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Belt Friction 2

Dynamics (Hebei University of Engineering)

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Experiment:
Determine belt friction using belt friction apparatus.

Objective:
The object of the experiments is to test flat belt with varying angles of lap around a
pulley. Then the empirical data may be compared with the theoretically derived
solutions and the coefficients of friction evaluated for all the belts types.

Apparatus:
Apparatus (LAB-MECH-ET-13) consists of a pulley
mounted upon ball bearings. The pulley can accept flat, vee or
round belts. The belt under test is placed over the spring
balance hook. The spring balance is hooked to the extensi on
arm which is secured to the back-plate to give the desired
angle of lap. The main load is applied to the bottom end of the
belt via a load hanger.

The torque required to just make the belt slip may be

determined by looping the cord over the small peg in the
pulley periphery and adding weights to the load hanger until
slip just occurs.

Theory:
Flat belts have been used for power transmission for many centuries. They are
simple and reliable with the capacity to operate for long periods without mainten ance.
Belt drives have two distinct differences from a gear drive. The first is that adjacent
shafts can rotate in the same direction without the use of an intermediate or idler, as is
necessary on a gear train. The second is that some slip is possible if the load suddenly
increases. A belt can be used to transmit power with both sides enabling very efficient
and compact drives in e.g. packaging machinery or textile plant. Belts have developed
into several different types, three of which will be investigate d later. Toothed belts, such
as timing belts are a cross between a belt and a gear and do not rely on the friction
between the belt and a pulley. Therefore they are outside our present discussions.

The three types of belt we are currently interested in are: - a flat belt, a vee belt
and a round belt. Round belts were traditionally made from cotton rope. These were

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The maximum power which driver pulley could transfer can be transmitted when the belt
is on the point of slipping. So at the moment of slippage belt is at highest point of
friction. At momentary analysis velocity is constant for that moment. Thus we require
knowing the relationship between the tensions T1 and T2 with respect to the pulley. The
difference in these tensions is the force applied to the pulley at its periph ery hence the
torque and power transmitted.

Resolving vertically we obtain:- T + dF ( T + dT ) = 0

so:- dF = dT (1)

That is the increment of friction developed over the length r dß and is equal to
the increment of tension in the belt over the same length. Resolving horizontally we
obtain; remembering that as dß is small sin dß = dß.

dN T ( T + dT ) =0 (2)

Neglecting small quantities of second order yields: -

dN = T dß (3)

This equation gives us the element of normal pressure at any point on the belt in terms
of the tension T in the belt at that point.

At the point of slipping:

dF = dN (4)

Substituting for these quantities from the expressions above, we find:-

dT = Tdß

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dT / T = dß (5)

If we now integrate the above expression over the entire belt contact arc we can find the
ratio of the belt tensions.

ln T1/T2 = (6)

T1/T2 = e
This gives the ratio between the tensions on either side of the pulley. It shows that it
increases very rapidly with the angle of lap, .

Procedure:
Set up the flat belt on the apparatus and place a load on the hanger.
Place the cord on the pulley peg in a clockwise direction and add its load
hanger.
Gently add weights to the cord hanger until the pulley is on the point of slipping.
Note the two hanger loads i.e. hanger attached with belt (T1) and Load Hanger
(Tcord) and the spring balance reading (T2).
To check the spring balance reading remove the load applied via the cord and try
to rotate the pulley by hand until the point of slip is reached.
This may not be possible at higher loads so knowing the load required for slip
gradually re-apply it to the cord but carefully observe the spring balance.
Repeat the experiment for each angle of lap from 30 to 90 degree.

Safety Precautions:

No eating or drinking in the lab.

Be careful while handling heavy equipment.
Do not perform unauthorized experiment by yourself.
Never leave experiment that is in progress unattended.
No Laboratory Work should be carried out in the absence of
instructor.
Shoes should not be slippery in order to avoid any slippage of student
on lab floor.

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In case of serious injury, requiring professional medical attention the

student(s) should contact the MEDICAL CENTER Department,
Extension 1666.
KEEP YOUR FEET OUT FROM UNDER THE LOADS.

Parts Illustration:

Part Nr. Description

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