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Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTS) - Part 1
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTS) - Part 1
Part 1
BIPOLAR JUNCTION
TRANSISTORS (BJTs)
Learning Outcome
• At the end of this chapter, the students should
be able to:
i. Describe the basic structure of npn and pnp
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)
ii. Describe the operation of BJT
iii. Discuss basic BJT parameters and characteristics
iv. Analyze BJT circuits
Transistor Structure
• is constructed by 3 doped semiconductor regions
(emitter (E), base (B), collector(C)) and separated by
2 pn juctions (BC & BE junctions).
• Two types of BJTs:
B regions lightly
doped and very thin
compared to E and C
regions
Transistor Symbols
E
C
B
C (case)
B
C
E
TO-3 TO-220AB
5
NPN Transistor
VBE is voltage between the Base and Emitter. The
Base terminal is always positive with respect to the
Emitter.
VCE is collector supply voltage with respect to the
Emitter ( VCE ).
For NPN transistor to conduct, the Collector is always
more positive with respect to both the Base and the
Emitter.
The transistor is a "current" operated device (Beta
model).
A large current ( Ic ) flows freely through the device
between the collector and the emitter terminals when Ic
the transistor is switched "fully-ON".
However, this only happens when a small biasing Ib
current ( Ib ) is flowing into the base terminal of the
transistor at the same time thus allowing the Base to
act as a sort of current control input. 6
• DC current gain in an NPN transistor is the ratio
of collector current to base current ( Ic/Ib ), called
Beta, ( β ). Ic
Ib
8
Basic Transistor Operation
• The 2 p-n junctions (BC & BE) must be correctly
biased with external dc voltages to operate properly
as an amplifier.
• Notice that in both cases, BC-reverse biased, BE -
forward biased
Base current
Emitter current
a) npn b) pnp
𝛽𝐷𝐶 = 𝐼𝐶 /𝐼𝐵
α𝐷𝐶 = 𝐼𝐶 /𝐼𝐸
Typically,
• 𝛽𝐷𝐶 range from less than 20 to 200 or higher
• α𝐷𝐶 range from 0.95 to 0.99 or greater
Example 1
A certain transistor has a 𝛽𝐷𝐶 of 200. When the
base current is 50uA, determine the collector
current.
𝛽𝐷𝐶 = 𝐼𝐶 /𝐼𝐵
𝐼𝐶 = 𝛽𝐷𝐶 𝐼𝐵 =200x50uA=0.01A
Current and Voltage Analysis
BJT Configurations
• Different configurations will result in different circuit parameters
=
Poiting in Not Pointing in
The base is common to both the i/p & o/p sides of the configuration
CURRENT AND VOLTAGE ANALYSIS
(COMMON BASE)
𝐼𝐸 𝑉𝐶𝐸
𝐼𝐸 = 𝐼𝐵 + 𝐼𝐶
𝐼𝐶
_ β = IC/ IB
𝑉𝐵𝐸 +
𝐼𝐵
+ 𝑉𝐶𝐵
α = IC/ IE
VBE ≅ 0.7