DISCOVERY LEARNING ACTIVITIES STEPS

PHASE INDICATOR LEARNING ACTIVITIES

• Students are given phenomena that contain
problems and phenomena that cause confusion
1 Stimulating. to be investigated.
• Students are motivated to be actively involved
in solving selected problems.
• Students are encouraged to identify as many
problems as possible that are relevant to the
2 Identifying problems.
learning material and then formulate a
hypothesis.
• Students are encouraged to collect appropriate
3 Collecting data. information, carry out experiments, and read
literature.
• Students process data and information that has
Processing data dan
4 been obtained.
proving hypothesis.
• Students prove hypothesis.

• Students give conclusions that can be used as

5 Concluding. general principles in learning.
3.10 Apply the concepts of relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass, reaction
equations, basic chemical laws, and the mole concept to complete chemical calculations.
4.10 Process and analyze data related to relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass,
reaction equations, basic chemical laws, and mole concepts to complete chemical
calculations.

3.10.1 Apply basic chemical laws to everyday life.

3.10.2 Explain the concept of relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass.
3.10.3 Balance simple reaction equations.
3.10.4 Determine empirical formulas and molecular formulas.
3.10.5 Determine the relationship between the number of moles, particles, mass, and volume.
3.10.6 Calculate chemical calculations with the concept of limiting reagents.
3.10.7 Calculating percentage field.
4.10.1 Conduct experiments to prove the basic laws of chemistry (Lavoisier and Proust).
4.10.2 Process and analyze data on the results of basic chemical legal experiments (Lavoisier
and Proust).
4.10.3 Presents reports on the results of basic chemical law experiments (Lavoisier and Proust).
4.10.4 Analyze the results of the study to conclude Proust's law, Dalton's law, Gay Lussac's law
and Avogadro's law.
4.10.5 Present the results of the study of Proust law, Dalton's law, Gay Lussac's law and
Avogadro's law.
4.10.6 Analyze the mole concept to complete chemical calculations (the relationship between
the number of moles, particles, mass and volume of gas in the reaction equation and
limiting reagents).
4.10.7 Presents completion of the use of the mole concept to complete chemical calculations.
Objective:
Students can experiment to prove the basic laws of chemistry.

ACTIVITY 1
Identifying Problems
Have you ever read a theory about the law of conservation of mass? Do you think that the
conservation law of the masses is validated? How do you test it?
Stimulating
Look at the following picture!

Test tubes Ball Pipette Volumetric Pipette

NaOH CuSO4 Pb(NO3)2 KI

Collecting and Processing Data
1. Design an experiment to prove the law of conservation of mass using tools and materials in
the picture above in groups!
2. Based on the design, do an experiment and answer the following questions correctly!

Processing Data
1. Fill in the observation data below according to the experiment data that you have got!
1. Reaction between NaOH solution and CuSO4 solution.
Mass of test tube and contents before reaction: gram
Mass of test tube and contents after reaction: gram
Change in state of the substance after filtering:
before reaction after reaction
NaOH + CuSO4 → ………. + ………
…….. …….
2. Reaction between KI solution and Pb(NO3)2 solution
Mass of test tube and contents before reaction: gram
Mass of test tube and contents after reaction: gram
 Change in state of the substance after filtering:
before reaction after reaction
KI + Pb(NO3)2 → ………. + ……….
…….. …….

Concluding
2. Make a conclusion based on the experiment you have done!
Objective:

Students can formulate the relationship between relative atomic mass and relative molecular
mass.

ACTIVITY 1
Stimulating
Do you still remember what are the elements, compounds, atoms and molecules?
Elements are single substances that cannot be broken down into other simpler substances.
Elements are composed of similar atoms. While compounds are a combination of two or more
elements with a constant that occurs through chemical reactions. Compounds are composed of
molecules. Each particle constituent has mass. Do atoms and molecules have mass?
Consider the following table!
 Elements Mass Mol

Na 14 gram 1 mol

Mg 24 gram 1 mol

Ca 40 gram 1 mol

O2 32 gram 1 mol

H2 O 18 gram 1 mol

H2SO4 98 gram 1 mol

Identifying Problems
1. Write down the problems that arise in your mind after observing the two tables above!

Collecting Data
2. Write down the mass of elements Na, Mg and Ca!

Processing Data
3. What do you get when comparing these mass with the periodic table of elements?
4. Observe the mass of O2, H2O dan H2SO4. What results did you get?

Concluding
5. Explain what is relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass?

6. Decide the relationship between relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass!
Objective:

Students can balance simple chemical reaction equations.

ACTIVITY 1
Stimulating
Look at the following picture, then discuss it with your group friends!

Identifying Problems
Make a problem statement after looking at the picture above!

Collecting Data
From the picture above, try to discuss the equation for combustion of methane gas!
 arrow direction mean

…………………………………….

Phase of substances

…… + ……. → ……. + ……..

Act as …. Act as ….

Try to look at the atoms in the chemical reaction equation from Chemical Info:
the combustion reaction of methane gas by oxygen.
The phase of the substance that reacts in
What atoms react in the combustion reaction of methane by a chemical reaction is symbolized by s, l,
oxygen? g, aq.

▪ (s) = solid is the solid phase

▪ (l) = liquid is the phase of a pure
liquid substance
What is the number of atoms before and after the reaction? ▪ (g) = gas is the phase of gas
substance
▪ (aq) = aqueous is the phase of the
liquid substance in the solution
Processing Data
Before reacting (reactants) After reacting (product)

Atom Number of Atomic Atom Number of Atomic

C … C …

H … H …

O … O …

Is the number of atoms before and after the reaction the same or equal?

If it is not equal, then equalize the atoms by multiplying the factors. The first step to equalizing
the reaction equation is to equal the atoms other than the H and O atoms then the H and O
atoms.

Before reacting (reactants) After reacting (product)

Atom Number of Atomic Atom Number of Atomic

C … C …

H … H …

O … O …
Concluding
Is the number of atoms before and after the reaction equivalent?

If equivalent, write the equation for the reaction!

Objective:

Students can determine empirical formulas and molecular formulas.

ACTIVITY 1
Stimulating
Each compound has a chemical formula. Where the chemical formula shows the composition
of the type and number of elements forming a compound. Chemical formulas consist of
empirical formulas and molecular formulas.
Try to observe the data on the following empirical formulas and molecular formulas!

No. Compound Molecular Formula Empirical Molecular

1. Glucose C6H12O6 CH2O

2. Camphor C12H10 C6H5

3 Benzene C6H6 CH

4 Ethane C2H6 CH3

Identifying Problems
1. Write down the problems that arise in your mind after observing the table above!
Collecting Data
2. Determine the number of atoms C and H in the compound molecular formula!

3. Write a comparison of the number of constituent elements in each compound!

Processing Data
4. What is an empirical formula?

5. What is a molecular formula?

Concluding
6. Formulate the relationship between molecular formulas with an empirical formula!

Exercise

A researcher managed to isolate an active compound from a plant that contains 59.51% carbon
atoms, 4.36% H atoms and the rest is O atoms. If known, the molecular weight is 181 grams /
mol. Then specify:
a. Empirical formula for these compounds
b. The molecular formula of the compound
c. If you know the molecular formula Aspirin is C9H8O4, is it certain that the active compound
is an aspirin compound? Explain your answer!
A. The relation of mole to number of particles

Objective:

Students can formulate the relationship of moles to the number of particles.

ACTIVITY 1
Stimulating
Mole is the amount of a substance that contains the same number of basic units (atoms,
molecules and ions) as atoms in 12 grams of carbon isotopes (C-12)
Consider the following table!
Compound Mole Substance Amount

Al 2 mole 1,204.1024 atoms

Ca 3 mole 1,806.1024 atoms

H2O 0,6 mole 3,612. 1023 molecules

MgCl2 0,2 mole 1,204.1023 molecules

Identifying Problems
1. Write down the problems that arise in your mind after observing the table above!

Collecting Data
2. What do you get when you look at the mole value and the number of particle matter?
Processing Data
3. If you observe the table above further, then you will get a fixed value. What is the constant
value and what is name of the constant value?

Concluding
4. Formulate the relation of the value of the constant with the mole!
B. The relation of mole to volume

Objective:
Students can formulate the relationship of moles to volume

ACTIVITY 1
Stimulating
According to Avogadro's Law "At the same temperature and pressure, the gases with the
same volume contain the same number of moles".
Look at the following picture!

Identifying Problems
1. Write down the problems that arise in your mind after observing the picture above!

Collecting Data
2. What do you get when you look at the picture above?
Processing Data
3. What do you get by comparing the mole value, the volume and mass of the O2 gas above?

Concluding
4. Decide the relation of the mole to the volume in the STP condition (00C, 1 atm)!
 ACTIVITY 2
Stimulating
Under normal conditions such as standard temperatures and pressures, most natural gas
behaves like an ideal gas. Many gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide
can be treated like ideal gases with differences that can still be tolerated. In general, gas behaves
like an ideal gas at high temperatures and low pressures, because work against intermolecular
forces becomes much smaller when compared to the kinetic energy of particles and the size of
molecules also becomes much smaller when compared to empty spaces between molecules. As
for the ideal gas, the equation applies as follows:
PV = nRT
Where P: Absolute pressure of gas, V: Volume, n: mole, T: Temperature (K) and R: ideal gas
constant is 0.08205 L atm / mol K
Look at the following picture!

Identifying Problems
1. Write down the problems that arise in your mind after observing the picture above!
Collecting Data
2. What do you get when you look at the picture above?

Processing Data
3. Explain, in what condition that will occur phenomenon above!

Concluding
4. Decide the relation of moles to volume in the phenomenon above!

Exercise
Iwan reacted benzene with nitric acid. Where at the end of this reaction a benzene derivative
mixture is obtained which is substituted with a nitrate and gas group. If you know the volume
of nitric acid used in this reaction is the same as the volume of 2.8 grams of nitrogen gas in the
STP condition. Determine:
a. The benzene derivative is formed when 1,12 L H2 gas is produced
b. The number of benzene molecules determined
c. Volume of composition of benzene derivatives in RTP conditions
C. The relation of mole to mass

Objective:

Students can formulate the relationship of moles with mass.

ACTIVITY 1
Stimulating
In everyday life we often use units to mention large numbers to facilitate calculations. For
example, a cucumber unit is used to refer to 12 objects. 1 dozen = 12 pieces, 2 dozen = 2 × 12
= 24 pieces. The unit of number of substances in chemistry is called moles. Mol is the result of
a comparison of mass (gram) of a substance with a molar mass (gram / mol) of that substance.
Molar mass (mm) expresses the mass that is owned by 1 mole of matter. The mass of 1 mole
of a substance equals the relative molecular mass (Mr) of the substance in units of gram / mol.
For elements whose particles are atoms, the molar mass is equal to Ar (relative atomic mass)
in grams / moles.

Example:
The molar mass of calcium (Ca) = mass of 1 mole of calcium (Ca) = Ar Ca = 40 grams / mol.
The molar mass of iron (Fe) = mass of 1 mole of iron (Fe) = Ar Fe = 56 grams / mol.
Aluminum molar mass (Al) = mass of 1 mol aluminum (Al) = Ar Al = 27 grams / mol.

For elements whose particles are molecules and compounds, the molar mass is the same as
Mr (relative molecular mass) in units of grams / mol.

Identifying Problems
No Compound Mole Mass Mr
1 H2 1 mole 2 gram 2 gram/mole
2 O2 … mole 3,2 gram … gram/mole
3 C6H12O6 0,25 mole … gram … gram/mole
4 NaCl … mole 35,1 gram … gram/mole
5 CO2 0,3 mole … gram … gram/mole

1. Write down the problems that arise in your mind after observing the table above!
Collecting Data
2. What do you get when you look at the mole and mass values?

Processing Data
3. Complete the table into a perfect table!

Concluding
4. Formulate the relationship of the mass with the mole!
Objective:

Students can complete chemical calculations using the concept of limiting reagents.

ACTIVITY 1
Have you ever fry a banana at home? Or make a glass of tea? (Stimulating)

When you want to make fried bananas, you of course prepare the ingredients used.
Will all the ingredients you use be used up? Of course it depends on how many bananas you
want to fry, if only 5 bananas, of course, 1 kg of flour will taste too much. Similarly, when you
want to make a glass of warm tea, it's impossible for you to use 1 kg of sugar in the storage
cabinet. Why ? Because if you use too much of an ingredient or substance to make something,
something bad will be produced. That is right ?
The same principle will also be used when we react a compound with other
compounds where it is possible for a compound that will not be left at the end of the reaction.
The remaining compounds or reagents are called residual reagents, while the reacted
compounds are called limiting reagents.
Chemical counts are calculation methods oriented to the basic laws of chemistry.
Limiting reagents are substances (reagents) which limit the number of products produced in a
reaction. It is said to limit the number of products produced because these substances have been
used up first while other substances are still there, even though their existence is very much
needed for further reactions (producing products). So, the limiting reagent is the reagent that
runs out first (first time).
1. Complete the following problem! (Stimulating)
2.7 grams of Al are reacted with 49 grams of dilute sulfuric acid to produce Al2(SO)3 and
hydrogen salts. The reaction is as follows:
Al + H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + H2
Ar Al = 27, H=1, S=32, O=16, N=14
Specify:
Which substance is the limiting reagent, how many grams of substance do not react, how
many grams of Al2(SO4)3 are formed? (Identifying problems)
Settlement: (Collecting and Processing Data)
2Al + 3H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
Initially : …mol …mol
React : 0,1mol 0,15mol …mol …mol
End of reaction : 0 0,35 mol . ...mol ….mol
a. Reagents who have reacted are ................... because ............................
b. The remaining reagent is .................... Having a mole value is ................. mol and mass
............................ gram.
c. The number of moles of Al2(SO4)3 formed is ..................... mol and mass .................gram.

2. Write down the steps for solving the reaction equation involving limiting reagents!
(Concluding)
Objective:

Students can determine percentage of yield in the mixture.

ACTIVITY 1
Stimulating
Look at the following picture!

Identifying Problems
1. Write down the problems that arise in your mind after observing the picture above!
Collecting Data
2. What do you get by observing the picture above?

ACTIVITY 2
Stimulating
Observe the table below!
Volume
Volume of Mass of Mass of
of % Bpj
No. substances substances mixture % mass
mixture volume (ppm)
(mL) (mg) (g)
(L)

1 0,2 100 2.10-6 2

2 10 400 2,5.10-5 25

3 800 80 1% 104

4 840 42 2% 2.104

Collecting Data
1. What you get by observing the table picture above!
Processing Data
2. Based on the observations you have made, explain what is meant by% m / m,% V / V,% m
/ v and Bpj!

Concluding
3. Formulate the relationship of percent mass with relative atomic mass and relative molecular
mass!
Exercise

Ledo River has been used for several years as an illegal gold mining area (PETI) by surrounding
communities. The water in this river has turned brownish. The Ledo River flows to the
Bengkayang River. Bengkayang River is a river where several small rivers meet, including the
Ledo River. Bengkayang River water is widely used by local residents for daily needs and even
the river water is also used as raw material for drinking water (PDAM). This year, water quality
testing was carried out on both rivers. Where the results of testing Hg levels in Bengkayang
river water reached 10-9 mL per 100 mL of water samples while Hg levels in the Ledo River
reached 2.10-7 mL per 100 mL of water samples. If it is known that the metal threshold of Hg
for water that is permissible according to Minister of Environment Decree No.51 / 2004 is
0.001 ppm, then specify:

a. Is Ledo river water treated with alum to purify water safe to use for MCK purposes?
b. What policies should be taken regarding Hg levels in both rivers?
c. If this test is carried out during the dry season, does it need to be retested to strengthen
decision making? Explain your answer!