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ME211
ME211
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National University of Science and Technology
College of E M E
Contact: naveeddin@ceme.nust.edu.pk
Introduction to mechanics of materials
Mechanics of material is a study of the relationship between the external
loads applied to the body and the stress and strain caused by the internal
loads within the body.
In this course we shall be concerned with what might be called the internal
effects of forces acting on a body. The bodies themselves will no longer be
considered to be perfectly rigid as was assumed in statics; instead, the
calculation of the deformations of various bodies under a variety of loads will
be one of our primary concerns.
Basic Definitions
Equilibrium: A state of no acceleration, in either translational or rotational
senses.
Scalar: A quantity which has only magnitude. Examples include mass and
area.
Vector: A quantity which has both magnitude and direction e.g. displacement
force.
Introduction to mechanics of materials
(b) If load is linearly distributed along a narrow area over a specified length.
To deal with distributed loads, the resultant force is equivalent to the
area under the distributed loading curve and act through the centroid of
that area
Introduction to mechanics of materials
Support Reactions
The surface force that develop at the supports or point of contact between bodies
are called reactions. If the support prevents motion (translation, rotation) in a
given direction , then a force or a moment must be developed on the member in
that direction.
Introduction to mechanics of materials
Type of Supports
Introduction to mechanics of materials
Equation of equilibrium
Equilibrium of a body requires both a balance of forces, to prevent the body from
translating Or having accelerated motion along a straight or curved path, and a
balance of moments to Prevent body from rotating.
Sum of all forces acting on the body and sum
𝐹=0 𝑀𝑜 = 0 of the moments of all forces about any point
O either on or off the body must be zero
For a 3-D body at rest the coordinate system used is the x-y-z Cartesian system, in
which the definition of positive moments is given by the right hand rule that states
that moments are positive is their sense is counterclockwise as shown in Figure 1
Figure 1 Figure 2
The 2D x & y -axis system looks like Fig 2: For a two dimensional body in the xy-axis
system, the 3D equilibrium Eqs. simplify to:
Introduction to mechanics of materials
Free- body diagram
A sketch of the outlines shape (or simplified line sketch of the structure) of the
body isolated from its surrounding. On this sketch all forces and couple moments
that the surrounding exert on the body together with any support reactions must be
shown correctly. Only then applying equilibrium equations will be useful.
Internal loadings
These internal loading acting on a specific region within the body can be attained
by the Method of Section.
Method of Section: Imaginary cut is made through the body in the region where
the internal loading is to be determined. The two parts are separated and a free
body diagram of one of the parts is drawn. Only then applying equilibrium would
enable us to relate the resultant internal force and moment to the external
forces. Point O is often chosen as the
centroid of the sectioned area
Coplanar Loading
• Pass an imaginary section through the body at the point where the resultant
internal loadings are to be determined and put the three unknowns (V, Mo,
N) at the cut section. Then apply equilibrium.
D
Determine the resultant internal loading
acting on the cross section of the boom at 1.5m C
point E
E
A B
1m 1m 1m
500Kg
Introduction to mechanics of materials
Determine the resultant internal loading acting on the cross section of the boom at
point C
Stress
Consider a prismatic bar under a axial force F (disregarding weight of bar) and
an axial force is a load directed along the axis of the member, resulting in
either tension or compression in the bar.
Examples: bridge truss, connecting rods, wheel spokes and columns in buildings.
F F
Prismatic bar: straight structural member having the same cross-sectional area A
throughout its length
Stress
F F
F
Resultant force
Continuously distributed stresses acting over entire cross section, and the axial
force, F acting at the cross section is the resultant of those stresses.
Stress has units of force per unit area and is denoted by Greek Letter σ (sigma) . In
general stresses acting on a plane may be uniform or may be vary in intensity. In
this course stresses acting on cross section assumed are uniformly distributed over
the area. Then resultant of those stress must be equal to the magnitude of the stress
times the cross-sectional area A of the bar.
Stress
Stress = intensity of the internal force
Generally speaking
Or symbolically,
Stresses act perpendicular to the cut surface, they are also called normal stresses.
Normal stress can be either tensile or compressive
Examples
Determine internal normal force at section A. if road is subject to the external
uniformly distributed loading along its length of 8KN/m
2m 3m
𝑽
Shear stress, 𝝉 =
𝑨
𝑭
These forces must be balanced 𝝉 = =
𝑭
by a shear force in the bolt 𝑨 𝝅𝒓𝟐
V V=F
F
Double Shear
F
F/2 F/2 𝑭 𝑭
𝝉= =
𝑨 𝟐𝑨
F F/2=V V=F/2
Where
A is the cross sectional area of bolt
r is the radius of bolt
Examples
Determine the average shear stress in the 20-mm diameter pin at A and the
30-mm diameter pin at B that support the beam.
A punch for making holes in steel plates is shown in the figure. Assume that a
punch having diameter d = 20 mm. is used to punch a hole in a 8 mm. plate, as
shown in the cross-sectional view. If a force P = 110kN is required to create the
hole, what is the average shear stress in the plate and the average compressive
stress in the punch?
Stress
Allowable Stress
Example
An 80 kg lamp is supported by a single electrical copper cable of diameter d =
3.15 mm. What is the stress carried by the cable.
FBD
a a
When the stress (intensity of force) of an element exceeds some level, the
structure will fail. For convenience, we usually adopt allowable force or allowable
stress to measure the threshold of safety in engineering.
𝜎𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝜏𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙
𝐹. 𝑆 = 𝑂𝑅 𝐹. 𝑆 =
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
Usually, the factor of safety is chosen to be greater than 1 in order to avoid the
potential failure.
𝜎𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝜏𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙
𝐹. 𝑆 = >1 𝐹. 𝑆 = >1
𝑂𝑅 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
Stress
F. S also dependent on the specific design case. For nuclear power plant, the
factor of safety for some of its components may be as high as 3. For an
aircraft design, the higher the F.S. (safer), the heavier the structure,
therefore the higher in the operational cost. So we need to balance the
safety and cost. In case of aircraft F S may be close to one to reduce the
weight of aircraft.
Example: If the maximum allowable stress for copper is σCu,allow=50MPa.
Determine the minimum size of the wire/cable from the material strength point
of view.
Obviously, the lower the allowable stress, the bigger the cable size. Stress is
an indication of structural strength and elemental size.