

GROWING VEGETABLES IN A CHANGING


CLIMATE AT SUNDOG FARM... PAGE 16
WINTER 2020 VOLUME 11 ISSUE 04

Mission: To represent and support EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR'S REPORT


Alberta's entire organic industry.
Vision: A strong, sustainable and united across the prairies to speak on
organic community in Alberta.
regenerative and organic agriculture.
Editor/Submissions
Cari Hartt With over 450 attendees, a large
587-521-2400 tradeshow, opportunities for business
cari.hartt@organicalberta.org sessions, and space to exhibit
Advertising
equipment, if you’re a company
Cari Hartt
587-521-2400 looking to connect with producers, this
cari.hartt@organicalberta.org is an event you cannot afford to miss.
Graphic Designer  If you would like to sponsor the
Cari Hartt conference or book booth space,
587-521-2400
please contact
cari.hartt@organicalberta.org
lindsey@organicalberta.org.
Executive Director
Marilynn Boehm Last issue, I mentioned that Organic
587-521-2400  Alberta received grant funding to roll
marilynn.boehm@organicalberta.org
out a consumer education campaign
Board Members
Representatives elected by region: that addresses the confusion, or lack
(N) North (S) South (C) Central of understanding, surrounding organic
(M) Member at Large production and food. We’ve been
• President: Charles Newell (AB federal By Marilynn Boehm, Executive Director working hard to create new
level):
780-809-2247
information, articles, and videos that
Organic Alberta’s Central Conference address these misconceptions and
newellsfarm@gmail.com
• Vice President: Dawn Boileau (C): will be held on January 31 - February 2, educate consumers on all things
780-218-2430 2020 at the Camrose Regional organic. Check out the Get the Facts
dawnboileau@gmail.com Exhibition grounds. The conference will section on our website to see all the
• Treasurer: Heather Kerschbaumer (N):
be three days of inspiration, insight and content!  
780-835--4508
information. Be prepared to take home
gaseeds@kerbagroup.com
• Secretary: Andrew Mans (S): new ideas, practices, and regenerative We have some excellent sponsorship
403-360-5663 tools to help your farm. opportunities that we believe could
mail@mansorganics.ca
help you and your business extend
• James Thiessen (N):
The annual conference is the largest your reach to a large group of engaged
306-480-1158
gathering of Alberta’s amazing consumers who have a desire to
jkthie@telusplanet.net
• Arnold Van Os (C): community of farm families. This is the learn more about organic food and its
780-312-1052 place to meet other farmers who are production. For more information on
vanosdairy@xplornet.com exploring new practices, ways of this exciting sponsorship opportunity,
• Abbie Stein-MacLean (M):
thinking, and supporting the paradigm please contact me at (587) 521-2400 or
780-984-3068
shift in our agriculture and food marilynn.boehm@organicalberta.org.
asteinmaclean@gmail.com
• Bernie Ehnes (S): systems. This year we’re partnering
403-666-2157 with Holistic Management Canada to I look forward to seeing you in
behnes@gmail.com attract an even more diverse crowd of Camrose and spending three days
• Frank Maddock (M):
attendees and industry experts from immersed in our inspiring community.
780-727-2333
jaspersprings@live.com
• Tracey Smith (M):
northcookinglake@gmail.com

Spring 2020 deadline is Friday, February


28th. Please send comments,
suggestions, ads, and/or articles to
cari.hartt@organicalberta.org 

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WINTER 2020 VOLUME 11 ISSUE 04

CONTROLLING CANADA THISTLE IN


MACKENZIE COUNTY: A NEW APPROACH

By Julie Bernier, Agronomist Consultant, while the adults feed on leaves.


Organic Alberta
Our participating producers will have
Canada thistle is listed as a “noxious” to maintain some surveillance over
weed under the Alberta Weed Control the establishment sites. It is
Act and therefore, must be controlled. paramount that the sites remain
The weed is difficult to deal with undisturbed for at least one year to
because of its ability to propagate prevent killing the insects. Mowing of
through regrowth from its extensive top growth to prevent seed set will be
creeping root system. Proper tillage required. The sites will be monitored
practices, cover crops, and perennial in the spring to determine insect
plant cover are common forms of weed survival and later in the summer to
control, but extra help is always detect the presence of adults and
needed. plant damage.
released at five different locations; on
The Canada thistle stem-mining weevil the way to High Level, near Fort It is important to mention that this
is a biological pest control agent that Vermillion, north-east and south-east biocontrol approach is a long-term
was first introduced in Canada in 1965. of La Crete, and all the way down to form of weed control, and its effects
Since the insect feeds exclusively on Paddle Prairie. may not be noticed until the third
Canada Thistle, it can be a useful tool year. The hope is that the weevils will
to manage the weed’s increasing As adults, the weevils will overwinter migrate away from the establishment
expansion in the region. in the soil, emerging with the thistle sites to look for more food, as food
the following spring. The cold hardy sources are depleted. It may also be
On September 19th, 2019, a shipment insect will lay its eggs in the mid-vein beneficial to release additional
of weevils crossed the border from the of the rosette leaves of the thistle in insects in future years at different
US and made their way to Mackenzie the spring, and the larvae will develop location to ensure build-up of
County. A total of 14 containers were inside the elongating plant shoot the insect population.
delivered to five local organic during the summer. The larvae will
producers in the hope that the small exit the plant at the root, enter the Organic Alberta would like to thank
insect would establish in the Region. soil, and pupate. They will emerge as the five organic producers who are
Each container consisted of adults in late summer, feed, and participating in this project. For more
approximately 100 insects which were hibernate. The larvae damage the information, contact Julie Bernier at
purchased by the producers and plants by consuming plant tissue and julie.bernier@organicalberta.org or
Organic Alberta. The insects were  creating holes in the thistle stem, call 780-266-9590.

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GROWING PULSES IN CROP ROTATIONS

By Neil Whatley, Alberta Ag-Info Centre several other crops in a sustainable cotyledons or food source emerge
cropping system occupy lower from the seed and remain below
Abundant research results and grower soil depths leading to soil water ground as the shoot grows towards
experience reveal that the inclusion conservation over successive years. the soil surface eventually developing
of pulse crops in agro-ecosystems Pea and lentil are generally harvested an above-ground stem and leaves.
creates more crop diversity and overall earlier, providing more fall soil
farm resiliency. Among benefits moisture recharge, and, due to their In pulse crops, nodes are growing
currently known, pulses contribute to roots decomposing early, root points where leaves attach to the
soil quality, soil nitrogen, soil moisture channels are created for fall rain plant stem. The first two nodes of a
conservation, yield boost of infiltration into the soil profile. pea, lentil, faba bean and chickpea
subsequent crop, protein content boost seedling develop below or at the soil
of subsequent wheat crop, improved Apart from dry bean, the pulse crops surface and are known as scale
overall disease management, and previously mentioned have a leaves. It is the third node that
expanded market opportunities. germination process called hypogeal develops into the first true leaf.
germination. Hypogeal literally
A critical component of a sustainable means “below ground” germination Scale leaves appear as tiny bumps
cropping system is to plan an and is an extremely advantageous along the shoot and can be scarcely
appropriate cropping sequence, characteristic for tolerance to spring noticeable. These scale leaves have
alternating between crops of various frost and other environmental buds at their base where regrowth is
plant families. Pulses are broadleaf influences, which consequently allows possible. If the above-ground
crops from the legume plant family earlier spring seeding. Early seeding vegetative material of the seedling is
referred to as grain legumes or annual is important for pea and lentil damaged by stressful conditions such
legumes that include field pea, lentil, production because it helps them as early frost, insects, heat canker or
chickpea and faba bean, largely grown grow past their flowering stage prior wind erosion, a new shoot emerges
on dryland, and dry bean grown mostly to high air temperatures in July when from the scale leaves. Given that
on irrigation. flower blasting and consequent seed the cotyledons remain below ground,
yield reduction can occur. the seedling’s food source also
Pea, and especially lentil, are shallow remains intact. Therefore, there is
rooted. While cereals and oilseeds are The food source for a germinating less risk associated with planting
intermediate, perennial forages are seed is its cotyledon, which originates these crops earlier in the spring
generally deep rooting. Therefore, within the seed. Pulses are dicots, because of their ability to regrow
while pea and lentil extract water from meaning they have two cotyledons. after environmental stressors like a
higher in the soil profile, roots of During hypogeal germination, the spring frost.

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Scientific research and farmer protein due to a slow release of N from cycles. Crops from the same plant
experience confirm that soil health residue over the whole growing season. family host similar diseases. When
is greatly improved by growing legume similar crops are grown back-to-back,
crops. Due to their ability to create On the Canadian Prairies, soil microbial these diseases build up and multiply.
plant available nitrogen (N) through research has mostly been carried out Given that disease spores can persist
biological fixation of atmospheric N on crops grown on pea and lentil in soil or on decomposing crop
from soil air pockets, pulses are a good stubble. While studies prove that residue for several years, inclusion of
option when rotations become higher yields of non-legume crops pulses promotes a greater diversity
depleted of N. grown on pulse stubble can be of plant families in a crop rotation,
somewhat attributed to N increase reducing disease build-up of other
Pulse crops, properly inoculated with from decomposing pulse residue, the crops.
beneficial bacteria called rhizobia, research confirms that yield increase is
are well known to produce a significant not entirely due to N increase, As the highest nitrogen fixing pulse
amount of their own N requirement. suggesting positive results are due to crop, faba bean performs well as a
While faba bean fixes approximately 90 other factors. Therefore, pulses also green manure crop. While most
percent of its own N requirement, field provide non-N benefits to succeeding pulses fix nitrogen until the flowering
pea and lentil fix 80 percent, chickpea crops. period, faba bean fixes nitrogen
fixes 70 percent and dry bean fixes 40 throughout its growing season. Faba
to 50 percent (Saskatchewan While much of these non-N benefits are bean prefers wetter regions and
Agriculture and Food, adapted from R.J. not yet fully understood, it is known grows well under cooler
Rennie, formerly at Agriculture Canada that pulses build up soil organic temperatures. Under these
Research Station, Lethbridge, AB). The matter, enhance soil biological health conditions, faba bean produces much
balance of N requirement comes from by promoting diverse soil microbial biomass, which is advantageous as a
soil residual N. communities and improve soil structure green manure. Selection of smaller
or tilth that facilitates soil water and air seeded faba bean varieties permits a
Given that pulse crop residue (straw, movement within the soil. It is also lower seeding rate, which reduces
chaff, and root material) contains known that pulses help break down overall cost of the green manure
a high amount of N, as leftover pulse rock phosphate into the plant usable operation.
residue decomposes over the next form of phosphorus, an asset to
couple of years after a crop is organic farming where phosphorus As grain legumes, pulse crops
harvested, this N becomes available to sources can be challenging. incorporated into crop rotations
non-legume crops grown in rotation. provide a major contribution to
Wheat grown after a pulse crop has Diversification of crop types in a healthy, sustainable cropping
more likelihood of achieving high rotation also helps break disease systems.

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WEED SUPPRESSION USING COVER CROPS

By Kevin R. Elmy, Friendly Acres Seed radish will drill its root down taking
Farm. Photos courtesy of Laura Telford. nutrients away from the thistle,while
the tops will help smother the thistle.
Weeds – Everyone has them, everyone If the thistles start getting taller than
tries to kill them, and they just keep the radish, or if the radish start to
coming back. Why are we not winning bolt, clip the area above the basal
the battle against weeds? leaves of the radish. Radishes will
regrow quicker, and still be pushing
Mother Nature has been growing their root down. In the fall, keep the
plants a lot longer than humans and radish leaves on the surface, and the
has figured out that she wants her soil plant will die. When the root starts to
covered by growing plants. But dehydrate and rot in the soil, there
Humans started farming to grow crops will be a macropore that will allow air
– historically, monocultures of annual and water to enter the soil. If the
crops for grain production, and Canadian thistle is an ugly, nasty thistles are well established, a second
perennials in simple mixtures for weed that people spend much of the year of radish may be necessary.
livestock. growing season trying to get rid of.
Cultivate, deep rip, mow, clip – Wild oats. The scourge of grain crops.
Annual crops start out with low weed nothing can consistently kill it. What Wild oats like high nitrates in the soil
pressure but as the rotation extends, is Canadian Thistle telling you about and bacteria dominated soil. If a
weeds start showing up because there your soil? It is saying you have productive hay field was broken up,
is an issue in the soil, and the weed anaerobic conditions in the root zone. oats are usually the go-to crop. Why?
prefers to grow in those particular soil The thistle can grow through it and Because there are no wild oats. After
conditions. The issue could be cover the soil. How do we get rid of it? two to three crops, wild oats are
compaction, salinity, anaerobic, low Aerate the soil. If the anaerobic area back. Where did they come from?
calcium, high nitrate, bacterial is close to the surface and the thistles When land is in a hay or pasture
dominated, and the list continues. are young, tillage might get rid of stand, there is no tillage, so fungi can
Weeds are telling us what is out of them. If the anaerobic area is deeper grow and multiply in the soil. This
balance in our soils, but we don’t want and the thistles are larger, we need to causes the fungal bacterial ratio to
to listen. open the soil deeper, which can be increase over 0.5:1. The carbon to
done with a deep-rooted annual like nitrogen ratio is usually over 11:1.
Let’s take a look at what some of our radish. Some spring tillage may have Tillage reduces the fungal numbers
most infamous prairie weeds are trying to be done to knock the thistle back, and increases the bacteria
to tell us. then seed radish in the spring. The populations. Once the ratio drops

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below 0.2:1 fungal to bacteria, wild rots quickly will release the nutrients balance of green plants and
oats get the signal to start growing. back to the soil biology and other roughage. When a grazing animal
As the carbon to nitrogen ratio gets plants more quickly than a mature is walking with its head to the
closer to 11:1, this fosters more plant, which will rot slowly and tie up ground but not eating, it is
bacteria. Without a cover crop nutrients for the next crop. This is “hunting” for a plant with certain
cycling the nitrogen, nitrate levels where managing plant maturing to nutritional attributes such as
increase, and wild oats appear. meet nutrient cycling rates is protein, sugar, and roughage.
important. This is also known as the
Kochia and foxtail barley both like carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio). Grazing animals are attracted to
low calcium soils with high sodium There should be a mix of both wide energy, as humans are attracted to
and free nitrates, dominated by C:N ratio residue and narrow C:N. The salt and sugar. A little is good, and
bacteria. In these areas, soils are wide C:N residue, like cereal straw, too much will cause health issues.
hard with poor water infiltration. The will create soil armor, provide food This principle stands for soil as
soil requires some annual plants for fungi, help with soil structure, and well. Traditionally we return straw
with deep tap roots to create act as a sponge in the soil. The tight to the soil, but we need to start
micropores and bring up calcium. C:N residue, or green vegetative plant adding green plant material in
Biennials in the mix will create material will feed bacteria and cycle also. It is important to keep a green
continuous cover, using spring nutrients quickly. If too much tight vegetative plant growing for as
moisture to keep the salts from C:N material is turned into the soil at many days as possible, so it can
creeping back up. Once the area has one time, there will be a large release leak out root exudates into the soil.
been identified as potentially saline, of nutrients when the bacteria start
it should be managed for its salinity. to break the material down. The big Managing free nitrates and keeping
We need to transpire water, not concern here is the large nitrogen the fungal bacteria ratio high
evaporate it. release. When consuming the enough to give the crops the
nitrogen, microbes will require advantage over weeds are the two
Many other weeds thrive in soils with carbon to consume. If there is not ways to minimize weeds. Tillage
free nitrates. The key to combatting enough carbon in the plant material, promotes bacterial growth and
them is to have a growing cover crop the microbes will start consuming causes a flush of nitrogen release,
adsorbing the nitrogen. As a result, carbon being held in the soil’s organic which then stimulates weed
the free nitrate will not accumulate matter. growth. We need to listen more
in the soil. How quickly a plant closely to weeds to understand why
decays is determined by the amount Soil is much like a cow’s rumen – it they are growing and address
of slowly degradable plant tissues requires a balance of what is going the underlying soil issues which aid
produced by the plant, like lignin. As into it. If a cow is fed nothing but in their growth. Let’s work with
the plant matures, more lignin is straw or grain, she will not be nature and quit giving weeds the
produced. A young, green plant that healthy. She has evolved to eat a advantage.

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7:30 - 8:15 am Registration 7:30 - 8:15 am Registration

8:30 - 8:40 am Opening Remarks 8:30 - 8:40 am Opening Remarks

From Confusion to Convergence: Finding Common Ground RR2CS: Regenerative Ag. – The Frontier of Environmental
8:50 - 9:30 am
8:40 - 9:20 am Between Farmers and Consumers Stewardship and Climate Change Mitigation, TBD
with Laura Rance, Glacier Farm Media
9:30 - 10:20 am Indigenous Session, TBD
9:20 - 9:50 am Break & Trade Show
10:20 - 10:50 am Break & Trade Show
Value of Legumes and Forages in Building Soil Productivity
10:00 - 10:50 am
with Jeff Schoenau, U of S Caring for the Farmer so They can Care for the Land:
10:50 - 11:50 am
Exploring Mental Health in Agriculture with Neil Harris, AHS
Soil Testing on Organic and Ecological Farms
11:00 - 11:50 am
with Rob Dunn, Agrologist 11:50 - 12:20 pm Lunch

12:00 - 12:50 pm Lunch Guardians


Organic Alberta
12:20 - 1:50 pm of the Grassland:
Annual General Meeting
Made in Alberta: Livestock Film Screening
Composting
Organic Agronomy Marketing
with Bernice Prairie
1:00 - 1:50 pm Research with with Bryce Lebrau, Nutrient-Dense
Kadatz, Organic 2:00 - 2:50 pm Farm Dreamers: TBD
Agriculture & Prairie Pristine Food, TBD
Soil Specialist Exploring, TBD
Agri-Food Canada Organics
Regenerating
2:00 - 2:30 pm Break & Trade Show
Regenerative Tools The Benefits of Your Land &
to Help Your Farm: Grazing Technology Growing Your
Organic Vermicomposting Managing 3:00 - 3:50 pm
Producer Panel - with Col Fielen, Profits with Dana
Grain Marketing with Dan Animal Health in
2:30 - 3:20 pm Grains, TBD Maia Grazing Penrice, Holistic
with Brenda Tjaden, Rollingson, Organic Systems,
Management
Sustainable Grain Earthly Matters TBD
3:50 - 4:20 pm Break & Trade Show
RR2CS: An Example
of Chinese Style RR2CS: Introduction
Passive Solar Perennial Cereals – to Organic Podcasting
3:30 - 4:30 pm Weed Management TBD
Greenhouses in Plant Productivity Production & Session
4:30 - 5:20 pm
Alberta and Environmental Transition: What with Katelyn Duban
with Jianyi Dong Performance with You Need to Know, & Kelly Sidoryk
Erin Daly, U of A TBD
4:30 - 5:30 pm Grain Buyer Networking
Regenerative Farm Clubs: Building
4:30 - 5:30 pm Farm Transition / Succession Café with Young Agrarians Soil Health Tools to Help Your a Community of
5:30 - 6:20 pm
with Kris Nichols Farm: Producer Practice with Holistic
Panel - Livestock Management
*Please note that all sessions and times listed are tentative and subject to change.

6:30 - 7:30 pm Banquet Dinner

SAVE THE DATE: 2020 ORGANIC ALBERTA

L AConference
CRETE
APRIL 2 & 3 | LA CRETE HERITAGE CENTER

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GROWING VEGETABLES IN A CHANGING CLIMATE AT SUNDOG FARM

Reprinted with permission of the Tomato perennial and the sunchokes come
Food & Drink | thetomato.ca back every year. This is their 11th
season growing vegetables and the
Kaelin Whittaker from the Ruby Apron ninth at this usually lovely farm on a
and I spent a morning with Jenny and dead-end road near the Sturgeon
James Berkenbosch at their farm north River.
of Edmonton. What we saw and heard
was disheartening—a rude reminder “It’s like we had this continuous
that farming is always risky, this year source of water.” says Jenny. “When it
more than ever. did heat up, the moisture would go
into the clouds and come right back
James and Jenny are a decade into down again. We know hail, one year
growing organic vegetables at Sundog we had hail eight times. We have
Farm. James was a cabinet-maker and never seen this much rain; never
Jenny an art and English teacher when Today, everything looks different. experienced this sort of flooding. We
they decided that growing food was Fields of carrots lie ruined by weren’t able to plant successive
what they wanted to do as a family. flooding. Water pooling where it has crops this year as the fields were too
James’ parents are Ruth and Dennis never pooled before. There are wet to get into. We won’t have any
Vriend, who operated an organic farm yellowing leaves in some fields, more lettuces or baby greens,” she
south of the city and sold the stunted plants in others and crops says.
vegetables at the Old Strathcona several weeks behind where they
Farmers’ Market for decades. James need to be. The corn has just started “The brassicas are hit, the potatoes
and Jenny relied on their 30 years of to tassel out. are doing ok,” says James. “The fall
experience and knowledge, especially crop is an issue, if we don’t get the
in the beginning. Jenny and James planted onions and heat.”
leeks, several varieties of carrots,
But nothing could have prepared them potatoes and beans, corn, all the Walking through the wet and flooded
for this season. “This is top of the line brassicas, radishes, spinaches, garlic, fields is sobering. It’s the side of
soil, sandy loam,” says James. But even fennel, herbs, lettuces, beets, summer farming nobody wants to see or talk
with that, the weather has spelled turnips, mustard, kohlrabi, rutabaga, about. We worry about extra weeds
disaster. parsnips, celery and celeriac, summer and having to mow the lawn more
and winter squash, field cucumbers, often. They worry about how to pay
“This is not a fun story,” says Jenny, as kales, Swiss chard and other greens. the bills. “All told, we’ll be down
we start to walk around the fields. The strawberries and rhubarb are about 50 per cent this year,” says

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Jenny. “We were able to send one of "We have been transparent about it. patch last year.
our workers to an apiary, but the And, we have had some support.
other we may have to send home.” People are saying, “Ok, today we’ll Jenny uses this inspiration in her
buy what you have,” says Jenny. “A other vocation. She is a painter and
As we think about that, Jenny breaks friend said; ‘people get the often works with agricultural ideas.
down. All the bright and sunny opportunity to really know what Her studio is up a set of colourful
feelings we associate with farming supporting your local farmer stairs and looks out on the fields.
and farmers markets have been means. To be connected to your We wander among a few paintings
drowned. source of food on every level.'" in different stages of completion.” I
love it up here, gives me joy,” says
Along with a lousy crop the markets “This is reality.” says Kaelin. “You buy Jenny.
are slow. “We took on the Old what’s there. It’s not always going to
Strathcona Market this year,” says be what you thought you came for.” I am writing this a few weeks after
Jenny. “The plan was to take over Of course, this leads off into a the visit, on a sunny breezy day in
Dan and Christine’s booth.” conversation about how people don’t August, one of the few sunny days
(The long stand on the east wall cook anymore. we’ve had this season. If we had
where two generations of Vriends had more of these this story would
have sold vegetables.) “But that “We’re wrestling with, do we keep be vastly different. I check in with
didn’t happen. And downtown, we’re going?” says Jenny. “Last year was not Jenny.
not sure if it’s because of the flip good, our product was fine, but
flop about the location or that there people don’t show up in September “We’ve made peace I think,” she
is fewer vendors there or because due to the smoke and the snow. Do says. “We mowed what looked
it’s too cold and rainy, but numbers we limp out the season? Seems really depressing. We lowered our
are way way down.” illogical to keep on going.” expectations for the year. We’ll cut
back on a few things. We’ll adjust
Jenny has been remarkably open There is still beauty in the desolation. and do what it takes.
about their situation, something Fields of leeks are a variation on a
they think many farmers are in, even blue green theme. The buckwheat is “And we are feeling good about the
they are not talking about it. They blooming between the rows. support we’ve been shown.”
are not your stoic grandfather-type Sunchoke blossoms, like tiny
farmer. “I feel like we were one of sunflowers, wink among the leaves. The Tomato food & drink celebrates
the first to say, hey, we are taking a Jenny shows us the delicate flowers Edmonton's food and wine scene. Visit
their website at thetomato.ca.
hit here. from purple carrots sown in that

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PROMOTE
Your Business
WITH US
CONTACT INFO@ORGANICALBERTA.ORG

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PROMOTE
Your Business
WITH US
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