Theory and Instrumentation of GC

 Introduction
o Aims and Objectives
o Origins of Gas Chromatography
o Why choose Gas Chromatography (a)
o Why choose Gas Chromatography (b)
o Gas Chromatography Separation Mechanism
o The Gas Chromatograph
o The Chromatogram
o GC Advantages and Disadvantages
o Typical GC Applications
o Assessment

 Chromatographic Parameters
o Aims and Objectives
o Chromatographic Resolution (Rs)
o The Resolution Equation
o Retention Factor (k)
o How to change Retention Factor (k)
o Effect of Retention Factor on Resolution
o Selectivity (Separation) Factor
o How to Change Selectivity
o Effect of Separation Factor on Resolution
o Efficiency
o How to change Efficiency
o Effect of Efficiency on Resolution
o Resolution - Real Life Examples
o Resolution - Real Life Examples
o Resolution - Real Life Examples [Q2]
o Resolution - Real Life Examples [Q3]
o Peak Asymmetry
o Assessment

 Band Broadening
o Aims and Objectives
o Importance of Efficiency in GC Separations
o Van Deemter and Golay Equations
o Eddy Diffusion
o Longitudinal Diffusion
o Stationary Phase Mass Transfer
o Mobile Phase Mass Transfer
o Stationary Phase Film Thickness Effects
o Column Internal Diameter Effects
o Carrier Gas Flow Rate Effects
o Effect of Carrier Gas Type on Efficiency
o Assessment
 Gas Supply and Pressure Control with Quick Guide!
o Aims and Objectives
o Gases required for GC
o Gas Supply Management
o Quality of Gas Supply
o Gas Generators - Using Hydrogen in the Lab
o Manual Pressure Control
o Electronic Pressure Control
o Pressure / Flow Programming
o Assessment

o Quick Guides
o Helium to Hydrogen - a change would do you good
o Crimes Against GC Gas Filters

 Sampling Techniques with Quick Guide!

o Aims and Objectives
o Sampling Techniques Overview
o Manual Injection
o Cold Needle Technique
o Hot Needle Technique
o Air Gap Techniques
o Solvent Flush Technique
o Automatic Liquid Sampling (Autosamplers)
o Gas Sampling Devices
o Purge and Trap Autosamplers (a)
o Purge and Trap Adsorbents (b)
o Thermal Desorption Autosamplers (TD)
o Two Stage Thermal Desorption
o Two Stage Desorption with Cold Trapping
o Thermal Desorption - Important Parameters
o TD Sorbent Selection and Applications
o Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME)
o Important SPME Parameters
o Headspace Sampling (HS)
o Headspace Autosamplers
o Headspace Calibration and Quantitation
o Assessment
o Quick Guides
o The Why, What, and How of Headspace GC
 Sample Introduction with Webcast and Quick Guide!
o Aims and Objectives
o GC Inlet Systems
o Split / Splitless Inlet
o Split Injection
o Setting the Split Ratio
o Sample Discrimination
o Injection Volume
o Optimising Injection Volume
o Split Injection - Experiments [Q1]
o Split Injection - Experiments [Q2]
o Split Injection - Experiments [Q3]
o Split Injection - Experiments [Q4]
o Spiltless Injection
o Optimising Splitless Injection - Purging the inlet
o Optimising Splitless Injection - Analyte Focussing
o Optimising Splitless Injection - Solvent Choice
o Splitless Injection - Experiments [Q1]
o Splitless Injection - Experiments [Q2]
o Splitless Injection - Experiments [Q3]
o Choosing an Inlet Temperature
o Liners for Split / Splitless injection
o Septa for Split / Splitless injection
o Septa Problems
o Cool-on column (COC) Inlet
o Optimising COC injection
o Use of Retention Gaps for Cool-on-Column injection
o Programmed Thermal Vaporising (PTV) Inlets
o PTV Sample Flow Rate
o PTV Liner Type and Packing
o PTV Flow and Temperature
o PTV Solvent Elimination
o Direct (Packed Column) Inlets
o Assessment
o Webcasts & Tutorials
o Split / Splitless Injection
o Webcast
o Quick Guides
o Best Practice for GC Sample Introduction
 GC Columns with Webcast and Quick Guide!
o Aims and Objectives
o Open Tubular Capillary Columns
o Comparison of Packed and Capillary GC columns
o Chemistry Review - Analyte & Stationary Phase Polarity
o Electronegativity
o Dispersive Interactions
o Dipole Interactions
o Hydrogen Bonding
o Stationary Phases - Polysiloxanes
o Polysiloxane Classifications
o Stationary Phases Polyethylene Glycols
o Stationary Phase Selection
o Phase selection Dispersive Phases
o Dispersive Interactions and Polarity
o Dipole Interactions and Hydrogen Bonding
o Stationary Phase Selection PLOT Columns
o Stationary Phase Selection Summary
o Stationary Phases for Packed Column GC
o Column Dimensions - Length
o Column Dimensions - Internal Diameter
o Column Dimensions - Film Thickness (df)
o Phase Ratio (ß)
o Carrier Gas Flow Rate
o Column Bleed
o Column Installation & Conditioning
o Exercises in Column Selection [Q1]
o Exercises in Column Selection [Q2]
o Assessment
o Webcasts & Tutorials
o Column Selection for Capillary GC
o Webcast | Tutorial
o Quick Guides
o Quick Guide to Capillary GC Stationary Phases
o GC Column Selection Quiz
o GC Column installation
o GC Column Installation and Conditioning Guide - Video
o GC Column Maintenance - Prevention is Better than Cure
o Real Life GC Column Selection
 GC Temperature Programming with Quick Guide!
o Aims & Objectives
o The Role of Temperature in GC Separations
o Isothermal and Gradient Temperature GC
o Theory of Temperature Programmed GC
o Using and Developing Temperature Programs
o Scouting Gradients
o Predicting Isothermal Conditions
o Optimizing Isothermal Conditions
o Initial Temperature and Hold Time
o Adjusting the Ramp Rate
o Mid Ramp Holds
o Peak Capacity
o Final Temperature and Time
o Assessment
o Quick Guides
o Optimising GC Temperature Programming
 GC Detectors with Webcast and Quick Guide!
o Aims and Objectives
o GC Detectors Overview
o GC Detectors - Characteristics (a)
o GC Detectors - Characteristics (b)
o The Flame Ionisation Detector
o FID - Operating and Optimising
o FID - Uses and Performance
o The Nitrogen Phosphorous Detector (NPD)
o NPD - Operating and Optimising
o NPD - Uses and Performance
o The Electron Capture Detector (ECD)
o ECD - Operating and Optimising
o ECD - Uses and Performance
o The Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD)
o TCD - Operating and Optimising
o TCD - Uses and Performance
o Other GC Detectors (a)
o Other GC Detectors (b)
o Assessment
o Webcasts & Tutorials
o Optimizing Detectors for Capillary GC
o Webcast | Tutorial
o Quick Guides
o My GC Detector Flame Won’t Light
 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
o Aims and Objectives
o Introduction
o Supercritical Fluids
o Modes of Chromatography
o SFC Applications
o SFC Instrumentation
o Packed SFC
o Capillary SFC
o The Mobile Phase
o Exhaust Gases
o Organic Modifiers
o Pumping Issues
o SFC Columns
o SFC Stationary Phases
o SFC Column Selection
o Detection
o Pressure Regulators
o Advantages and Disadvantages of SFC
o Assessment
 Multidimensional Chromatography with Webcast
o Webcasts & Tutorials
o Understanding 2D Gas Chromatography
o Webcast | Tutorial
 GC Troubleshooting with Webcast
o Assessment