34 Jan 2011 PDF

ISSN 0971-6610
Journal of Projective
Psychology & Mental Health
Volume 18 Number 1 January, 2011
Editorial:Changing Personal and Professional SIS Perspectives 01-03

Wilfred A. Cassell
Childhood PTSD Roots of Borderline Personality 04-13

Disorder- Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder
Walter M. Case and Bankey L. Dubey
Gender Differences in SIS-I Profile of Normal Population 14-21

S. Kandhari, J. Sharma, R. Kumar and D. Kumar
In Pursuit of the Aboriginal Child’s Perspective via a Culture– 22-27

free Task and Clinical Interview
Robert B. Williams, Laurence A. French,
Nancy Picthall-French and Joan B. Flagg-Williams
‘It might be what I am’: Looking at the use of Rorschach in 28-38

Psychological Assessment
Rui C. Campos
Poly-trauma Survivors: Assessment using Rating Scales and SIS - II 39-49

Suprakash Chaudhury, P.S. Murthy, Amitav Banerjee,
Dolly Kumari, Sarika Alreja
Human Figure Drawings of Normal Indian Adults 50-61

Nawab Akhtar Khan, Amrita Kanchan, Masroor Jahan, Amool R. Singh
SIS-I Profile of Psychosexual Dysfunction 62-68

Daniel Saldanha, L. Bhattacharya, Kalpana Srivastava and
Bankey L. Dubey
Evaluating Ego-Strength in Depression on SIS-I Indices 69-76

J. Mahapatra, D. Sahoo, P.K. Mishra and R. Kumar
Oedipus: The Deep Rooted Reality to Homosexuality 77-88

Jhelum Podder and Sonali De
Impact of Meaning in Life and Reasons for Living to Hope 89-102

and Suicidal Ideation: A Study among College Students
Atanu K. Dogra, Saugata Basu and Sanjukta Das
Membership Directory 103-122
Official Publication of the Somatic Inkblot Society

SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND
MENTAL HEALTH is a refereed journal and published
twice a year (January, July) by the SOMATIC INKBLOT
SOCIETY and is devoted to the advancement of research
in the areas of projective psychology, personality
Somatic Inkblot assessment, psychotherapy and mental health. The journal

is broadly concerned with the development of inkblot tests
Society and personality assessment in clinical, counseling, cross-

cultural, organizational and health psychology settings. It
aims to reach clinical psychologists, psychotherapists,
psychiatrists, social workers, medical professionals and
OFFICE BEARERS professional managers interested in the understanding
and modification of human behavior.
President : B. L. Dubey (USA)
The journal includes (a) research articles (b) book reviews
Vice President : Brig. D.Saldanha (India) (c) brief reports (d) news about conferences etc. and
letters to the editor.
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a copy to Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D. Editor In Chief,
Director, RINPAS & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology,
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members. Indian institutional life membership is Rs.
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Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006. Members
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SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE

PSYCHOLOGY & MENTAL HEALTH
Volume 18 Number 1 January 2011
EDITORS EMERITUS : EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS :

Wilfred A. Cassell, MD, Director, SIS Center, 4501E, Kristian Aleman, Ph.D., Sweden
104th Avenue, Anchorage, AK.99516 (USA). Mahesh Bhargava, Ph.D., India
E-Mail: siscassell2@yahoo.com K.R.Banerjee. MRCP India
Saugata Basu, Ph.D., India
Bankey L. Dubey, Ph.D., Director SIS Centre, Carina Coulacoglou, Ph.D., Greece
4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK 99517 (USA) N. G. Desai, M. D., India
Cell : 907-250-8834 Philip Greenway, Ph.D, Australia
E-mail: bldubey@gmail.com S. Haque, M. D., India
M. Jahan, Ph.D., India
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF : Arvind Keshary, Ph.D., India
Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D., Director, RINPAS Anatoly B. Khromov, Ph.D., Russia
and Prof. & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, H. Kumar, Ph.D., USA
RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006 (India). R. Kumar, Ph.D., India
Tel. : 91-651-2233687(H), Sudhir Kumar, M. D., India
Mob.:91-9431592734, A. S. Kundu, Ph.D., India
E-mail:sisamool@yahoo.com Ram Jee Lal, Ph.D., lndia
Anu S. Lather, Ph.D., India
EDITORS : Lisa Milne, Ph.D., Australia
Suprakash Chaudhury, MD, Ph.D., Mridula Mishra, Ph.D., India
Prof. & Head, Dept. of Psychiatry, RINPAS, Nalini Mishra, Ph.D., India
Kanke, Ranchi- 834006 (India). Ashok Kumar Nag, M.D., India
Mob.:91-09334386496, Paola Nicolini, M.A., Italy
E-mail: suprakashch@gmail.com Paul E. Panek, Ph.D., U.S.A.
Edward M. Petrosky, Ph.D., U.S.A.
Anand Dubey.B.E., MBA, SIS Centre, 4406 Marisa Porecca, Ph.D., Italy
Forest Road, Anchorage, AK 99517 (USA), Kiran Rao, Ph.D., India
E-Mail: anand. dubey@gmail.com Stefano Reschini, M.A, Italy
Barry A. Ritzier, Ph.D., U.S.A.
Padma Dwivedi, M.A., 4406 Forest Road, D. Saldanha, M. D., India
Anchorage, AK 99517 (USA), Nilanjana Sanyal, Ph.D., India
E-mail: sisdubey@yahoo.com K. S. Sengar, Ph.D., India
D. K. Sharma, MHA, India
Jai Prakash, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Radhe Shyam, Ph.D.lndia
Clinical Psychology, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, Archana Singh, Ph.D., India
RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006, (India). V. K. Sinha, M.D., India
Cell: 91-9934582290, David Sperbeck, Ph.D., U.S.A.
E-mail: drjaiprakashrinpas@rediffmail.com A. K. Srivastava, Ph.D., India
Kalpana Srivastava, Ph.D., India
Umed Singh, Ph.D., Dept. of Psychology, Ramjee Srivastava, Ph.D., India
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Ailo Uhinki, Ps.D., Finland
Haryana, (India). A. N. Verma, Ph.D., India
Tel: 91-1744-238267(H), Cell: 91-9416511077 Yasho V. Verma, Ph.D., India
Email Umedsingh_78@yahoo.com. Robert B. Williams, Ph.D., Canada
JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND
MENTAL HEALTH : ACHIEVEMENTS
Journal in WHO Listing
Members of Somatic Inkblot Soceity will be glad to know that SIS Jr. of Projective Psychology and
Mental Health has been listed by World Health Organisation (Global Forum for Health Research)
among 25 indexed journals that have published the highest number of articles on mental health from
LMICs in Latin America, Africa and Asia (Medline and PsycINFO). Extract from table-6 of “Research
Capacity for Mental Health in Low - and Middle - Income Countries : Results of a Mapping Project “
(www.globalforumhealth.org) is given below :
Rank Journal Country Language

1 Revista de Psicoanalisis Argentina Spanish
2 Revista de Neurologia Spain Spanish
3 Revista Brasileria de Psiquiatria Brazil Eng., Portuguese, Spanish
4 Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria Brazil Portuguese
5 Acta Psiquiatrica y psicologica de Amercia Laina Argentina Spanish
6 Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand Thailand English, Thai
7 British Journal of Psychiatry U.K. English
8 Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Denmark English
9 Salud Mentale Mexico Spanish
10 Vertex Argentina Spanish
11 Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies India English
12 Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Germany English
13 Revista Medica de Chile Chile Spanish
14 South African Journal of Psychology South Africa Afrikaans, English
15 Psychological Reports USA English
16 South African Medical Journal South Africa Afrikaans, English
17 The Australian & New Zealand Jr. of Psychiatry Australia English
18 International Journal of Social Psychiatry U. K. English
19 Psychiatry Research Ireland English
20 Social Science & Medicine U. K. Engish
21 Revista De Saude Publica Brazil Portuguese
22 International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry U. K. Engish
23 SIS Jr. of Projective Psychology and Mental Health India English
24 Jornal Brasilerio de Psiquiatria Brazil Portuguese
25 Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Australia English
Journal in ProQuest Listing

We are glad to inform you that SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health has been listed in
academic research database ProQuest Psychology Journals™. ProQuest is a company in Michigan, United
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SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Ment Health (2011) 18 : 01-03
1
Editorial
Changing Personal and Professional SIS Perspectives
“Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,

Humpty dumpty had a great fall:
All the king’s horses and all the king’s men
Couldn’t put Humpty together again” - Mother Goose Nursery tales
The first decade in the new millennium has passed, so I wish to share certain SIS society
perspectives. In some American native cultures, such sharing might be referred to as “the
wisdom of the elders”. As separate nations gradually merge their common interests through
English language communication, air travel, the internet and common trade interests, medical
diagnostic/treatment procedures etc., international life on our small fragile planet, now, as
compared to the past, even seems much more complex. Consequently, no informed person
can really feel “wise”.
Moreover, how could any dedicated SIS clinician/behavioral scientist not be puzzled, yet
intrigued, by the complexity of peering into the inner world of the mentally disturbed? Looking
through the powerful lenses of the SIS represents a projective “time machine”. It not only
reveals past perceptions of outer world reality, but accesses symbolic dream imagery, that
may be totally out of awareness and missed in interviews, as well as questionnaires.
It remains a challenge for SIS researchers and clinicians to decipher the body-mind-spirit
revealing projective data, especially the symbols seen in the various diagnostic categories. The
splitting of ego identity observed in many such conditions is quite analogous to that portrayed
in the above nursery rhyme. Present day attempts at diagnostic categorization nomenclature
can reflect this pathological fracturing of the self concept, as for example, “Schizophrenic
Disorder” and the recently renamed category “Multiple Personality Disorder”.
While advances in treatment efficacy have been significant, using structured psychotherapeutic
approaches and psychopharmacological medications. Sadly, in many cases “Humpty dumpty”
doesn’t get “put together again”. In contemplating the future clinical applications of the SIS
technology, future claims of success must be based in evidence based scientific studies. For
the severely mentally ill, their genetic abnormalities may predispose them to lifelong “Humpty
dumpty” morbidity. The modern literature now indicates that existing therapies including SIS
interventions must be viewed as primarily palliative and to improve functioning, not “curable”
(i.e. secondary and tertiary prevention).
Unfortunately in the past, statistical based studies have not always guided treatment
programs for the mentally ill and with devastating long term results. Perhaps my own
past clinical experience might be of interest. Historically, in the 1950’s while in medical
school, I was employed part time in the Dept. of Pharmacology. My task was to assess the
ability of antihistamines to suppress “motion sickness”. Some of the more effective ones
(e.g.Chlorpromazine) were subsequently in the 1960’s used therapeutically as antipsychotic
therapeutic agents for the severely mentally ill in Saskatchewan. At that time, I was working
there conducting investigations to evaluate the diagnostic/treatment applications of the SIS-I
card form of the procedure. In the psychiatric hospitals, some clinicians initially became
2 Cassell
overly optimistic about the efficacy of new class of drugs. In the absence of any scientific
longitudinal studies, a minority of them convinced politicians that hospitals could be phased out.
It was purported that the chronically mentally ill, “would be better cared for in the envisioned
community care facilities, near family members and that it would be more cost effective”.
Eventually, the provincial government gave lip service to this “cost reducing” plan, but failed to
fully fund community programs. Subsequently, this fallacious, fault ridden, plan was adopted
in the United States. Unfortunately, there again were similar funding deficits. Now, in North
America, improperly cared for chronically mentally ill people aimlessly walk urban streets.
Eventually many experience legal problems and become imprisoned. This example of poor
research work on drug efficacy and treatment outcome must not be repeated with regard to
our promising positive clinical case therapeutic studies. While I remain optimistic that SIS
research with group controlled studies would produce statistical outcome data, supporting our
early work. However, in America with the current economic crisis, I am pessimistic about the
possibility of obtaining necessary financial support. As a result of the Saskatchewan fiasco, I
am more aware of the political/economic vulnerabilities of mental health research investigations
due to naïve politicians and a media mesmerized/street drug narcotized public.
Fortunately, not all mentally disturbed people have incurable genetic determined illnesses
and even for those who do, SIS intervention can sometimes be helpful in terms of secondary
and tertiary prevention. For example, an individual suffering from Schizophrenia, paranoid
type, could be assessed to complete, on a regular basis, the SIS-II Booklet form. These
could be quickly scored on intensification of psychosis reflected in an increase of projective
responses, depicting being stared at and/or the number of “Eye” responses. This could alert
care providers to medication noncompliance or a need to hospitalize. In those suffering from
one of the more severe Affective Disorders, unreported suicidal impulses might be detected
by the projection of self destructive imagery on B22, depicting a dying person’s body, with the
soul leaving, B15, depicting, sharp, knife like objects and B21,depicting a handgun.
This journal has published many other examples and promises to do so in the future.
Consequently, I am quite hopeful about the educational, research, clinical and industrial
applications of SIS technology, especially in India. I am more pessimistic about the economic
vulnerability of community mental health programs, worldwide.
When contemplating international financial problems, I feel quite envious of naïve children,
who still believe in positive fairy tales, the physically healthy, mentally retarded, who are
fortunate enough to be well taken care of, the authoritarian religious bigot, whose restricted
mental health view is blinded by simplistic, existential anxiety reducing dogma that considers
spirituality, solely a human characteristic. I particularly fear Moslems who plan on using
inflated reproductive rates as a device to eventually turn democratic nations, into theocracy
dictatorships. When opposing religious systems clash, like in the past, the seeds of violence,
human atrocities, terrorism and war are sown.
There is a similar tinge of anxiety in viewing the power of political leaders, who basically are
ignorant of the growing scientific literature on helpful body-mind-spiritual health programs.
Many of these are skilled in using the media to manipulate their own public image. They access
vast hidden financial support from powerful economic sources. One involves the international
Changing Personal and Professional SIS Perspectives 3
drug lords, who prey on mentally tormented individuals lacking mental health care, but who
find solace in alcohol/ illegal drugs.
Another source of funding in America, involves influential bankers and hedge fund operators
who have let their greed (“white collar crimes”) set in motion an unfolding international financial
crisis. Many of these perpetrators are wizards at acquiring billions of personal dollars, yet
have sociopathic personality biases. Some behind public view have established working
relationships with corrupt brain washed, over confident, egotistical military leaders. A few
of the latter are linked with industrial power groups, who can benefit financially from covert
CIA international operations, which repeatedly undermine the democratic guidelines of the
American Constitution. It is my hope and prayer that Americans who share such concerns
can once again raise to the challenge.
Yet, I predict that the ascendance of India will surpass all others in a leadership position on
the world stage. I hope that our international SIS society based in India will continue to be
guided by optimally blending “left brain” scientific methodology, with “right brain” emotion
connected spiritually. We must continue to honestly employ ethical principles in research and
clinical practice. This especially concerns SIS diagnostic/treatment applications relative to the
efficacious management of severe mental conditions as well as the less biologically tangible
personality disorders involving “Humpty Dumpty” type childhood “fractures”.
Ultimately, SIS conceptual models intellectually relate to all life sciences sharing common
questions, the most basic of which involves unraveling the puzzle concerning the origin of
life on our planet. To what extent did chemicals resulting from cosmic reactions provide the
building blocks for primitive life forms on our planet? How did these become transformed into
primitive life forms setting the stage for evolution into the central nervous system of higher life
forms? Can a human brain ever expect to fully understand itself, solely, in biological models,
without some meaningful consideration of spirituality? Finally, how can our SIS society
proceed in this intangible dimension without turning back into the dark ages of mythology
and dogmatic religion?
Wilfred A. Cassell, M.D., FAPA, APC.

Editor Emeritus, SIS Jr. Proj. Psychology & Mental Health,
Director, SIS Center, 4501E, 104th Avenue,
Anchorage, AK - 99507 (USA)
E-Mail: siscassell2@yahoo.com
4 SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Ment Health (2011) 18 : 04-13
Childhood PTSD Roots of Borderline Personality Disorder-

Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder
Walter M. Case and Bankey L. Dubey
In recent years there has been a growing controversy regarding the validity of the APA diagnosis of
Borderline Personality Disorder. This categorization is not recognized internationally and perhaps
the closest approximation internationally in the ICD-10 is “Emotionally Unstable Personality
Disorder”. A clinical case history is presented involving an adult male, who presented with a
childhood background of PTSD and ADHD. His personality problems became apparent in late
adolescence. As an adult, he self medicated with alcohol and street drugs for handling bouts
of severe depression. When this failed, he sought treatment and revealed his inner tormented
world through symbolic dreams and SIS imagery. These presented time capsule “pictures” of his
“borderline” life style traceable to trauma in a dysfunctional family.
The medical model has provided a conceptual basis for much progress in diagnosis and
treatment of mental disorders. This has especially proven to be the case in the Schizophrenic
Disorders and severe Affective Disorders. For these, modern genetic research and the
documented efficacy of evidence based psychopharmacologic treatment conceptually support
pathophysiologic formulations regarding their etiology.
The medical model approach to diagnostic categorization has less scientific strength in
regard to symptom constellations that lack documented objective biological criteria such as
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Borderline Personality Disorder. Relative to the
frequently observed temporal interaction between these two particular disorders, a child who
is repeatedly subjected to abuse in a dysfunctional family may be prone to develop lifelong
features of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and beginning in late adolescence an
emotionally unstable personality. Although this is frequently observed in clinical practice, the
causal connection is not always clear (McMain et al 2003). In attempts to scientifically provide
basic answers, there have been many clinical investigations purporting to isolate underlying
biological abnormalities in Borderline Personality Disorder (Berlin et al, 2005, Donegan et al,
2003, Prossin et al, 2010, Stanley and Stanley, 2010). Psychotherapy outcome studies have
also been statistically studied (McMain et al, 2009).
This case history study assessing symbolic imagery from a PTSD dream and SIS-II Booklet
promises to throw light on this subject in an adult diagnosed with Borderline Personality
Disorder, who was traumatized in childhood. It will illustrate how analyzing dream and SIS
symbols in the same individual throughout the course of the person’s lifetime can be facilitated
by blending insights from both symbolic sources. In order to conceptualize the role of childhood
stress in activating PTSD dreams and symbolic defense mechanisms, the following body-
mind-spirit conceptual model of Nature’s homeostatic healing process is proposed.
The simplest form of PTSD involves a relatively mature symptom free individual, who
experiences one highly stressful time limited event. For purposes of illustration, consider a
Walter M. Case, M.D. and Bankey L. Dubey, Ph.D., DPM, Director, SIS Center, 4406 Forrest
Road, Anchorage, AK 99507(USA) Email: bldubey@gmail.com
Key Words : Childhood PTSD, Borderline Personality Disorder, Unstable Personality Disorder
Childhood PTSD Roots 5
simplistic case history involving a man who was traumatized in an industrial explosion. Such
a severely stressed victim would be expected to immediately develop recurrent “nightmares,
realistically depicting the circumstances of the accident. The severity of his psychological
symptoms, as well as their persistence, would partially relate to his genetic vulnerability to
handling stress.
This is Nature’s way for homeostatic healing, perhaps not just in humans, but in all living
creatures possessing a higher functioning nervous system. During the relaxed state of sleep,
the brain’s memory neurons involuntarily (i.e. out of “conscious control”) repeatedly replay
affect charged imagery depicting subjective perception of the external traumatic event.
Repetitive experiencing of the stress or “neural electrochemical sensory playback” serves
two basic functions: one is to impress upon the organism’s memory storage, by reinforcing
cognitive clues concerning what external events would be most likely to pose future potential
stressors (e.g. a threatening carnivore). The second is to create an internal mechanism of
“nervous system reconditioning”. Repeatedly experiencing traumatic memories in the relatively
low state of autonomic nervous system arousal during sleep, gradually reconditions memory
neurons. This occurs in the brain’s PTSD memory center, by removing the dysphoric affect
bound to the PTSD imagery and their concomitant somatic sensations.
The language ability of humans enables them to communicate symbols of the threatening
imagery that sleep activated neural inhibitory mechanisms involuntarily introduced over recurrent
nights of dreaming. These maintain a balance between the “Nature’s Behavioral Therapy” need
to have the dreamer experience a degree of necessary affect discomfort, by means of Autonomic
Nervous System monitored “Stress Exposure” that limits dream arousal. (This formulation
is consistent with clinical studies indicating that for significant therapeutic progress in PTSD
situations, the victim usually improves more rapidly in treatment programs, incorporating some
degree of experiencing dysphoric affect exposure, involving memory recall of the triggering
stressors.) In any case, the monitoring functions are vital, so that the sleeper does not wake up
with, for example, a pounding heart or other somatic symptoms of arousal.
Thus for example, Nature’s healing process occurs, that instead of dreaming of an explosion
in an occupational setting, the victim experiences lower levels of stressful symbols such as
involuntarily dreaming of a minor fire in a microwave. Until resolved, the victim’s precarious
emotional state may be triggered by viewing similar type explosions either in the real world
or in the media.
A central requirement in the above theoretical model involves the necessity of the PTSD dreams
(and similarly SIS symbols) to be partially disguised. Thus, even those trained in symbolic
analysis can’t fully cognitively appraise the symbolic significance of their own symbols. Of
course, when primitive humans expressed their dreams around camp fires, others could
well understand and translate their meaning. Thus, historically, the “therapeutic” sharing of
dream symbols and their empathetic interpretation by early “Witch doctors” or “Medicine men”
established the social roots of human culture, spirituality, and mythology/religion.
Finally, relative to this case, it might be noted that the immature nervous system of children
make them particularly vulnerable to PTSD and attention deficit disorders, especially if they
are socialized in a dysfunctional family.
6 Case and Dubey
Case History:
This study illustrates how stressful childhood interactions in a dysfunctional family can be
associated with PTSD, attention defects, severe suicidal depression, and subsequently,
personality problems lasting into adulthood. It involves the life of a large intelligent veteran
living in Buffalo New York. He had many characteristics of the tragic character in an ancient
Greek play. He had likeable “heroic” features to his character (e.g. A positive commitment
not to kill himself, so he could bring up his son in the best way possible, he had risked his life
in situations to help others, and his motivation for psychotherapy was real etc. He is a very
likeable man, who is easy to empathize with in psychotherapy).
Originally he sought treatment in a state of despondent suicidal ideation recurrence at age of

34. For years, he suffered from recurrent “nightmares”. In such dreams, images of his violent
father would appear in a relatively close visual approximation to imaginary photographs of
the psychologically/physically abusive dysfunctional family scenes. Their terror linked affect
would disrupt his sleep. He would awake in panic experiencing psychophysiologic symptoms
of arousal, chief of which was “Stomach pain”. On mornings after such disturbances, he would
have trouble concentrating in school and feel depressed for hours.
When older, away from his dysfunctional family, such concrete images of stressful past,
were gradually replaced with defensive dream symbols. During his highly stressful course
of psychosexual development, his resultant psychological scars ultimately impaired his
personality. He had acquired by late adolescence, what the American Psychiatric Association
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM-IV-TR (fourth edition text
revision) categorizes on Axis II as a “Borderline Personality Disorder” and the International
Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) might categorize as an
Emotionally unstable personality disorder”, but in the latter the diagnostic criteria are somewhat
different. As indicated earlier, such categorizations are subject to ongoing controversy, because
of questions about their validity as objective biological based clinical entities.
In America, where there is considerable interest in this syndrome, this pervasive chronic
“Disorder” is considered to be characterized by the followings clinical features: rapidly
shifting perception of self and others, impulsivity, intense mood fluctuations and superficial
interpersonal relationships. Transference distortions may arise from their tendency to oscillate
in the love-hate emotionally charged imagery projected or transferred onto the therapist -
oscillating from idealization to devaluation.
In retest SIS situations, the similar distorted patterns may be projected onto inkblot
representations of human figures. Often “Borderline” individuals will experience somatic
symptoms by projecting such distorted symbolic imagery onto their own body and SIS somatic
structure. Consistent with the latter, the man under discussion complained of “occasional lower
stomach pain”, “pain in the lower back and ankles” and “headaches”.
Like many individuals who meet diagnostic criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder, he
isolated himself from close social relationships in various ways (e.g.by working night shifts
as a taxi driver). Another manifestation was his long pattern of stormy relationships with
various psychologically marginal type “street women”. After a short time, these romances
failed, and while grieving their loss his chronic recurrent depressive moods intensified. During
such despondency episodes he usually experienced significant suicidal ideation. Over the
years he had sought treatment with various therapists. Characteristically, he only stayed
in psychotherapy briefly, without addressing his longstanding emotionally childhood PTSD
memories. Attempts to relate his dream and SIS symbolism to the latter, and to his adult
personality problems after a few sessions were resisted. He had a pattern of projecting negative
affect charged imagery depicting parental transference distortions onto his care providers.
This disruption of the therapeutic process was tragic, not only for himself, but also for his 9
year old son. With his boy, he was struggling within himself, as a parent, not to replicate the
dysfunctional relationship that he had experienced with his own abusive father.
His childhood concentration problems continued on into adulthood, to the extent that he met
diagnostic criteria for adult Attention Deficit Disorder. Fortunately, this had responded to stimulant
medication. However, management was complicated because he also had an episodic history
of alcohol and drug abuse. It also had been found that antidepressant medication had been
helpful, but he did not comply with recommendations for long term medication.
As indicated, he originally sought brief treatment at age 34. Next was at 39 and then finally at
48. On the last occasion, he was referred by a male veteran’s administrator psychiatrist who
had been prescribing an unusually high dose of stimulant medication for his ADD symptoms.
The fact that the dosage far exceeded limits, set by community medication standards may
have reflected the severity of his concentration problems (or as he admitted to me, his giving
some of his drugs to his son).
In any case, his more recent psychiatrist correctly recognized that the prognosis for staying
in long term psychotherapy was guarded. Yet in his professional judgment, the two previous
short lived therapeutic trials with me had been partially helpful, so he recommended a third.
This historical time lapse study encompasses persistent symbolism between the first and
second therapy periods. The latter began with his spontaneously bringing into the first
psychotherapeutic interview, the following letter, which documented his ongoing motivation
for further psychotherapy, blending dream and SIS symbolic analysis:
“Dear Dr.Case
In the spring of 1965 I sought your help for answers and a treatment for y problems that were
controlling and ruining my life in the worst way. You initially prescribed medication that helped
me with my sleep and depression conditions. Part of the therapy requirements consisted of
monitoring, documenting and discussing the messages and meanings of my dreams. My first
dream while on the medication was so prolific, that I can still remember virtually every detail
to this day. At this time I will try to document the first dream”.
“First dream #1:

I was standing approximately 100 yards west of T. Ave. on D. Rd; it was close to 6:00pm,
although I am not sure of the day of the week. The weather was cloudy with overcast. While
standing on the sidewalk I turned my head to the left to witness this vehicle approaching
at a high rate of speed, it was weaving all over the street. As the automobile went by me,
8 Case and Dubey
I can remember looking down at the hand held telephone in my left hand, while doing so I
remember listening to the sound of a horrible crash. I then looked up to survey the area, to
my astonishment neither any other vehicles nor people were anywhere to be seen. I still had
not seen the accident but understood what had happened. In a moment of panic I reached
down and dialed 911 emergency for help. Next I turned around and headed toward a duplex
apartment complex. As I walked up two or three steps I proceeded to the right door entry
way. Upon entering the house I began to look around, there only appeared to be a console
television to my immediate left side, everything else was missing. I then realized that this
was where I lived. I then remember walking through a doorway and walking to my right, there
stood two or three young male individuals acting carefree and somewhat wild in behavior. I
then remembered asking them if they had seen anyone removing the belongings and furniture
from my place, their reply was that they had not. At that point I began to panic and felt tight
all over my body. I then woke up. I was so relieved and remember feeling melancholy for
hours after.”
Personal assessment of dream #1:

When I was in the 6th grade, I went to live with my father, stepmother and two stepsisters.
They so happened to live in a house located on (see above address). I can remember being
in afraid of my father. I had lived with him once before while going through the 3rd grade. It
was a year to remember. I never knew what to expect of him so I maintained virtually a mode
of fear constantly, never knowing what would set him off.
I have determined that I am the vehicle out of control. The fact that I did not actually witness
the accident represents the uncertainty of my ultimate outcome and that 911 call placed by
myself is me asking for help. The dwelling which I reside in is consistent with virtually every
home that I have lived within during my adult life. The missing furniture represents the loss
in property and money, which I continued to throw away, or spend on prostitutes, drugs or
alcohol. The type of neighbors that lived in the unit next door is reflections of the mentality
and class of irresponsible people that I surrounded around me during those years.”
At the end of this interview, he was given the Booklet version of SIS-II to complete in the office.
This version of the SIS-II was used because of his fragile and potentially violent personality.
While the electronic versions, which use the projective pulling power of hypnotic like floral
scenes can be more powerful, it seemed prudent to avoid the remote risk of disruption
of his fragile mental state. As frequently is observed in examining SIS responses, those
subjectively rated as “liked least”, often are of paramount past and persistent body-mind-
spirit significance.
In ranked order of “dislike”, he selected the following: B24, B9 and B25. Instead of complying
with the printed answer sheet’s instructions, he declined to document his reasons for disliking
these on an individual basis. Instead, he categorized his overall negative feelings as follows:
“These pictures were all too similar in their arrangements.” This represented psychologically
a defensive maneuver, emotionally distancing him from the projective recollection of his
distressful PTSD memories.
Just like the street address in the dream took him back to his childhood stressful imagery
traceable to his father, SIS B24 brought to mind the following: “Eyes peering through a fog or
haze”. This took him back in time to previously repressed memories of his father’s angry face.
Projecting his vision of “fog or haze” reflected his defensive mental mechanisms, conceptually
formulated to symbolize the underlying biological action of his brain’s inhibitory functions.
These came from yet unknown neural mechanisms restricting his “seeing” or consciously
fully recalling the PTSD memories and thus, minimizing the dysphoric affect. In spite of
this involuntarily attempt at avoidance, some negative emotions still surfaced in conscious
awareness. Thus, in the questionnaire, when asked “How did you feel about taking the test”,
he wrote “I thought that it was somewhat depressing”. Then he minimized this generalization
in regard to other SIS images, finally adding “not all of it.” In regard to the positive viewing of
the SIS Booklet, for example, in viewing A5 a he saw the following components: “propeller”,
“heart”, ”dove” “bird standing on two legs” and then wrote under these “FUN”.
Paranoid like imagery was projected in relation to several other SIS stimuli. For example, he
saw A10 as “A face peering through a window at me”. A11 reminded him of “a large man’s nose
snorting cocaine” (This likely was a composite projective response, depicting at a personal
level himself and perhaps in terms of his childhood, his father). B1 was seen as “A scary face
with an evil smile”. This imagery was perseverated onto a portion of the next SIS stimulus. B3
was seen as “A human looking around a corner”. B4 depicted “An adult staring at a child”.
Consistent with this perceptual pattern, he projected similar symbolic facial imagery on small
aspects of A2 and B2, consistent with the notion of being watched. In most cultures, a certain
amount of tension between a father and a son can arise (e.g. so-called childhood “Oedipal
fantasies?” and later in adolescence “testosterone driven” social role competition etc. etc.).
In dysfunctional families, when the father is violent, the son’s fears of his father can provide
more than a “kernel of truth” for lifelong paranoid tendencies. In subsequent severely stressful
social situations, one might understand how he could well move from his “borderline” mental
state of being non psychotic, over the “border” into a florid psychosis flooded by overt paranoid
delusions.
Moreover a son’s identification with an aggressive father can play a role in his internalizing
such similar violent tendencies as revealed in SIS symbolism. Further projective evidence of
this mental mechanism follows: A6 was seen as “A bomb going off over water”, A13 “A hand
with a fire wreath around it”, A21 “A flattened bird with two human babies facing it”, A22 “Male
penis”…next the Inverted image at the base was seen as “Nuclear cloud and mushroom blast”,
A29 was stated to reflect an object a blacksmith pounds on, “I can’t remember what the old
blacksmith called it…but I think that it was called an anvil”. B11 “A man’s vest or bullet proof
vests”. Lastly, in regard to the projection of scenes of potentially dangerous animals, on A18
he saw “The face of a koala bear” and on B26 a “wolverine”.
Next attention will be given to reviewing his responses to the two SIS stimuli which were
specifically designed to assess violent impulses. B15 was described as follows: “It looks like
a number of sharp objects”. This is a normal response. As such it represented his intelligence
and perceptual/cognitive ability to identify the reality of the embedded structure. However
afterwards, he labeled one as a “knife”. This represented the mechanism of psychological
projection related to his underlying hidden violent tendencies. These could be released by
10 Case and Dubey
the disinhibiting central nervous system action of alcohol. B2 was seen as “A hand-gun with
cloth cover over the hand grip, barrel looks damaged”.
Next the data review will be focused on those responses relative to female imagery. Most
revealing in term of his lacking maternal memories of emotional support /affection was his
avoidance response to B28. This inkblot design presents embedded visual structure suggestive
of a mother lovingly holding a child. Instead of recognizing this content, he simply reported
seeing “A human figure holding what looks a child”. Thus, his history of going from one
superficial relationship with a woman, and then to another, may have partially represented
an attempt to fulfill his unmet maternal childhood dependency needs.
In viewing A4 he projected the most unusual response pattern as follows: “An adult female
in a woman’s Islamic gown standing on one foot”. In this age of terrorism, perhaps such
symbolism may have reflected fascination with aggression, but this time from a woman. In
his dysfunctional childhood, his mother and grandmother had many angry episodes. These
figures in the absence of a positive father figure were over represented in his psyche, as
family members for secondary personal sexual identification. Next, in a most bizarre fashion,
depicting his confusion, located in the absence of such SIS structure, on the right side of the
SIS inkblot he labeled “Looking like a man’s left rear profile”.
A7 was reported to depict “An abstract female in motion”. A9 was described to represent “Two
abstract figures dancing”. Envisioning these last two SIS scenes as personifying “abstraction”
reflected his emotional isolation from people. Similarly, reflecting his emotional isolation from
adult human contact B29 was seen as “An UFO…life form coming in from the outside”. In a
similar symbolic fashion of detached loving affect, the valentine like heart symbol was covered
with the response “toilet bowl” for B17.
He gave a sexual response to A25 as “Inside view of woman’s vaginal canal” and for
A24”Woman removing or covering up clothing from her breast area”. There was a most unusual
childhood memory triggered by B7 “Woman’s rubber douche bag… my grandmother had
one hanging in the shower when I was a child”. B9 reminded him of “Woman’s 2 ovaries with
fallopian tubes present”. This latter somatic response again brought out his sexual confusion
within his own body gestalt.
Certain additional responses were consistent with his over loading with distorted body imagery.
Most remarkable was his correctly identifying the brain structure in B20, but then rotating the
image to see “A man’s testicle” superimposed on the top area of the brain design. This may
be interpreted to relate to his heightened anxiety concerning his sexual role adequacy. In a
social situation, if someone challenged his poor sense of masculinity, especially if he were
under the influence of alcohol, he could quickly become overtly violent.
Another SIS response that warrants assessment was projected in relation to B8, where he
reported the following: “Look through a door peep hole…I see a man’s side profile…looks
like me a little!”; here he directly identified with the human structure in the inkblot design.
This projection points both to the complexity, as well as the ambiguity in inner world imagery.
Reflecting this for example in B24, when he sees threatening faces in a paranoid like fashion,
this can reflect at an interpersonal level a memory PTSD image of his abusive father. At a
personal level, it may signify the split off aspect of himself and that portion of his violent nature
that is identified with his father figure.
Interpreting His “Prolific” Dream:

It might be useful to start at the second opinion offered by a former psychiatrist (As indicated
earlier, individuals allegedly diagnosed with a “personality disorder”, such as his, frequently
consult multiple therapists. They temporarily deify one and then, subsequently, demonize the
same professional. Often they tend to play one against the other, regarding treatment). In any
case, at the end of his dream report, he added the following:
“I recently gave a statement of this dream report to another doctor of psychiatry. Afterwards,
she elaborated on the duplex apartment, which she said that she felt represented the right
and left sides to my character makeup. The left side being the rock and roll part type of my
personality and the right side considered to be the responsible and self conscious me. It was
her thought, that I was living too far apart from both sides together and bring them closer that
I would improve my life in terms of acceptance, cohesiveness and understanding.”
Perhaps it is useful to initially comment on the above interpretation, which clearly captures
some of his personality’s splitting characteristics. I would like to supplement this by introducing
some evidence from my past psychopharmacological research conducted in 1964, concerning
how right versus left body awareness shifts in overall body gestalt during arousal. After the
administration of high dose caffeine, while pharmacologically stimulated, men rated their
relative degree of awareness for aspects of the right (e.g. Right eye, right hand, right foot
etc.) much higher than normal levels.
In the initial phase of the dream under analysis, he was standing on, or near the road, in
a relatively low state of arousal. As he looked around, witnessing the speeding vehicle, his
anxiety level greatly elevated. It reached the level of “panic”, and then motivated him to call
emergency 911.
The next scene pertains to his entering a house reminiscent of, where as a boy “in the 6th
grade”, his father had severely stressed him (“It was a year to remember”). By this stage in the
disguised PTSD dream, the neurophysiologic aspects of his “panic” were being experienced
subjectively in his overall body gestalt. The right door of the duplex apartment is a direct
symbolization of his own body or “the house in which his spirit resides”. Consistent with this
transfer, on the right-left axis, he perceived the threatening young men as coming from the
“right side”. It might be noted that neurophysiologists have now found significant right left
difference in the amygdale of men during arousal.
Another aspect of the dream involves his adult PTSD occupational exposure to traffic accidents
as a taxi driver at night. In exploring this dream symbolism, his cognitive associations went
first to a real life situation, when an intoxicated driver passed him at night, travelling at high
speed. This ended in a fatal crash killing all four occupants. The situation was severely
stressful, since he had risked his own life in trying to pull a still breathing woman away from
the burning wreckage. This illustrates how stressful imagery can be uniquely and vividly
recorded in memory storage throughout developmental periods. The residual of such events
can then surface in dream and projected SIS imagery.
12 Case and Dubey
Finally, it is worth reviewing in this case history study the individual’s “Personal assessment”
of his dream. It may be recalled that he correctly considered, that symbolically, the speeding
vehicle could have represented himself. In order to further hypothesize on this, at a neuro-
physiological level, in an analogous fashion, it might be postulated, that this could as well
relate to his suffering from a PTSD/ADD “Speeded up” neural transmission network in his
brain. Such an underlying biological problem of “racing thoughts” could have its historical
symbolic roots in his childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. In this condition, as
the brain matures the skeletal muscle hyper-motility aspect tends eventually to be inhibited,
so the end diagnosis becomes adult Attention Deficit Disorder.
This somatic based interpretation is supported by the SIS data. Imagine, empathetically, what
it might be like to be in his skin with “racing thoughts”, when he viewed B24 “Eyes peering
through a fog or haze” and all the other blots, which were seen in a paranoid threatening
fashion. Clearly, his brain tended to be over active, in imagining outer world environmental
threats from people symbolic of his abusive father. Moreover, it also must be having to
process within the body gestalt, “racing” sensory peripheral feedback of sensations arising
from internal autonomic nervous system arousal.
Perhaps this was most dramatically illustrated by his superimposing a projected image of
“A man’s testicle” on the brain design projected with B20 where no sexual structure existed
in the inkblot design. As noted previously, he correctly recognized “A male penis” in A2.
However, his neuropsychological defense system involuntarily projected the aggressive
response “Nuclear cloud…mushroom blast” on the embedded structure depicting the male
pelvis. Thus in his mind masculinity and violence were closely linked; a linkage traceable to
his childhood paternal abuse. It might be noted that somatic repression/neural inhibition of
male anatomy content, took place on all other blots with such embedded phallic structure
(A8’s upper section was seen as “A smiling face”. Over the lower portion of the male figure
having a penis, he substituted the defensive response “A baseball design”, A20 Over the
kidneys and male urogenital system structure he saw “A wing-tip screw” and B18 suggesting
a penis in a vagina he gave the defensive symbol “A gate or door closing or opening on
fish like creature”).
Consider further, that when this acceleration in information transmission is being rapidly
processed, that the neural inhibitory based mental mechanisms related to symbolic defenses
are in competitive action. These constantly compete for emergence in conscious awareness,
in a rising and falling fluid like fashion. Such competition operates prior to projection onto
each SIS inkblot and during sleep determines what imagery emerges in dreams. Given
this formulation, perhaps it becomes more reasonable to understand how, as a child, this
individual’s brain became overloaded with PTSD imagery and dysphoric affect, producing
day time “Flashbacks” and mood instability (e.g. “It was a year to remember, I never knew
what to expect of him, so I virtually maintained a mode of fear constantly, never knowing
what would set him off”). Given the additional possible role of predisposing familial genetic
predispositions, it is quite understandable how such a child’s attention defects emerged in
school. In regard to the SIS, his projecting threatening characteristics onto human faces
could also have set the developmental perceptual/cognitive stage for his “Borderline”
personality.
In summary, this psychophysiologic model hypothesizes complex rapidly fluctuating patterns

of imagery. It focuses on the “speeding up” in the transmission of certain PTSD external-
internal events and their concomitant symbols. When body-mind-spirit conditions change,
neural inhibitory processes related to time, energy and body space, underlying the classic
psychological defense mechanisms, automatically come into competitive interaction. These
are out of conscious awareness but can be accessed via SIS technology.
It may be recalled, that in the past many psychologists used a stop watch to time the speed
at which Rorschach responses were given. Early investigators also used a tachistoscope
to measure the time it took to recognize specific forms of visual stimuli, including anatomy.
Perhaps SIS workers need to now consider the development of conceptually meaningful
strategies involving the timed measurement of response projection.
References:
Berlin, Heather A., Rolls, Edmund T. and Iversen, Susan D. (2005), Borderline Personality
Disorder, Impulsivity, and the Orbital Frontal Cortex. American J. Psychiatry, 162:
2360-2373.
Donegan, N.H, Sanislow, C.A., Blumber, H.P., Fulbright, R.K., Lacadie, C.., Skudlarski, P. and
Gore, J.C. (2003) Amygdala hyperactivity in borderline personality disorder: implications
for emotional deregulation. Biological Psychiatry, 54: 1284-1293.
Gabbard G. A. and Horowitz, M. J. (2009) Insight, Transference interpretation, and Therapeutic
Change in the Dynamic Psychotherapy of Borderline Personality Disorder, Amerecan
J. Psychiatry, 166, 517-521.
McMain,S.F., Links,P.S. et al (2009) A Randomized trial of Dialectical Behavor Therapy Versus
General Psychiatric Management for Borderline Personality Disorder American J.
Psychiatry, 166, 1365-1374.
Prossin, Alan R., Love, Tiffany M., Koeppe, Robert A., Zubieta, Jon-Kar and Silk, Kenneth
R. (2010) Deregulation of Regional Endogeneous Opioid Function in Borderline
Personality Disorder. American J. Psychiatry, 167, 925-933.
Stanley, Barbara and Stanley, Siever (2010) The Interpersonal dimension of Borderline
Personality: Toward a Neuropeptide Model, American J. Psychiatry, 167, 24-39.
Gender Differences in SIS-I Profile of Normal Population

S. Kandhari, J. Sharma, R. Kumar and D. Kumar
The present study was designed to compare the pattern of responses on SIS-I in normal males
and females. SIS-I was administered to 200 normal persons comprising two groups (Males (n=82)
and Females (n=112). The SIS-I was administered individually and the data was analyzed through
Mann Whiteny U-test. The results indicate that males and females differ significantly only on a
few indices of SIS-I. Highly significant difference was found only on TR and CBA.
The SIS is a semi-structured projective diagnostic instrument and an adjunct to psychotherapy.

SIS projective technology harnesses the projective pulling power of hypnotically presented
ambiguous visual color-form stimuli. The viewer is uninhibited by social acceptability restrictions
of the presence of “Test administrator”. What is projected onto the SIS answer sheet flows
from mental depths. The released responses thus, represent recollections of the real outer
world subjectively blended with hidden inner world imaginations, fantasies, dreams and
psycho physiologic based body percepts. The SIS provides a new diagnostic aid and can be
used to assess the in depth significance of somatic symptoms, conversion reactions, somatic
delusions and sexual dysfunctions (Cassell and Dubey, 2003).
Somatic Inkblot Series Card form was developed in 1959 (Cassell, 1980) to extend the
Rorschach’s concept that ambiguous and semi-ambiguous visual stimuli evoke spontaneous
responses associated with body images, needs, drives, and personality dynamics. SIS provides
images in three forms - on cards, in a booklet and on videotapes. Altogether five forms have
been evolved: SIS-I (20 cards), SIS-II Booklet 62 images, SIS-II Video, SIS-I Video, and SIS
living images.
SIS-I has been used by a number of researchers and its discriminative power has been
established on a variety of population: opiate addicts (Mukhopadhyay et. al.,1996); hospitalized
male chronic schizophrenics (Kumar et., al 2001); schizophrenic patients (Kumar et al., 2006);
schizophrenia and depression (Pershad and Verma, 1995); normals, neurotics and psychotic
patients (Pershad et al., 1997); ADHD (Jain, Singh and Kumar, 2002); mania and depression
(Deepak and Jagdish, 2002) and Schizophrenia (Mahpatra et al. 2009). A systematic review of
the existing literature on SIS-I revealed gender differences on many scoring indices. Rathee and
Singh (1996) reported that female subjects gave more number of responses and male subjects
rejected more cards. Female subjects gave more of animal responses and male subjects gave
more sexual responses. Kumar et al (2006) reported that manic male produced higher atypical
responses and card rejection. Manic females produced higher atypical responses, cards rejection
and anatomy responses as compared to normal Subjects. Kumar et al, (2007) reported greater
number of responses in Females than male subjects. The present study is a modest attempt to
find out the profile of normal male and female subjects on SIS-I test
Sunita Kandhari,Ph.D., Assistant Professor, International College for Girls, Jaipur; Jyotsna
Sharma,Ph.D. Head, Department of Psychology, D.J.College, Baraut, Rakesh Kumar,Ph.D.
Co-ordinator, Department of Psychology, Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, Agra
and Deepak Kumar, Ph D, Assistant Professor, Kanpur Institute of Technology, Kanpur.
Correspondence Email: mindpowerlab@gmail.com
Key Words: Gender Differences, Projective Diagonstics Instrument, SIS-I
Gender Differences in SIS-I Profile of Normal Population 15
Objectives:
To find out the magnitude of differences in the responses of normal males and females on
SIS-I.
Material and Method:

The sample consisted of 200 normal persons drawn from general population. The normal
subjects with positive history of major psychiatric or physical illness were not included. The
screening of normal subjects was done through PGI Health Questionnaire N-1 (Verma et al.,
1985). This was followed by individual administration of SIS-I in a distraction free environment
in one sitting. Scoring of SIS-I protocols of normals was done according to the Comprehensive
Scoring System. The characteristics of the sample are listed in table 1.
Table 1
Sample Characteristics of Normal Subjects (n=200)
Gender Male 41%(82)
Female 59%(118)
Age 18-30 yrs. 52.5%(105)
31-45 yrs. 47.5%(95)
Education Upto 5th Class 21% (42)
5th to 12th Class 44.5%(89)
12th Plus 34.5%(69)
Domicile Rural 46.5%(93)
Urban 53.5%(107)
Results:
The Mann Whitney test was applied to ascertain the differences in the responses of male
and female participants. The means of Male and Female subjects on SIS- Indices are
presented in table 2. The Mean Rank and z value of male and female subjects on SIS-I
is shown in Table 3.
Discussion:
Total Number of Responses (TR):

The number of responses on inkblots is indicative of productivity (Beck et.al.1961). According
to Cassell (2002) the total number of responses suggest imaginative capacity and functioning
intelligence of a subject. The index study reported significant difference in the productivity
of males and females. The results are confirmed by Rathee and Singh (1996) and Kumar
et al (2007).
16 Kandhari, Sharma, Kumar and Kumar
Total Blot Area (TBA):

Total Blot Area has a direct relationship with intellectual ability and is a measure of conceptual
activity (Beck, 1952). The results obtained in the index study indicate that males and females
do not differ significantly in their TBA responses.
Common Blot Area (CBA):

The responses to common blot area indicate the ability to perceive and react to clear
and distinct characteristics of world (Rorschach, 1942). Generally, the common blot area
responses are easier to give than total blot area responses because they represent the
easiest perceptual cognitive mode to act when faced with ambiguity. Females produce
significantly more number of CBA responses as compared to males.
Table 2
Mean, S.D. of CSS Indices in Male and Female Subjects
Male (n=82) Female (n=118)

Indices
Mean S.D. Mean S.D
Total Number of Responses 37.4 13.07 41.64 10.82
Total Blot Area 28.72 10.90 26.17 11.88
Common Blot Area 56.59 12.17 57.38 11.82
Uncommon Blot Area 13.54 11.76 14.96 11.74
White Background Area 2.84 3.11 2.50 2.45
Shape Appropriate 81.52 14.09 81.95 9.86
Shape Inappropriate 9.36 13.70 7.98 7.67
Human Action 4.43 4.41 5.89 6.06
Color Chromatic 0.68 1.61 0.60 1.22
Color Achromatic 0.36 1.08 0.34 0.89
3-Dimensional 3.77 2.83 3.21 3.39
Human Complete 9.05 5.34 10.57 6.43
Human Part 6.50 6.54 7.50 5.38
Animal Complete 24.16 6.89 22.14 7.95
Animal Part 5.85 4.66 5.76 5.43
Internal Organs 17.33 8.95 17.21 9.13
Most Common Responses 16.30 7.79 14.65 6.23
Image Rejection 1.56 5.60 1.03 7.69

Table 3
Mean Rank and z value of male and female subjects on SIS-I
Mean Rank
Response indices z value
Males Females
TR 111.48 84.70 -3.220**
TBA 101.24 99.44 -0.217
CBA 110.27 86.44 -2.867**
UBA 106.27 88.76 -2.097*
WBA 101.89 98.50 -0.429
HA 103.75 89.56 -1.754
SA 109.72 87.24 -2.703*
SI 83.84 84.27 -0.057
CC 65.61 55.22 -1.969*
CA 31.87 27.93 -1.006
3D 70.44 72.91 -0.387
HC 108.58 87.76 -2.537*
HP 108.05 87.15 -2.560*
AC 100.73 100.17 -0.067
AP 99.53 98.25 -0.157
IO 104.43 93.68 -1.304
PL 100.43 100.60 -0.21
OTHERS 108.31 86.78 -2.609*
MC 98.57 102.04 -0.422
REJ 63.11 67.62 -1.045
*significant at 0.05 level of significance

**significant at 0.01 level of significance
Uncommon Blot Area (UBA):

Uncommon Blot Areas are the least frequent areas selected by the subjects for their
associations on inkblots. The law of perception dictates following pattern whole→
conspicuous→ inconspicuous. UBA on inkblots reflect an individual’s emphasis on minute,
unnecessary details. It also reflects an emotion of anxiety. Females produce significantly higher
UBA as compared to males.
White Background Area (WBA):

The white background area responses indicate negative or oppositional features (Rorschach,
1942, Beck 1945, Rapaport, 1946). The primary significance of the white background area
has been that of some form of oppositional behavior emerging in a variety of symptom
patterns contrariness, negativism, hostility (Beck and Molish, 1945). The index study reports
no difference in the WBA responses given by males and females.
Human Action (HA):

The human action responses indicate the phenomena of “internalization”, reflecting the ability
of an examinee to handle the more deliberate and sophisticated experience in a way that
can be controlled emotionally (Rorschach, 1942). The responses in human action indicate
awareness towards the external world and reflect some conflicts or emotions which do not
get obvious expression in the world of reality (Beck, 1952). In the present study the mean HA
responses for males and females do not differ significantly.
Shape Appropriate (SA):

The shape appropriate responses are indicative of the ability of a subject to direct his
ideation with conscious attention, control, discriminating judgment and regard for the
environment (Rorschach, 1942). A response indicating an appropriate shape reflects
that the examinee has respect for the reality of the environment (Beck 1945). The mean
SA responses produced by females is significantly more than the mean SA responses
produced by males.
Shape Inappropriate (SI):

According to Cassell (2002), shape inappropriate responses are those of poor quality and
with vague percept either in structure or verbalization. The number of shape inappropriate
responses is proportionate to the degree of psychological or psychiatric disturbance. According
to the results obtained by the index study, males and females do not differ significantly in
producing SI responses.
Color Chromatic (CC):

Chromatic color responses indicate affectivity or emotional excitability (Rorschach, 1942).
The mean CC responses given by males are slightly more than the females.
Color Achromatic (CA):

Color Achromatic responses in general indicate anxiety and withdrawal from the
environment or passivity. Such responses indicate a free floating anxiety against which
the individual remains unable to build any defenses. Males and females do not differ
significantly on CA responses.
3-Dimensional (3D):
The 3-demensional responses are based on dimensionality. Adler (1929) described the
personal dynamics involved in looking at distant objects and its relationship to feelings
of inferiority. Generally, 3-dimensional responses are indicative of a sense of inner
incompleteness and a painful feeling tone in which depression of affect and inferiority feelings
are also involved. In the present study the obtained mean value of males and females do
not differ significantly.
Human Complete (HC):

Human complete responses include the responses pertaining to the whole human body.
Human responses in general indicate high potential for good relation. The index study finds
a significant difference in the HC responses given by males and females, with males giving
higher responses than females.
Human Part (HP):

This category includes the external parts of human body like face, ear, nose legs etc. Male
subjects have given significantly more HP responses as compared to females.
Animal Complete (AC):

A large number of animal responses are generally given by aggressive, hostile, psychologically
immature people. Such individuals also feel uncomfortable with people and show poor
interpersonal relationship. In general an excess of animal content indicates intellectual
constriction and/or emotional disturbance. Males and females do not differ in their responses
to this scoring index.
Internal Organs (IO):

According to Cassell (2002), internal organ responses pertain to internal parts of living beings
and their mutilated forms both of humans and animals. These responses are consistently
high in those who have a poor self- image and who are preoccupied with internal body
organs. Rav (1951) theorized that restriction and reduction in intellectual drive increases
recourse to IO responses. In the present study males and females do not differ significantly
on IO responses.
Most Common (MC):

According to Cassell (1990), the most common responses are suggestive of coherent, logical
thinking and ability to keep up with the demands of society. It may also be interpreted as a
measure of ego strength and team concept. Males and females do not differ significantly on
Most Common responses.
Rejection (Rej):
Cassell (1990) stated that rejection of images shows thought blockage and an inability to
think properly. Rejection is the result of an inhibition or blocking of thought, more often a
shock phenomena in most cases (Bohm, 1958). No significant differences are found between
males and females on the Rejection scoring index.
Conclusion:
The results indicate that in the normal group, males and females differ significantly only
on a few scoring indices of SIS-I. Highly significant difference is reported on TR and CBA
only.
References:
Adler, A. (1929):The problem of distance. In the practice and theory of individual psychology.
New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 100-108.
Beck, S.J. (1952) Rorschach test, Vol, III. Advances in interpretation. New York : Grune &
Stratton.
Beck, S.J. (1945) Rorschach’s test vol II. A variety of personality pictures. New York : Grune
& Stratton.
Beck, S.J., Beck, A.G., Levitt, E.E., and Molish, H.B. (1961). Rorschach’s Test Basic Processes.
New York : Gurne & Strattons.
Bohm, E. (1958) A textbook in Rorschach test diagnosis (Tr. by A. Beck & S.J. Beck) New
York : Grune & Stratton.
Cassell, W.A. (1980). Body symbolism and the somatic inkblot series. Alaska, Aurora
Publication.
Cassell, W.A. (1990). Somatic Inkblot Series Manual. Anchorage: Alaska.
Cassell, W.A. (2002) Intellectual struggle in advancing SIS knowledge. SIS Journal of Projective
Psychology & Mental Health,9.1.
Cassell, W.A. (2009) ISIS Portraits of the Inner Mental World Painted by Blog Pooling of
Interpretations. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health,16.2.
Kumari, D., Prakash, J., Singh, A. R., and Chaudhary, S. (2009). Personality Profile of
Schizophrenia and Bipolar, Affective Disorder (Mania) on SIS II. SIS J. Proj. Psy. &
Mental Health,16,134-137.
Exner, J.E. (1974) The Rorschach systems. New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc.
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among Manic and Depressive Patients. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental
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: New York.
Rathee, S.P., and Singh, A. (1996). A comparative study of male and female on Somatic Inkblot
Series-I. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health., 3, 43-49.
Rav, J. (1951) Anatomy responses in the Rorschach test. Journal of Projective Techniques.,
15, 433-43.
Rorschach, H. (1942) Psychodiagnostic, New York : Grune & Stratton.
Mitra, G., and Mukhopadhyay, A. (2000). Psychological factors in drug addicts and normals : A
comparative study SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 7, 53-78.
Singh, M.P., and Dwivedi, P. (1998). A comparative study of managers and students on SIS-II.
SIS Journal of Projective Psychology Mental Health, 5, 63-68.
Singh, A.R., Dubey, B.L., Sahu, L.M., and Banerjee, K.R. (2000). SIS-II profile of murderers.
SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 7, 49-52.
Verma, S.K., Pershad, D. (1985). PGI Health Questionnaire Agra. National Psychological
Corporation.
Note: This paper is a part of Ph.D thesis of first author awarded by Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut
in 2008.
In Pursuit of the Aboriginal Child’s Perspective via a Culture–

free Task and Clinical Interview
Robert B. Williams, Laurence A. French, Nancy Picthall-French and Joan B. Flagg-Williams
Mental health professionals have historically been trained with Eurocentric-derived assessment
procedures and tests for children in North America. A survey of clinical assessment procedures
that could easily be adapted in a cultural-free format for use with Aboriginal children was
undertaken. Among the clinical assessment procedures identified as easily adaptable were the
Goodenough-Harris Draw-A-Person and Draw-A-Family. Un-adapted these clinical assessment
tools tend to be directed toward the Euro-Canadian population and might not be usefully applied
to children in Aboriginal communities. This is true for popular assessment measures such as
the Draw-A-Person and Family protocols. Nonetheless, drawings have proven to be valuable in
facilitating clinical interviews and as outlets for children to express the intent of their emotions.
With this in mind, an approach involving two procedures from the drawings was explored and
found to be helpful in facilitating clinical interviews and learning about Aboriginal children and
their concerns. Draw-Your-Self and Draw-Your-Family tasks were combined with questions
adapted from the questioning approach of the Thematic Apperception Test. The discussion
concludes with a review of the training and experiences needed by a professional intending
to implement this procedure.
Aboriginal and other children are in need of access to mental health assessment procedures
suitable to their culture. The mental health professionals have historically been trained with
Eurocentric-derived assessment procedures and tests for children in North America. In the
early 1990s, Laurence French at Western New Mexico University encountered human service
providers and clinicians in need of cultural-free assessment tasks to evaluate potential abuse
among unilingual Mexican, bilingual Hispanic, and American Indian children (French, 1993).
The least culturally prejudiced assessment procedures French identified were several projective
human figure drawing tasks (HFD) and enquiry procedures from other classical projective tests.
In his original article French did not explicate how or whether he surveyed clinical assessment
procedures and/or tests that could be easily adapted in a cultural-free format. The present survey
of clinical assessment procedures and/or tests that could be easily adapted in a culture-free
format was undertaken in collaboration with Laurence A French and colleagues.
Results and observations of the survey:

First, it is worth noting that the issue of culturally free or fair as applied to the assessment
and testing of intelligence, achievement, and personality has been a topic of concern to
researchers in psychology and education for many years (Anastasi, 1964, 1982; Barabas,
1973; Educational Testing Service, 1990; West, 1962). Also, researchers have considered
cultural-free as applied to assessment and testing as interchangeable with notions such
as cultural-fair and cross-cultural. They have also been confronted with how to define
Robert B. Williams, Crandall University, Box 6004, 333 Gorge Road, Moncton, NB,Canada
E1C 9L7, Email: Robert.Williams@crandallu.ca, Laurence A. French, University of New
Hampshire, Nancy Picthall-French, Franklin School District, NH and Joan B. Flagg-
Williams, Crandall University
Key Words: Aboriginal Child, Culturally Appropriate Assessment, Mental Health Assessment.
In Pursuit of the Aboriginal Child's Perspective 23
cultural free. One definition stated that a cultural-free assessment procedure or test “.
. . has freedom from verbal, content, or emotional loadings that differ among cultures”
(Educational Testing Service, 1990, p. 4). An extrapolated definition from Justman (1967)
defines a cultural-free test as one in which differences in experiences and motivation has
minimal effects on the test results. Anne Anastasi (1964) maintained that in the strictest
sense “culture-free” tests do not exist. Many assessment procedures and tests have
been identified by their authors or publishers as culture-fair (Barabas, 1973; Educational
Testing Service, 1990). Unfortunately, this survey did not result in the identification of
any specific assessment procedures and/or tests that could be regarded as culturally
unprejudiced in their formats.
Interestingly, Anastasi (1982) in her text, Psychological Testing, offers a cue regarding cross-
cultural testing that includes a task that may be implemented with a minimum of influence
from the examiner’s culture. This task is HFD as administered according to the Goodenough
Draw-a-Man Test (Goodenough, 1926). It involved asking a child examinee to “make the very
best picture of a man that you can.” This test was initially used as a measure of children’s
intelligence. It is noteworthy that the test was used by researchers carrying out cross-cultural
and comparative psychological studies (Dennis, 1942; Havighurst et al. 1946; Russell, 1943).
One of these researchers, Wayne Dennis (1942), asserted that: “The Draw-a-man test
suggests itself for use with other cultural groups because the subject to be drawn is universal,
the materials needed are a few and simple and the instructions are easily comprehended” (p.
341). Even in the context of this confidence about the Draw-A-Man Test, Goodenough and
Harris (1950) maintained that achievement of a culture-free test is “illusory” and that the idea
that “mere freedom from verbal requirements renders a test equally suitable for all groups is
no longer tenable” (p. 399).
A revision of the Goodenough test was published in 1963 as the Goodenough-Harris

Drawing Test (Harris, 1963). The revision extended the task from merely asking the child
to draw a picture of a man to asking the child to also draw a picture of a woman and of
oneself. As in the original form of the test, the drawings of the man and the woman were
scored for accuracy of representation and cognitive development. A Self scale was used to
score the child’s drawing of herself/himself as a projective measure of personality. Shortly
after the publication of the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test, Dennis (1966) reported on
Goodenough’s Draw-A-Man Test results for more than 2000 children from 40 different
cultural groups tested between 1929 and 1960. Applying the Goodenough scoring criteria
netted a range of scores from 53 to 125. Dennis attributed the score-differences among
the various cultural groups to environmental influences such as “degrees of acculturation,
Westernization, modernization, and social change” (Dennis, 1966, p. 228). The useful
result of this study was the recognition that differences in children’s drawings could result
from environmental and cultural influences (i.e., what children have been exposed to
or has happened to them). This gives confidence to the notion that what children draw
may provide a view of their perspective of what they have been exposed to or what has
happened to them. It has also been recognized that, “evidence that the child in … drawings
frequently gives outward expressions to … inner life of thoughts and feelings, to … fears
and … desires, to … hopes and … frustrations, is steadily accumulating” (Goodenough
and Harris, 1950, p. 370).
24 Williams, French, French and Williams
Among all the assessment procedures and tests reviewed, the HFD tasks have proven
to be the most versatile and adaptable. These tasks included the Draw-A-Person Test
(Goodenough, 1926; Harris, 1963), House-Tree-Person Test (Buck, 1948), Draw-A-Family Test
(Hulse, 1951, 1952), and Kinetic Family Drawings (Burns and Kaufman, 1970, 1972). Even
though research has not supported the usefulness of HFD tasks as a culture-free measure
of intelligence (Goodenough, 1926) or personality (Harris, 1963; Machover, 1953), they still
appear in research with children. HFD tasks continue to be applied in studies of children’s
concepts of God (Pitts, 1977), intellectual ability (Naglieri, 1988), emotional disturbance
(Naglieri, McNeish, and Bardois, 1991), perceptual motor development (Numminen, Nevala,
Pennanen, and Sääkslahti, 1996), knowledge of internal body parts (Deluca, 1997), possible
sexual abuse victimization (Webster, 2000), school readiness (Vig and Sanders, 2007), and
artistic development (Deaver, 2009; Pitts, 1977).
In this regard, in the early 1990s, French (1993) identified and adapted the projective HFD
tasks as a least culturally prejudiced option that seemed “to work best with minority children .
. .” (p. 17). French (1993), like Dennis (1966) and Goodenough and Harris (1950), recognized
that children can represent their perspectives through their drawings of what they have
been exposed to, what has happened to them and their thoughts and feelings about these
experiences. French also saw that in this context the HFD tasks tend to be more useful when
the scoring criteria are derived from the child’s unique perspective.
French’s adaptation of the DAP and projective tests:

French determined that the least culturally and environmentally prejudiced assessment
tasks were having the child draw herself or himself from the Harris (1963) version of the
Draw-A-Person Test and the Draw-A-Family Test (Hulse, 1951). These drawings were to
provide an initial view of the child’s perspective and may be as Handler (1985) stated “. . . an
excellent springboard for discussion of specific conflict areas” (p. 169). French (1993; French,
Betenbough, & Picthall-French, 1997) offered procedural guidelines for administration of the
Draw-Yourself and Draw-Your Family tasks. These guidelines are restated here from French’s
original article in a modified format (French, 1993, pp. 17-18).
The child should be met with in a comfortable and culturally relevant assessment context at a
time when one is certain the child does not want to be doing something else or be somewhere
else. Have a teacher or teacher’s aide of the same culture as the child present during the
drawing sessions. When possible, use an observation mirror to reduce any influence of cultural
difference. This is helpful when the child and clinician are from different cultures.
Session 1:
The child is asked to draw a picture of herself / himself. Provide crayons, pencils and newsprint
for the child. Permit the child to draw wherever it is most comfortable—table, desk or floor.
The setting should be quiet and comfortable. There is no time limit and the session ends
when the child completes the picture which is passed to the clinician.
Session 2:
Within one to four days after the draw yourself task is completed, the picture is presented to
the child who is asked to tell you about the person in the picture. The intention is to confirm
from the child’s perspective the important features of the drawing and indicators useful for
clinical understanding of the child.
Session 3:
In a context and following procedures similar to those of Session 1, ask the child to draw a
picture of herself/himself and her/his family.
Session 4:
Present the picture of the family and questions based upon the TAT format (Murray, 1971).
Examples of questions whose wording might require modification for the child’s understanding
are: Tell me a story about this family. What is happening in the story? Who is the hero? What
are the people thinking? What are the people feeling? What is the outcome of the story?
Through this procedure examiners can learn about the child’s perception of the situation. It
can provide a basis for social or clinical interventions with a minimum of additional trauma to
the child. A final task is for examiners to reality test the information learned via any projections
in order to rule out any pre-morbid clinical problems prior to any crisis.
There are situations in which children may want to continue to make drawings related to a
traumatic event. Allow the child to draw as many as s/he wishes. Again, those working with
the child need to be aware of the child’s culture and language. Ask the child to explain what
is happening in the drawings. Who are the people? The examiner’s enquiry must be open-
ended so as not to unwittingly lead the child’s responses and contaminate them. An examiner
may also find it helpful to consider the influence of the developmental tasks that the child is
confronting which will vary with child’s age and experience (Gay, Williams, & Flagg-Williams,
1997; Havighurst, 1980).
Training and experience needed:

Assessors intending to administer the HFD task to Aboriginal children ought to have considerable
training, supervision and experience administering, scoring and reporting on projective
procedures—HFD, TAT, and Rorschach Ink Blot procedure—from a diversity perspective. This
scoring and reporting will benefit from an assessor’s ability “. . . to integrate constructs and
processes from social psychological literature and research . . .” (Abraham, 2006, p. 4). The
study of child development with a diversity and cross-cultural perspective is also recommended.
Lastly, assessors will need to have established a relationship with significant members of the
Aboriginal community and the families that they will be caring for (Dana, 1986).
Conclusion:
A survey of clinical assessment procedures that could easily be adapted in a cultural-free format
for use with Aboriginal children was undertaken in this study. The Goodenough-Harris Draw-A-
Person and Draw-A-Family tests were identified for clinical assessment and adaptation. The
paper discusses combining the Draw-Your-Self and Draw-Your-Family tasks with questions
adapted from the questioning approach of the TAT.
26 Williams, French, French and Williams
References:
Abraham, P. P. (2006). The teacher’s block: Personality constructs and social psychology-
conceptual scaffolding. SPA Exchange, 18(1), 4, 13.
Anastasi, A. (1964). Culture-fair testing. Educational Horizons, 43(1), 26-30.
Anastasi, A. (1982). Psychological testing (5th ed.). New York: Macmillan
Barabas, J. (1973). The assessment of minority groups: An annotated bibliography. (ERIC
Document Reproduction Service No. 083 325)
Buck, J. N. (1948). The H-T-P technique: A qualitative and quantitative scoring manual. Journal
of Clinical Psychology, 4, 317-396.
Burns, R. C., & Kaufman, S. H. (1970). Kinetic Family Drawings (K-F-D): An introduction to
understanding children through kinetic drawings. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Burns, R. C., & Kaufman, S. H. (1972). Actions, styles and symbols in Kinetic Family Drawings
(K-F-D): An interpretative manual. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Dana, R. H. (1986). Personality assessment and Native Americans. Journal of Personality
Assessment, 50, 480-500.
Deaver, S. P. (2009). A normative study of children’s drawings: Preliminary research findings.
Art Therapy Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 26, 4-11.
Deluca, P. (1997). What do children know about the interior of the body? A comparison
of two methods of investigation. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED
407 168)
Dennis, W. (1942). The performance of Hopi children on the Goodenough Draw-a-Man Test.
Journal of Comparative Psychology, 34, 341-348.
Dennis, W. (1966). Goodenough scores, art experience, and modernization. The Journal of
Social Psychology, 68, 211-228.
Educational Testing Service. (1990). Culture-fair tests. Annotated bibliography of tests. (ERIC
Document Reproduction Service No. 369 805)
French, L. A. (1993). Adapting projective tests for minority children. Psychological Reports,
72, 15-18.
French, L., Betenbough, T. J., & Picthall-French, N. (1997). When the snake bites: Bibliotherapy
for traumatized Indian children and youth. In L. A. French (Ed.), Counseling American
Indians (pp. 27-75). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Gay, J. E., Williams, R. B., & Flagg-Williams, J. B. (1997). Identifying and assisting
schoolchildren with developmental tasks. Education, 117, 569-578.
Goodenough, F. (1926). Measurement of intelligence by drawings. New York: World Book
Company.
Goodenough, F., & Harris, D. B. (1950). Study in the psychology of children’s drawings: II.
1928-1949. Psychological Bulletin, 47, 369-433.
Handler, L. (1985). The clinical use of the Draw-A-Person Test (DAP). In C. S. Newmark
(Ed.), Major psychological assessment instruments (pp.165-216). Boston, MA: Allyn
and Bacon, Inc.
Harris, D. B. (1963). Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test manual. New York: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich.
Havighurst, R. J. (1980). Social and developmental psychology: Trends influencing the future
of counseling. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 58, 328-333.
Havighurst, R. J., Gunther, M. K., & Pratt, I. E. (1946). Environment and the Draw-a-Man Test: The
performance of Indian children. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 41, 50-63.
Hulse, W. C. (1951). The emotionally disturbed child draws his family. Quarterly Journal of
Child Behavior, 3, 152-174.
Hulse, W. C. (1952). Childhood conflict expressed through family drawings. Journal of
Projective Techniques, 16: 66-79.
Justman, J. (1967). Assessing the intelligence of disadvantaged children. Education, 87,
354-362.
Machover, K. (1953). Human figure drawings of children. Journal of Projective Techniques &
Personality Assessment, 17, 85-91.
Murray, H. A. (1971). Thematic Apperception Test manual. Boston, MA: Harvard University
Press.
Naglieri, J. A. (1988). Draw A Person: A quantitative scoring system. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson
Canada Assessment.
Naglieri, J. A., McNeish, T. J., & Bardois, A. N. (1991). Draw A Person: Screening procedure
for emotional disturbance. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Canada Assessment.
Numminen, P., Nevala, N., Pennanen, M., & Sääkslahti, A. (1996). Human figure drawing
as a representative medium of perceptual motor development among 3-to 5-year-old
children. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. 400 095)
Pitts, V. P. (1977). Concept development and the development of the concept of God in the
child: A bibliography. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. 135 487)
Russell, R. W. (1943). The spontaneous and instructed drawings of Zuni children. Journal
of Comparative Psychology, 35, 11-15.
Vig, S., & Sanders, M. (2007). Cognitive assessment. In M. R. Brassard & A. E. Boehm
(Eds.), Preschool assessment: Principles and practices (pp. 383-419). New
York: The Guilford Press.
Webster, R. E. (2000). Identifying sexually abused children using human figure drawings.
(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 444 099)
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‘It might be what I am’: Looking at the use of Rorschach in

Psychological Assessment
Rui C. Campos
The paper emphasizes the importance of projective methods in psychological assessment and
places these methods in the context of other psychological assessment instruments. The clinical
status of Rorschach test and the administration, coding, structural summary and interpretation of
Exner’s Comprehensive System is discussed here. Two clinical cases following content analysis
are also discussed in the paper.
Projective methods and psychological assessment:

Projective techniques are powerful tools in the psychological assessment process, specifically
in personality assessment (Marques, 1994). In my opinion, no psychological assessment is
possible without the use of at least one projective technique. There are two opposite ways of
thinking about the test situation, specifically, and the psychological assessment process, in
general. One is based on a concern for the objectivity, avoiding anything that is subjective.
There is a behavior that favors the use of instruments, considered psychometrically suitable.
This attitude leads to see the person as a set of numbers resulting from intra-and inter-individual
comparisons. On the other hand, we have a fundamental attitude of looking for the subjectivity
and individuality of the person. The psychologist refuses any instrument which only aims to
seek ‘the objectivity’ (Marques, 1994).
However, we must not forget that the ultimate goal of the testing is to get close to the “psychological
truth” of the person who is being assessed, harmonizing and mastering theories and methods.
The psychologist should not be merely a test user, but a kind of expert who decides what is
needed and should be done in a particular case. Psychological assessment should allow a true
interpretation of the data; it is not only a science, but also an art. In this regard, Cates (1999)
claims that books and journal articles explore much of the science of psychological assessment.
The role of inference and intuition is, at best, approached as something secondary. But the task
of interpreting data in a meaningful, accurately and inclusive way, and the “transformation” of
the results and their interpretation on something that might be useful to address the issues that
triggered the assessment and the client needs, is still an art.
Still according to Cates, there is a growing need to increase the accuracy of the tests, which
is observed through an increasing emphasis on validity and in the quality of the samples to
obtain normative data. But this preoccupation should not, in any way, overshadow the need
and importance of judgments and clinical knowledge; the art of assessment. The psychologist
who performs the assessment must match clinical judgment and inference with test results.
And, the projective technique is a privileged instrument in this direction.
Rui C. Campos, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, University of Évora, Apartado 94, 7702–
554, Évora, Portugal, Tel.: (+351) 266768050, Fax: (+351) 266768073, E-mail: rcampos@
uevora.pt; (With small changes this text was presented in a conference in the University of
Évora, Portugal)
Key Words: Psychological Assessment, Projective Methods, Rorschach Comprehensive
System, Content Analysis
It might be what I am 29
What is a projective method?:

What are the characteristics that allow us to distinguish projective technique from other
personality assessment instruments, like personality questionnaires? It is said that projective
techniques have ambiguous stimuli, which are built in a way so that the person is encouraged
to respond by interpreting and projecting his or her personality traits. Also they would evoke
responses of fantasy and responses that do not have the status of right or wrong.
Despite all of this being true in part, these are not the basic characteristics that define a
projective method. Lindzey (1961) has emphasized five primary criteria as basic features of
a projective method:
1. The first, criterion is that the “projective techniques are sensitive to unconscious
or latent aspects of personality”, aspects that the subject does not know, and
therefore cannot reveal in a questionnaire.
2. The second criterion is “ It permits the subject a multiplicity of responses”, ie,

the subject has ‘freedom’ to answer what he or she wants, is not confined
to a limited number of response alternatives, as in a questionnaire. Actually,
this is not completely true. This may be a debatable issue. I confine myself to
say that the initial instruction is restrictive; not everything is ‘permitted to the
person’.
3. The third criterion is, the multi-dimensionality of the responses, or in another

words, the same answers contribute to understand different personality aspects.
For example, we can assess simultaneously the subject’s self-concept, how
he or she modulates emotions and ideational aspects, among others.
4. The fourth criterion is the lack of subject’s awareness of the purpose of the
test, or at least of which aspects of personality is being assessed by these
responses. For example, the person would not know that the systematic use
of black color in the Rorschach responses can be related to the presence of
a marked negative affectivity.
5. The fifth criterion is the profusion and richness of the response data they elicit,
the richness of psychological data that can be obtained by means of a projective
method, enabling a holistic analysis of personality.
Despite their wide implementation in some ‘schools’ of psychological assessment, projective

methods were and still are, as mentioned by Silva (1986), much criticized. This criticism to
projective methods led to an inappropriate division between objective tests and projective
tests. Exner (1986) stresses that it is not the fact that a test is projective or not that explains the
lack of quality as a measurement instruments, but the fact that no psychometric requirements
were taken into account in its construction.
Projective techniques cannot be considered tests in a strict psychometric sense. They are
methods, rather than tests, allowing an exploration of various aspects of personality. This
is, for example, what Weiner (1997) says about Rorschach, which allows the examiner to
collect different types of personality data. The goal is not to measure, but to know and to
30 Campos
understand. Used under these assumptions, projective methods could stay almost protected
from criticism.
As far as their advantages, we think in the richness of information that can be obtained and the
holistic and integrative nature of the analysis that are possible to perform from the protocols,
but also in the fact that they are indirect measures, contrary to personality inventories and
questionnaires. They provide information that otherwise would be unavailable, simply because
the person has no access to it, is not aware of certain psychological characteristics or do not
want to reveal them for example, when he or she wants to fake the results of the assessment.
These two aspects, as well as the relativity of the criticisms, make, in our opinion, projective
methods, or at least some of them, indispensable methods and methods of excellence for
the assessment of personality. The richness and the contribution of projective methods for
the understanding of personality are very important.
There are several types of projective techniques. Perhaps the best known is the Rorschach,
a type of structural or associative technique, in which the subject is asked to respond to the
stimulus with the first thing he or she sees and TAT and CAT, belonging to the so-called thematic
or construction techniques, because the person is invited to construct, in this particular case,
stories based on a series of images. The emphasis is on the final product, not in the construction
process. But there are still other types of projective methods, such as the completion and the
choice or ordering techniques. Finally we have the expression techniques, as drawings and
paintings (Lindzey, 1961).
The Rorschach as a projective method:

But let us focus now on the Rorschach method which is one of the oldest personality assessment
instruments (Silva, 1986) with almost 90 years since its publication. It is one of the more regarded
personality assessment instrument and also one of the most widely used projective techniques, if
not the most used. However, its value comes not from its antiquity, but from its well documented
ability to account for human psychological functioning (Weiner, 1997).
The Rorschach consists of 10 cards. The inkblots are open, non-figurative stimulus (to be
defined by each person). This does not preclude that there are parts of the inkblots that
are very often identified with a particular percept, for example the butterfly in card I, which
mostly caused the test to become known. The inkblots are distributed symmetrically around
a central axis as a result of its construction procedure. Some of the inkblots are dense, with
a well-defined axis (e.g. card I) favoring the projection of the human body, others are more
dispersed, with a bilateral configuration (e.g. card III) which evokes the representation of the
relationship. Moreover, the inkblots can be distinguished also by being more ‘open’ (eg card
VII), symbolically associated with the representation of female and maternal object, or being
more ‘closed’, compacted with some appendages, symbolically related to phallic references
(cards IV and VI ). There are still the chromatic properties, color and shading of the cards,
which evoke responses in a form of affection and also of sensations. The presence of red on
cards II and III can trigger instinctual movements relating to aggression or sexuality. Note the
cultural match between the red color of blood and emotions. The pastel colors (cards VIII, IX
and X) are considered to induce affections and to trigger responses that show the quality of
relationships of the person with his or her environment (Fernandes, 1994a).
According to Weiner (1997) the Rorschach test should be seen primarily as a multifaceted
method rather than as a personality test, since its interpretation is not based solely on results
and indexes, although these may be very important. It is a measure of personality functioning
“(Weiner, 2002, personal communication). In this sense it would be a test, but it is more than
simply a test because their usefulness is not limited to the use of quantitative data, allowing
for other interpretation strategies, based upon several theoretical frame works. Rorschach is a
method to collect data and to produce hypothesis about personality. It allows the psychologist
to characterize personality, understand the mental functioning. In the case of pathology it
makes possible to know if something is not right in a given personality and what, but also
understand why, which makes the Rorschach a unique assessment instrument. (Fernandes,
1994b) On the other hand, a personality test has an underlying theory. The Rorschach does
not. Its data can be interpreted by different theoretical frameworks.
With the administration of the Rorschach test we can collect structural, thematic and behavioral
data, which can be used both qualitatively and quantitatively, and can be interpreted using
different theoretical perspectives (Weiner, 1997). The structural data relate to responses
coding (e.g. locations of the responses), the fantasy or thematic data are the responses
contents, which provide information about the most underlying personality characteristics,
and behavioral data relates to the behaviors of the person during the administration of the
test. Examples of the latest type are: how does the individual grabs the cards, how he or
she starts the responses (example: “It’s a bat” and “Maybe you can say that looks a lot like a
bat, at least in some parts” are completely different in an interpretation point of view). What
is the most important type of information? Weiner (2002, personal communication) says: “I
do not know,” one cannot know; it depends on the protocol. For example, in some cases
the structural summary is very rich and informative in other cases is poor, but the content of
responses is important.
Rorschach can be conceptualized according to different theoretical perspectives, and perceived

as appealing to different mechanisms or psychological operations, which allows that different
systems had been developed, systems that conceptualize Rorschach more as a perceptual-
cognitive task or more as a stimulus for fantasy, an associative task (Erdberg and Exner,
1984). This is a continuum in which the different systems lie somewhere; they are never in
the extremes of this continuum.
According to the perspective that sees Rorschach as a perceptual task, to respond to the test
involves mainly structuring and organizing unstructured and ambiguous stimuli, and provides
information on how individuals would behave in identical real situations, where the same
structural and organizational operations would be required. For example, individuals who
perceptually separate the inkblots into parts and then combine or relate them will proceed
similarly in everyday life situations, in face of other perceptual stimuli. What is important in
this perspective are not the words of the response, but its structure, the elements or structural
components of the response as the location, cited earlier, the determinants, etc. The goal is
the prediction of behavior. The responses are samples of behavior. The task of responding
to the Rorschach is a problem solving prototypical situation, in which is involved attention,
perception and memory.
The other extreme perspective argues that to respond to the Rorschach implies that the
32 Campos
individual projects on the stimuli (inkblots) material concerning his or her internal states,
and that the responses reveal the symbolic aspects of the internal dynamics. The interest
is in the words and symbols, and the verbalizations are used to explain why people tend to
behave in particular ways. This perspective sees the Rorschach as a projective task involving
mainly association and symbolization. The interest is in the motivations, concerns, needs
and fantasies of the individual. The focus is on the response content and the sequence of
responses on each card, etc.
Let us now see why the Rorschach may be important in practical contexts, including clinical
ones, presenting a few notes on the clinical status of the Rorschach (Weiner, 1997). The
status of a clinical assessment instrument is mainly determined by the goals (purposes) that
are expected it can achieve in practice, so, it has to do with what users of the Rorschach can
do with the data it provides. It can be said there are four major tasks that may be clinically
relevant and be attributable to an assessment instrument: personality description, differential
diagnosis, treatment planning and prediction of behavior.
Regarding the description of the personality, we can obtain data on the structure and also on
the dynamics of personality. Regarding differential diagnosis, the Rorschach is useful only to
the extent that the different psychopathological conditions are isolated from the viewpoint of
personality characteristics that are specific to them and then, some Rorschach variables can
be used to identify the presence of those characteristics and therefore identify a given condition
and differentiate it from others. As concerning treatment planning, it has been demonstrated
the Rorschach ability in this area. Finally with regard to behavior prediction, the Rorschach is
not and does not pretend to be, by nature, a predictive tool, but it provides some information
which may be helpful to predict certain aspects of future behavior. It depends on what you
want to predict. The Rorschach data formulated in terms of personality traits may contribute
to a conservative estimate of potential behaviors. For example, it is thought that people whose
responses to the Rorschach identify a marked anger and resentment, low impulse control, an
extratensive coping style, a dislike for passivity and dependence, and a reduced self-critical
ability, will be in greater risk than most people to have aggressive behavior toward others.
The Rorschach Comprehensive System:

Let us now consider a Rorschach system - the Rorschach Comprehensive System (RCS
– Exner, 2003, 2005) in particular and present some practical aspects relating to the
administration, coding and. interpretation. This system was created by Exner in the 70s and
has suffered several upgrades. It combines a content based interpretation, typical of systems
such as the French school system, with a strong structural component analysis. The system
is called comprehensive because it retains the more consistent and empirically defensible
aspects, according to reliability and validity criteria, of the five American systems and the
research they have performed, and had also been build based on the thousands of published
studies about Rorschach (see Silva, 1986, 1987, 1994).
Regarding the administration procedure, the examiner would be just recording verbatim the
responses and avoid creating response trends. The seating is made side by side, and never
face to face, to “reduce the influence… of non-verbal signals or clues that inadvertently the
examiner produces” (Silva, 1994, p. 505). The administration has two phases. The first is
the response phase. At this stage the examiner gives the cards, one by one, to the examinee
and the initial instruction is: “What might that be?”. During the administration procedure all
disruption should be avoided to the maximum. The ideal situation is to be in silence.
After the response phase, comes the inquiry. The inquiry must clarify three fundamental
questions: “Where did the person see?” and “What were the features of the inkblot that made
the examinee to see the percept?”. Where and how, are the most important questions? What
the person saw is the third question, which will be answered, in the majority of the situations,
more easily and with no questions. No more information is needed; we just need to clarify
the answers given during the response phase.
After the inquiry, comes coding the responses. Exner talks about coding, not about scoring,
because it involves the allocation of symbols, the response translation into symbols, and not
the assignment of numbers or scores. The coding consists of several segments: location,
developmental quality, determinants, form quality, content(s), popular content, organizational
activity and special scores, critical and noncritical. Not all segments are presented in all
responses. However, location, developmental quality, determinant (s) and content (s) are
required for all responses.
The location is always coded with the developmental quality, which denotes the cognitive
elaboration of the response. For example, when the examinee views two or more objects
and at least one of them with a specific form demand in a significant relationship the code +
is assigned. If the response contains only one object or more than one object without being
in a relationship with a specific form demand, it is coded with o.
Determinants, on the other hand, are features of the inkblot that determine the response, such
as color, the attribution of movement, reflection based on the symmetry, shape, shading, etc.
It includes the pair when the examinee sees two identical items using the symmetry of the
inkblot. The form quality has to do with the fitness of the percept to the inkblot. In this case,
normative data are essential to code this element. For example, in a form quality point of view,
it is more appropriate to see a bird on card I (in the whole inkblot) than a stomach.
Some of content categories in the RCS are H - whole human, (H), fictional or mythological
whole human, Bl - blood, A - whole animal; Hd - human detail; Bt - botanic, An - anatomy,
Sc - science; Ex - Explosion, Id - ideographic content – when a percept does not fit in any of
the standard content categories.
The organizational activity refers to the effort or energy expended in the process of perceptual
organization when giving the response. This is the only element of coding which is scored with
numeric values presented in the system workbook. Everyone realizes that it is different and
more difficult to say, for example, “two dogs fighting,” because it is necessary to establish a
significant relationship between different parts of the inkblot than just “an inkblot,” because
an inkblot can has any form, or even a “dog”, because no relationship between parts of the
inkblot is established. Likewise, it is more difficult to organize the inkblot as a whole than to
give a response in an ‘obvious’ detail area. Also, it is more difficult to give a whole response
to card X for example, than to card I, which is less dispersed.
In some responses one can still code a popular content, which are responses that were given
34 Campos
by at least one third of the individuals of the normative sample. There are 13 popular responses
in the RCS, distributed by the various cards. When the proportion of popular responses in a
protocol is much higher than the mean, this strongly suggests a very conventional individual.
Its locations and the specific contents are described in the workbook.
A final element which can be coded in some responses is the special scores that sign the
presence of rare and special features of the responses.
Take the example of two responses and their coding:
Card II:
Response: “Two Dogs”
Inquiry
E- R.r.
S-”Here are two dogs, their heads and legs. They are fighting and have blood in the body.
They are red in here, injured.”
Coding: D+ FMa.CFo (2) A,Bl P 3.0 AG,MOR
Card IX:
Response: “A flower arrangement”
Inquiry
E-Rr,
S-”Here in the whole, it is beautiful, has many colors, green, orange, and has some of its
form”
Coding: Wo CFo Bt 5.5
People do not always give spontaneously in the inquiry all the information needed to code the
response, as presented in the examples, so it is often necessary to question. There are rules
for questioning which are mentioned in the workbook. After coding the protocol, we must obtain
the structural summary. The structural summary was created to facilitate the summarization
of the protocol data before the interpretation. The main page contains frequency values of
the different codes assigned to the responses, such as the frequency of human contents in
the protocol, for example, and a series of indexes derived from the frequency of codes, for
example, the percentage of responses coded with a poor form.
Finally, comes the interpretation, which “requires instruction, practice and experience, and more
specifically, knowledge of personality theories, expertise and knowledge of psychopathology
and of the test itself” (Silva, 1987). It requires a well administered and coded test. The
interpretation is global and holistic, taking into account all the protocol data. Besides the
analysis of structural data (the structural summary), the analysis of the response content and
their possible symbolic implications is considered in a second phase of the process. Cassell
and Dubey(2003) have given detailed interpretation of symbolic and content interpretation
of Rorschach and Somatic Inkblot Images with detailed case presentation published in
every issue of SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health(1994-2010, www.
somaticinkblots.com).
Using Rorschach in the analysis of two clinical cases:

Two clinical cases are presented to show how the Rorschach ‘can be a microscope’ that
allows us to look directly at mental functioning if used properly, and how the content analysis
of responses can be extremely important, as a complement to structural analysis.
Case 1:
Mr. F. comes for assessment by recommendation of a neurologist. He is 13 years old boy,
with a funny and intelligent expression, smiling and looking at me straight. He looks younger
like a child, skinny, little and affectionate. He collaborates in the assessment, responds to all
the requested tasks smoothly and quietly. The aim of the assessment was to clarify whether
this teen would benefit from special education. His school performance is mediocre, although
his intellectual level tends to be higher than average. He is in 6th grade for the third time. The
Portuguese and Math are the disciplines in which he has more difficulties. He does not like
school. He complains about concentration and memory and also of frequent headaches in
the past months. He is afraid of not being able to learn, in his own words “to be stupid.” His
past history does not point out any significant psychopathology. He has been a sociable and
happy child.
Several cognitive and personality tests were administered. Noteworthy, there are no major
cognitive problems. The school difficulties seem clearly the result of emotional dysfunction. It is
an excellent example of how such as learning difficulties often have their causes in something
that has nothing to do with lack of cognitive strategies. It appears obvious that this adolescent
is experiencing a developmental crisis. The fear and simultaneously the desire to grow up;
he is in ‘nobody’s land’, between taking a new developmental step, the adolescence phase,
or ‘return’ to childhood, to take a ‘refuge in the nest of dependency’. Quoting Fleming (1997),
on one hand the behavior of autonomy is widely desired by the teen, but it is also both a
source of anxiety and insecurity.
Let’s see a response he has given on Rorschach card IX “A tree”. In the inquiry, he said:
“Here is the trunk, green leaves and the dried leaves [dried?]. Ye, they are like dried, are
falling, and others are germinating under them”. Symbolically, also in himself dried leaves are
starting to fall, the body is starting to change, but he is very afraid of the green leaves that
are there, now, the adolescence changes, the new, the unknown, although he is expectant.
This response shows perfectly the problematic issue of this young boy. These concerns,
this ambivalence, the fear and simultaneously the desire to grow up makes him impossible
to concentrate, gives him headaches, do not let him to be in school. It is this psychological
paradox that ‘haunts him’.
Case 2:
Let’s see another example of how the response content can be extremely important. Ms. M.
J. comes to psychological assessment by request of her psychiatrist, who is concerned with
the possibility that a psychotic process is beginning. She is 22 years old. She had already
been assessed by a psychologist some time ago, but she could not specify how long. The
interview reveals strong defense mechanisms of denial and projection, in which guilt is
projected outside her, on other persons, and reveals also a speech marked by suspicion,
36 Campos
sensitivity, paranoid traits, yet rational. No evident bizarre behaviors were reported, at least,
initially. The ‘accusations’ are ‘logical’ and plausible. Toward the end of the interview more
marked disturbances of thought and references to bizarre behavior become apparent. A
delusion less systematically organized appears after 1h and 20 minutes of interview. She
assigns her “bad luck” to witchcraft and “evil” that a woman, in her building, did to her parents
and eventually felled on her. She reveals then some psychological distress and suffering - feels
a lack of self-esteem, feels sad and resigned. The guilt, her anger and hostility are projected,
so she is not aware of them, despite we can understand her anger towards the consecutive
failures in her life, difficulties in personal relationships and remoteness and detachment that
ultimately provokes on others. She has also serious doubts about her identity, about her role
as a woman and a marked dependency. She lives almost exclusively in accordance with her
mother’s guidelines and is unable to have a more or less independent life. ‘She lives with her
mother and for her mother’.
She took the Rorschach with great difficulties, ‘entered’ relatively poor on the task, hesitates,
looks uncomfortable and suspicious, and gives two responses to the first card, though much
significant from the standpoint of the content.
The first response is “The other time I also did this exam, this test, what this reminds me of? I
cannot say anything (long pause) nothing comes to my mind [?] Maybe a little old lady, sticked
to another one, and two ... two what? They want to take them. This is their hands, their feet,
the body, and an old woman and someone which wants to take them, but who? Two ghosts,
two… I do not know, want to take them, ye (pause)”. In the inquiry she says: “Or maybe they
want to separate them from one another, making an operation [? Where] here, these two, one
on one side and another on the other side, the head with a kind of scarf, this is the hands, this
is the suit of them, and these are someone who wants to make a transformation in their lives,
take them to somewhere or to perform an operation (a surgery), they are glued”.
The second response: “Those animals like beetles, not beetles, betrechian [it is not a typo],
batrachian, I do not know, I do not see anything.” In the inquiry, she says: “May be its skeleton,
they have no skeleton, but the way it is here ... here are the arms or the legs, down here
is the tip of the tail, and then up here has to do with the eyes or with the mouth (has much
difficulty in showing the location). [skeleton]. After that I said it is not, but I do not know if it
has a skeleton or not; animal structure”.
These two responses speak for themselves. The first, despite being adequate from a perceptive
point of view, shows the problematic issue of this woman. It shows clearly a poor and fussy
relationship with a bad object but the malignant characteristics of this object are, however,
projected, in a paranoid ideation and it also shows doubts relating to her identity. In the second
response M. J. manifests a severe cognitive disorganization. The answer has a poor form
quality and has two critical special scores. It reveals not only ‘a violation’ of reality, but also
an obvious thought disturbance and, from the standpoint of the content, reveals a need to
focus on the body structure, on a support structure, which is however flawed, strange, little
container, still reveals mark doubts about her identity and the danger of fragmentation and
psychotic disorganization.
Some epistemological notes:

I add now some epistemological notes that I had already the opportunity to draw on a previous
paper (Campos, 2004). What happens or should happen in psychological assessment is a

movement toward the other, the subject, and a more or less immediate return, a cyclical
movement, an empathic movement, just close enough to the person, but a dynamic attitude,
attuned by an affection and trust tone, in which the psychologist mirrors the image of the
other, mirroring that allows at the same time the projection of that same image, which in turn
will be the object of the clinician’s intuition for the above mentioned empathic movement,
and at the same time reflexive movement, in a closed loop, but not static, and therefore, in
reality, only half-closed.
Clinician and patient in a dialectic movement in which the absence of an excessive need of
the psychologist to understand (which it is legitimate), will enable the patient to reveal himself
or herself, in his or her psychological depth, so he or she can be understood, contained;
because only then the assessment process makes sense, as a primer process or sub-process
of another, more global process, which is the psychological treatment; addressing and helping
to modify the subject problems, his or her psychological distress. ‘Him / her, the patient, me,
the psychologist, us; now me, now you…‘. It is like that, we think the assessment process
should be; at a close enough distance.
And it is precisely this attitude that I think is compatible with the use of projective techniques
and the Rorschach. It is this attitude which allows that the instruction of the Rorschach “What
might that be” can be, in fact, responded by the subject of the assessment in a maximum
likelihood, giving meaning to the title of this presentation: “It might be what I am…”
Conclusion:
Projective techniques are powerful tools in the psychological assessment process, specifically
in personality assessment. They are sensitive to unconscious or latent aspects of personality
and permit the subject a multiplicity of responses. The responses can be analyzed in a multi-
dimensionality perspective, the subject’s is not aware of the purpose of the test and there
is a profusion and richness of the response data they elicit. The richness of psychological
data that can be obtained by means of a projective method enables a holistic analysis of
personality. Despite their wide implementation in some ‘schools’ of psychological assessment,
projective methods were and still are, much criticized. But projective techniques cannot be
considered tests in a strict psychometric sense. They are methods, rather than tests, allowing
an exploration of various aspects of personality. Rorschach is one of the more regarded
personality assessment instrument and also one of the most widely used projective techniques.
There are several Rorschach systems and the method can be conceptualized according
to different theoretical perspectives, and perceived as appealing to different mechanisms
or psychological operations, more as a perceptual-cognitive task or more as a stimulus for
fantasy, an associative task. With the administration of the Rorschach we can collect structural,
thematic and behavioral data, which can be interpreted using different theoretical perspectives.
The clinical status of the Rorschach has been largely demonstrated. One of the most popular
Rorschach systems is the Exner’s Rorschach Comprehensive System. According to Exner,
the interpretation is global and holistic, taking into account all the protocol data. Besides
the analysis of structural data (which is very important in this system, the interpretation of
structural summary variables), the analysis of the response content and their possible symbolic
implications is considered in a second phase of the process. Content analysis in a powerful tool
38 Campos
to look directly at the mental functioning and the content analysis can be extremely important,
as a complement to structural analysis. If used properly Rorschach method allows a deep
and meaningful assessment of the person.
References:
Cates, J. A. (1999). The art of assessment in psychology: Ethics, expertise, and validity.
Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 631-6441
Cassell,W.A.and Dubey, B.L.(2003) Interpreting Inner World through Somatic Imagery. SIS
Center, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK 99517
Exner Jr, J. E. (1986). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System; Basic Foundations (Vol 1,
2ª ed). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exner, J. E., Jr. (2003). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System (Vol 1): Basic foundations
and principles of interpretation (4rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons
Exner, J. E., Jr. (2005). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System (Vol 2): Advanced
interpretation (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons
Erdberg, P. and Exner, J. (1984). Rorschach Assessment. In G. Goldstein & M. Hersen (Eds.),
Handbook of Psychological Assessment (pp. 332-347). New York: Pergamon Press.
Fernandes, I. B. (1994a). Rorschach e psicopatologia. Análise Psicológica, 12(4),
463-468.
Fernandes, I. (1994b). O conceito de projecção e as técnicas projectivas: A sua tradução no
Rorschach e no TAT. Análise Psicológica, 12(4), 441-445.
Lindzey, G. (1961). Projective techniques and cross-cultural research. New York: Apleton-
Century Crofts
Marques, M. E. (1994). Do desejo de saber ao saber do desejo: Contributos para a
caracterização da situação projectiva. Análise Psicológica, 12(4), 431-439
Silva, D. R. (1986a). Reflexões sobre algumas características das técnicas projectivas. Jornal
de Psicologia, 5 (3), 20-22
Silva, D. R. (1986b). Exner e a reposição do teste de Rorschach. Revista Portuguesa de
Pedagogia, 20, 135-168.
Silva, D. R. (1987). O Sistema Integrativo do Rorschach (SIR) de John E. Exner, Jr. Revista
Portuguesa de Psicologia, 23, 189-238.
Silva, D. R. (1994). Metodologia de investigação e novos avanços no Sistema Integrativo do
Rorschach (S.I.R.). Análise Psicológica, 4(12), 493-510.
SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health (1994-2010) Website: www.
somaticinkblots.com
Weiner. I. B. (1997). Current status of the Rorschach Inkblot Method. Journal of Personality
Assessment, 68(1): 5-19.
39
Poly-trauma Survivors: Assessment using

Rating Scales and SIS - II
Suprakash Chaudhury, P.S. Murthy, Amitav Banerjee, Dolly Kumari, Sarika Alreja
Soldiers with poly-trauma are reported to suffer serious psychological disorders. However,
little is known about psychological distress associated with poly-trauma in Indian security
force personnel. The present study aimed to assess psychological distress associated with
poly-trauma in Indian security force personnel. The study included 100 consecutive poly-
trauma patients and 100 normal subjects. All the subjects were screened using General
Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), Carroll Rating
Scale for Depression (CRSD), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Impact of Events Scale
(IES), Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI), Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ),
The Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) and the SIS- II. As compared to normal subjects
the poly-trauma patients obtained significantly higher scores on the GHQ, CRSD, IES and
MFI but not on the MAST, STAI, and SWLS. Poly-trauma patients had a significantly higher
prevalence of psychiatric disorders (34), depression (41%) and alcohol problems (24%).
The results indicate that psychological intervention would greatly facilitate the management
of these patients.
As early as 1919, medical professionals started tracking a psychological condition

among combat veterans of World War I known as “shell shock.” Veterans were suffering
from symptoms such as fatigue and anxiety, but science could offer little in the way of
effective treatment. Although there remains much more to learn, our understanding of
war’s invisible wounds has dramatically improved. In this era of modern warfare, Security
force personnel are sustaining new and complex injuries - the majority of which are blast-
related. In combat, sources of blast injury include improvised explosive devices (IEDs),
artillery, rocket and mortar shells, mines, booby traps, aerial bombs and rocket propelled
grenades. Poly-trauma is a term coined as part of the traumatic injuries inflicted upon
soldiers. Simply defined as a condition in which the soldier exhibits serious and multiple
physical and psychological injuries. From burns to amputations, from cuts, breaks and
disease to psychological implications ranging from depression, anxiety, post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) and even hypervigilence. For these soldiers, the diagnosis of
poly-trauma is often made. Given the possible effects of explosions on the human body,
it is not surprising that blast injuries are often “poly-traumatic.” Injured body systems and
structures include auditory/vestibular, eye, orbit, face, respiratory, digestive, circulatory,
central nervous system, renal/urinary tract, extremity, soft tissue, mental health, and
pain. Particularly common is Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). It has been estimated that over
Dr. (Col) Suprakash Chaudhury, MD, Ph.D., Prof & Head, Dept of Psychiatry, RINPAS,
Kanke, Ranchi, Dr (Lt Col) PS Murthy, MD, Consultant Psychiatrist, Bangalore,
Dr. (Col) Amitav Banerjee, M.D., Professor of Community Medicine, P.D.Y. Patil Medical
College, Pune, Dolly Kumari and Sarika Alreja, Research Scholars, Clinical Psych.,
Ranchi Institute of Neuropsychiatry & Allied Sciences (RINPAS), Kanke, Ranchi-834 006,
(Correspondence: Dr. Suprakash Chaudhury E-mail: suprakashch@gmail.com)
Key Words : SIS in Polytrauma Patients, Polytrauma Patients, Psychological Morbidity,
Alcohol Dependence.
40 Chaudhury, Murthy, Banerjee, Kumari and Alreja
60% of blast-injuries result in TBI and TBI has been labeled the “signature injury” in the
Global War on Terror. In some ways, the high incidence of poly-trauma is in fact a sign
of medical advancement, for in previous wars, soldiers with such multiple damage types
simply did not survive in most cases, even if quickly transferred into hospital care. The
downside is however that many of the victims, though surviving, will never fully regain
their physical or mental form. They are also prone to psychological complications. In view
of the above the US Department of Veterans affairs Poly-trauma / Blast Related Injuries
quality enhancement research initiative aims to promote the successful rehabilitation,
psychological adjustment and community re-integration of individuals who have sustained
poly-trauma and blast-related injuries. It has both clinical and implementation science
goals. Its highest priority clinical goals are to ensure that blast-exposed veterans receive
screenings and evaluation for high frequency “invisible” problems, including TBI, PTSD and
other psychiatric problems, pain, and sensory loss (vestibular, hearing, visual impairments)
(Brenner et al, 2009; Baranyi et al, 2010; Hicks et al, 2010; Keel and Trentz, 2005; Lew
et al, 2010) .
According to a landmark 2008 RAND study, nearly 20 percent of Iraq and Afghanistan
veterans screen positive for PTSD or depression (Tanielian and Jaycox, 2008). A major
challenge to treating troops and veterans with TBI and/or PTSD is the fact that these
two conditions are hard to distinguish. PTSD is strongly associated with a wide array of
physical health problems, (Boscarino,2004; Hoge et al, 2007) and a study has suggested
that infantry soldiers’ lasting symptoms like fatigue and even dizziness “could be attributed
largely to PTSD and depression, rather than brain injuries themselves.” (Hoge et al, 2008).
As a result, it is often unclear if a service member is suffering primarily from biological
damage to the brain or a psychological injury. Another effect of troops’ mental health
injuries has been an increase in drug and alcohol abuse (Jacobson et al., 2008). Rates
of marital stress and suicide are all increasing. PTSD, TBI and major depression are
treatable conditions, particularly when the symptoms are recognized early. Unfortunately,
many troops and veterans have not been screened for neurological and psychological
injuries and do not have access to high-quality health care. According to RAND, about 57
percent of those reporting a probable TBI had not been evaluated for a brain injury, only
about half of troops screening positive for PTSD or major depression had sought help,
and trauma patients leads to much unalleviated and avoidable suffering to the patient.
In addition, maladaptive behavior due to anxiety, depression, acute and chronic brain
syndromes, psychoses and substance abuse may modify the clinical presentation and
complicate the management of the underlying medical or surgical condition. Regarding
the psychological effects of accidents, a follow-up study of 188 consecutive road accident
victims with multiple injuries found that nearly one-fifth experienced an acute stress
syndrome, characterized by mood disturbance and horrific memories of the accident.
Disabling phobic travel anxiety was present in 14% of road accident victims, with post-
traumatic stress disorder manifesting in 11%. Moreover, evidence of psychological squeal
was present even among those with relatively minor injury (Mayou et al, 1993). Similarly
assessment of 363 consecutive admissions to a trauma service (excluding TBI) revealed
that over 20% of the group met the criteria for at least one psychiatric diagnosis 12 months
after their injury. Comorbidity was common, with the most frequent being PTSD with major
depressive disorder (O’Donnell et al, 2004). The injuries has not only increased psychiatric
Poly-trauma Survivors 41
disability but, also increased in psychological distress (Li et al, 2001).
Though the psychological distress consequent to poly-trauma is expected, it has not been
systematically studied in Indian security forces engaged in LIC operations. As is well known
the Indian Security forces have been almost continuously engaged in LIC operations
for the past six decades. The complexity and sophistication of tactics and weaponry of
the enemy has kept pace with global trends and blast injuries are occurring on a daily
basis. In fact only one Indian study assessed PTSD in poly-trauma patients while a few
studies have focused on psychological distress following severe limb injuries (Dubey et
al, 1977; Chaudhury et al, 1998; Chaudhury et al, 2009). Saldhana et al (1996) reported
that 24.3% of 601 poly-trauma patients from LIC had PTSD. Despite the evidence from
clinical case series for the existence of post-traumatic psychological syndromes in poly-
trauma victims, the lack of a comparison group in this study raises the possibility that at
least some of the effects may be etiologically unrelated to the injury. It is obvious that
the identification and treatment of the psychological distress in these patients may not
only improve the ease of treatment but also the speed and completeness of the patient’s
recovery and help in their rehabilitation. The paucity of Indian work in this field prompted
to undertake the present investigation.
Material and Method:

The study was conducted at the Orthopedic and Surgical Center of a Tertiary Care
Hospital during the period Jan 1999 to Mar 2000 on consecutively admitted male patients
with poly-trauma. Poly-trauma was defined as two or more injuries to physical regions
or organ systems, one of which may be life threatening. Equal number of age and sex
matched normal subjects without any known medical or psychiatric disorders formed
the control group, and underwent all the evaluations along with patients. All the subjects
were included in the study after obtaining informed consent. Socio-demographic data
along with the details of the injury were recorded on a specially designed proforma.
During the sixth week of hospitalization, after the initial surgical treatment had been
completed the patients were individually administered the following rating scales and
psychological tests:
1. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) (Goldberg, 1972).
2. Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) (Gibbs, 1983).
3. Carroll Rating Scale for Depression (CRSD) (Carroll et al, 1981).
4. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (Spielberger et al, 1983).
5. Impact of Events Scale (IES) (Horowitz et al, 1979).
6. Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) (Smets et al, 1995).
7. Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) (Pavot et al, 1991)
8. Somatic Inkblot Series II (SIS II) (Cassell and Dubey, 2003).
The Sample characteristics are shown in Table 1.

Table 1
Characteristics of Poly-trauma Patients (n=100) and Control Subjects (n=100)
Characteristics Poly-trauma patients Control subjects Significance
Age (in years)
Mean 31.9 30.98 0.573 NS
S.D. 6.92 6.33
Range 20-46 20- 44
Service (in years)
Mean 12.77 11.72 0.428 NS
S.D. 6.59 6.07
Education (in Yrs)
Mean 9.73 9.64 0.772 NS

S.D. 2.17 2.02
The psychological tests and rating scales were scored as per their scoring manuals and
results were tabulated. Statistical comparisons were performed using the students ‘t’ test,
Chi square est (with Yates correction) and Mann-Whitney U test
Results:
Demographic characteristics of the poly-trauma patients and control subjects are given
in Table 1. No difference was found between the groups on any of the demographic
characteristics. All the subjects were engaged in low intensity conflict operations or a brief
war. The commonest cause of injury was blast injury, missile or bullet injury. The other
cause of injury was road traffic accidents. Analysis of the scores on the psychological tests
(Table 2 and 3) revealed that poly-trauma patients obtained significantly higher scores on
GHQ, CRSD, IES and MFI.
In addition, using the cut off criteria of the scales significantly higher numbers of poly-trauma
patients were identified as cases as compared to controls on the GHQ, MAST and CRSD but
not IES. On the MFI the poly-trauma patients obtained significantly higher scores as compared
to the normal controls on all the subscales. Table 4 represents comparison of response pattern
of poly trauma patients and normal control subjects on SIS-II.
Discussion:
The present study was conducted on a special group of subjects viz. the security force
personnel in counter-insurgency area. Hence the results should be interpreted with caution.
However, as seen below, some of the results are in agreement with studies conducted in civil
hospitals and therefore the results of the present study can be depression with alcohol, it is
also well known that alcohol can cause or aggravate depression. Though the IES scores of
the poly-trauma patients was significantly more than controls, the IES identified PTSD in 14
Poly-trauma survivors 43
poly-trauma patients and 6 control subjects (difference was not statistically significant). This
finding is not in agreement with western studies which have highlighted the high prevalence
of PTSD in soldiers returning from combat (Hoge et al, 2007; Hoge et al, 2008). However,
this finding is in agreement with earlier Indian studies and also with our clinical experience
during service in various Indian LIC areas (Chaudhury et al, 2005, 2006, 2009).
Table 2
Scores on General health Questionnaire, Carroll Rating Scale for Depression, Michigan
Alcoholism Screening Test, State Trait Anxiety Inventory and Satisfaction with life scale
Poly-trauma Control Significance

Tests
Patients(n=100) Subjects(n=100) Level
General health Questionnaire
Mean 2.62 1.37 0.000 S
SD 2.29 1.63
>2 34 18 <0.01
Carroll Rating Scale for Depression
Mean 10.88 6.50 0.000 S
SD 5.68 3.33
>10 41 11 <0.01
Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test
Mean 4.07 2.49 0.132 NS
SD 5.20 3.09
>5 24 9 <0.01
State Anxiety Score:
Mean 37.31 35.39 0.248 NS
SD 9.26 7.80
Trait Anxiety Score
Mean 35.43 33.71 0.198 NS
SD 8.33 6.81
Satisfaction with life scale
Mean 23.06 22.49 0.522 NS
S.D. 7.36 7.62
S = Significant, NS = Not Significant

Table 3
Score on Impact of Events Scale (IES) and Multidimensional
Fatigue Inventory (MFI)
Poly-trauma Control Significance

Tests Score
Level
Patients(n=100) Subjects(n=100)
IES:
Intrusive Mean 5.27 2.68 0.001 S
SD 6.13 4.09
Avoidance Mean 11.20 8.70 0.003 S
SD 6.48 7.36
Total Mean 16.47 11.38 0.000 S
SD 10.38 9.02
Interpretation of 0 - 8 Subclinical
range 20 42
Total IES score 9 – 25 Mild range 66 52

26 – 43 Moderate
range 12 6
44 +Severe range 2 0
>26 14 6 <0.06 NS
MFI
General fatigue Mean 10.35 7.52
SD 3.51 3.08
Physical Mean 11.03 6.91 0.000 S
SD 4.06 3.36
Reduced Activity Mean 11.00 8.76 0.000 S
SD 4.02 2.82
Reduced
Motivation Mean 9.02 7.11 0.000 S
SD 3.00 2.40
Mental fatigue Mean 8.84 6.79 0.000 S
S.D. 3.62 3.13
S = Significant
NS = Not Significant
Table 4
SIS-II Indices of Poly-trauma Patients (n=100) and Control Subjects (n=100)
SIS II indices Poly-trauma Normal controls P Value

patients
Total Number of responses 61.9 63.2 NS
Human response 15.7 24.6 <0.05
Animal response 9.6 8.3 NS
Anatomical response 14.1 9.3 <0.05
Sex response 1.6 5.7 <0.05
Movement response 3.1 4.4 NS
Most typical response 8.3 14.7 <0.05
Typical response 17.6 26.8 <0.05
Atypical response 40.9 11.1 <0.05
Rejection response 1.1 0.9 NS
PA scale 1.7 1.2 NS
Depression scale 3.2 1.1 <0.5
Hostile & Aggression scale 1.9 1.3 NS
Paranoid scale 0.7 0.2 NS
The analysis of the SIS-II profiles (Table 4) indicates that the poly-trauma patients showed lowered
productivity as compared to the normal controls but the difference was not statistically significant.
The two groups were also found to be similar on animal responses and movement responses
which imply that poly-trauma does not restrict their imagination and fantasy and does not cause
any stereotypical thinking. Obtained findings reveal that poly-trauma patients have significantly
less human responses (M= 15.7) than normal control group (M= 24.6) which suggests
disturbed interpersonal relationship. But when corroborated with the animal responses, it
shows that this reduction in interpersonal interaction may be a transitory condition caused by
their temporary physical disability. Anatomical responses given by patients with poly-trauma
(M= 14.1) was significantly more as compared with normal control subjects (M= 9.3) which
suggest poor self image and preoccupation with internal body organs in patients with poly-
trauma. Findings reveal significantly low sex responses in poly-trauma patients (M= 1.6)
as compared to normal controls (M= 5.7) may suggest sexual anxiety or conflict in their
sexual life.
The Most Typical responses (MT) were significantly low in poly-trauma patients (M= 8.3) as
compared to normal subjects (M= 14.7) which indicate poor ego strength, illogical thinking and
inability to keep up with the demands of society in poly-trauma patients. Result also indicate
that poly-trauma patients have significantly low Typical responses (M= 17.6) in comparison
of normal controls (M = 26.8) indicate their poor physical health. Atypical responses are
significantly high in the poly-trauma patients indicating their low social conformity and deviant
thought process and emotions from that of the normal subjects. Both the group rejected only a
few images indicating no serious psychiatric disturbance in both the groups. On Pathological
scale both the groups scored low number of responses on Hostility and Aggression Scale
(HAS), Pathological Anatomical Scale (PAS) and Paranoia (P). However, patients with poly-
trauma scored significantly high number of responses on Depression (M= 3.2) than normal
controls (M= 1.1) which is indicative of dysphoric emotion in poly trauma patients which could
be due to their poor health.
No one comes home from war unchanged. But with early screening and adequate access
to psychiatric treatment, the psychological effects of combat are treatable. Troops returning
from combat may experience a wide range of psychological responses. Many veterans
experience some level of sleeplessness, anxiety, irritability, intrusive memories, or feelings
of isolation; the severity of these symptoms varies widely between individuals, and a
single veteran’s symptoms usually fluctuate over time. If these symptoms become severe
or persistent, they are often diagnosed as either major depression or PTSD. Even though
both PTSD and depression are treatable the stigma associated with psychological injuries
is the most serious hurdle to getting Iraq and Afghanistan veterans the mental health care
they need (Hoge et al, 2004). About 50 percent of soldiers and Marines in Iraq who test
positive for a psychological problem are concerned that they will be seen as weak by their
fellow service members, and almost one in three of these troops worry about the effect of
a mental health diagnosis on their career (MHAT, 2006). Military culture plays a significant
role in this stigma; 21 percent of soldiers screening positive for a mental health problem said
they avoided treatment because “my leaders discourage the use of mental health services.”
Because of these fears, those mostly in need of counseling will rarely seek it out (MHAT,
2008). In addition the soldier also fears that a history of psychiatric treatment may impede
career advancement within the military.
Depression and post traumatic symptoms not only cause emotional suffering, but also may lead
to pessimism, negativism or even self-punishing behavior, which could jeopardize treatment.
The maladaptive behavior may alienate the patient from the caregivers leading to serious
management problems and complicating recovery. The psychiatric assistance was found to
facilitate the treatment processes and recovery of poly-trauma patients.
Conclusion:
The psychological distress associated with poly-trauma in Indian security force personnel was
assessed in the study. One hundred (n=100) consecutive patients with poly-trauma and 100
normal subjects were screened using General Health Questionnaire, Michigan Alcoholism
Screening Test, Carroll Rating for Depression, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Impact of Events
Scale, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, Perceived Stress Questionnaire, Satisfaction with
life scale and the SIS-II. The poly-trauma patients obtained significantly higher scores on the
GHQ, CRSD, IES and MFI and had a significantly higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders
(34), depression (41%) and alcohol problems (24%).
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A case study is reported in every issue of the Journal.

The readers are requested to send their comments to:
Prof. Amool R. Singh, Ph.D., Editor in Chief, SIS

Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health
for publication in next issue of the journal.
Also, please send your case study using projective

test for publication in next issue of the journal.
Human Figure Drawings of Normal Indian Adults

Nawab Akhtar Khan, Amrita Kanchan, Masroor Jahan & Amool R. Singh
Projective analytic theory is based on the assumption that deep and often unconscious feelings
and motives may be accessed through various means of self expression. The drawing of human
figure was seen by Machover as an ideal vehicle for self expression. Various studies reveal
the indicators suggestive of various clinical groups, but there is scarcity of studies revealing
the profile of normal Indian people. The present study was conducted to prepare a profile of
normal Indian people on Human Figure Drawing Test. After screening through GHQ-5, 250
normal participants in the age group of 20 to 40 years with minimum education of 10 years were
selected from selected districts of three states of India. Participants were instructed to draw a
male and a female human figure on a blank piece of paper. The figures were analyzed on the
basis of specific features such as line quality, placement of figure, position of hands and legs,
quality of hairs, pattern of clothes etc. The results reveal that most of the drawings were placed
on the top. It had heavy or reinforced line. Figures were sophisticated. Hairs were appropriately
groomed with clear indication of waist.
Human figure drawing is the oldest and most widely used psychological testing techniques.
Goodenough (1926) was one of the first to use this technique as a non-verbal measure of
the intelligence of children and feebleminded adults; although in her original presentation she
also offered suggestions for its use in the detection of emotional difficulties or personality
characteristics. The latter use of the instrument became especially popular with the advent
of projective measures and it is now included in psychological test batteries. The work of
Machover (1948), Hammer (1958), Vernier (1952), and Buck (1948) in the projective field is
well known to most clinical psychologists. One of the central assumptions of this procedure
is that the self report and questionnaire have limited use in assessing personality and
unconscious mind. From a psychoanalytic perspective then an indirect approach such as
inkblots and projective drawing is more effective instrument. The projective drawings help in
viewing the inner world, unconscious defenses and conscious resistance.
Thus, Human figure drawing is assumed to be a means of self projection. Initially the
interpretation of the test was restricted to intellectual aspect of the person, but researchers
have found the test is effective in assessing neurological intactness (Clement et al., 1996,
Handler, 1985), visual-motor coordination (Holmes and Stephen, 1984), cognitive development
(Abell et al, 1994) and learning disabilities. The popularity of the test is not questionable due to
its easy administration and scoring. Though a few researchers have questioned its reliability
and validity (Smith and Dumont, 1995; Riethmiller and Handler, 1997), the test is widely used
and accepted. The figure drawings may vary from culture to culture, e.g., a person from rural
background of Indian culture may draw figures with traditional dresses whereas person from
Nawab Akhtar Khan, Clinical Psychologist, District Mental Health Program, Sadar Hospital,
Gumla, Amrita Kanchan, Lecturer, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, All India Institute of
Speech & Hearing, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Masroor Jahan, Asso. Professor, and
Amool R. Singh, Prof & Head, Department of Clinical Psychology, Ranchi Institute of Neuropsychiatry
and Allied Sciences, Kanke, Ranchi (India). Corresponding Author: Amrita Kanchan,
e-mail: amrita.kanchan@rediffmail.com
Key Words: Human Figure Drawing, Normal Indian Adult, Pathological Indicators
Human Figure Drawings of Normal Indian Adults 51
urban background may draw figures with western outfits. Most of the earlier studies have
highlighted pathological signs or indicators of emotional maladjustment, but there is lack of
studies on normal Indian population. The present study is a modest attempt to establish the
norm of normal Indian adults.
Objective:
The present study was conducted to find out the response pattern of normal Indian adult
on human figure drawing test that differentiates between the normal response pattern
and emotional/ pathological indicators.
Material and Methods:

Sample:
Two hundred and fifty (250) normal individuals falling in the age range of 18 and above,
literate and cooperative were taken from three states of India, i.e. Uttar Pradesh (Kanpur
district), Jharkhand (Ranchi, Jamshedpur and Gumla districts) and Karnataka (Mysore
district). All the three states are culturally diverse in language, food, traditions as well
as clothing style. Individuals with any significant physical problem, having a history of
seizure/ severe head injury or any other neurological problems, or who had suffered any
traumatic event in last 3 months, illiterate and who were uncooperative were excluded
from the study.
Sample characteristics revealed that most of the participants were falling in the age range
of 20-30 years (69.2%) belonging to either sex (male: 56.8% and female: 43.2%), majority
being single (74.4%), graduate (75.2%) and belonged to middle socio-economic status
(85.2%) of urban background (54.4%).
Tools:
Socio-demographic & Clinical Data Sheet:
A semi-structured proforma developed especially for the study. It consisted of questions
covering all areas of socio-demographic details like age, sex, domicile, education, employment,
marital status etc., and questions related to co-morbid psychiatric condition, hearing or visual
impairment or severe physical illness in the near past.
General Health Questionnaire-5:

It was originally developed by Goldberg and colleagues and was adopted for Indian population
by Shamsunder et al. (1986). GHQ-5 is a short version of the General Health Questionnaire,
which consists of 5 items.The short version is less time consuming and better screening
instrument.
Human Figure Drawing Test:

Instructions and scoring procedure of Human Figure Drawing Test (Mitchell et al, 1993) and
Draw a Person Test (Machover, 1949) was adopted. The patients were given an A4 size blank
sheet and instructed to “Draw a picture of a person”. Once the first drawing was complete,
52 Khan, Kanchan, Jahan and Singh
the subjects were given another A4 size blank sheet and requested to “Draw a person of the
opposite sex”. The drawings of the individuals were analyzed on the basis of 54 dimension
classified specifically for the study, namely, size (large, small, average), placement (right, left,
top, bottom, center), line quality (light, heavy, reinforced, tremulous, fine quality), sketching,
shading, posture –tension (tense, relaxed), posture –arms (arms pressed to the body, hands
behind back, arms folded, arms widespread, hands on waist), hands clenched, posture -legs
(legs pressed together, relaxed position), posture-profile (front, side, side view of the front
posture, back side), profile-body (standing, sitting, moving, standing with support), body built
(lean. hefty, athletic, average), body curve (presence/absence), clothes (omitted, decorated,
simple, partially clothed, naked, transparency, stereotyped), shoes (omitted, bare feet without
clothes, bare feet with clothes, long boots, heeled shoes, without heels), accessories- female
figure (earrings, nose pin, round sticker or vermillion on forehead, necklace, bangles,
ring, anklet), accessories male-figure (belt, tie), accessories- general (handbag, mobile,
spectacles, watch, others), hairs (omitted, disheveled, appropriate), beard (clean shave,
moustaches, full grown beard), costume- girl (traditional outfit, western outfit), costume-boy
(formals, casuals), waist not indicated, opposite sex drawn first, waist emphasis, large ears,
nostrils shown, long feet, pointed feet, eye lashes shown, teeth shown, spiked fingers, petal
like fingers, chicken like feet, omission (eyes, pupils, ears, mouth, hairs, eyelashes, neck,
shoulders, arms, hands, fingers, trunk, legs, feet), large dominant male drawn, large dominant
female drawn, effeminate male drawn by male, masculine female drawn by female, figure
age appropriate (less than/ more than/ equal than to the persons’ current age), incomplete
figure drawn, blank outlines drawn, primitive appearance, disconnected body parts, childlike
figure, developmentally indistinguishable, genitals shown, grossly disproportionate, extreme
asymmetry, genderless, stick figure, geometrical figure, thin arms and legs, emotion (smiling,
laughing, angry, depressed, tension, misery, blank, euthymic).
Results:
Table 1 reveals the size, placement and line quality of the drawings of the normal individuals.
The results reveal that most of the figures were of small size (4 inches), placed either at the
top or at the center and drawn with heavy lines. The table also reveals the position of the
figures which were mostly in standing position in front view in a relaxed manner. Light shading
was also present in many of the figures.
Table 2 highlights the body built, position of arms, legs as well as, the overall appearance of the
figures drawn. The results reveal that most of the individuals had drawn figures with average
body built with legs and hands posed in relaxed manner. Their outfits were appropriate with
both western and traditional style and hairs were well groomed.
Table 3 shows the emotions of the figures drawn, omissions of body parts and pathological
indicators in the figures. The results reveal that most of the individuals had either drawn figure
with euthymic affect or smiling expression, very few had drawn tense affect. Also almost all the
figures were intact with little or no omission. Only a few people had omitted hands, legs and
feet. Body curves are also not very prominent in the figures and eyelashes are not drawn in
most of the figures. It was also found that many individuals had drawn the figure of opposite
sex first; this is particularly found in females (79%).
Table 1
Major Drawing Features Related To Position and Posture of the Figure
Dwawing Features Frequenc

Size Small 58.4%
Average 32.4%
Large 9.2%
Placement Right 2.8%
Left 4.8%
Top 45.6%
Bottom 6%
Center 40.8%
Line Quality Light 20.8%
Heavy 18.8%
Reinforced 16.8%
Fine quality 40.4%
Shading No Shading 64.2%
Light Shading 33.2%
Heavy Shading 2.6%
Tension Tense 44%
Relaxed 56%
Body Position Standing 95.2%
Sitting 2.4%
Moving 2.4%
Standing 95.2%
Sitting 2.4%
Profile Front 83.6%
Side 10.8%
Side View on Front Profile 5.2%
Back 0.4%

Table 2
Features Related to Position of Major Body Parts and their Appearance
Dwawing Features Frequency

Body Built Lean 40%
Hefty 4%
Athletic 8.4%
Average 47.6%
Arms Pressed to Body 22%
Hands Behind Back 6%
Arms Folded 10.8%
Arms Widespread 8%
Hands on Waist 4%
Hands Relaxed 41.2%
Legs Pressed Together 5.6%
Relaxed 79.2%
Outfit Simple 52%
Decorated 20.8%
Partially Clothed 9.6%
Naked 9.2%
Girl’s Costume Traditional 40%
Western 45.6%
Boys’s Costume Formal 33.6%
Casual 51.2%
Shoes High Heeled Shoes 29.2%
Simple Shoes 28.8%
Bare feet with Clothes 18.4%
Hairs Well Groomed 88.4%
Beard Clean Shaved 85.6%
An important feature found in most of the figures was related to accessories. Almost all the
individuals had drawn personal accessories like earrings (31.6%), necklace (19.6%), bangles
(25.6%), rings (3.6%), nose pin (5.6%), bindi (round colored sticker on fore head, 40%) and
anklet (3.2%) in girls. In male figures belts (36%) and tie (7.2%) was prominent. Some of the
individual have even added handbags (6%), mobile (1.2%), watch (5.6%), spectacles (6%).
Very limited individuals had drawn sceneries, bicycles, umbrella etc.
Discussion:
The overall results of the study reveal that normal Indian adult’s had drawn human figures
with appropriate posture, profile and body built.
Table 3
Additional Features Found Significant in the Drawing
Drawing Features Frequency

Emotions Euthymic 35.6%
Happy 34%
Tense 11.2%
Anger 3.6%
Age Appropriate Less Than 26.8%
Equal Than 57.6%
More Than 15.6
Omission Hands 18.4%
Legs 14%
Feet 18.8%
Body Curves 67.6%
Hands 18.4%
Eye Lashes 84.8%
Pathologic Sign Gross Disproportion 0
Extreme Asymmetry 0
Primitive Experience 0
Bizarre Drawing 0
Internal Organ Shown 0
Stick Figure 1.2%
Geometrical Figure 2%
Disconnected Body Parts 0.4%
Developmentally Indistinguishable 0
Genderless 1.6%
Childlike 1.2%
Thin Arm and Leg 0.4%
Blank Outline 0
Opposite Sex Drawn First 59.6%
Most of the individuals had drawn figures of 4-5 inches. Generally, figures less the 5 inches
(Mitchell et al., 1993) are characterized as small in nature and is not considered to be a
healthy indicator and sometimes may be pathological in nature (Hammer, 1965; Urban,
1963), but the results reveal that 4-5 inches figure was mostly drawn by the normal Indian
adults; therefore this aspect has to be kept in mind while interpreting the figures drawn
by the individuals. With respect to Indian population, figures less than 4 inches should be
considered as small in nature.
The results also highlight that the normal individuals had also placed the figures either at the
top of the paper or at the center. Top placement of figure is sign of optimism (Machover, 1949)
and high level of aspiration (Buck, 1964; Jolles, 1964; Levy, 1950) but is also recognized as
a sign of fantasy (Jolles, 1971; Urban, 1963). The probable reason for the top placement of
the figures could be that the sample of the study mainly comprised of individuals between
the age group of 20-30 years, who are supposed to have high aspiration level and are more
imaginative and creative in nature and at times may have difficulty in attaining goals. Therefore,
other interpretations for top placement like aloofness; fantasy etc. should be done carefully
and should incorporate the analysis of other features of the drawings. The figures were also
drawn with fine quality line with no sketching. It was also observed that in most of the figures
individuals had shown light shading particularly on clothes rather than on body parts. The
intention behind light shading could be to present the figure in more appreciable and attractive
manner. Heavy shading in turn was almost negligible in the figures. Also there was no indication
of heavy shading on body parts. The shading is considered to be a sign of anxiety (Handler
and Reyher, 1964; Exner, 1962), but the result of the study shows that light shading can also
be a way to draw figures in appreciable manner. However, heavy shading carries special
significance and may be considered as a sign of anxiety. Therefore, light shading should not
be considered as a sign of anxiety especially with Indian population.
The figures were drawn mainly in front and standing profile in a relaxed manner. Figures in
side view, back view, sitting or moving profile were very rare. Side view of the figures is thus
not a feature of healthy drawing. Earlier studies have also revealed that the side view of
figures may indicate evasiveness and paranoia (Machover, 1949) and withdrawal/oppositional
tendencies (Jolles, 1971).
Most of the figures were also of average body built, without concern on sexual characteristics
of the figures which suggest their fair body image. Studies suggest that many obese individuals
draw large figure than the person with normal weight (Bailey et al., 1970) and similarly
subgroup of females with extra concern with their body parts and sexually abused females,
have shown more concern on sexual characteristic in their drawings (Chantler et al., 1993;
Van Hutton, 1994). Thus, the excessive body built in drawing the figure is considered to be
an unhealthy sign. The figures were also characterized by hands and legs placed in relaxed
manner. Figures with hand behind back or pressed to the body were negligible. No clenching
of fists was observed.
The outfits of the figures were appropriate to the norms of the Indian society as the females
had well groomed hairs and male’s figures showed mostly clean shaved. The individuals had
incorporated both traditional and western outfits for girls and casual outfits for boys. Omission
of clothes or shoes was not seen in any figure. Transparencies of clothes were absent and
partial omission of clothes was also very limited. Some individuals had drawn quiet decorated
clothes and some had drawn simple outfits. The naked figures, partially clothed figures,
transparent clothes and omission of shoes are considered as unhealthy indicators and these
were not present in these figures.
Almost all the individuals had added many personal accessories like bangles, necklace, tie,
mobile etc. but the extraneous objects like bicycle, building, sun etc. were very rare. Mit-chell
et al. (1993) in their manual has given two categories of objects as extraneous object. The
first category includes non human objects such as car, building etc and the second category
includes adornments. Presence of extraneous objects is considered as a sign of obsessive or
narcissistic tendencies (Mitchell et al., 1993). The analysis of figures suggests that personal
accessories are drawn by almost all the individuals – a healthy signs in Indian population.
The results also indicate that none of the pathological sign was found in the index study.
Omission of major body parts was not found, but a few individuals had omitted hands, legs
and feet. Omission of hands is interpreted as sign of inadequacy (Buck, 1966; Jolles, 1971)
and omission of feet and legs is considered as a sign of immobility (Urban, 1963). Since, a
very limited number of individuals had omitted these body parts, it may not be regarded as
a sign of any major diagnostic feature. The results also indicate that the individuals did not
focus on body curves and most have omitted eye lashes in the figures. Omission of eye lashes
may not be considered as unhealthy sign.
The individuals had also drawn figures which represented their own age and may project their
self. An appropriate analysis may lead to both healthy as well as unhealthy signs. The affect/
emotion is also considered while analyzing the figure. The study reveals that smiling affect or
euthymic affect is a sign of healthy personality. The results of the study also indicate that most
of the individuals had drawn the figure of opposite sex first especially Indian females. Drawing
of the opposite sex has been associated with strong emotional attachment to a member of
the opposite sex, particularly in Indian family (Machover, 1949). The probable reason for the
presence of this feature in Indian females might be because majority of Indian females are
more dependent on male both emotionally and financially in comparison to males who mostly
run the family financially.
Presence of figures without waist or excessive waist is unhealthy indicator. Presence of large
ears, nostrils shown, long feet pointed feet, teeth shown, spiked fingers, petal like fingers
and chicken like feet is also considered as unhealthy. None of the individuals in index study
had drawn figures with large dominant male/large dominant female and therefore, presence
of these should be analyzed appropriately. Also, presence of effeminate male drawn by male
and masculine female drawn by female may indicate conflicting gender role. An incomplete
figure is also an unhealthy indicator.
Conclusion:
The present study was conducted on 250 normal male and female subjects to prepare the
profile of normal Indians on Human Figure Drawing Test. They were in the age group of 20 to
40 years with minimum education of 10th standard. The figures were analyzed on the basis of
specific features such as line quality, placement of figure, position of hands and legs, quality of
hairs, pattern of clothes etc. The results reveal that most of the drawings were placed on the
top. Hairs were appropriately groomed with clear indication of waist. The figures are analyzed
for healthy and unhealthy features and discussed in the paper.
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Appendix 1
1. Size (Large, Small, Average)
2. Placement (Right, Left, Top, Bottom, Center)
3. Line Quality (Light, Heavy, Reinforced, Tremulous, Fine Quality)
4. Sketching
5. Shading
6. Posture –Tension (Tense, Relaxed)
7. Posture –Arms (Arms Pressed To The Body, Hands Behind Back, Arms Folded, Arms
Widespread, Hands On Waist)
8. Hands Clenched
9. Posture -Legs (Legs Pressed Together, Relaxed Position)
10. Posture-Profile (Front, Side, Side View Of The Front Posture, Back Side)
11. Profile-Body (Standing, Sitting, Moving, Standing With Support)
12. Body Built (Lean. Hefty, Athletic, Average)
13. Body Curve (Presence/Absence)
14. Clothes (Omitted, Decorated, Simple, Partially Clothed, Naked, Transparency,
Stereotyped)
15. Shoes (Omitted, Bare Feet Without Clothes, Bare Feet With Clothes, Long Boots,
Heeled Shoes, Without Heels)
16. Accessories- Female Figure (Vermillion, Earrings, Nose Pin, round sticher on forehead,
Necklace, Bangles, Ring)
17. Accessories Male-Figure (Belt, Tie)
18. Accessories- General (Handbag, Mobile, Spectacles, Watch, others)
19. Hairs (Omitted, Disheveled, Appropriate)
20. Beard (Clean Shave, Moustaches, Full Grown Beard)
21. Costume- Girl (Traditional Outfit, Western Outfit)
22. Costume-Boy (Formals, Casuals)
23. Waist Not Indicated
24. Opposite Sex Drawn First
25. Waist Emphasis
26. Large Ears
27. Nostrils Shown
28. Long Feet
29. Pointed Feet
30. Eye Lashes Shown
31. Teeth Shown
32. Spiked Fingers
33. Petal Like Fingers
34. Chicken Like Feet

35. Omission (Eyes, Pupils, Ears, Mouth, Hairs, Eyelashes, Neck, Shoulders, Arms. Hands,
Fingers, Trunk, Legs, Feet)
36. Large Dominant Male Drawn
37. Large Dominant Female Drawn
38. Effeminate Male Drawn By Male
39. Masculine Female Drawn By Female
40. Figure Age Appropriate (Less Than/ More Than/ Equal Than To The Persons current
Age)
41. Incomplete Figure Drawn
42. Blank Outlines Drawn
43. Primitive Appearance
44. Disconnected Body Parts
45. Childlike Figure
46. Developmentally Indistinguishable
47. Genitals Shown
48. Grossly Disproportionate
49. Extreme Asymmetry
50. Genderless
51. Stick Figure
52. Geometrical Figure
53. Thin Arms And Legs
54. Emotion (Smiling, Laughing, Angry, Depressed, Tension, Misery, Blank, Euthymic)
SIS-I Profile of Psychosexual Dysfunction

Daniel Saldanha, L. Bhattacharya, Kalpana Srivastava and Bankey L. Dubey
SIS-I has been used by a number of researchers on a variety of population. However, it has not
been specifically tested on patients with sexual problems i.e. inadequate penile erection for a
satisfactory sexual interaction with females and premature ejaculation. 40 normal individuals and
40 cases with psychosexual dysfunction were administered SIS -I. Scoring was done according to
the original guidelines in “Body symbolism and the Somatic Ink blot Series” by Wilfred A Cassell
(Cassell 1980).Findings of the study are discussed in the paper.
Persons with sexual dysfunction are basically shy to disclose their problems to a clinician.
Somatic inkblot tests are useful to address not only these issues but can be used effectively
during therapy sessions as well. The SIS-I has been used widely by researchers on a variety
of populations such as Opiate addicts (Mukhopadhyay et al, 1996) Heroin and Brown Sugar
(Mitra and Mukhopadhyay,1996, 2000) Normal, Neurotics and Psychotic patients (Pershad et
al 1997),Chronic male Schizophrenics (Kumar et al, 2001), Militants (Saldanha, 2002), Normal
adults and Children (Jain et al, 2005, Kumar et al, 2007, Kandhari et al, 2010, 2010a), Mania
and Depression (Kumar,2010, Kumar et al, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006), Police Personnel (Dubey
and Dubey, 2005), Bipolar Depression (Shyam et al, 2009), Schizophrenia (Mohapatra et al,
2009, 2009a) and various case studies with sexual dysfunctions(Cassell and Dubey,2003).
Kumar and Kumar (2009) compared common indices of SIS-I and Rorschach on a group
of 50 normal subjects. The scores were converted into percent scores taking total number
of responses as denominator and product moment correlations were computed on these
transformed scores. Of eight analyzed common indices, the correlation coefficients were
significant on Total Number of Reponses, Human, Animal, Sex, Movement, Most Typical/
Popular, Typical/Good Form, Atypical, and Rejection of Images.
Cassell and Dubey (2009) presented an earlier unpublished study completed in 1978 with the
SIS-I. It used a content analysis scoring system to quantify projective responses in a group
of 13 women suffering from Premenstrual Dysphoric Syndrome (PMDD). As compared to a
control group of 37 women, these subjects projected significantly more responses depicting
reproductive and sexual symbols. Based upon chi squared analysis, statistically significant
differences were found for such sexual related anatomical responses, but not for unrelated
body parts such as heart and lungs.
Cassell and Dubey (2004) summarized three cases using the original 12-card form of the
SIS. The first case explored the notion that when the cardiovascular system is activated by
exercise or emotional stress, the resultant sensory feedback lowers the perceptual threshold
for visualizing SIS cardiac content. The second case introduced the potentially new diagnostic
Dr (Brig) D. Saldanha, M.D., (Psy) Prof. Dept. of Psychiatry, L. Bhattacharya, M.D.,

Prof. & Head, Dept. of Psychiatry, Dr DY Patil Medical College, Pimpri, Pune 411018,
Kalpana Srivastava, Scientist “F”, Dept. of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune
411040, and Bankey L.Dubey, Ph.D., DPM, Director, 4406 Forrest Road, Anchorage, AK
99507(USA)Email: bldubey@gmail.com
Key Words: SIS imagery, Psychosexual Projection, Sexual Inadequecy
SIS-I Profile of Psychosexual Dysfunction 63
category “Body Phobia” and illustrates how during deep relaxation, SIS stimulated imagery
can provide an effective Cognitive Behavioral treatment aid. The third case examined
the relationship of body consciousness, and heart rate in newly hospitalized patients of
Schizophrenia. It revealed how psychotic patients experiencing high sensory feedback from
tachycardia become unduly conscious of the heart and develop related somatic delusions.
Cassell (2005) studied four case histories to illustrate how the SIS can provide important
information regarding violent fantasies (Cassell and Dubey, 1998, Cassell, et al, 2002). The
direct and symbolic imagery projected provided new insights enriching those obtained with
standard clinical interviews.
Savage (2001) administered SIS-I to three patients who were not responding with medical
treatment. The SIS was able to identify deep seated conflicts which patients were unable
to uncover through conventional therapy. The usefulness of therapeutic tool of reframing
along with hypnotic relaxation was also demonstrated with the help of case studies. Savage
(2003) further administered SIS and Hypnotic relaxation in a case of Child after the traumatic
experience of the divorce of his parents. The therapist was able to help the patient to resolve
his underlying conflict of his perceived rejection by father. The case history illustrated that the
SIS is a very effective as a psycho diagnostic tool and therapeutic aid.
Rathee and Singh (1996) administered Somatic Inkblot Series-I to 75 Normal Army Subjects
(35 Male and 40 Female), and found that female subjects gave more responses and male
subjects rejected more cards. Female subjects gave more of Animal responses and male
subjects gave more sexual responses.
Pandey et al (2003) reported the diagnostic utility of sex responses with extended quantitative
scoring criteria. Three groups of psychiatric patients viz, anxiety neurosis, paranoid
schizophrenia and undifferentiated schizophrenia (N=25 in each group) and a group of
age matched normal controls (N=25) were individually tested on SIS-II. The protocols were
scored for 1) Sex responses on sex-images, 2) Sex responses on non-sex images and 3)
Non-sex responses on sex images. Analysis revealed that partitioning of sex responses
on sex and non-sex images provided diagnostically more rich information compared to the
conventional scoring of total sex responses. ‘Sex responses on non-sex images was found to
be diagnostically redundant component and responsible for lowering the diagnostic efficacy
of total sex responses.
Freud’s emphasis on child’s perception of the body and Oedipal complex is based on the
idea that children from very young age are strongly attracted sexually to the body of parent
of the opposite sex. Related to this is the jealous competition with the parent of the same
sex. The male child develops primitive fear that his father will physically assault him which
in turn causes body anxiety focused on the genitals, the “castration anxiety”. In an optimal
environment, the Child learns to be comfortable with information pertaining to the body and
overall mental functioning to get over this fear. If the mind body integration is not optimally
established, it may lead to the development of various body perceptual disturbances. Once
the physical causes for sexual dysfunction are ruled out, due consideration should be given
to underlying psychological causes. SIS-I in this respect is an excellent tool to unearth the
hidden castration anxiety, phobic reaction to female genitalia or as Psychosomatic therapists
speak of “Organ vulnerability” fears under stress.
64 Saldanha, Bhattacharya, Srivastava and Dubey
Interpretation of responses of the individuals to the card form SIS-I is both quantitative and
qualitative. Most of the researchers combine both quantitative as well as qualitative approach
for the interpretation of a given protocol. To understand the different psychological attributes
it is necessary to understand the combination of two or more variables.
The Somatic Inkblot series-I has 11 scoring indices such as Total number of Responses
(R),Human Responses (H), Animal Responses (A), Anatomical Responses (At),Typical
Responses (T), Atypical Responses (AT),Movement Responses(M), Sex Responses (Sex), Most
Typical Responses (MT), Rejection of Images (Rej) and Pathological Responses (PAS, D, HAS
& P) The responses to SIS-I are quantitatively scored and compared against the established
norms to understand the existence of any deviation. The present inquiry was undertaken to study
the nature of preoccupation with sex, somatization of anxiety if any and also to explore if there
are any unique responses which can be attributed to sexual dysfunction. Except pathological
responses, other 10 scoring indices were taken into consideration for this study.
Material and Methods:

The study was carried out in a large tertiary care hospital in Northern India.40 Normal adults
and 40 patients with sexual dysfunction were included in the study. The period of the study
extended from 2008 to 2010. The SIS-I consist of 20 inkblot images. Eight of them are black
and red (Serial no 1-8), Three are exclusively red (10-12) and nine are achromatic (9, 13-20).
The images provide enough anatomical structures to evoke spontaneous responses of naming
body parts or colors. The normal adults were screened and those who had any medical or
surgical related illnesses were excluded from the study.
In the same way those patients with medical problems as well as organic basis for their sexual
dysfunction were excluded. They were administered SIS –I in one sitting. The scoring was done
as per the norms in the original protocols in “Body Symbolism and The Somatic Inkblot series”
(Cassell, 1980, Cassell and Dubey, 2002). The results obtained were statistically analyzed.
Results and Discussion:

Both the normal and patient (Index) cases were male. Both were very well matched for age,
marital status, Family Type and Education (Table 1).
Table 1
Demographic Profile of Normal and Psychosexual Dysfunction Subjects
Variables Normal(n=40) Psychosexual X P

Dysfunction(n=40)
Age in Years 26-40 20-44
Marital Status Married 15 18 0.46
Unmarried 25 22 P=0.49, NS
Family Type Nuclear 34 36 0.46
Joint 6 4 P=0.49, NS
Education 10 standard 29 25 0.91
12 &Under Graduate 11 15 P=0.33, NS
The pattern of responses has been reflected in Table 2 which shows some interesting features
in index cases compared to the normal adults.
Table 2
Response Pattern of Normal and Psychosexual subjects on SIS-I
Indices Normal Psycho- Significance Dysfunction(n=40)

(n=40) sexual Level
Mean SD Mean SD t- Value P value
Human Responses (H) 3.13 1.82 1.25 2.45 15.19 Sig
Animal Responses (A) 7.25 2.42 3.66 2.63 40.34 Sig
Anatomical Responses(At) 6.75 3.98 5.04 4.79 3.02 NS
Sex Responses(Sex) 0.34 0.73 5.95 5.40 42.40 Sig
Movement Responses (M) 1.00 1.20 0.70 1.08 1.38 NS
Most Typical Responses (MT) 2.13 1.43 1.66 1.33 2.32 NS
Typical Responses (T) 16.56 5.41 12.16 9.79 6.19 Sig
Atypical Responses (AT) 6.53 4.31 3.07 6.75 7.90 Sig
Rejection of Images (Rej) 2.34 1.90 1.37 1.66 5.92 Sig
Total Responses ( R ) 25.38 5.98 20.29 5.90 14.69 Sig
Responses Range 1-8 2-15
These are specifically seen in human, animal and sex which are significant in this study.
It is understandable that a person with sexual inadequacy in whatever form will have
underlying anxiety to perform and failure thereof will result in a psychological conflict.
The sex responses are glaring. The range of sex responses from the normal to the index
shows much variation. This shows the relative somatization of sexual feelings on the
female simulated external genitalia perceived by the index cases on SIS-I. Almost all the
index cases felt quite comfortable with Card XIV and to a lesser extent with card XIII and
Card VII. They clearly saw female genitalia in Card XIV without any body parts and in
the Card XIII they saw body parts like buttocks and perineal area surrounding the female
genitalia. In card VII even though they saw the female genitalia some said a deer is
trapped inside the vagina of a female. “Trapped dear inside…” connotes wishful thinking
to have proximity and close relationship which is denied due to impotency. This can also
be interpreted as inability to perform sexual function because of being ‘trapped” by sexual
dysfunction in index cases. They genuinely felt the need of therapy for their dysfunction.
Although there is a relationship between sexual and aggressive behaviors one would
have expected some responses suggestive of aggression i.e. headless blood splattered
body on card XII, Lacerated and bleeding Vagina etc, but no responses were given by the
index cases. Most of them gave sex responses on card IV(Given as a female gestalt is
normal , but seeing female sex organs perse is not usual), card VI (Seeing female sex
organ is not normal),Card XVI (seeing a female sex organ again on this card is not
normal).These responses along with responses on the other female sex organ evoking
cards VII,XIII,XIV is seen as preoccupation with female sex. Rejection of the cards VII,
XIII and XIV was also expected but there were no such rejections in index cases which
show that even though they suffered from sexual dysfunction, there were no inhibitions
to discuss their problems of sexual dysfunction. It also showed that there were no signs
of castration anxiety.
Kumar (2009) commenting on factor structure of SIS in adults concludes that there are
three factors which clearly indicate the strength of the responses. In that he comes to a
conclusion that Factor I consisting of Atypical responses, Typical responses and Most
Typical responses suggest individual’s original thinking. Factor II represents the latent trait
of “Emotional maturity” characterized by more movement, Human, Anatomy response and
less Animal responses. Factor III represents the dimension of “reaction to stress” by higher
total number of responses (R) and lower image rejection. Strangely there is no comment on
the sex responses. In the present study the Typical responses are more than the Atypical
responses which agrees with the “original thinking” in Factor I. Animal responses are
significantly higher in the present study which shows “emotional immaturity, aggression
and frustration”. The study agrees with the third dimension as there is clear indication of
reaction to stress as evidenced by higher number of total responses and lower rejection of
images. Now the question arises as to where does Sex responses fit in. Whether the sex
responses are independent of these clusters? As the Sex responses in index cases are
statistically significant it can be concluded that “SIS-I brings out the hidden sex impulses to
the surface”. Whether numerous sex responses given by the index cases are due to their
impoverished sex drive because of their preoccupation with female sex can be designated
an independent Factor IV or can it be merged with Factor III will require further scrutiny by
research and validation.
Conclusion:
SIS-I provides valuable insights to a clinician to understand the underlying anxiety status
of an individual suffering from sexual dysfunction which can be effectively addressed with
psychotherapy and medication. The SIS-I is a good tool to compare the effects of treatment
with the pre-morbid state by a re-test.
References:
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Co.213 West Sixth Avenue, Suite 8 Anchorage, Alaska 99501.
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& Mental Health,12: 2,99-106.
Cassell, W.A. and Dubey, B.L. (2003) Interpreting Inner World through Somatic Imagery Manual
of Somatic Inkblot series, Somatic Inkblot center, Anchorage, Alaska.
Cassell, W. A. and Dubey, B. L.(1998) Mental Disorders Triggered by Exposure to Violent
Imagery in the Media and in Electronic Games, SIS J.Proj.Psy & Mental Health ,
5:87-104.
Cassell, W. A. and Dubey, B. L. (2002) Application of Somatic Inkblot Series-I: New Scoring
System. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental. Health, 9: 5-22.
Cassell, W. A., Schaeck,A.M. and Mohn, D. (2002) Symbolism in Violent Hallucinations. SIS
J. Proj. Psy. & Mental, Health,9: 81-92.
Cassell, W, A. and Dubey, B. L. (2004) Somatic Inkblot Series: Historical Background
and Earlier Projects, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental. Health,
11:11-18
Cassell, W.A. and Dubey, B.L. (2009) Content Validity of SIS-I and SIS-II Booklet Version,
SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Mental Health, 16: 58-59.
Dubey, S.N. and Dubey,B.L. (2005) Effect of Psychological Intervention Through SIS-I
Images on Police Personnel, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental. Health,
12:2,153-158.
Jain R., Singh, B., Mohanty, S. and Kumar, R. (2005). SIS-I and Rorschach Diagnostic
Indicators of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder SIS. J. Proj. Psy. & Ment.
Health, 12: 2, 141-152.
Kandhari, S., Sharma, J. and Kumar,R. (2010) Discriminating Power of the Comprehensive
Scoring System for SIS-I, SIS J. of Proj. Psy. & Ment. Health, 17: 16-22
Kandhari, S., Sharma, J. and Kumar,R. (2010a) Development of a Comprehensive Scoring
System for SIS-I, SIS J. of Proj. Psy. & Ment. Health, 17: 120-125.
Kumar, R., (2009) Factor Structure of SIS-I in Adults. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology
& Mental Health 16:124-127.
Kumar, R. (2010) SIS Imagery in Depression with Somatization – Therapeutic Intervention,
SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health, 17: 69-72.
Kumar, R., Kandhari, S. and Dubey,B.L. (2008) Estimation of the Contribution of Gender in
Productivity on SIS-I, SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Mental Health, 15:1, 48-51.
Kumar,R. and Khess, C.R.J. Kumar, R. (2005) An Extended Scoring System of SIS-I. SIS J.
Proj, Psy. & Mental Health, 12: 123-128.
Kumar, R. and Singh, A.R. (2007) A Comparison of Somatic Inkblot Series-I Indices in Normal
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Kumar, S., Mohanty, S. and Kumar, R. (2003) SIS-l Profile and its Correlation with Rorschach
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and Rorschach. Ph.D.Thesis, Sambalpur University, Orissa 2009
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Pershad,D, Verma,S.K, and Bhagat, K.(1997).Body Image disturbances in Psychiatric cases.
SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental helath,14,75-84.
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69
Evaluating Ego-Strength in Depression on SIS-I Indices

J. Mahapatra, D. Sahoo, P.K. Mishra and R. Kumar
Projective techniques are commonly utilized to estimate the extent of ego strength. Somatic
Inkblot Series is relatively a new addition to the family of inkblots. We have tried to explore
if SIS-I can also effectively measure the ego strength in depressive patients. Somatic
Inkblot Series-I (Card Form) was individually administered to 50 depressive patients drawn
from Psychiatry OPD of VSS Medical College, Burla, Sambalpur (India). A matched control
group of 50 normal participants was also drawn from general population. The following
SIS-I indices were identified as measures of ego-strength: Total Number of Responses (R),
Human Responses (H), Movement Responses (M), Most Typical Responses (MT), Typical
Responses (T) and Atypical Responses (AT). The analysis of data suggested that Total
Number of Responses, Movement Responses and Typical Responses were significantly
lesser, and Most Typical Responses and Atypical Responses were significantly higher in the
depressive group. The results indicate that SIS-I indices successfully measures ego-strength
in depressive patients.
Disturbance in ego-functioning for its poor development is the attributable dynamic factor of
genesis of the disorders. Ego regulates balanced investment of psychical energy, libido and
mortido, in conscious states that frequently deals with reality. It, thus, serves as regulatory
mechanism controlling behavior and psychological functioning.
In normal person, ego generally operates in conscious state where as in psychic illness
it more often operates in unconscious governing the psychological functioning. In mood
disorder, ego impairment invades pronouncedly to emotion and secondarily to perception
and cognition; especially in depression ego submerges in superego, loosing its controlling
ability over psychological apparatus. In turn, this condition results in depression accompanied
by self-criticism, self-blame, guilt, suicidal ideation and retardation of activity. The ego
gradually retreats and reappears to have control over psychic apparatus but fruitlessly utilizes
compensatory defense (manic symptoms against depression) i.e. delusion of grandeur against
underlying deep sense of psychological deficiencies.
Freud and early psychoanalytic theorists argued that depression was not a symptom of organic
dysfunction but a massive defense mounted by the ego against intra-psychic conflict. In his
classic paper “Mourning and Melancholia”, Freud (1917) described depression as a response
to loss (real or symbolic) but one in which the person’s sorrow and rage in the face of that
loss are not vented but remain unconscious, thus weakening the ego.
Projective techniques are known for their sensitivity in tapping unconscious mental processes
reflected in responses to unstructured / semi-structured stimuli. These techniques are often
J. Mahapatra, Ph.D., FIACP, Asst. Professor in Clinical Psychology, Dept. of Psychiatry,

S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack-753007, Orissa, Email : jashobanta.orissa@gmail.com,
D. Sahoo, Ph.D., FIACP, Consulting Clinical Psychologist, “The Mind” Bhubaneswar,
P.K. Mishra, Professor, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar and R. Kumar,
Ph. D.,FSIS, Senior Clinical Psychologist, Institute of Mental Health & Hospital, Agra – 282002,
Email : jain.imhh@gmail.com
Key Words: Ego strength, Depression, SIS - I
70 Mahapatra, Sahoo, Mishra and Kumar
utilized to estimate ego strength. The SIS can help the therapists more sensitively ‘hear’
a suffering individual’s cry for help, the inner cry that is not only hidden from others, but
often hidden from one’s own conscious awareness as well.
An understanding of inner cry (the resultant outcome of somatic problems, represented by

means of symbols) of depressive disorder was thought to be an aid for understanding the
dynamics of the disorder, personality of the client and an additional tool for the diagnosis.
Many empirical studies have demonstrated that SIS is useful in discriminating various
psychiatric populations (Dubey et al,1993,1994,1995, 2001, 2004, Dwivedi et al,1995,
Jain et al, 2005, Kandhari et al, 2010, Kumar et al, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2005a, 2005b,
2006, 2007, Mishra,1996,1997, Rathee, et al, 1995,1998, 2002) and also as a powerful
therapeutic aid (Cassell and Dubey,1996,1997,1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010,
Cassell et al, 1997,1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, Kumar, 2010 and www.somaticinkblots.com/
journal).
With this background, the present study “Evaluating ego strength in Depression on
SIS–I Indices” was designed to investigate ego strength, operationally defined as reality
orientation, in depression. Ego strength would be measured by SIS-I in terms of: Total
number of responses (R), Human responses (H), Movement responses (M), Most-typical
responses (MT), Typical responses (T), and Atypical responses (AT).
Major Hypotheses:
The study examines the following propositions in relation to SIS – I as a measure of ego
strength:
1. There would be lesser R in depressives compared to the normal.
2. There would be reduced H responses in depressives as compared to the normal
3. There would be lower M responses in depressives as compared to the normal.
4. There would be lower MT responses in depressives as compared to the normal.
5. There would be reduced T responses in depressives as compared to the normal.
6. There would be elevated AT responses in depressives as compared to the normal.
Method:
The sample consisted of 100 subjects (Depressives (n = 50) and normal (n = 50). The
clinical group was drawn from Psychiatry OPD, V.S.S. Medical College Hospital, Burla,
Orissa, diagnosed on the basis of DSM – IV. The normal subjects were drawn from general
population who were screened through PGI Health Questionnaire N - 1 (Verma et al. 1985).
SIS – I was administered individually on each subject and scored as per the procedure
developed by Cassell & Dubey (1998, 2003). The groups were matched on gender, age,
education and domicile. The sample characteristics are displayed in Table 1.
Evaluating Ego-Strength in Depression on SIS-I Indices 71
Table 1
Sample Characteristics
Characteristics Normal (n=50) Depressives (n=50)
Gender Male 25 25
Female 25 25
Age Below 35 yrs 25 25
Above 35 yrs 25 25
Education Up to 10th Class 23 21
Above 10th Class 27 29
Domicile Rural 25 25
Urban 25 25
Statistical Analysis:
Scores on each variable of SIS – I were converted into percent scores by taking total number
of responses as denominator. Mean, S.D. and ‘t’ tests were used to analyze the data.

The results are presented in Table 2.
Table 2
Mean, S.D. and ‘t’-values of Rorschach Indices in Normal and Depressive Groups
Normal (n= 50) Depressives(n= 50) ‘t’-values
Indices Mean S.D. Mean S.D.
R 37.70 15.618 20.22 3.472 7.725*
H 15.45 6.925 11.70 6.339 2.825*
M 05.37 05.508 02.17 03.789 03.392*
MT 12.32 5.577 16.71 8.152 3.144*
T 62.26 10.13 51.07 12.515 4.915*
AT 25.78 12.874 32.44 13.846 2.489**
* Significant at 0.01 level. ** Significant at 0.05 level
Total Number of Responses (R):

The normal subjects gave 37.70 responses in comparison to Depressive patients who gave
20.22 responses. (t = 7.725, P<0.01). Significantly low responses are reported in depressive
patients (Cassell and Dubey, 2003, Kumar, 2003, 2005). The findings confirmed the hypothesis
that there would be lesser R in depressive patients in comparison to the normal subjects. The
total responses given by a subject after viewing the inkblots indicates productivity. Depressed
patients because of psychomotor retardation, passivity, lack of interest in environment,

hopelessness and worthlessness may produce low number of responses on the inkblots. The
total responses (R) also indicate individual’s imaginative power, functional intelligence and
interpersonal relations. These psychological functioning appeared to be low in depressives
but in average range in normal subjects. Hence, the logic-laden hypothesis may be advanced
that low R is an index of impaired reality testing, disturbed social interpersonal relation and
tendency of isolation and social withdrawal.
Human Responses (H):

The normal subjects gave 15.45 Human responses and Depressive patients gave 11.70
human responses (t = 2.825, p<0.01) The present study confirmed the second hypothesis
that there would be low H responses in depressive patients as compared to the normal
subjects. The H responses correspond to a subject’s ability to have better interpersonal
relationships with others and indicator of ego strength. A low human content is reflective
of narrow range of interest with people, low self-esteem and empathy which is evident in
depressive patients.
Movement Responses (M):

The Movement responses were 5.37 in normal subjects and 2.17 in Depressive patients
(t = 3.392, P<0.01). The findings supported the third hypothesis that there would be low M
responses in Depressives as compared to the normal subjects. The perception of actions
in these blots is a psychological experience and thus indicates the creative energy of the
individual. The projection of movement generally demonstrates active operation of dynamic
forces in the individual. It indicates distribution of variant degree of unconscious psychic
energy in different type of M responses as governed by ego-mechanism operational in the
person.
Most Typical Responses (MT):

The MT responses was 12.32% in normal subjects and 16.71% in Depressives patients (t
= 3.144, P<0.01). The findings did not confirm the hypothesis that there would be lower MT
responses in depressives as compared to the normal subjects. The MT responses were
slightly more in depressives than normal subjects. Higher MT responses in Depressives
patients may indicate good contact with reality. The Mt responses will be significantly low
among depressives with psychotic features and other depressives with suicidal attempt.
The Depressives in present study were neurotics with no signs of suicidal ideation. The
percentage of MT responses in both the groups as shown in table 2 falls within average
range.
Typical Responses (T):

The normal subjects gave 62.26 % Typical responses and Depressive patients gave 51.07 %
typical responses (t = 4.915, P < 0.01). The present study confirmed the fifth hypothesis that
there would be low Typical responses in depressives as compared to the normal subjects.
The Typical responses indicated common perception of the world. The gestalt projection of
SIS-I images are signs of positive health. A higher number of Typical responses therefore,
are linked with the state of healthy physical, psychological and social functioning of an
individual. It is an index of good ego-strength that evaluates reality in its own perspective. It
utilizes individual’s physical as well as psychological resources with optimal functioning in a
dynamic and coherent mode to adapt with reality, because the ego-strength is correlated with
solving problems realistically instead of adapting avoiding / escape / withdrawal or aggressive
mode of behavior.
Atypical Responses (AT):

The AT responses were 25.78% in normal subjects and 32.44% in depressives (t = 2.489,
P < 0.05). The findings in the index study were in agreement with the hypothesis that there
would be elevated AT responses in depressives as compared to the normal subjects. The AT
responses represent poor quality and vague percept either in structure or verbalization. It is
because perceived sensations are not processed and organized by secondary elaboration
mechanism which involves ego-functioning. Higher involvement of ego-functioning is linked
with higher functioning of secondary elaboration that makes up poor, vague percept a more
logical, coherent and meaningful percept. Therefore, a decline of AT responses is an indication
of sound ego functioning in normal subjects. A higher mobilization of secondary elaboration
mechanism in normal and a deficient activation of this mechanism in clinical population are
probably related to the number of AT responses in normal subjects and Depressive patients.
Thus, the findings are in collaboration with conceptualization of Cassell and Dubey (2003) that
“the number of AT responses is proportionate to the degree of Psychological or Psychiatric
disturbance. Perseveration may be sign of neuropsychological impairment and usually absent
in normal people”.
Conclusion:
The findings of the present study clearly demonstrated that depressive patients can be
differentiated from normal subjects on the measures of ego strength in terms of different SIS
- I indices. Despite several criticisms raised against projective tests by school of experimental
psychology and social schools of thought, the status of projective technique for purpose of
diagnostic formulation, psychodynamic and therapeutic utility remains undisputed.
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Rathee, S. P., Pardal,P.K. and John, T.R. (1998) Diagnostic Validity of SIS-II among Psychpathological
Cases of Armed Forces. SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health,5:139-144.
Rathee, S.P.,Pardal, P.K. and John,T.R. (2002) Diagnostic Value of SIS-II Among Sub-Groups
of Psychotic and Neurotic Patients of Armed Forces. SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental
Health,9: 38-48.
Verma, S.K., Wig, N.N., and Pershad, D. (1985). PGI Health Questionnaire. National
Psycholgical Corporation, Agra.
Ziotnick, Caran, Franklin, C. Laurel, Zimmerman, MarK (2002) Is Co-morbidity of Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder Related to greater pathology and
Impairment? American J. Psychiatry, 159: 1940-1943.
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77
Oedipus: The Deep Rooted Reality to Homosexuality

Jhelum Podder and Sonali De
The present study investigates certain psychodynamic processes of homosexuals and compares it
with that of heterosexuals. The objectives of the study were to: (a) explore the oedipal relations and
conflicts of male and female homosexual subjects, (b) explore and compare the oedipal relations
and conflicts of male and female heterosexual subjects, (c) compare the oedipal relations and
conflicts amongst the homosexual and heterosexual subjects. Forty-four individuals participated
in the present study of which 22 were homosexuals (13 males and 9 females) and 22 were
heterosexuals (13 males and 9 females). The Klein Sexual Orientation Grid was used to assess
their sexual orientation. Cohort matching technique was used to match the homosexuals with
their heterosexual counterparts. 10 cards of Thematic Apperception Test were administered to
elicit the unconscious oedipal desires and conflicts of both heterosexuality and homosexuality.
Common themes were elicited by three raters who are experts in the fields of psychology
and psychoanalysis. Both the homosexual and the heterosexual groups have oedipal desires
towards the opposite sex parent, with over oedipal attachment and consequent inversional bond
resulting from relatively stronger castration anxiety in the homosexual subjects. The unconscious
dynamics of the gender role in male homosexuals was found to be feminine with an aspiration
to be masculine at times, while female homosexuals were found to be more masculine. The
oedipal stage and its consequent dynamic processes are crucial phenomena which contribute
enormously upon sexual orientation.
Homosexual orientation is a term used to refer to an enduring pattern of or disposition to

experience sexual, affectional or romantic attractions primarily to “people of the same sex”; it
also refers to an individual’s sense of personal and social identity based on those attractions,
behaviours expressing them, and membership in a community of others who share them. The
word homosexual is a Greek and Latin hybrid with “homos”, deriving from the Greek word for
“same”, thus connoting affections between members of the same sex, including lesbian.
In “The Psychogenesis of a case of Homosexuality in a Woman” (1920), Freud explains that

the girl having homosexuality was experiencing the revival of the infantile Oedipus complex at
puberty as she was disappointed, on not being able to bear a male child to her father, which her
hated rival mother could do. Thus, she turned away from her father and from men altogether,
changed into a man and took her mother in place of her father as her love-object. There arose
the search for a mother-substitute to whom she could become passionately attached. If the
girl becomes homosexual and left men to her mother (“retired in favour of the mother”), she
removed something, which had hitherto been partly responsible for her mother’s disfavour.
Freud also stated, “A man with predominantly male characteristics and also masculine in his
love-life may still be inverted in respect to his ‘object’, loving only men instead of women. A
man in whose character feminine attributes evidently predominate, who may indeed behave
in love like a women, might be expected, from their feminine attitude, to choose a man for his
love-object, but he may nevertheless be heterosexual and show no more inversion in respect
Jhelum Podder, Research Student, email: jhelum.podder@gmail.com and Sonali De, Ph.D.
Reader, Dept of Psychology, University of Calcutta, UCSTA, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata- 700009,
email: sonalide2002@yahoo.com
Key Words : Homosexuality, Psychogenesis, Hetrosexuality
78 Podder and De
of his object than an average normal man. The same is true of women here also mental sexual
character and object-choice do not necessarily coincide” (Freud 1920).
In man, identification with mother, resulting out of strong attachment (Winterstein, 1956)
and inclination towards a narcissistic object choice (Bergler, 1944; Siegel, 1988; Bergerat,
2002) coincides with the high value set upon the male organ and the inability to tolerate
its absence in a love object (Freud, 1920; Berliner, 1944; Hart, 1956, 1958; Jaffe, 1983).
Colette Chiland (1994) also states that homosexuals in general suffer from a deficit in their
capacity for a relationship with the same-sex parent. Ken Corbett (1993) goes against
this view of homosexual’s feminine identification and argues that male homosexuality is a
differently structured masculinity and not simulated femininity. Castration fear (Lewinsky,
1952; Winterstein, 1956; Dobson, 1999) at the hands of an angry father-rival leads to the
renunciation of women, meaning that all rivalry with him (or with all men who may take his place)
is avoided (Freud, 1920). The parental constellation most likely to produce a heterosexual with
severe homosexual fixations or a homosexual person are a detached, hostile father and a
close–binding, overly intimate, seductive mother who dominated and minimized her husband
(Dobson, 1999; Dracoulides, 1954). Hart (1956, 1958) found that maternal narcissism and
penis envy in some women intensifies the male Oedipus complex. Women with these traits
overvalue their sons (who represent the mother’s penis) and correspondingly undervalue their
husbands. The son, unable to identify himself with an adequately esteemed father, fails to
achieve satisfactory masculinity for himself. Wulff (1941) rather considers fixation on father
figure and not castration fear, to be the dynamics behind male homosexuality. Fisher and
Greenberg (1996) negated Freud’s view of a distant father and a close attachment to mother
as the basic dynamic of homosexuality. They found data, which reinforced the concept of the
negative father but failed to support the idea of the overly close, seductive mother. They also
suggest that there is a correlation between negative fathering and adult homosexuality but
not the oedipal drama surrounding mother.
Early childhood jealousy against rivals like elder brothers led to extreme hostile aggressive
attitude against brothers or sisters, which might culminate actual death wish but could not
survive further development. Thus, these feelings are repressed and transformed, so that
the rivals became the first homosexual love-objects (Freud, 1920). Kenneth Lewes (1998)
argues against the negative and positive oedipal mechanisms. He states of the plicate Oedipus
complex, in which the father serves simultaneously as both the object and the prohibitor of erotic
excitement in the oedipal-age boy. According to Saul and Aaron T. Beck (1961), homosexuality
in the male serves as a pathway of gratification or discharge of diverse infantile needs, and is
a defense against certain drives or affects that are potentially disruptive to the ego.
Bergler (1944) found that selection of a love object in female homosexuals was based on
introjective identification with mother and narcissistic projection of herself into the object.
In men’s case it is too strong admiration and attachment to father. Terzaghi sees female
homosexuality to be richly overdetermined with preoedipal and oedipal factors contributing
to its development, which made it impossible for her to successfully resolve the Oedipus
complex. According to Bergler (1943), homosexuality in women is determined by a preoedipal
conflict. It represents the attempt to deny the maternal rejection and simultaneously allays
guilt and anxiety by choosing mother substitutes as love objects. Bergler (1943) contends
Oedipus : The Deep Rooted Reality to Homosexuality 79
that actual traumatic experiences producing such hatred cannot in and of themselves lead
to homosexuality; there must also be a biologic substratum of the ‘oral instinctual drive and
a personality of the narcissistic-libidinous type’.
Keeping this background in view the present study attempts: (a) to probe into the oedipal
relations and conflicts of both the male homosexual and the female homosexual groups
and compare the same, (b) to probe into the oedipal relations and conflicts of both the male
heterosexuals and female heterosexuals and compare the same, and (c) to compare the
oedipal relations and conflicts amongst the homosexual and heterosexual groups.
Materials and Method:

Forty four individuals (22 Homosexuals : (13 Male and 9 Female) and 22 heterosexuals:
(13 males and 9 females) were taken for the study. All were above 18 years with Mean age
23.50yrs. The Klein Sexual Orientation Grid was used to assess their sexual orientation. Cohort
matching technique was used to match the homosexuals with their heterosexual counterparts.
10 cards of Thematic Apperception Test were administered to elicit the unconscious oedipal
desires and conflicts of both heterosexuality and homosexuality. Common themes were elicited
by three raters who are experts in the fields of psychology and psychoanalysis.
Sample:
The sample consisted 2 groups (22 Homosexuals : (13 Male and 9 Female) and 22
heterosexuals: (13 males and 9 females) with minimum age above 18 years, education above
Secondary level and whose both parents were surviving after the subject turned 10 yrs of
age. Subjects with history of Bisexual, organics and psychological disorder were excluded
from the study.
1. Homosexuals: People having an erotic desire or sexual preference for members

of the same biological sex have been selected in the sample of homosexuals. It is
intended to refer to sexual ideation or activity involving members of the same biological
sex. This selection was based according to the ratings provided in the Klein’s Sexual
Orientation Grid – whoever scored 6 or 7 in all of the 6 variable components (except
for that of social preference*) were included in this group.
2. Heterosexuals: People who have an erotic desire or a sexual preference for members of
the opposite biological sex been selected in the sample of heterosexuals. It is intended to
refer to sexual ideation or activity involving members of the opposite biological sex. This
selection was based according to the ratings provided in the Klein’s Sexual Orientation
Grid – whoever scored 1 or 2 in all of the 6 variable components (except for that of
social preference*) were included in this group.(The words male and female are used
in this research report to indicate biological sex of the person and not gender).The two
groups were matched on the basis of sex, age and educational level.
Tools Used:
Information schedule, prepared by the researcher, to acquire personal background
information.
80 Podder and De
Fritz Klein Sexual Orientation Grid (KSOG), by F. Klein (1948) to assess sexual
orientation of the subjects.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), by L. Bellack( 1975), to probe into the dynamics
of oedipal relations.
Cards: (1, 6BM, 7BM, 8BM, 9BM, 13MF for male) and (1,6GF, 7GF, 9GF, 13MF,18GF
for Females).
Procedure:
The data for the present study were collected from two institutions based in Kolkata – Swikriti
and Sappho for Equality, for the homosexual sample. The subjects of the heterosexual group
were matched following the cohort matching technique according to their age, sex and
educational qualification with the homosexual sample. All the subjects, of both the groups,
came from urban and semi-urban residential areas.
Those subjects were included as homosexuals, who scored either 6 or 7 in all the variable
components of the KSOG (except the variable of social preference, as cultural influences
mostly guided the subjects to socialize with members of both biological sexes) and those with
scores ranging between 1 and 2 were selected as heterosexuals.
Personal information was extracted by administering an information schedule. Subsequent to

this, the TAT was administered to the subjects with the relevant cards for males and females
separately. The obtained data were then qualitatively analyzed and discussed.
Treatment of the Data:

Three raters interpreted the data obtained from the administration of the TAT cards. The
raters were experts in the fields of psychology and psychoanalysis. The common themes that
were elicited through inter rater agreement were taken for interpretation in the total context
of the study.

Research shows that dynamic development during the pre-oedipal and oedipal phases shapes
a child’s personality structure, sexual orientation being an important part of it. The following
results focus mainly on the contribution of the oedipal phase of a person’s development
guiding his/her sexuality.
The results obtained from the TAT protocols show the relation between the perception of
mother figure, father figure and the oedipal relations amongst both the male and female
homosexuals. All the 22 homosexuals participating in the present research had been found
to show an oedipal conflict resulting in an inversional orientation. The results point to a very
inherent root of positive oedipus in the childhood, which worked behind as the dynamic force.
In case of the male homosexuals, there was possibly a strong oedipal desire to possess
mother sexually, and also a substantive wish to replace father from mother’s life or remove
him totally, as he was perceived to be the rival.
Table 1
Showing Analysis of TAT Protocols for Male Homosexual Subjects
Dimensions Male Homosexuals

Mother Figure There is restriction of oedipal fulfillment by mother.
Father Figure They desire father’s absence and show ambivalence towards him
(presence is threatening). They apprehend authority intervention.
Dominant male power is the constant source of anxiety for them.
Oedipal Relation Open oedipal desire and its pain leads to drawing of attraction to father
figure leading to inverted oedipus (origin-oedipus). Castration anxiety is
coming from dominance.
Heterosexual Interest Heterosexual inclination is present in them. There is quite a lot of interest
in heterosexuality. Feels resistance because of fear of punishment.
Homosexual Relation They feel extremely conflicted in homosexual orientation. Attempted
inversional processes arouse more anxiety rather than pleasure in
them where the system ultimately succumbs to punishing superego.
Apprehension, confusion and ambivalence of inversional domination
are felt.
Masculinity/Femininity There is a presence of masculine inadequacy and a doubt regarding
masculine virility. They portray feminine qualities and lack in masculinity.
Adequacy/Identity There is a sense of inadequacy. Intense need to have distinctive identity
is also evident.
Table 2
Showing Analysis of TAT Protocols for Male Heterosexual Subjects
Dimensions Male Heterosexuals
Mother Figure There is a presence of attraction and affinity towards the mother.
Father Figure There is a proper source of masculine identification. Dependence on

support of father figure to prove self sufficiency is evident. Apprehension
of and apathy towards authority intervention is shown at times.
Oedipal Relation Strong oedipal conflict is causing the fear of passivity. (Castration fear).
Heterosexual Relation Opposite sex member is directly appreciated, but sexual resistance is
present in many subjects.
Self / Adequacy Lack of self confidence, esteem and sense of adequacy is prominent.
There is a presence of personal insufficiency and a lack of confidence.
There was the presence of a firm fear of being castrated by the father, which possibly is the
reason for the consequent inversion in the individual. The open oedipal desire had with it the
natural provocation to get more and more attached to the mother figure, but perhaps the guilt
of bearing or even openly expressing such incestuous desire prevailed over the infantile wish
and so there occurred a conflicting desire to distance themselves from the object of incest, i.e.
the mother or to defensibly incline towards the father figure and develop a superficial inverted
oedipal relation which later develops into homosexual trends and orientation. In certain cases,
however, a non-submissive attitude towards their father figure had been observed and even
82 Podder and De
a reactive aggressive attitude. Perhaps they wanted to possess their mother and therefore
a claim on their mother’s virginity by any other men (specifically father) is not tolerated.
This could possibly be another reason to show distance and recluse or reactive aggression
towards the father to protect the oedipal mother and enjoy its direct satisfaction. Apart from
fixation on mother, there occurred identification with mother in the men, which is the outcome
of the strong attachment, and in a certain manner, this helps the son to be loyal to his first
love object, i.e. the mother. Thus in case of the present sample, the homosexual orientation
is perhaps itself an outcome of strong mother figure identification which develops from the
oedipal desire towards her (Jonas, 1944; Winterstein, 1956). It is unconsciously a wish to
remain faithful to mother in a more socially acceptable way. Thus a strong fixation in being
identified with the mother gives rise to the sexual interest in father from the mother’s point of
interest. In heterosexual males if the father loves enough then the reciprocation between them
develops and the child is able to identify with him and looks upon the mother from father’s
viewpoint, i.e. as his wife. But in case of the homosexuals, they are fixated at the stage of
mother identification and therefore develop to be a homosexual. G.S. Bose (1956) contended
that the male child turns homosexual when the libido is fixated at the action identity phase
of the mother–father relationship where the child places itself in the position of the mother
(identity of the ego) and finds pleasure in playing the mother’s role and also gets interested
in whatever interests the mother, including the father. Thus if a male child gets fixated at this
phase the sexual interest remains as it was upon the father and his oedipus conflict does not
get resolved and hence develops into a homosexual individual.
In the present gay group, there had been a recurrent feature of strong castration fear amongst
almost all of the subjects, along with which there was the presence of domination felt from
an authority figure. The homosexual individual actually fears being punished by the father
in the form of castration for this unimaginable sexual desire, and thus renounces from being
sexually involved with any women at all so that the rivalry with the father or any such man
who could take his place is avoided (Freud, 1920; Lewinsky, 1952). Castration anxiety is a
common phenomenon even in the male heterosexuals as is evident from the present sample
of male heterosexual individuals, who showed castration fear developing from the guilt of
oedipal inclinations. The difference between the two groups lie in the fact that in case of the
heterosexual individual the castration fear helps him to develop his superego which then
guides him to identify with his father and turn his sexual wishes towards the mother into love
and affection (Freud, 1900), whereas in case of the homosexual individuals the castration
fear is so strong that they totally renounce from having sexual attraction or feelings towards
the opposite sex and incline towards men. It therefore seems that castration anxiety is much
stronger in case of the present homosexual population because of the perception of a punitive
father. It might then as well be concluded that homosexual males loses the oedipal battle with
their father, of possessing their mother and thus deviates towards inversion.
Based on the information collected about their background and personal life, in the present
sample, it was observed that except for 3 subjects the rest of the male homosexuals mostly
had elder brothers and few had elder sisters. The sibling jealousy perhaps could be so intense
that it gave rise to extreme hostility against them which was actually repressed and transformed
so that they became their first love objects (Freud, 1922). If the heterosexual male group is
compared in this case it is found that except for 5 subjects the rest were either only child or
had younger siblings in their family.
Table 1 shows that there was an inherent interest in heterosexual relationship in mostly all
of the male homosexuals. But perhaps because of a fear of castration they repressed this
need for heterosexual relation or even reacted negatively towards it. It might be for this fear
they totally renounce heterosexual relations leaving women for the father (Freud, 1920). The
fact of having an unconscious heterosexual tendency is also evident from the expression of
apprehension, doubt and conflict felt in the homosexual life in the present sample. They seem
to be in conflict in the inversional context and cannot trust the inversional bond because of this
apprehension. Even though some might feel comfortable in male bondage, they apprehend
being exploited and dominated by the partner. Thus guided by the infantile fear of castration,
most of them play submissive and subjugative passive role in their relation. The Neo Freudian
standpoint, according to Bieber et al (1963), is that homosexuality is a pathologic, biosocial,
psychosexual adaptation consequent to pervasive fears surrounding the heterosexual
impulses. While compared to the heterosexual male group, it can be seen that they show
open attraction and interest towards the opposite sex people. This heterosexual inclination,
in spite of going through a phase of castration anxiety, might be explained by the fact that in
them castration fear is quite low in strength and they could resolve their Oedipus conflict by
turning their sexual interest upon mother to affection and substituting her with a contemporary
female on reaching the genital stage.
Table 3
Showing Analysis of TAT Protocols for Female Homosexual Subjects
Dimensions Female Homosexuals
Mother Figure Mother is perceived extremely negative, non-understanding, highly dominating

punishing and critical about their deficiencies and differentiating. They show
partial respect towards mother’s decision hence compromises with her and
so cannot identify.
Father Figure Perception of father figure is abusive, not trustworthy, no support, driving
towards immorality. There is also a need to be close with father. There is
a desire to possess a penis. There is a feeling of over interference and
domination from the desired oedipal figure.
Oedipal Relation Oedipal impulse is evident. Oedipal orientation and inclination towards father
is also present.
Heterosexual Root lies in heterosexuality. Seclusion is preferred to avoid tensions of

Interest heterosexual life. Intense ambivalence is present towards heterosexuality.
Doubt and instability is associated with heterosexual support.
Homosexual Being well understood, reciprocated and respected in their own form of
Relation identity. Feels supported in life and attracted towards such partners. They
seek support from homosexual partner.
Masculinity/ Female roles are well appreciated and seen in positive frames. Prominent
Femininity negativity is associated with male temperaments and attitudes. Non-
acceptance of femininity in self is evident.
Adequacy/Identity There is no clear identification with any parent due to negligence which
leads to injured self.
84 Podder and De
Most of the homosexual males in the present sample showed less of masculinity and expressed
doubts about their masculine virility. There was a tendency to aspire for masculinity and self-
identity as they suffered from identitycrisis, which seems to be related to their doubt regarding
their gender role. Due to the lack of masculine identity most of them were effeminate in their
attitude. The conflict between their biological sex, sexual orientation and the stereotypical
gender roles, create confusion and inadequacy with a resultant sense of diffidence. However,
the underlying unconscious process working behind might be that they have a strong
identification with the mother figure, which turns them into the feminine self. Bose (1929)
noted that there’s a fixation in the feminine attitude towards the father in which the male child
develops feminine traits and passive homosexuality. According to Bakwin (1968) there is a
high risk of homosexuality in children with deviant gender-role behavior, that is,effeminate
or”sissy boys”and”tomboyish girls” A significant number of homosexual men also have been
found to have histories of cross-gender behavior during childhood (Raphling, 1989).
Table 4
Table Showing Analysis of TAT Protocols for Female Heterosexual Subjects
Dimensions Female Heterosexuals
Mother Figure There is a feeling of lose of interpersonal bond with parents;

particularly the negativities are regarding the mother. Mother
domination is felt.
Father Figure Lack of trust upon father figure is prominent. Separation anxiety
is present.
Oedipal Relation Oedipal leanings are evident giving rise to guilt, conflict,
confusion and sense of rejection regarding incestuous
involvement.
Heterosexual Relation A generalized apprehension is there regarding heterosexual

advances in life.
Self / Adequacy There is a lack of self confidence and presence of low self
image.
The analysis of the TAT protocols show that in case of the female homosexuals (Table 3) they
portray a negative attitude towards their mother, perceiving them to be dictating, dominating,
non-understanding, punishing and highly critical. They showed less respect, and had a non-
compromising and non-submissive attitude towards the mother figure. Though not much is
evident about the perception of the father figure but there was presence of strong oedipal
attraction towards the father figure and complexities of a triangular relation is clearly present.
The findings of an over oedipal attraction to the father on the part of the female leading to
homosexuality is similar to the findings of dynamics of male homosexuality. Thus, inversion
is a defensive way to be distant from the oedipal object choice because of interference and
domination of the mother felt in a triangular relationship. Homosexuality thus gives riddance
from incest guilt of the girl child. The inversional process puts up a blockade in front of
unendurable oedipal impulses. This is possibly because their over oedipal wish to bear a child
to their father in order to possess his penis remains ungratified and they feel rejected by the
father in such an incestuous relationship. Therefore they become disappointed and move
away from men in general to become a man themselves and as they look for a woman now it
is obvious for them to take the mother to be the love object. The disapproval of the mother on
desiring the father sexually too is removed if she ‘retires in favour of the mother’, thus leaving
the father and men in general for the mother (Freud, 1920; Lagache, 1950).
According to Bose (1956) “a female if fixated at the feminine attitude towards the father
becomes incapable of loving any male, except her father. In case of the homosexual who are
overly attracted to their father it can be deduced that they are basically fixated at the stage of
the feminine attitude towards their father. He also states that homosexuality is the outcome
of the libido being fixed at the Oedipus point, where the child’s ego feels like the father’s ego.
The father’s interest becomes the child’s interest. The child imagines itself to be a grown up
man like the father and thus the mother becomes the new sexual object and is looked from
the father’s view. Thus female homosexuality is the outcome of desiring the mother being a
male herself” (Bose, 1956). Bergler (1943) presses on the fact that homosexuality in women
is determined by a preoedipal conflict, denying the maternal rejection and allaying guilt and
anxiety by choosing mother substitute as love object. Terzaghi (1992) noted that homosexuality
results out of neurotic development during the oedipal level, based on central unresolved
conflicts of sexuality and aggression which are internalized in a personality structure. Early
difficulties surrounding fear of loss of the mother and her love influenced each successive
stage of development so that loss is a leitmotif throughout. Thus, homosexuality appears to
be richly over-determined with pre-oedipal and oedipal factors contributing to its development
which made it impossible for her to successfully resolve the Oedipus complex.
Similar to the female homosexual sample, the female heterosexual sample also possessed the
oedipal desire to possess the father sexually and expressed direct enjoyment of it. However,
unlike the female homosexual group the female heterosexual individuals identified themselves
with their mothers (even if with negative attitude) and had heterosexual interest along with
some apprehensions. They might have resolved their oedipal conflict by identifying with their
mother and starting to look for a father substitute as they grew up to be adults, on remaining
ungratified by both the parents on the demand of a penis.
Like the homosexual male group, the homosexual female group also tends to show an interest
in heterosexual relations but still feel more comfortable in a homosexual relationship. The
comfort felt in the inversional bond could rise out of two major causes. First, inversion being
a defense helps to get rid of the guilt of over-oedipal attachment and seek mother’s approval.
Second, many of the females having a distant relation with their fathers dreaded of being
abused by them and men in general, as they could not generate a trustful relation with their
father and thus show apprehension and negative attitude to have a heterosexual relation.
The same sex relation seems to be more trustworthy, supporting and understanding than the
opposite sex relation where they are insecured, fearing rejection and exploitation (Socarides,
1963; Lagache, 1950). They also fear that they would be losing their virginity by force if
they go into an opposite sex relation. Elaine V. Siegel (1988; reviewed by Buttenheim and
Contratto, 1993) stated that female homosexuals have failed to “take full possession of their
vaginas”. Being unable to possess their vaginas fully seems the resultant of identifying as a
86 Podder and De
man and seeking mother as the sexual object during the oedipal phase of their development.
Nevertheless, there remains the primitive oedipal desire because of which most of the lesbians
show interest in and wish to have a heterosexual relation and expresses doubt about the
consequences of the inversional relationship.
From the TAT protocols it is evident that most of the female homosexuals in the present
sample reject femininity or show negativity to the social pattern of appraisal of femininity. It
shows that the attributes of feminine individual is shown utter reactive protest. Though few
show appreciation of maleness, most of them possess a negative attitude and non-submissive
nature towards the stereotypical masculinity as well. It might be that majority of the lesbians
unconsciously despise such masculinity, yet none of them consider themselves feminine in
the stereotypical term. Despising masculinity comes from the unconscious fear of the distant
father’s rejection and abuse, and of men in general. According to Bakwin (1968) children with
atypical gender role behaviour grow up to be homosexuals like ‘sissy boys’ and ‘tomboyish
girls’. Many other researchers like Oldham, Farnill, and Ball, (1982); Shavelson et al,(1980)
have found masculine gender role orientations among lesbians. Heinmann (1951) stated
that when the feminine desires are frustrated because of ungratification she reverts back to
the mother and comes finds out that her male organ is inferior; it is not a proper penis and
cannot rival the father’s penis whom she hates for rejecting her. Because her phallicism is
largely a secondary and defensive phenomenon, she comes to develop penis envy at the
expense of femininity. She disowns her vagina, attributes superior qualities to the penis,
hopes for her clitoris to grow into one and meets with further disappointment. Devaluation of
femininity thus underlies overvaluation of penis. It is perhaps this disowning process of their
vagina, because of which the female aspires to be masculine, but as it remains ungratified
they develop a despise towards such masculinity. In case of the heterosexual females it is
observed that they have a poor feminine identification along with lack of self confidence and
confused self concept; some of them even possess distorted self image. It seems that the
homosexual individuals are not only traumatized inside their conscious lifestyle but also within
their individual unconscious reality.
Conclusion:
Both the homosexual and the heterosexual sample develop oedipal desire and experience
an oedipal conflict is corroborated in the present study; while the heterosexual group
overcomes the incestuous desires by transforming the sexual impulses into affection
and thoroughly identifying with the same sex parent, the homosexual group turns their
oedipal desire towards the same sex parent. A much stronger castration fear is present
in case of the present homosexual male sample when compared with their cohort
group. In case of the female homosexual the inversion is the result of being ungratified
in their oedipal wishes. It is also found that heterosexual interests are present in both
the homosexual samples but both groups are apprehensive about domination by the
opposite sex or distrust them. Certain apprehensions and inhibition are felt in the
heterosexual relation by the heterosexual group but they do not resort to any kind
of homosexual relations. Thus it might be concluded that the oedipal stage and its
consequent dynamic processes are a crucial phenomena which contribute enormously
to the sexual orientation of a person.
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Appeal
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89
Impact of Meaning in Life and Reasons for Living to Hope and

Suicidal Ideation: A Study among College Students
Atanu K. Dogra, Saugata Basu and Sanjukta Das
The present study attempts to discern whether meaning in life predicts trait hope, state hope and
suicidal ideation beyond the effects predicted by reasons for living, personality and stressful life
events ; and whether reasons for living predicts beyond the effects predicted by personality and
stressful life events. Personal Information Schedule, EPQ(Eysenck,1975), Stressful Life Events
Scale (modified after Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale, Singh et al.,1984), Reasons for
Living Inventory (Gutierrez et al.,2002), Meaning in Life Questionnaire (Steger et al., 2006), Adult
State Hope Scale (Steger et al.,1996), Adult dispositional Hope Scale (Snyder et al.,1991), Adult
Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (Reynolds,1991) were administered on 711 undergraduate college
students in small groups. The obtained data have been statistically analyzed using hierarchical
regression analysis. Results suggest that future expectations and coping beliefs of reasons for
living and presence of meaning in life act as common factors for both hope and suicidal ideation
but in opposite direction and the meaning in life influences hope and suicidal ideation beyond
the effect of other factors.
As the incidence of suicide continues to rise in recent times (Barlow and Durand, 2005), it
becomes important to investigate factors affecting suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation is directly
related to hopelessness as hopelessness mediates a tremendous amount of variance in the
successful suicide (Beck et al., 1985). On the other hand, hope could mediate positive aspects
of mental health and hence reduces suicide rate.
The old saying goes like, ‘while there’s life, there’s hope’ but the converse ‘while there’s
hope, there’s life’ is rather appropriate. Hope is described by Snyder et al. (1991) from two
dimensional perspectives. One dimension of hope is positive motivational state that is based
on an interactively derived sense of successful agency (goal - directed energy) and second
one is pathways (planning to meet goals).This is state hope. Another dimension of hope is
as a cognitive set that is based on a reciprocally derived sense of successful agency (goal
directed determination) and pathways (planning to meet goals). This is trait or dispositional
hope. So hope is the sum of perceived capability to produce routes to desired goals, along
with the perceived motivation to use those routes.
But sometimes goal- directed thinking is impeded repeatedly due to goal blockages, lack of
agency and pathways, individuals go through a series of increasingly serious and lethal phases
from hope to rage, from rage to despair, and from despair to apathy, later it leads to a
state of extremely low hope ,i.e., hopelessness (Snyder,1994). Feeling of hopelessness may
lead to suicidal ideation and later suicide (Beck et al., 1985, Sil and Basu, 2007).
There is a growing emphasis on identifying individuals at risk for suicidal behaviors. Suicidal
behavior may be considered as a domain of psychological disturbance and is associated with
Atanu K.Dogra, Ph.D., Research student, Saugata Basu, Ph.D., Asso. Professor and
Sanjukta Das, Ph.D., Reader, Dept. of Psychology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road.
Kolkata-700009 ( India) Tel:91-9830526320, Fax 91-33-23519755, Corresponding Author:
SAUGATA BASU E-mail: saubasu2005@yahoo.co.in
Key Words: Meaning in Life, Reasons for Living, Hope, Suicidal Ideation
90 Dogra, Basu and Das
potentially severe mental and physical health outcomes. Suicide has been defined by Comer
(2002) as self inflicted death in which one makes an intentional, direct and conscious effort to
end one’s own life. Suicidal behaviors may be categorized to include suicide completion, suicide
attempts, overt intentions, and suicidal ideation (Reynolds, 1991). Suicidal ideation is the first
step down the dangerous road to suicide is thinking about it. Suicidal ideation – specifically
the thoughts and cognition about suicidal behaviors and intent – may be considered an early
marker for the risk of more serious suicidal behaviors (Bonner and Rich, 1987). Several studies
on college students have suggested that suicidal ideation is common among this population
(Brener et al., 1999; Barrios et al., 2000; Dhar and Basu,2006). Borum (1996) suggested that
alcohol and drug abuse, intense stress or personal loss such as failure in school or breakup,
may be precipitating factors in suicide attempts. Majority of suicides (37.8%) in India are by
those below the age of 30 years (National Crime Record Bureau,2005). In Indian context,
Dhar and Basu (2006) found out that stressful life events along with personality traits are
related with suicidal ideation in this group. A phenomenon that may parallel increased rates
of suicidal ideation is the loss of existential meaning or existential neurosis, lack of proper
reasons for living and excessive stress perception (Dogra et al., 2007). Moreover, stress
perception is often related to personality traits (Taylor, 1999).
Several studies have examined the positive relationship between life events and suicidal
behavior (Schotte and Clum,1982;Yang and Clum, 1984; Dhar and Basu ,2006; Guha
et al.,2006).However, whether encountering life events contributes to hope negatively or
insignificantly; or, there are other factors like personality traits which modulates life events
contributing to hope is yet to be discerned. life events contributes
To hope negatively or insignificantly; or, there are other factors like personality traits which
modulates life events contributing to hope is yet to be discerned.
Reasons for Living is a set of life sustaining belief and expectancies which may be prominent
in non-suicidal individuals and act as cognitive barriers in committing suicide or may potentially
influence the intensity of suicidal ideations in suicidal individuals (Linehan et al.,1983). They
stated that people with high amounts of reasons to live would not want to commit
suicide. Various studies have examined protective factors of reasons for living among young
people in combination with known risk factors such as stress level and hopelessness (Dyck,
1987; Hirsch & Ellis, 1996)
Existential psychological research emphasized on meaning in life to enhance trait and

state hope and prevent suicidal ideation (Frankl, 1965; Mascaro and Rosen, 2005). Frankl
(1965, 1973) has conceived of meaning in life as a process of discovery within a world
that is intrinsically meaningful. Each one has to individually discover the meaning of each
particular situation. Each meaning is unique to each person. The basic striving of man is to
find the meaning in life. Steger et al. (2006) proposes 2 constructs: (i) presence of meaning
and (ii) search for meaning. Presence of meaning refers to subjective sense that one’s life
is meaningful whereas search for meaning refers the drive and orientation towards finding
meaning in one’s life. Studies suggest that perceiving a meaning in life is related to positive
mental health outcomes while meaninglessness is associated with pathology (Mascaro and
Rosen, 2005; Dogra et al., 2008a, 2008b; Zika and Chamberlain, 1992).
Impact of Meaning in Life 91
The present study aims to find out whether reasons for living and meaning in life act as
protective factors against suicidal ideation and whether reasons for living and meaning in life
enhance state and trait hope. To find out them, this study is designed to investigate whether
meaning in life predicts trait hope, state hope and suicidal ideation beyond the effects predicted
by reasons for living, dimensions of personality and the number of stressful life events in
last one year; and various components of reasons for living predict trait hope, state hope
and suicidal ideation beyond the effects predicted by dimensions of personality and the
number of stressful life events in last one year among college students.
Materials and Method:
Sample:
The sample comprises of 711subjects (362 males and 349 females) in the age range of 19 to
21 years, residing in Kolkata at least for the last 5 years, students of Graduate Classes(B.A.,B.
Sc.and B.Com), with a predominant Bengali culture, family income between Rs.5,000 to
Rs.10,000, and Unmarried. Subjects with known history of any acute physical and mental
illness were excluded from the study.
Tools Used:
1. A detailed information schedule was used to collect personal and familial related
information.
2. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) (Eysenck & Eysenck; 1975).
3. Stressful Life Events Scale (Modified after Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale or
PSLES, Singh et al., 1984): PSLES consists of 51 life events. This scale is specially
prepared for adult Indian population. Modified version of the test with 38 items (Dogra
2009) was selected for the present study.
4. Reasons for Living Inventory for Young Adults (Gutierrez et al., 2002): It is a 32
itemself-report inventory designed to assess reasons (protective factors) for living
in college adults aged 17 -30 years. There are 5 subscales: Positive Self Evaluation
(PSE) contains 5 items; Coping Beliefs (CB) 7 items; Future Expectations (FE) 7
items; Peer Relations (PR) 6 items; and Family Relations (FR) 7 items.
5. The Meaning in Life Questionnaire (Steger et al., 2006): It is a 10 items measure of the
meaning in life. Five items measure presence of meaning in life and 5 items measure
search for meaning in life.
6. Adult State Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1996): It is desired to measure State hope. The
questionnaire consisted of 6 items including 3 agency and 3 pathway items in
which respondents describe themselves in terms of how they are “right now”.
7. Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1991): It is a self report, 12 item inventory
designed to tap an individual’s dispositional hope or trait hope in adults. The scale
tapping dispositional hope consists of 8 hope items (4 agency items and 4 pathways
items) along with 4 filler items.
8. The Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (ASIQ)( Reynolds,1991): It is a self –report

measure designed to assess a specific aspect of suicidal behavior -thoughts about
suicide. It consists of 25 items.
Procedure:
Subjects who fulfilled the criteria of inclusion were asked to fill up the detailed Personal
Information Schedule followed by different tests: Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Stressful
Life Events Scale, Adult State Hope Scale. Adult Dispositional Hope Scale were given on the
first day. Within a week, Reasons for Living Inventory for Young Adults, The Meaning in
Life Questionnaire, Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (ASIQ) were given. The scales
were administered in small groups (a group of 8 to 10 students).
Statistical Analysis:
To reach the research objectives, the obtained data have been analyzed using means,
standard deviations, t- tests between males and females with respect to criteria variables and
hierarchical regression analyses. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS 17.0.
Table 1
Means and Standard Deviations of Males and Females and the t-values
Representing Significance of Difference between Male and Female Students’
Scores on all Criteria Variables
Variables Mean SD T Value Significance

Male 24.04 3.76
Trait hope 0.485 NS
Female 23.90 4.01
Male 30.73 4.10
State hope 0.633 NS
Female 30.53 4.39
Male 16.50 19.34
Suicidal ideation 1.411 NS
Female 14.53 17.61
In the present study, as no significant differences exist between male and female students
with respect to all criteria variables, further statistical analyses were done combining males
and females together.

Results suggest that i) various components of reasons for living have significant effect in
predicting trait hope (Table 2) and state hope (Table 3) beyond the effects of three dimensions
of personality and the number of stressful life events in last one year. And ii) presence of
meaning in life and search for meaning in life have significant effects in predicting trait
hope (Table 2) and state hope (Table 3) beyond the effects of three dimensions of personality
, the number of stressful life events in last one year and various components of reasons
for living. Among all variables, extraversion, coping beliefs, future expectation and presence
of meaning in life contribute positively to trait hope (Table 2) and state hope (Table 3) as the
direction of beta values suggest.
Table 2
Summary of Hierarchical Regression Analysis of the Roles of PEN, Stressful Life
Events, Reasons for Living, Presence of Meaning in Life, Search for Meaning in Life
Predicting Trait Hope among College Students
Predictor Variables R2 Adjusted R2 R2 Change Beta value F change
Extraversion .220**
Neuroticism -.024
0.057 0.052 0.057 10.644**
Psychoticism .013
Stressful life events in last 1 year -.078
Extraversion .187**
Neuroticism -.018
Psychoticism .003
Positive self evaluation 0.161 0.150 0.104 .046 17.342**
Coping beliefs .165**
Future expectations .212**
Peer relations -.031
Family relations .065
Extraversion .167**
Neuroticism -.019
Psychoticism .010
Positive self evaluation -.053
Coping beliefs 0.204 0.191 0.043 .133** 18.839**
Presence of meaning in life .232**
Search for meaning in life -.009
* p<0.05.
** p<0.01.
Table 3
Events, Dimensions of Reasons for Living, Presence of Meaning in Life, Search for
Meaning in Life Predicting State Hope in College Students.
Predictor Variables R2 Adjusted R2 Change Beta value F change

R2
Extraversion .215**
Neuroticism -.010
0.056 0.051 0.056 0.470**
Psychoticism .044
Extraversion .185**
Neuroticism -.031
Psychoticism -.035
Stressful life events -.076
in last 1 year
0.151 0.140 0.095 15.676**
Positive self- evaluation .055
Extraversion .167**
Neuroticism .031
Psychoticism .041
Stressful life events -.069
in last 1 year
Positive self- evaluation -.063

0.190 0.177 0.039 16.829**
Presence of meaning in life .221**
Search for meaning in life -.007
* p<0.05
** p<0.01.
Table 4
Events, Reasons for living, Presence of Meaning in Life, Search for Meaning in Life
Predicting Suicidal Ideation among College Students.
Predictor Variables R2 Adjusted R2 R2 Change Beta value F change

Extraversion -.054
Neuroticism .181**
0.061 0.056 0.061 11.527**
Psychoticism .071
Stressful life events in last 1 year .114**
Extraversion -.020
Neuroticism .132**
Psychoticism -.059
Stressful life events .088**
in last 1 year
0.210 0.200 0.149 15.676**
Positive self-evaluation -.061
Coping beliefs -.162**
Future expectations . -.186**
Family relations -.139**
Extraversion -.007
Neuroticism .130**
Psychoticism -.065
Stressful life events .081*
in last 1 year
Positive self-evaluation -.063
Coping beliefs -.140**
0.231 0.219 0.021 9.673**
Future expectations -.165**
Family relations -.110*
Presence of meaning -.166**
in life
Search for meaning .029
in life
* p<0.05
** p<0.01.
Results from Table 4 suggest that i) various components of reasons for living have significant
effect in predicting suicidal ideation beyond the effects of three dimensions of personality
and the number of stressful life events in last one year. And ii) presence of meaning in life
and search for meaning in life have significant effects in predicting suicidal ideation beyond
the effects of three dimensions of personality, the number of stressful life events in last
one year and various components of reasons for living. Among all variables, neuroticism,
stressful life events in last one year positively and coping beliefs, future expectation, family
relations of reasons for living and presence of meaning in life contribute negatively to suicidal
ideation as the direction of beta values suggest.
Different components of personality and hope and suicidal ideation:

Two components of personality, i.e., extraversion and neuroticism are observed as influencing
factors for two dimensions of mental health, i.e., hope and suicidal ideation respectively.
The present study portrays that extraversion is a predictor for trait and state hope (as reported
in Tables 2 & 3). It means that extravert people are more hopeful than introvert people.
Due to sociability, activity, expressiveness and tendency to experience positive emotion
as characteristics of extraversion, extravert persons are more capable to find out various
sources of goals and sum of perceived capability to produce routes to desired goals, along
with the perceived motivation to use those routes. This finding is in agreement with researches
done by Eysenck and Eysenck (1985). According to Eysenck and Eysenck (1985), being
characteristically hopeful and optimism are the products of stable extraversion but pessimism
is product of introversion. Present outcome is further supported by Mascaro and Rosen
(2005) and Dogra et al. (2008b). They observed extraversion as a positive predictor of hope.
‘Williams (1992) and Marshall et al (1992) found that extraversion is positively correlated
with optimism.
The present study found that neuroticism also acts as a significant positive predictor of suicidal
ideation (Tables 4). This can be explained by theoretical constructs given by Eysenck (1971).
Neuroticism, in its extreme point, while confronting with a stressful life event might give rise
to neurosis. The typical high N scorers are more prone to be an anxious, worried individual
and they are overly emotional, reacting too strongly to all sorts of stimuli, and find it difficult
to get back after each emotionally arousing experience and they appraise self , other people
and world around them very unrealistic manner. So overall, it affects their social, personal
adjustment and that’s why, their interpersonal relationship is highly disturbed. Besides this,
due to high amount of emotional instability, they interpret ordinary situations as threatening
and respond poorly to environmental stressors. They perceive minor frustrations as hopelessly
difficult and thus a great chance to form suicidal ideation. This finding is supported by Dogra
et al. (2008a), Enns et al., (2003), Kerby (2003) and Velting(1999).
Stressful life events in last one year on Suicidal ideation:

The present study reveals that the number of stressful life events in last one year
acts as a significant positive predictor of suicidal ideation( Tables 4). If stress increases,
suicidal ideation will increase. In other words, the more number of stressful life events a
person encounters in last one year, more suicidal ideation he feels. Detrimental influence
of number of stressful life events in last one year on suicidal ideation might have occurred
in following ways:
Firstly, when a student faces high amount of stressors (for examples high amount of
interpersonal conflict with parents, disruption of a romantic attachment, lack of proper identity
and academic stresses) but may not be able to adapt and may experience lowered capability
to deal with future events, s/he will breakdown under stress and the stage of exhaustion
occurs. During this phase, people may employ inappropriate defensive measures to deal with
the problems they face and choose suicidal ideation, a behavior to escape from the stressors.
On the other hand, the perception of threat leads to an increasingly narrow perceptual field
and rigid cognitive processes. This situation often leads to suicidal behaviour. Dhar and
Basu (2006) showed a significant positive relationship of numbers of life events, amount of
presumptive stress with suicidal ideation.
Secondly, stressful life events may lead to suicidal ideation through producing existential
crisis. Existential psychologists emphasized that stress is the result of industrialization, loss
of traditional values and modern bureaucratic society. Here individuals have to confront with
others to live. This external circumstances block humans ‘will to meaning’ and produce
an ‘existential frustration’ (Wong,1997). This existential frustration leads to suicidal ideation
in individual (Frankl, 1965).
Reasons for living and hope:

The present study reveals positive influences of reasons for living on hope and negative
impact of it on suicidal ideation. The present study also reveals that, only two components
of reasons for living ,i.e., future expectation and coping belief act as predictors for trait hope
and state hope significantly (on the basis of beta value).
People, who have high amount of future expectation, believe that they have many good things
to look forward as they grow older and they are hopeful about their plans or goals for the future
(have a job, career, or family) and consequently lead to optimistic thinking. These expectations
from the future life help to survive successfully. In other side, people who have several coping
beliefs regarding own ability to cope with whatever life has to offer (coping belief) , they are
very confident about their goal directed activities and it enhances goal directed determination
and finally leads to more hopeful thinking. So person with high coping belief has confidence
in problem–solving skills, beliefs in personal control, optimistic thinking, and respect for and
enjoyment of life. This finding was supported by Mehrotra (1998a) and Dogra et al. (2008b)
conceptualizing that proper reasons for living help to enhance hope.
Reasons for living and suicidal ideation:

The present study also reveals that three components of reasons for living, i.e., coping
belief, family relations, future expectation act as predictors for suicidal ideation significantly.
So individuals, who have few personal and social reasons for living, are vulnerable to the
development of hopeless expectation because when they are placed under negative life
stressful conditions and crisis situations, such negative schema about life are likely to be
activated.
A person, who has inadequate coping beliefs, believes himself to be unable to cope with most
of the losses of his life and also incapable of taking the right decisions at the right time, s/he
lacks confidence and optimism to deal with life stressors. Thus this lack of confidence and
pessimistic thinking may finally lead to the development of suicidal ideation in college students.
In other side, people, who have inadequacy in family relationship, have lesser probability to
get informational support about stressful events and emotional support from family. As a result,
they do not get family relation as a stress buffer in their life. In other side, future expectations
act as significantly negative contributing factor for development of suicidal ideation. Bonner
and Rich (1991), Mehrotra (1998b) and Dogra et al.(2008a) have also suggested that a
person’s reasons of living act as stress buffer and prevents suicidal ideation.
Meaning in life and Hope:

The present study revealed that presence of meaning in life helps to enhance trait and
state hope which promote psychological well-being and prevents despair and that the very
presence of ideals and values can weave the slender threads of a broken life into a firm
pattern of meaning and responsibility among college students. It may enhance hope in
following ways:
A: Setting appropriate goal, if necessary, more goals of hope through

meaning in life:
When individuals state that their lives are meaningful, they can meaningfully choose a
set of appropriate goals from various sources - achievement, relationship, religion, self
–transcendence, self – acceptance, intimacy and fair treatment of their life and take proper
sense of successful agency and pathways and finally it leads to hopeful thinking .So, meaning
in life helps to person to realize about proper implication of a goal. In this context, creative and
experiential values of meaning in life (Frankl, 1965) are more effective for hopeful thinking.
As creative values, If a person can a deed meaningfully, i.e., involving in one’s own projects
in art, music, writing, invention of life, or any work, people can more actualize utilization of
works and associated goal in his hopeful life. In other side, sometimes hope about essence
in present and future life can be enhanced through meaning derived from experiential values,
i.e., by experiencing something—or someone.
B: More Pathways and More Agency:

An individual, who is meaningfully alive, has the capability to produce workable routes of
goals and the requisite mental energy to initiate and sustained progress alone those route. In
fact, even in the face of failure or negative feedback, proper meaningful life generates more
pathways and sustained more agency than person with low amount of presence of meaning
and leads to hopeful life. So meaningful multiple pathways and agencies help to enhance
hope of an individual.
It is also revealed that meaning in life predict trait and state hope beyond the effect of stress
suggesting meaning in life acts as a buffer against stress. when individual perceives the life
meaningfully, s/he perceive life stressors in a manner which makes coping easier by viewing
the world as meaningful, comprehensible and manageable. Through this way, individuals may
be able to find some positive aspect in seemingly negative events and hopeful about future
goals. Even in front of “tragic triad”– pain, grief and death, potential meaning is only way to
survive without hopelessness. Such perceptions may preserve or restore the notion that if
one’s life has purpose, value and worth, this perception enhances one’s hope and well-being.
This finding was empirically supported by the studies done by Emmons (1997), Mascaro and
Rosen (2005, 2006) and Dogra et al. (2008b).
Meaning in life and suicidal ideation:

The present study found significant evidence of the contribution of “presence of meaning in
life” in prevention of suicidal thoughts and the absence of which intensifies suicidal tendencies
and hence acts as stress buffer. Meaning in life is a natural consequence of experiencing in
a balanced, mindful, and unbiased manner the various fruits that existence offers. Some of
the more common fruits are the various activities relating to others and the world, related to
oneself, and related to whatever it is that allows self to relate to others. And when something
within individuals blocks them from engaging in those activities from which person naturally
derives meaning, or when something within them inhibits awareness of the meaningfulness of
the activities in which they are already engaged, then a sense of meaninglessness (absence
of ‘presence component of meaning’) is evident; consequently, they feel that their life have no
clear purpose and they have no good sense of what makes their life meaningful. As a result,
they have general sense of meaninglessness and emptiness, i.e., existential frustration that
leads to existential vacuum associated with feelings of boredom, apathy and emptiness is
experienced (Frankl, 1969). Hence they may feel that their life has become purposeless and
devoid of any sort of challenge. Finally, it leads to suicidal ideation.
The finding is in agreement with the findings by Mascaro and Rosen (2005, 2006) and Dogra
(2008a). Thakur and Basu(2010) also showed that lack of existential meaning is related to
clinical depression. All of these findings including the present one supported Frankl’s (1984,
1992) theory, which portrayed the detrimental influence of the feeling of total and ultimate
meaninglessness of people’s lives, a void within themselves, which he called existential
vacuum. Under prolonged conditions this experience of meaninglessness can lead to a
“noogenic neurosis”, a condition typified by boredom and apathy, ultimately the propensity
towards suicidal behaviour increases.
Conclusions:
It can be concluded from the present study that reasons for living and meaning in life negatively
predict suicidal ideation during stressful period and positively predict hope among college
students. Precisely, the individuals with inadequate meaning in life and insufficient reasons
for living are less resourceful regarding their existential as well as their cognitive coping
repertoire in dealing with life-battle during the stressful period; consequently they often assume
suicide as a solution to their problems in life. This study further suggests that the meaning
in life (existential coping repertoire ) and reasons for living (cognitive coping repertoire ) act
as stress buffers and could predict the ability to cope against the life adversity and help to
generate hope or hopelessness which in turn leads to either rebuff or accept suicidal ideation
in college students.
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117/K/103, R.S. Puram, Sarvodaya Nagar
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Cell: 91-9431701974
(SIS LM 333) Dr.Vijaylaxmi Aminabhao
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Email:- ahujanimisha@yahoo.co.in Email: tulika_anand@yahoo.com
(SIS LM 46) (SIS Membership No. 8)
Sanjay Ahuja T.P. Antony
1602, New Janta Colony, N.I.T., Faridabad- 121001 Principal, Avila College of Education,
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New Delhi 110085 Tel. 011-22158920 Tel: 91-172-2573187
E-mail : sau_2k4@rediffmail.com (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No.11)
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Deoshree Akhouri 58,Sector 12A, Panchkula-134112 (India)
C/o Prof. A. B. B. Lal Tel: 91-171-2571627
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Aligarh Muslim University, (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 13)
Aligarh-202002 (India)
Email: shahalam_captain@yahoo.com Gagan Preet Singh Bakshi,
(LM 97) (SIS LM 148) 120/320, Lajpat Nagar,
Kanpur-208005 Tel. 0512-2297996, Mob: 9872891055
Kristian Aleman, Ph.D. Email id: gaganbakshi15@yahoo.com
Psychoanalyst, (SIS LM No. 212)
Vidargatan 5, entréplanet,
113 27 Stockholm, SWEDEN. Rajni Bala
Phone: 00 46 8 32 82 08 (M 2004) C/o Jawahar Lal, Kokar, H.B. Road, Ranchi - 834 001
Email: kristian.aleman@ka-psychoanalysis.se Jharkhand. Cell : 91-9835334105
(SIS Membership No. 96) E-mail : rajni_b_80@yahoo.co.in
(SIS Membership No.250)
104 Membership Directory
Priyanka Banerjee, M.Sc.(Psy) Suruchi Bhatia, MBA

1B, Lovelock Place, Flat # 1A, C/O Mawana Sugars Ltd.
Lovelock Apartments, Kolkata-700019. Plot No.15, Institutional Area, Sector 32,
E-mail: ms_p_banerjee@hotmail.com Gurgaon-122001, Ph:91-124-4298000
Mobile: 91-9830066754 (LM2004) Email: suruchi1711@gmail.com
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“Shubhalaya”, 7, Mahaveer Colony, D/o Shri Aloke Kumar Bhattacharya
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52, Preet Nagar, Ferozpur City-152002 Sanjay Kumar Bhogta
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Email : pankajkbansal79@yahoo.com (LM 03) Dist. Hazaribagh-825402 (Jharkhand)
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Manav Bansal
659, Sector 12, Panchkula-134112 (India) Mahesh Bhargava, Ph.D.
Tel: 91-172-2563427 Director,
Email:manav_bsl@yahoo.com (LM) 2004 National Psychological Corporation,
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Tel. : 91-562-3257708 (W), 2464926(W)
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Tel. : 91-33-23341421,(H) (LM 95) (SIS Membership No.26)
E-Mail : jaybc@rediffmail.com
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C/O Mr. Eman Dan Bhengra,
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Surendranath Cooperative,201, P.O. : Manoharpur, Dist : West Singhbhum
Manikatala Main Road, Flat No.12, Mob.: 91-9835166504, 91-9304489084
Kolkata - 700 054, (India) (SIS Membership No. 254)
Tel. : 91-33-23559772 (H) (F 97)
E-Mail : saubasu@cal3.vsnl.net.in Nitesh Bhatia,
(SIS Membership No.21) R-7/B-28, Raj Nagar,
Ghaziabad, (UP) (LM 2001)
Wilfred A. Cassell, MD, FAPA, APC, Tel: 91-120-24719685
Director, SIS Center, (SIS Membership No.27)
4501E, 104th Avenue,
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Tel : 907-346-3450 (H) (F 92) 119, Ph-II,
E-Mail : siscassell2@yahoo.com SAS Nagar-160055
Email: soroptimary@yahoo.com Tel. 0172-2271339, Cell: 91- 9953150333
(SIS Founder Member No.1) Email: prabtej_boparai@hotmail.com
(SIS LM 214)
J.S. Bedi, Chairman
Gian Jyoti Inst. of Mgt. & Technology, Amardeep Singh Brar
Phase-II, Mohali-Chandigarh (LM 99) 123,Sector-11, Chandigarh-160011 (India)
Tel. : 91-172-2228806, 2661327 (H) Tel: 91-9814033830
(SIS Membership No.25) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No.57)
Mansij Bhan
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2261, sector-19 C, Chandigarh-160019,
505 Sector-38A, Chandigarh-160036
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(SIS Membership No.29)
Email: roadkingindia@hotmail.com
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Nidhi Bhardwaj Kammathiparambil ,
3G/169, N.I.T., Faridabad (Haryana) Elamakkara, Kochi-682026(Kerala)
Phone : 91- 129- 2417087, 5054993 Tel: (0484)2536709, 2537556,
Ell: 91-9873709916 Mobile: 9847039971
Email Nidhibhardwajnidhi@Yahoo.Com Email: prakasharackal@rediffmail.com (F 1995)
(SIS LM 23) (SIS Membership No. 30)
Membership Directory 105
Ariban Chakraborty, Silvia Daini, M.D.

B 2/9, Golf Green, Phase 1, Instituto di Psichiatria e Psicologia,
Kolkata-700095, tel: 91-33-24737465 Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore,
Email id: anirban_ubs@yahoo.com Roma, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome ( Italy)
(SIS LM No. 215) Mobile: 0039 339 3798428, Tel/fax (0)6 3054850,
Email: daini@katamail.com
Harpreet Kanwal Chhabra, Ph.D. (LM 2006)(SIS Membership No. 209)
House No. 21, Phase 3A, SAS Nagar-160059
Tel:91-172-227059 (LM 2002) Samridhi Dalal,
(SIS LM 32) E2 Sector 14, Chandigarh-160014
Tel. 0172-2542110,
Manav Chhabra, MBA E-mail : samridhi_dalal@
Gh-10, 29D, Sunder Apt., Paschim Vihar, rediffmail.com
New Delhi -110063,Ph.011 25262897 (LM 03) (SIS LM No. 217)
Email : Chhabramanav@rediffmail.com
(SIS Membership No. 33) Sanjukta Das, Ph.D., M.Phil.
Flat No.2, 1st Floor, P-32, Moti Gheel Ave,
Tarlok Singh Chhabra Kolkata-700074(LM01)
Bangalow No. 889, Phase-3/B-2, Tel:91-33-23508386(H)
Sector-60, Mohali, SAS Nagar-160059 (Punjab) (SIS Membership No. 39)
Mobile: 91-9888687760, 91-9814410162
(LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 208) Manisha Das Gupta,
D 4/202,Peerless Nagar,
Rita Chaudhury Panihati, Distt: 24 Pargana(N)
C/O. Col. S. Chaudhury Kolkata-700114 (LM 2004)
A-2/9, Ravi Park, 77 Jagtap Nagar Email: manisha_peu@rediffmail.com
P.O. : Wanowrie, Pune - 411040 (SIS LM No. 218)
Maharashtra (India)
(SIS Membership No. 34) Sonali De, Ph.D.
B-1015, Karuna Moyee Housing Estate,
Col. S. Chaudhury, MD, Ph.D. Salt Lake, Kolkata - 700091 (India)
Prof. and Head, Deptt. of Psychiatry, Tel. : 91-33-23590561 (H) (LM 2000)
RINPAS, Kanke,Ranchi-834006, (India) email: sonalide2002@yahoo.com
Cell: 91-9334386496 (SIS Membership No. 40)
E-Mail: suprakashch@gmail.com
(SIS Membership No. 35) (FM 1997) Karl DeSousa, M.A.
635 Atafondem Pular
Aman Chahal, MBA, Moira, Bardez , Goa-403514 (India)
240, Sector-11 A, Chandigarh-160011 Tel : 91-832- 2470319
Tel: 91-172-2740978 E mail: himnkarl@gmail.com
Email: amanchahal_ubs@yahoo.co.in (SIS Life Member No.272)
(SIS LM No. 216)
Renu Dewan, Ph.D.
Deepak Chawla Reader, Dept. of Psychology
# L398, Model Town, Panipat-132103 (Haryana) Ranchi Women’s College, Ranchi
Phone 91-1742-652169, (SIS LM - 319)
Email: Deepakl_Chawla@Indiatimes.Com
(SIS Membership No. 36) Gurbir Singh Dhaliwal,
2535, Hargovind Nagar, Bhatinda-151001,
Neeti Chopra, MBA, Tel. 0164-2215927
555, Sector-8B, Chandigarh-160008 (SIS LM No. 219)
Vikramjeet Singh Dhillon,
Alfred Collins, Ph.D. 131 Sector 18-A, Chandigarh -160018
Consultant Clinical Psychologist Tel. 91-172-2724284, 9872486677
615 East, 82nd Ave, Suite 102, (SIS LM No. 220)
Anchorage, AK - 99518 (USA)
Tel. (907)-344-3338(W), Sanmeet Dhillon
E-Mail : acollins@alaska.net 84R,Model Town, Jalandhar-144003
(LM 95)(SIS Membership No. 38) Tel: 91-181-2272871(H)
Cell: 9814133743 (LM04)
Carina Coulacoglou, Ph.D. (SIS Membership No. 41)
Psychologist, University of La Verne,
40E, Esperou Str. Kifissia, Athens 14561 Gyanender Dhillon, MBA
Greece (M99) Telefax : (301) 6252269 17, Phase-VI,
E-mail : carina@fairytaletest.com SAS Nagar(Punjab)
Email:carinacoul@yahoo.com Tel.: 0172-2268430 (LM 2003)
(SIS Membership No. 31) E-mail: gyaninderdhillon@hotmial.com
Pratibha Dhondia, M.A. Moon Moon Dutta, MA (Psy), M.Phil

1138, Sector 43-B, Chandigarh - 160 034. 17 Girish Banerjee Lane, Howrah-711101 (WB)
Tel. : 91-172-2664562 (H) (LM 97) Tel: 91-33-26410311 (H), Cell:91-9830416586,
(SIS Membership No. 43) E-mail: moonmoon2nov@yahoo.co.in
(SIS LM No. 331)
Dipti
78, Sector-2, Industrial Area, Kurukshetra Rajan Dutta, M.P.M.I.R.
Tel.: 91-129-25442877, President HR, Lupin Ltd.,
(LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 44) Luxmi Towers,’B’Wing, 4th Floor,
Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai-400051
Dipti Dhingra Tel: 91-22-66402222
# 1069, Sector 44-B, Chandigarh E-mail: rajandutta@lupinpharma.com
E-mail: deeptidhingra@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 51)
(LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 45)
Padma Dwivedi, M.A.
Vidhata Dixit PHILIPS Tower, Flat No.A-501, Plot No.3,
D/o Shri Raj Pal Dixit Sector-23, Dwarka, New Delhi-110075
A.P.M. Accounts officer E-mail : bldubey@gmail.com
Head Post Office II Meerut (U.P.) (FM 92)(SIS Founder Member No.3)
Cell:91-9771695807, 9412203856, 9456830810 (H)
(SIS LM No. 327) Amanda M. Fernandes, M.A.
House No.133/A, Quirnin, Quitula, Aldona.
Atanu Kumar Dogra, Ph.D. Bardez, Goa-403508 (India)
40/1, Tangra Road,Tangra Housing Estate, (LM 2008, SIS LM No.312)
Block-O, Flat-5, Kolkata- 700015
Ph: 033- 23281426, Cell: 91- 9836588451 M. Irfan Farooqi, Ph.D.
SIS LM – 341 Street Maqbarian, 1/5, sarahandi Gate,
Malerkotla-148023
Vanita Dua, Ph.D. Tel:91-1675-2252694(H),9855186967
A1-504 Mayank Appts, Plot No. 21, (SIS Membership No. 52) (LM01)
Sector – 6, Dwarka, New Delhi-110 045
Tel:91-11-25071935, 25071936, Roberto Ferro, Ph.D.
Cell: 9311810864 Consultant Clinical Psychologist,
E-mail: vanita.dua@gmail.com Via Bernardino Bellincione -14, 20134 MILANO
(SIS LM 311) (ITALY),(M 95) Tel: 39-2-2154874(H)
E-Mail : csguazzin@fsm.it
Anand Dubey, B.E., MBA (SIS Membership No. 53)
Editor, 4406 Forest Road,
Anchorage, AK - 99517 (USA) Megha Gagneja,
E-Mail: anand.dubey@gmail.com 270, Sector 32-A, Chandigarh 160030
(F 97) (SIS LM 47) Mob. 9814174233 ,E-mail : m_gagneja@yahoo.com
(SIS LM No. 221)
Asheem Dubey, M.B.A.
4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 (USA) Bhawna Gandhi
E-Mail:asheem.dubey@gmail.com Quality House,Vikas Nagar,
Mob: 917-446-2452, Shimla-171009 (India) (LM 2004)
(F 97) (SIS Membership No. 48) Tel: 91-177-2620512 Cell: 9418011151
Bankey L. Dubey, Ph.D.
Director SIS Center India, K. L. Garg, MD
President Somatic Inkblot Society, 4406 Forest Road, Consultant Neuro-Psychiatrist, SCO-6,
Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 1st Floor, Sector 17-E, Chandigarh - 160 017 (India)
Cell:9417036655(India) Cell:907-250-8834(USA) Tel.:91-172-2702281(W) 2564800(H)
E-Mail:bldubey@gmail.com (LM95) (SIS Membership No. 55)
(SIS Founder Member No.2) (F 92)
Divya Ghai, MBA
S.N.Dubey, Ph.D. 1162 Sector 21-B, Chandigarh-160022
New Colony, Bachhra Road, Tel.: 91-172-2703266,
Faizabad-224001 Email: divyaghai@hotmail.com
Tel :91-5278-2241070(H) 2232305(W) (SIS Membership No. 56)
Email: drsurendra_fzd@yahoo.co.in
(SIS LM 49)(LM 2003) Tulika Ghosh, MA
C/o Shri Subhash Chandra Ghosh
Ankur Dutta 7th Lane, Kantatoli Colony, Netaji Nagar,
18, East Lane, Sunderpur, RGB Road, Ranchi — 834001 (Jharkhand)
Guwahati-781005 (India) Mob: 91-9905757898
Tel: 91-361-2202515 E-Mail: tulikaghosh_rinpas@yahoo.com
(LM 2001) (SIS Membership No. 50) (SIS Membership No. 305)
Ankush Girdhar, Nehra Gupta,

75 Bhagat Singh Colony, Makhu Road, 529/5-4, Shastri Nagar, Mandigobindgarh (Punjab)
Ferozepur City-152002 Tel.01765-266268
Tel. 01632-222539 Mob. 9855435539 E-mail : guptanehra16@hotmail.com
E-mail : ankushgirdhar_ubs@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 226)
(SIS LM No. 222)
Priyanka Gupta,
Sonali Giri, A-2,Doctor’s Enclv,Gangawal Park, Jaipur (LM01)
538 KA/187/1A, Tulsipuram Triveni Nagar-3, (SIS Membership No. 64)
Lucknow-226020 Tel. 2757149
E-mail : sona_smarti@yahoo.com Piyush Gupta,
(SIS LM No. 223) 3349, Sector 21-D, Chandigarh
Tel. 9872222623
Deepak Kumar Giri, M.D. (SIS LM No. 227)
C/o Mr. P. K. Mutt, 95, LIG (Near RITPS)
Adityapore Colony, Adityapore, Jamshedpur Rama Gupta, M.B.A.
Saraikela, Kharswan (Jharkhand) 553, Dhanas, Chandigarh
Tel.: 91-657-2308945 Tel:91-172-2696993
E-mail: deepak29giri@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No. 65)
(SIS LM No. 310) Sapna Gupta,
Shilpa Goyal Vidyarthi Prakashan, P.B.No.161,
94 A, Tagore Nagar, Civil Lines, Bhagat Singh Marg, Saharanpur-247001 (LM2001)
Ludhiana-141001 (India) Tel : 91-132-2726298
Tel: 91-161-2471710 (SIS Membership No. 66)
(LM 2004)(SIS Membership No. 59) S. C. Gupta, Ph.D.
Philip Greenway, Ph.D. 1/5, Balda Road Colony, Nishat Ganj, Lucknow-226007
Faculty of Education, Monash University, F 1996) Tel.: 91-522-2780891
Clayton Campus,Clayton, Victoria-3168 E-Mail: sureshcguptaskg@yahoo.com
Australia. Tel : 99052842(W),94585052(H) (M-2001) (SIS Membership No. 67)
E-Mail: philip.greenway@education.monash.edu.au Sarita Gupta, M.A.
(SIS Life Membership 60) D-54/18, Aurangabad, Varanasi-221001
Ravikant Gunthey, Ph.D. Tel.: 91-542-2421488 (LM 96)
A-111, Shastri Nagar, (SIS Membership No. 68)
Jodhpur-342003 (India) Rajat Gupta
Tel.: 91-291-2433943(H) Cell.: 9414127931 J-143 Sakel, New Delhi-11017
E-mail: guntheyravi@yahoo.co.in Tel. 91-11-26855973, 9888138382
(SIS LM 61) (F 96) (SIS LM No. 228)
Aditya Nath Gupta, Shivani Gupta
101, SFS Flats, Gulmohar Enclave, New Delhi-110049 Flat No.11, Young Dwellers Society,
Tel.9872749369, 011-26851463 Sector 49, Chandigarh-160047
Emaild: adionthenet@yahoo.com Email : shivanigupta_78@rediffmail.com
(SIS LM No. 224) (SIS Membership No. 69)
Abhishek Gupta Vishal Gupta
Subhash Cottage, 670, Sector 6, Panchkula - 134 109. 1297, Sector 15,
(LM2001) Tel: 91-172-2773834, Panchkula -134113(Haryana)
Email:abhishek_gupta@spiceindia.com Phone 91-172-2593999(H)
(SIS Membership No. 62) Email mbavishal78@yahoo.com
Hemant Gupta (SIS LM 70)
House No. 275, Sector 16, Susmita Haldar, M.Phil M&SP
Panchkula-134113 T-2, 4/4, Ruchira Residency, 369 Poorbachal
Ph.:0172-2572101 Kalitala Main Road, EM Bypass, Kolkata-700078
Email: hemant_gupt@yahoo.com Ph.: 91-033-25575910
(SIS LM 63) (SIS Life Membership No. 235)
Nitin Gupta, Pankaj Handa
Gupta Cloth House, Near Arya Samaj Mandir, B-23, New Saraswati Society,
Main Bazar, Dina Nagar, Plot 26/1, Sector-9, Rohini,
Distt Gurdaspur-143531 New Delhi-110085
Mob. 9814506329 Email: handap1@rediffmail.com,
E-mail : ernitingupta@rediffmail.com Tel: 91-9899196886
(SIS LM No. 225) (SIS LM 330) LM 2009
Mohd. Saif Ul Haq Mukesh K. Jha, M.A.

D1165 Indra Nagar, Lucknow-226016 (India) Dept. of Yoga Psychology, Bihar Yoga Bharati,
Tel: 91-0522-2353896 (LM 2004) Ganga Darshan, Munger - 811201, Bihar (India)
Cell:9780467095 Tel. : 91-6344-2222430 (W) (LM 97)
Email: m_saif_h@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 76)
M. R. Jhanwar, DPM
Smita Hemrom, M.Phil (M&SP) Deva Institute of Mental Health,B-27/70,
C/O R. Hemrom, Barhal Kothi,Durga Kund, Varanasi - 221 005. (India)
At –Dela Toli, Tiril, Kokar, (LM 94) Tel. : 91-542-22310670 (W)
Bariatu, Ranchi – 834009 (SIS Membership No. 77)
Cell: 91-9431576989
(SIS Membership No.251) Lt. Col. T. Rajan John, MD.
Classified Specialist (Psychiatry)
Ishani 92 Base Hospital
Police Flat no.3,Sec 17, C/o 56 A.P.O. (LM 2000)
Chandigarh-160017 (SIS Membership No. 78)
Tel:91-172-2728706
(SIS LM No. 229) Marina Joseph, M.A.
Francis House, Mission Quarters, Urakkam P.O.,
Sudarshan Kumar Jagga TRICHUR (Kerala) (LM 2004)
531/3, Shaheed Udham Singh Nagar, Email: jmerina@hotmail.com (LM 2004)
Malout, Distt: Muktsar (Punjab) Tel: (0487) 2343944. Cell: 971 506964376.
Tel: 91-1637-264411(H), (SIS Membership No. 79)
Cell: 9815964429 (LM 2005)
(SIS Membership No. 72) Hardeep Lal Joshi, Ph.D.
Lecturer, Dept. of Psychology
Masroor Jahan, Ph.D., M.Phil. Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra - 136119
Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology Email: drhardeep_joshi@yahoo.co.in
RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 80)
Cell:91-9835165223
E-mail: masroorjahan@hotmail.com Kabir Julka, M.B.A.
(LM and SIS FM No. 237) Julka Cottage,Tank Road,
Solan-173212(HP)
Ruchi Jain, Ph.D. Tel: 91-1792-2222048, 2222809
c/o Vidya Books Agency, E-Mail: kabirjulka@hotmail.com
Bhagwan Mahavir Marg (LM 2001) (SIS Membership No. 81)
Baraut, Bagpat- 250611(India)
LM 2004 (SIS Membership No. 73) Abhisekh Kalra,M.B.A.
WZ 410, C/8, Hari nagar, Clock Tower,
Shilpa Jain, Ph.D. New delhi-110064, Tel: 91-11-25496652
B-50, Vinoba Kunj, Plot No.9, Sector-9, Rohini Cell:91-9833633899
New Delhi-110085 Email id: abhishekkalra2003@yahoo.com
Tel: 91-11-30914703, 91-11-27569635 (SIS Membership No. 262)
Email: shilpajain77@yahoo.co.in
(LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 261) R. Kamala
15 Amul Colony, Amul Dairy Road,
Sonal Jain Anand-388001 (Gujrat) (LM 2002)
AE15, Tons Colony, Dak Pat (SIS Membership No. 82)
har, Dehradoon (India) (LM 2004)
Tel: 91-1360-222128, Amrita Kanchan, M.Phil (M&SP)
Email: jnsonal@yahoo.com 1/155 Nawabganj, Kanpur -208002 (U.P.)
(SIS Membership No. 74) Mob: 91-9234610083
E-mail: amrita.kanchan@rediffmail.com
Vandana Tara Janveja, (SIS Membership No. 253)
A-23, Nizamuddin East,
New Delhi- 110013 Sunita Kandhari, Ph.D.
Mob:91-9810753858, 91-11-24352533 Asst. Professor
Email: tara.artprinters@sify.com 82, Marudhar Vihar, Khatipura,
(LM 2006) (SIS LM No. 230) Jaipur, Rajasthan-302012
Cell: 91-9783307022,
Anuradha Jatana, M.A. E-mail: bhawanaarya75@gmail.com
118, Sector 8, Panchkula-134109 (SIS LM No. 336)
(Haryana) (LM 2000)
Tel. : 91-172-2567187,Cell:9815067187 Preet Kanwal, MBA,
E-Mail : ritzu999@yahoo.com # 6, Village & P.O.Sansarpur, Jalandhar -144024
(SIS Membership No. 75) (LM03)Tel:91-181-2265627
Payal Kapoor, Anatoly Khromov, Ph.D.

96, Jillians Blvd, Snrith Rs Parsipang, N6, Micr, VI apt. 163, Kurgan,Russia - 640023
NJ 07054 (USA) Tel. : 007-352-2-485740 (H)
Tel. 973-887-6317 E-Mail : anatolykh@hotmail.com
(SIS Member No. 263) (SIS Membership No. 93)
Peony Kapoor, Rohini Khullar
Consultant Psychologist, 2070, Frontier Drive, 22 A, Ring Road, Lajpat Nagar-IV,
Oak Ville, Ontario, L6M 3V5 New Delhi - 110 024 (India) (LM 95)
Email: nkapoor@cogeco.ca E-Mail: rohinik3@gmail.com
Tel: 001-905-469-4065(H)Cell:001-416-804-4065 Cell: 91-9810626161
(SIS Membership No. 83) LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 94)
Bhupesh Kashyap Manisha Kiran, Ph.D.
SDA Residential Complex, Block 62, Assistant Professor of P.S.W.
Set No. 943, New Shimla-171009 RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006
Phone : 91-177-2270155 (SIS Membership No. 241)
Email Bhupesh_Kashyap@Yahoo.Com
(SIS Membership No. 86) Shalu John Koikara, S.H. L.D.(Psy), M.D.
Clinical Psychologist,
Maj. Sanjay Kaul, Dept of Mental Health Care,OAC Clinic and Guidance
477 Sector 7, Panchkula (India) Center for Children, Holy Family Hospital,
Tel. : 91-172-2561960 (H) Muthalakodam P.O.,Thodupazha-685605(Kerala)
(LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 84) Cell:9447522232
Email: shakj2001@yahoo.com, Tel: 91-4862-227870,
Harpreet Kaur, Ph.D. (LM2004) (SIS Membership No. 95)
11, Greenview Colony, Rajbaha Road,
Patiala 147002 (Punjab) Sajeet Kujur
Cell: 09815501369, (LM 98) Vill. Banhora, P.O. Hehal,
Email:harprit.kaur@yahoo.com, Dist. Ranchi-834005, (Jharkhand)
(SIS Membership No. 87) Tel: 91-651-2513214
(SIS LM No. 321)
Jasleen Kaur
WZ 197, Gali No. 3, Virender Nagar, Amit Kumar, M.Phil.
New Delhi-110058 (India) (LM 2004) S/o Sri Arun Kumar Singh
Tel: 91-11-25505284 At/PO: Sukurhutoo, Via-Kanke
Email: jasleenseera@rediffmail.com Dist: Ranchi — 834006 (Jharkhand)
(SIS Membership No. 88) Mob: 91-9835528311
Rajinder P. Kaur, Ph.D.
364,Sector -38A, Chandigarh-160037 (LM 98) Deepak Kumar, Ph.D.
(SIS Membership No. 89) 36 Arvind Puram-A,Sikandara, Agra (UP)
(LM2004) Cell: 91-9414893206,
Ravneet Kaur, MBA Email: deepak.hypnotism@gmail.com
# 5466, Sector 38 West, (SIS Membership No. 97)
Chandigarh-160014 (LM 03)
(SIS Membership No. 90) Ganesh Kumar,
F31 Raag Complex, Subhan Pura,
Rupinder Kaur, MBA,
Baroda-390023 Tel. 91-265-2281678
7, K.M.Colony, Bhiwani-127221
Tel:91-1664-2246434(LM2003)
(SIS Membership No. 91) Harmesh Kumar, Ph.D.
Kunal Kaushesh, President, Therapeutic Residential Services Inc,
House No.401, GH 22, 2075 Pacheco Street, Concord, CA 94520 (USA)
Manasa Devi Complex, Panchkula Cell: 925-285-9881
(SIS Membership No. 264) Email: harmeshkumar@sbcglobal.net
(SIS Membership No. 318) (LM 2000)
Deepak Kaushik
41, Pocket11, Sector 5, Rohini, Hridesh Kumar,
New Delhi 110085 Tel. 011-55196524 Ashirvad Building, Sunny Side,Solan-173212
E-mail : kaushikdeepak@hotmail.com (HP) Tel: 91-1792-2220233(H) (LM 2001)
Nawab Akhtar Khan, M.Phil. Indra Bhushan Kumar, Ph.D.,
C/o A. H. Khan, Patratoli, P.O.: RVC Clinical Psychologist,
Kanke, Ranchi-834007 (Jharkhand) DMHP, Sadar Hospital Campus,
Mob: 91-9234892942 Dumka, Jharkhand
(SIS Membership No. 249) SIS LM - 337
Rakesh Kumar, Ph.D. A. S. Kundu

Sr. Cl. Psychologist, Institute of Mental Dy. Director General &
Health & Hospital,Agra-282002(India) Chief Social & Behavioral Research,
Cell: 91-9410290094 Tel.91-562-2602729(H) ICMR, Ansari Nagar,
Email: mindpowerlab@gmail.com New Delhi - 110 029
(SIS Membership No. 99) (LM 98) Tel. : 91-11-22653980 (W) (F 94)
E-mail: azadskundu@hotmail.com
Ranjan Kumar, M.A. (SIS Founder Mem.No. 4)
S/o Er. R. P. Gupta, Smiriti Pravesh Kunj
New Area, 2nd Lane, Ravinder K. Labana, M.B.A.
Hazaribagh - 825301 335, Sector-44A, Chandigarh-160044
Mob: 91-9835212873, Tel:91-172-2665309 (LM 2003)
E-mail: ranjan_counsellor@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 102)
(SIS LM 2003)
Ramjee Lal, Ph.D.
Ranjeet Kumar, Ph.D.,M.M & S.P, Dept. of Applied Psychology,
Assistant Professor of Clinical psychology VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur (U.P.)
Gwalior Mental Hospital, Gwalior (M.P) E-mail : drramjeelal@rediffmail.com
Cell: 91-9406586814 , Mobile: 91-9415207100
E-mail: ran_psy@yahoo.com (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 103)
Manisha Lamba,
Vijay Kumar 620 Sector 49-A, Chandigarh-160047
Flat No. 306, G.H. 27, Sector 5, MDC, Mob. 9872634876
Panchkula (Haryana) E-mail : manishalamba@hotmail.com
Ph.: 91-172-2557021, (SIS Membership No. 266)
E-mail vijay_306@hotmail.com
(SIS LM 101) Anu Singh Lather, Ph.D.
Professor, University School of Mgt.Studies,
Anjali Kumari, M.Phil. G.G.S Indraprastha University,
C/o Dr. Jay Lal Mahto Kashmere Gate, Delhi-110006
Dept. of Plant Breeding & Genetics Tel: 91-11-23866082, 91-9871433504
Birsa Agriculture University, RVC, Kanke, Email: anusinghlather@yahoo.com
Ranchi - 834 006 (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 267)
E-mail : anjalikumari@yahoo.com
Cell : 9835147454, Phone : 0651-3202533 Prithpal Kaur Lohat
(SIS Membership No. 243) V&P.O.-Thandia, Distt Nawanshahar (India)
(LM 2004)
Anju Kumari, M.Phil.(M.M.&S.P.) (SIS Membership No. 104)
C/o Omkar Nath
Upper Cuitia, Beni Gali Jagdip Singh Lotay,
Ranchi — 834001 (Jharkhand) 315, Field regiment,
Mob: 91-9334317911, 91-9431591030 C/O 56APO(India)(LM99)
(SIS Membership No. 255) (SIS Membership No. 105)
Dolly Kumari, M.Phil.(M.M.&S.P.) Geeta Rani Magoo, Ph.D.

C/o A. Sharma 1/69,Alice Road, Mount Wavereley,
Hesag, Near Donbaco School 3149 Melbourne, Victoria(Australia)
Hatia, Ranchi — 834003 (Jharkhand) Email:geetamagoo@yahoo.com,
Mob: 91-9931315272 Mobile:91-9812147284
(SIS Membership No. 256) (SIS LM No. 301) LM 2007
Shantna Kumari, M.Phil, Jyoti Mahajan

W/o Shri Sanjay Kr. Sahu 130, Phase XI, Mohali.Tel: 91-172-2231231,
Vill. Bukuru Jatra Tar, P.O. Kanke E-Mail:jyotimahajan_80@hotmail.com
Dist. Ranchi-834006, (Jharkhand) (SIS Membership No. 106)
Cell: 91-9431360082 Karan Mahajan
E-mail: k.shantna@yahoo.co.in 1048, Sector 27 B, Chandigarh-160019 (India)
(SIS LM No. 323) Tel: 91-9815300454(LM 2004)
Sita Kumari (SIS Membership No. 107)
C/o Dr. D. Mehta Mrinalini Mahajan
Tetartoli, Near Akanksha Enclave, 1 Batala Rd, Vijay Nagar,
P.O. RMCH, Harihar Singh Road, Mahajan Villla, AMRITSAR-143001,
Ranchi-834009, (Jharkhand) Tel. 0183-2271006
Cell: 91-9431358022, Tel: 91-651-2546391 E-mail : munmun_82@radiffmail.com
Vineet Mahajan Namita Mehtani

House No. 874/1, Sector 41-A, Chandigarh-160036 404, Skati Apts, Sector-14,
Tel: 91-172-2627620, 9815149887 Panchkula-134109 (India)
(SIS Membership No.269) Tel: 91-172-2579012 (LM 2004)
Jashobanta Mahapatra, Ph.D.
Asst. Professor of Clinical Psychology Vivek Mehndiratta
Deptt. of Psychiatry, SCB Medical College 5764-A, Sector-38West,
Cuttack, Orissa - 753007, (India) LM 2004 Chandigarh-160014
Cell: 91-9437256903 Tel: 91-172-2694989 (LM 2004)
Email:hypnoagra@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No. 116)
Navjot Singh Miglani,
Akash Kumar Mahto, M.Phil M&SP 462A Guru Teg Bhadur Nagar
C/o Mr. Gajadhar Mahto Jalandhar City (Punjab)
At-Kapuria, PO- Bhelatand Ph.: 91-181-3111038
Dist: Dhanbad — 828103 (Jharkhand) E-mail : shelly2109@hotmail.com
Mob: 91-9431314809 (LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 117)
Lisa Milne, Ph.D.
Neha Majumdar 266, Middleborough Road, Blackburn South,
SN 15/149, Gautam Budha Marg, Victoria-3130(Australia)
Sarnath, Varanasi-221007 (LM-2001) (SIS LM 118)
Ph.: 91-542-2591366 (LM 03)
(SIS Membership No. 109) Abhisekh Mishra
60, Sector 7A,
Puneet Makkar Chandigarh – 160007
59, Nyaspuri, Karnal, (India) (LM 2001) Tel:91-172-2794945,2794810,
Tel : 91-184-250888 EM: abhishek_misra@hotmail.com
(SIS Membership No. 110) (SIS LM 273)
Mamta Malhotra, Deepak Kumar Mishra
908, Gowshalla road, Harbans Pura, Ludhiana-141004 W.N./H.N.-13/299, Ramgulam Tola Eastern
Tel: 91-161-2702085(H) Shastri Nagar, Dist: Deoria — 274001 (U.P.)
(LM01) (SIS Membership No. 112) Mob: 91-9905586321
E-mail: deepak2821@gmail.com
Seema Malhotra, Ph.D. (SIS Membership No. 302)
Assoc. Prof. in Clinical Psychology,
NIMHANS, Bangalore-560029 (India) (LM 95) Mridula Mishra, Ph.D.
E-mail: seema@nimhans.kar.nic.in Prof. Dept. of Management,
(SIS Membership No. 113) LSB, Lovely University, Phagwara-144002 (Punjab)
Email:sismishra@rediffmail.com
Simran Malhotra, Cell: 91-9860906644
2228 Sector 21 C, Chandigarh 160022 (FM and SIS Founder Membership No. 5)
Tel. 0172-2700939
(SIS Membership No. 270) LM 2005 Nalini Mishra, Ph.D.
Plot No. 196, Saket Nagar, Naria,
Subhanish Malhotra, MBA
Varanasi-220005 (India)
281/7A, Dunger Mohalla,
Cell: 91-5415221900
Vishwas Nagar, Shahdara, Delhi-110032
Email: sisnalini@rediffmail.com
E-mail:subhanish@gmail.com
(FM) (SIS Founder Membership No. 6)
Tel: 91-9811847404, 22389761
(LM 2006)(SIS LM 271) Nishi Misra, M. Phil., Ph. D.
L. Sam S. Manickam, Ph.D. Scientist ‘D’ 201, Nag Chaudhuri Hostel,
Professor in Clinical Psychology DRDO Residential Complex,
Department of Psychiatry, Lucknow Raod,Timarpur, Delhi-110054 (India)
JSS Medical College & Hospital, Tel.: 91-11-23955058(H) Cell.: 9811128239
Ramanuja Road, Mysore 570004, India E-mail.: nishi201in@yahoo.com
91-9444492423 (LM 1995) (SIS Membership No. 119)
Email:lssmanickam@gmail.com
Praveen Mishra, M.B.A.
Asst Manager, Bharti Tele-Ventures Ltd.
Ankit Markan Infotel Office, 224 Okhla Industrial Area, Phase III,
E1-8, Sector-14, Panjab Univ campus, New Delhi - 110020
Chandigarh-160014 Cell: +91 98181 9948791, 98181 99487
(LM01) Tel:91-172-2778236 E Mail: pravmis@gmail.com
(SIS Membership No. 111) (SIS LM 120)
P. K. Mishra, Ph.D. Subhanker Nath,

Professor, Center for Advance Studies in Psychology, 173, Sector-11A, Chandigarh-160011
Utkal University, Bhubaneswar-751004 (India) Tel:91-172-2746878,
Tel.:91-674-2583286(H) 2581739 (W) Cell:91 9971666330,
(LM97) (SIS Membership No. 121) Email: shubhankar_nath@yahoo.com
(SIS Membership No. 275) LM 2005
Rashmi Mishra, Ph.D.
Lecturer,Dept. of Psychology, Anshuman Nayak, MBA,
PPN College, Kanpur, U.P. -208001 Charigharia, P.O. Madhav Nagar,
Ph: 0512- 2822361, Bhadrak-756181(Orissa)
cell: 91- 9454142639 Tel:91-6784-2240873 (LM03)
SIS LM – 339 Email:anshuman_nayak@indiatimes.com
Sarita Mishra, Ph.D.
7/157,Swaroop Nagar, Kanpur-208002 (LM 2001) Sanjay Kumar Nayak, M. A.
Tel: 91-512-2552006 At+Post : Chalkari Basti
(SIS membership No. 122) Dist. : Bokaro, Jharkhand - 829114
Sunil Mittal, M.D.
Psychiatrist, Delhi Psychiatry Center, Himanshu Nayar
35 Defence Enclave, Vikas Nagar, B-107, Sector 30, Noida-201303,
Delhi-110 092 (LM95) Tel. 0120-2452739
Tel.: 91-11-2214726(W) 222767(H) E-mail: nayyar_himanshu@yahoo.com
(SIS Membership No. 123) (SIS Membership No. 276) LM 2005
Reetinder Mohan, Ph.D. Manisha Nayar
269, Sec. 16-A, Chandigarh - 160016 484, Sector-20A, Chandigarh-160020
(LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 124) Tel:91-172-2708950
(LM2001)(SIS Membership No. 128)
M. Mohandas, Ph.D.
Avinaash, Cheruparambath Road, Vivek S. Natarajan, Ph.D.
Kadavanthra P.O, Kochi-682020 Asst Prof., Dept. of Mgt. and Marketing,
Tel: 91-484-2311011, Cell: 91-9847239916 Lamar University, Beaumont,
Email: mohanmdas@yahoo.com Texas-77710 (USA)
(SIS Membership No.259) Email: vivek.natarajan@lamar.edu
Tel: 409-880-8643(W), Cell: 817-917-3727
Anish Monga, MBA (SIS M 277)
428, Model Town,Phase-I,
Bathinda-151001 (Punjab) Abhilasha Negi,
Tel: 91-164-2211333,(LM 2003) HIG Cottage No 11, Lower Jakhoo,
Email: anishmonga@indiatimes.com Housing Board Colony, Shimla-171002
(SIS Membership No. 125) Tel. 0177-2620938,
E-mail abhinegi@yahoo.com
Anjana Mukhopadhyay, Ph.D. (SIS Membership No. 278) LM 2005
Dept. of Psychology, Women’s College,
BHU, Varanasi - 221 005 (India) Paola Nicolini, MA
Tel.: 0542-2367482, Via Enrico Fermi 14, Lomagna (LC)
Email:anjanamukhopadhyay@yahoo.co.in 23871, Italy (LM 99)
(F 94) (SIS Membership No. 126) E-mail : pnicolini@skindeep.it
Email:paola.nicolini@libero.it
Piyali Mukherjee, Ph.D. Telefax : 039-9220187 (W)
C/o Mr. D. K. Mukherjee (SIS Membership No. 130)
94, B.R. Ghosh Road, Kolkata - 700040
E-mail : mukherjee_piyali@yahoo.com K. N. Ojha,
Phone : 033-24118963 1/213, First floor,
(SIS Membership No.244) LM 2006 Vikas Nagar, Lucknow-226022
Phone: 0522-2769375 (R)09335235596 (M)
Ashok Kumar Nag, M.D.
Email: knojha85@yahoo.co.in
Medical Supritendent, RINPAS, Kanke,
(LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 131)
Ranchi-834006, (Jharkhand)
Cell: 91-9431176091 Ann M. O’Roark, Ph.D.
(SIS LM No. 332) 866, Amelia Coart, NE St. Petersburg,
Rahul Nagpal Fl 33702-2784(USA)
House No-668; Sector-8; Cell: 727-492-5731,
Panchkula, Haryana-134109 Tel/Fax:(727) 527-9863
Tel:91-9814469203 E-Mail: AnnMORoark@aol.com
(SIS Membership No. 274) LM 2005 (M 98) (SIS Membership No. 132)
Yash Pal Anil Prasad

Village & PO- Keharwala, Dist- Sirsa (India) 1691, Sector-4, Panchkula
Tel: 91-1698-286204, 286205, Cell: 9416167312 Tel: 91-172-4638811
(SIS LM No. 133) Email: anilprasad19@yahoo.com
Ravinder S. Palia
609 Bristol Road west Divya Prasad, M.Phil.
Mississauga. ON - L5R 3J6 (Canada) Research Officer
Tel: 905 890 6286(H) Cell: 416 779 2113 RINPAS, Kanke,
E-Mail: ravipalia@hotmail.com Ranchi – 834006
(SIS Life Membership No. 134) (SIS Membership No. 248)
Rakesh Pandey, Ph.D. Sheetala Prasad, Ph.D.
Associate Proffesor, Deptt. of Psychology, B.H.U., Lecturer in Psychology,
Varanasi-221005 (India) Ewing Christian College, Allahabad-211008
Cell:91-9415812329, 91-542-2304723,2369967O) Mob.: 9415216779,
91-542-2318246(R), http://ijssr.110mb.com Tel.: 91-532-2413645 (W) (F 95)
E-Mail: rpan_in@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 141)
(F 1996) (SIS LM 135)
Sourabh Prasad
Col. Vijay Pandey, M.D. GF-1, Flat No 41 Golmuri Flats,
Classified Specialist (Psychiatry), Jamshedpur 831003 (Jarkhand)
Military hospital, Kirkee, Pune (SIS Membership No. 281) LM 2005
(M 95) (SIS Membership No. 136)
Richa Priyamvada, M.Phil (M.& S.P.)
Lt. Col. S. S. Panglia, M.D. C/o Mr. Bipin Kumar Sinha,
Consultant Physician,1446, Phase-10, Q.No. 1581, Sector - 12/A,
SAS Nagar, Mohali Distt. Ropar (India) Bokaro Steel City — 827 012 (Jharkhand)
Tel.: 91-172-2212536 Cell : 91-9835066228
(SIS Membership No. 137) E-mail : richaprivambada@rediffmail.com
Paul E. Panek, Ph.D.
Associate Dean, OSU Newark Campus, Vikram S. Pujara
1179, Uni. Drive, Newark, Opposite Mohal Rest House,
Ohio-43055, USA. Distt. Kullu-175125 (H.P).
Tel. : (614) 366-9315 Email: Vickyshashni@rediffmail.com
E-Mail : panek.1@osu.edu (SIS Membership No. 142)
(F 98 )(SIS Membership No. 138)
Nandhini Rajgopalan
Suresh Parekh “ASWINI”, No. 10, 6th street,
Prof. Deptt. of Psychology, MMG Mahila College, Karumari Amman Nagar, Vijay Nagar,
Junagarh-362001, Gujrat (India) (LM 2000) Velachery, Chennai-600042
(SIS Membership No. 139) E-mail : nandhini15@rediffmail.com
Fr. Babu Payikkattu, M.Phil M&SP
Payikkattu-House, Chennalode-PO Raj Kishore Ram
Kalpett-Via, Wayanad-Dt, Kerala-673121 S/o Sri Puran Ram
Mob: 91-9905158767 Vill. Jamsingh, P.O. Ichatu,
E-mail: antobabuclpsy@rediffmail.com P.S.+Dist. Ramgarh-825101, (Jharkhand)
(SIS Membership No. 307) Cell: 91-9835116528
E-mail: rajrinpas@yahoo.com
Edward M. Petrosky, Ph.D. E-mail: rajrinpas@rediffmail.com
1 Station Square, Room 102 (SIS LM No. 329)
Forest Hills, NY 11375
Email:EPetrosky@iona.edu Dalbir Kaur Randhawa, DM&SP,
(SIS Membership No. 279) LM 2005 3214 Firhill Dr., Abbotsford,
BC, V2T 5L4
Marisa Porreca, Ph.D.
(Canada) Tel.: 604-504-3562 (H) (L.M.97)
Professor of Psychology Via Valsesia 8, 20152,
E-mail : rdalbir@hotmail.com
Milano (Italy)(LM 99) Tel. : 024531624
E-mail gdrandhawa@rediffmail.com
Jai Prakash, Ph.D., M.Phil.
Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology Geeta Rani
RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 Director, Alaknanda Hospital,
Cell:91-9934582290, Ravindrapuri Extn.
Email:drjaiprakashrinpas@rediffmail.com Ravindrapuri, Varanasi-221005
(LM & FM No.151) (SIS LM No. 334)
Kamlesh Rani, M.Phil (Psy) Brig. D. Saldanha, M.D.

612/1, New Railway Road, Vice President Somatic Inkblot Society,
Sector-4/7, Chowk, Dayanand Colony, Flat # 1102, N Block, Grevillea,
Gurgaon-122001, (Haryana) Magarpattacity, Hadapsar, Pune 411013
Cell: 91-9891916007, 9990484007, Tel:91-20-26899813,67220600,
E-mail: kammoviren@yahoo.co.in Cell: 9373337606
(SIS LM No. 335) Email: d_saldanha@rediffmail.com
Email: saldanhavalsa@gmail.com
Bhavana Ranjan (F1994) (SIS LM &Fellow 152)
House No. 1415 Sector 39-B,
Chandigarh-160036 Lt. Col. Sudhir Kumar Salujha, M.D.
Tel: 91-172-2699208 Military hospital, Jalandhar
(SIS Membership No. 283) LM 2005 (LM-01) (SIS Membership No. 153)
Jay Kumar Ranjan, M.Phil (M&SP) Amandeep K. Sandhu, MPMIR
C/o Prof. Nagendra Prasad Tej Form, Manimajra, Chandigarh-160101
At — Kusum Vihar, East Morhabadi, Tel. : 91-172-2740991 (H) 2782135 (LM98)
Ranchi — 834 008 (SIS Membership No. 154)
Cell : 91-9304153083
E-mail : jay_kr_ranjan@yahoo.co.in Binod K. Sao, M.B.A.
(SIS Membership No.257) 302, Padmrao Nagar,
Secunderabad-500061 (India)
Varun Rao, MBA Email:binod.kumar@mafoi.com,
302 Sector-16A, Mobile: 91-9885127668
Chandigarh-160016 (SIS Membership No. 155) LM 2004
Mob:9815671000, 0172-2773123(H)
(LM 2003)(SIS Membership No. 145) George Savage, M.Sc.
Consultant Clinical Psychologist, “Deo gratias”
S.P. Rathee, Ph.D 37 Victoria Road, Retreat 7945, South Africa
Dept. of Psychiatry, Command Hospital Telefax. : (27) 21-712-1281 (H) FM 95)
(WC), Chandi Mandir Cantt -134 107 E-Mail : gsav@worldonline.co.za
Tel: 91-172-2866574 (W) 2550080(H), 9876422259 (SIS Membership No. 156)
(LM 94)(SIS Membership No. 146)
Savina, MBA,
Stefano Reschini 20, Type-5, Power Colony, Kurali Road,
Via Anna Frank No.11/C, 20040 Usmate, Roopnagar-140001
Usmate Velate, MI-Italy Tel.39+39-672092(W) Tel:91-1881-2225250(LM03)
E-mail : resco@lombardiacom.it (SIS Membership No. 150)
K. S. Sengar, Ph.D., M.Phil.
Tushar Roy Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychology
3077, Sector-44D, Chandigarh-160047 RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006
Tel 91-172-2660733 Cell; 91-9431769001
(LM2001) (SIS Membership No. 149) Email: kssengar2007@rediffmail.com
(SIS Membership No. 238)LM 2006
Ayesha Sagar
619 Sector-8, Panchkula 134109 (Haryana) Shashi Sethi, Ph.D.,
Tel:91-172-2560259 ISHH Guidance and Counselling Center
(SIS Membership No. 284) LM 2005 723 ,Sector -7, Panchkula -134109 (Haryana).
Email: dr_ssethi_723@hotmail.com
Gaurav Sangwan, MBA (SIS Membership No. 157)
18 KM Colony, Bhiwani-127021
E-mail : g_sangwan@hotmail.com Dhrub Sharma,
(SIS Membership No. 151) Panch Pallav Mytheestal, Upper Kailtheu,
Shimla-170003
Ratnabha Saha, M.B.A. Tel. 9872547696
3/28,Central Avenue, (SIS Membership No. 286) LM 2005
A-zone, Durgapur-713204 (WB)
Tel: 91-343-2568953 Geetika Sharma
(SIS Membership No. 285) LM 2005 2182,Sector 45C,
Chandigarh-160047 (India)
M. Sahay, Ph.D., Tel: 91-98815832650 (LM 2004)
95, Doctors Apts, 4, (SIS Membership No. 158)
Vasundhara Enclave,
Delhi - 110096 (FM 92) Harish K. Sharma, M.Phil.
Tel. : 91-11-22632807, 9811 545 145. 22621789 Lecturer in Psychology,SBS (M) College,
Email: manoranjansahay@hotmail.com Kotkapura, Punjab (India)
(SIS Founder Membership No. 14) (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 159)
Hemant K. Sharma, Ph. D. Abhay Sidhu, MBA

Hemant Mansion, Near Haveli Barkat Sahib, House No. 120, Sector-9-B,
Nai Sarak, Jodhpur -342001 (India) Chandigarh-160009
Tel.: 91-291-2540088 (H) Email: abhaysidhu@yahoo.com,
(LM 96) (SIS Membership No. 160) Cell:.: 91-9915326270
Tel:172-2742105, 2743917
M. G. Sharma, Ph.D. (SIS LM 167)
Director, S.I. Mental & Physical Health Society,
C-33/204 -1B-1, Chandua Chhittupur, Abha Singh
Varanasi-221002, Sr. Lecturer, Dept. of Psychology,
Cell:91-9415448519 PPN College, Kanpur, U.P.
Email: gopal.simphs@gmail.com Ph: 0512- 2361924
(SIS Membership No. 232) (LM 2006) Cell: 91- 9450130802
SIS LM - 338
Narendra K. Sharma, Ph.D.
Professor Marketing Area Agyajit Singh, Ph.D.
Head, Dept. of Industrial and Mgt. Engineering 136, Civil Lines, Patiala. (LM 97)
Indian Institute of Technology , (SIS Membership No. 168)
Kanpur 208016 Amitinder Singh, MBA,
Tel: +91-512-259-7376, 7622, 401, Sector-37A, Chandigarh-160036
E-Mail : nksharma@iitk.ac.in Tel:91-172-2692755(LM2003)
Homepage: http://home.iitk.ac.in/~nksharma (SIS Membership No. 169)
(LM 98) (SIS LMF 161)
Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D., M.Phil.
Neha Sharma Director, RINPAS,
526, Sector 10-D, Professor & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology,
Chandigarh-160011(LM 2004) RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006, (India)
Ph. 91-172-2742555 (F 95) Telefax: 91-651-2451121(W),
Email Nehasharma@Nikmates.Com 2450813(W) 2233687(H)
(SIS Membership No. 162) Mobile:91-9431592734
Email: sisamool@yahoo.com
Neha Sharma (SIS FM No. 170) LM 1996
1057,Sector 44B,
Chandigarh-160047 (India) Archana Singh, Ph.D.
Tel: 91-172-2664269 Psychiatric Social Worker,
(LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 163) Deptt. of P.S.W., RINPAS
Kanke, Ranchi – 834006
Pallavi Sharma Cell: 91-9934521695
B-8/24,Hospital Road, Sujanpur, (SIS FM No.233) LM 2005
Tehsil Pathankot, Distt-Gurdaspur-145023 (India)
Tel: 91-9417470168, 91-186-2244402(H) Archana Singh, M. A.
(LM 2004)(SIS Membership No. 164) A-1, Heritage Housings,
87/3, Ganga Pradushan Road,
Swarit Sharma, MBA, Bhagwanpur, Lanka,
161, Sector-16, Chandigarh-160016(LM 04) Varanasi- 221005
Tel: 0172-2542668(H) Ph: 0542- 2367120
(SIS Membership No. 165) Cell: 91- 9450786894
Vibha Sharma, MBA SIS LM – 340
207, Vasant Vihar, Kasumpti, Dharmendra Kumar Singh
Shimla-171009 (LM 2003) S/o Prof. Ram Chandra Singh
Ph. 91-177-2221548 (H) (Dept. of Psychology)
Email: vibha.sharma@tatatel.co.in Ayodhyapuri, Club Road
(SIS Membership No. 166) Arrah - 802301 (Bihar)
Vinod Kumar Sharma, Phone : 06182-232427
Lecturer, Dept. of Psychology, Email: dharmendra-07@rediffmail.com
S.P. College, Dumka (SIS Membership No.242) LM 2006
(SKM University) Dumka, Jharkhand
Lt. Col. Gurpinder Singh
(SIS LM - 315)
1098, Sector 8-C, Chandigarh (India)
Radhey Shyam, Ph.D. Tel. : 2547825 (W) (LM 2000)
Professor, Dept. of Psychology, (SIS Membership No. 172)
M.D.University, Rohtak- 124001(India)
Cell:91-9466515045, Tel: 91-1262-266661 (R) Gurpreet Singh
Email : radheyshayam1111@yahoo.co.in, 6,Sector 33 A, Chandigarh-160020 (India)
rshyam033@gmail.com Tel: 91-9815410115 (LM 2004)
(SIS Membership No. 258) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 173)
Hardeep Singh, MBA, P. K. Singh, Ph.D.

Amloh Road,Shanti Nagar, Lecturer of Yoga & Philosophy
Near Petrol Pump, Deptt. of Clinical Psychology
Mandi Gobind Garh-147301 RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006
Ph.91-1765-2542303 Cell : 91-9430194744
(SIS Membership No. 174) (SIS Membership No. 239) LM 2006
Hardeep Singh Col. Rajinder Singh. M.D.

35-A, Shastri Colony, Ambala Cantt,-133001 Consultant Psychiatrist, 1734, Sec. 33-D,
Tel. 0171-2611225 Chandigarh-160 047 (India)
(SIS Membership No. 287) LM 2005 Tel. : 91-172-2600694 (H)
Harminder Singh
192 Ph. 3B1, SAS Nagar 160059 Col. Rajinder Singh
Tel. 9888222372 , Management Consultant,1526,
E-mail : harminder_ubs@yahoo.com Sector 34-D, Chandigarh-160 047 (India)
(SIS Membership No. 288 LM 2005 Tel. : 91-172-601398 (H) Mob.: 9815728220
(F 98) (SIS Membership No. 181)
Harminder Singh
3360, 35-D, Chandigarh. R. K. Singh, Ph.D.
Ph. 91-172-2601393 Lecturer cum counsellor,
E-mail: harry3360@yahoo.com DISHA Deaddiction Centre, Beur Jail, Patna.
(SIS Membership No. 175) LM 2005 SIS LM- 313
Jasmeet Singh R. P. Singh, Ph.D.

2156 Phase-10, Mohali-160059 Reader, Deptt. of Psychology,
Mob. 9815251000 M.G Kashi Vidya Peeth,
E-mail: jassarora_in@yahoo.com Varanasi-221002(UP)
(SIS Membership No. 289 LM 2005) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 182)
Kavindra Singh Rajendra Singh, Ph.D.

C/o. Mr. N.S. Tolia SDO Lecturer, Deptt. of Psychology,
State Elec. Dept. Didihat, M.G Kashi Vidya Peeth,
Distt Pithoragarh-262551 (Uttaranchal) Varanasi-221002(UP)
Tel:05964-232283 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 183)
Ravinderjit Singh
Kumar Surya Narayan Singh 108,Sector 18-A,
Shanti Niketan, Pandav Colony, Chandigarh-160018 (India)
Vill. Muram Kala, P.O. Gosha, Tel: 91-9815500108
Dist. Ramgarh-829122, (Jharkhand) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 184)
(SIS LM No. 325)
Ripudaman Singh
Lok Nath Singh, Ph.D. 17, Ward No. 24, Mohalla Mata Rani, Khanna-141401
Professor, Deptt. of Psychology, Tel. 91-1628-231165
M.G Kashi Vidya Peeth, (SIS Membership No. 291)(M 2005)
Varanasi-221002(UP) S. K. Singh, Ph.D.
(LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 176) Lecturer, Department of Psychology,
M. P. Singh, Ph.D. MBS PG College, Gangapur, Varanasi (UP)
1329, Sec. 70, Guru Teg Bahadur Complex, SIS LM- 314
SAS Nagar (Punjab) Simral Singh
Tel. : 91-1675-20583 (W)91-172-2223658 (H) 2939, Phase-7, Mohali-160062
Email: mpsingh1329@gmail.com Mob. 9815604640
(F 95) (SIS LM 177) (SIS Membership No. 292) LM 2005
Navneet Singh, MBA Surpreet Singh
S-20/6, DLF, Phase-3, 28 Shanti Nagar, Ludhiana-141002
Gurgaon-122002 Tel. 0161-2404389
(LM 95)Tel: 91-124-2387544 (H), 9810058444 E-mail : sunnybhatia_22@yahoo.co.in
E-Mail : navnit.singh@hsbcam.com (SIS Membership No. 293) LM 2005
Surinder Suman (Mgr. Pers)
Neetu Singh, MBA 1574/1, Sector 30B, Chandigarh (India)
909, Sector-21D, Tel: 91-172-2657254 (LM 2004)
Faridabad-121003 Cell:91-9920360934
Tel:91-129-25422170(LM2003) Email:surinder_suman@yahoo.co.in
(SIS Membership No. 179) LM 2004 (SIS Membership No. 185)
Col. Surinder Singh Rakesh Kumar Srivastava

Col.G.S HQ,KK & G Sub Area, 5/5, Railway Colony, Sewa Nagar,
Cubbon Road, Bangalore-560001 New Delhi-110003
Tel: 91-80-25006202 Cell:9815616908
(SIS Membership No. 186) (LM 99) +6594892153 Singapur
Email:rinku555@rediffmail.com
Umardeep Singh (SIS Membership No. 193)
6078, Modern Housing Complex,
Manimajra, Chandigarh-160005 Sowmya K. Sukumaran, M.Phil.
Tel. 0172-2738956 C/o K. K. Sukumaran, Kalarikkal House,
(SIS Membership No. 294) (LM 2005) Ollukkara - P. O., Trichur - Dist., ( Kerala)
Tel : 0487-2373155,
Umed Singh, Ph.D. Cell - 91-9835343054
Chairman, E-mail : sowsmmsp@yahoo.co.in
Department of Psychology, (SIS Membership No. 246)
Kurukshetra University,
D-78, University Campus, Bharat Suri
Kurukshetra -136119. 35 Sector 6, Panchkula-134109
Cell: 91-941678400, Tel: 91-1744-238267 (H) Tel. 9815042250,
E-mail: umed.psy@gmail.com E-mail : bharat35suri@hotmail.com
(SIS FM No. 295) (LM 2005) (SIS Membership No. 296) (LM 2005)
Virender Singh Rahul Suri,
Vill. & P.O. Bir Banga, S.D/ 509, Pitampura, Tower Apartments,
Distt. Kaithal, Haryana (India) New Delhi- 110034
(SIS Membership No. 187) (LM 98) (SIS Membership No. 297) (LM 2005)
Pankaj K. Shrirange, MBA Swati
Bharkapara, Ward 25, Rajnand Gaon, B 28/812, Punjab Mota Nagar,
(Chattisgarh, India ) Pakhowal Road ,
Tel: 91-7744-2222005, Ludhiana Phone 2561673,
(SIS Membership No. 188) Email Swatz_13@rediffmail.com
Ramachandra Srinivasaiah, Ph.D.
292, 2nd Main, 3rd Phase, J.P. Nagar, Aditendra Takshak
Bangalore-560 078 2, Canal Colony,Circular Road, Rohtak
Tel. : 91-80-26584267 E-Mail: addy_takshak@yahoo.com
E-Mail: ramayess@yahoo.com (LM01) (SIS Membership No. 195)
(LM94)(SIS Membership No. 143)
Gurav Tandon,
Ajai K. Srivastava, Ph.D. 354/1, New Tajore Nagar,
Psychiatric Social Scientist, Haibowal, Ludhiana-141001
Institute of Mental Health & Hospital, Tel. 0161-2470835
Agra-282002 (SIS Membership No. 298) (LM 2005)
Tel. : 91-562-2602600(H)Cell:9412723058
Email: drajaik@gmail.com Rubey Rashmi Tigga, M.A.
(SIS Membership No. 189) (LM 2002) Catholic Ashram,
PO — Bhurkunda
Kranti K.Srivastava Dist. - Ramgarh, Jharkhand
Prasad Psycho Corporation, Cell : 91-9334655409
Director, Prasad Psychological Corporation, E-mail : honeyrubyrashmi@yahoo.com
10 A, Veer Savarkar Block, Shakarpur, (SIS Membership No. 304)
New Delhi - 110092
E-mail : prasadpsycho@yahoo.com Lalti Tirkey
Tel:91-11-30903349, Cell:91- 9810782203 Vill : Chauri Basti
(SIS LMF 190) P.O.+P.S. - Kanke, Ranchi - 834 006
Jharkhand, Cell : 09334286206
Kalpana Srivastava, M.Phil., Ph.D.
Scientist ‘E’ Deptt. of Psychiatry,
Armed Force Medical College, Ajay Tiwari, Ph.D.
Pune-411040 (India) Director, Nai Subah Councelling center,
(LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 191) Jawahar Bhavan,
Purnima Srivastava, Ph.D. Sankat Mochan (Turn),
MM-22, VDA Colony, Central Jail Road, Shivpur, Lanka Area, Varanasi-221005
Varanasi-221002(India) Cell: 91-9415302922
(LM 2004) Cell: 9415389407 Email: drajaytiwari_vns@yahoo.com
(SIS Membership No. 192) (LM 2008, SIS LM 316)
Pragya Tiwari, MBA Nikhil Vohra, MBA

4406 Forest Road, 649, Sector 8, Panchkula-134109
Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 (USA) Ph.91-172-2563334,
Cell: (907) 250-7860 (SIS Membership No. 201)
E-Mail: purva.dubey@gmail.com
(SIS Membership No. 317) Sanjay Vohra, M.A.
Psy-Com Services,
Ailo Uhinki, Ps.D., Ed.I., B-4, 80/2, Safadurjung Enclave,
Psykologitoimisto, Synteesi, New Delhi-110029 (India)
Linnankatu-37a A 9, Fin-20100 Turku, Finland Tel.: 91-11-26106433 Fax: 91-11-26175191
Tel.: +358-(0)2-232 2001 (LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 202)
Fax : +358-(0)2-232 5007
E-Mail : a.uhinki@synteesi.inet.fi Nitin Wadehra
(LM 98) (SIS Membership No. 196) 134, sector-18A, Chandigarh-160018
Tel:91-172-2543638
Sambhu Upadhyay, Ph.D., (SIS Membership No. 300) (LM 2005)
Reader, Dept. of Psychology,
M.G. Kashi Vidya Peeth, Varanasi-221002 (LM 203) Ashima Nehra Wadhawan, Ph.D.
Tel. 91-542-2315991(H) Asst. Prof. Clin. Psychology, Cardiothorasic and
(SIS Membership No. 197) Neurosciences Center, A.I.I.M.S.,
New Delhi-110029
K. C. Vashistha, Ph.D. Tel. : 91-11-25597173
Reader, Faculty of Education, Cell:91-9810882765 (LM 96)
Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Email;ashimanehra@gmail.com
Agra (India), Tel. 91-542-2315991(H) (SIS Membership No. 129)
Mala Walia
Rohita Vikash, M.Phil. #1011, Sector 43-B, Chandigarh.
C/o Dr. Geeta Sharma Ph. 91-171-2601011
Gitanjali Juhu Park, Opp — Holy Cross (SIS Membership No. 203)
Hazaribagh — 825301
Cell : 91-9835512394 Robert B. Williams, Ph.D.
E-Mail : rohitavikas@yahoo.com Psychology Faculty
(SIS Membership No. 247) CRANDALL UNIVERSITY
Box 6004 (333 Gorge Road) Moncton, NB,
Acharya Vinay Vinekar Canada E1C 9L7
Institute of Universal Consciousness, Tel: (506) 858-8970 (Ext. 121)
21, Milton Street, Cooke Town, Email: robert.williams@crandallu.ca
Bangalore - 560005 (India) (SIS LM No. 342)
Tel. 91-80-25472603 (W),2 5548348 (H) 9448962696
Email: vinay.vinekar@gmail.com Sujit Kumar Yadav
(LM 2000) (SIS LMF 198) C/o Sri Hira Lal Yadav
Vill. Sundar Nagar, P.O. Kanke,
A. N. Verma, Ph.D. Dist. Ranchi-834006, (Jharkhand)
Associate Professor of P.S.W. Cell: 91-9835342117
RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006 E-mail: sujityadav85@gmail.com
Cell : 91-9430378133 (SIS LM No. 326)
E-mail : anverma2003@yahoo.co.in
(SIS LM - 240) V.N. Yadav, Ph.D.
House No. 1195/24,
Brijesh Pratap Verma Jagdish Colony,
2/270, Vivek Khand –II, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow-226010 Rohtak-124001(India)
Phone 0522-2397523, Tel: 91-1664-2248404(H)
Email brijverma3@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 204)
Vikas Kumar Yadav
S. K. Verma, Ph.D. I-76, Hindalco Colony, Renukoot,
5522, Modern Housing Complex Manimajra, Sonbdadra-231217(India)
Chandigarh-160001 Tel: 91-546-2253905
Tel.: 91-172-2730993 (H) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 205)
(SIS Founder Membership No. 7)
N. Kumar Yaduvanshi, DPM.
Pravina Vimal CMO (SG) Mental Health Care Center,
Pravina Villa,Bhudram Colony,Near Civil Line, SS Bn. ITB Police Force, Camp Saboli,
Hoshiarpur. (Punjab) P.O. Nathupur, Via Rai,
Tel.: 91-1882-2244154 Mob: 9117180473 Distt. Sonipat-131029 (India)
(SIS Membership No. 200) (LM 98) (SIS Membership No.206)
S. Yuvraj, Ph.D. Director

19220, Circle Gate Drive, Xavier Institute of Social Science
Apt. # 203, German Town, Purulia Road, Box No.-7
MD 20874 (USA) Ranchi - 834001
(LM 99) (SIS FM No. 207) (SIS Library Membership No. 51)
Libraries: A: Foreign: Librarian
Learning Resource Center (Library), C.H.Mohd. Koya University Library,
The Ohio State University at Newark, Calicut University,
Founders Hall,University Drive, P.O.Calicut University,
Newark, OH 43055 (USA) (M 01) Distt: Mallapuram-673635
(SIS Library Membership No. 1) (Kerala)
(M202)(SIS Library Membership No. 6)
Psyc INFO
American Psychological Association, Librarian
P.O.Box 91600, Washington, Bhaikaka Library, S.P. University,
Washington DC 20090-1600(USA) Distt. Kheda-388120,
Tel:(202) 336-5682, Gujarat, (India)
Fax (202) 336-5630 (M 99)(SIS Library Membership No. 7)
E-Mail:psycinfo@apa.org
Librarian,
SAARL Universitaets, Univerity of Calicut,
U-Landesbibliothek, Calicut Univerity Post Office,
Zeitschriftenstelle, Calicut-673635 (Kerala)
IM Stadtwald, (SIS Library Membership No. 37)
D-66123, SAARBRUECKEN,
Librarian,
Germany (M-1994-2001)
Bhavnagar University Library,
(SIS Library Membership No. 2)
University Campus,
EBSCO Publishing Gijubhai Badheka Marg,
Editorial Department Bhavanagar - 364002 (India)
10 Estes St. Tel:91-278-2562928 (M 98)
Ipswich, MA 01938 (USA) (SIS Library Membership No. 8)
Librarian
Libraries: B: India: Center for Entrepreneur Development
Allied Publishers Subscription Agency 60, Jail Road, Jehangirabad,
Sun House-1st Floor, Bhopal - 462008
Opp. Navarangpura Telephone Ex. M.P (India)
Ellis Bridge, Ahmedabad-380006 Tel/Fax : 2766437 (W)
(Supply to TN Rao College, Rajkot) (LM 94) (SIS Library Membership No.9)
Commandant, Librarian
Command Hospital (WC), Central Library, J.N. Vyas University,
Chandimandir-134107 New Campus, Bhagat Ki Kothi,
(Haryana) Jodhpur-342001(India)
(LM 97) (SIS Library Membership No. 3) (M 2001) (SIS Library Membership No. 10)
Director Librarian
Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, Devaki Amma Memorial Teacher
Mathura Road, Education College, Chelembra,
Agra - 282002 (India) Pulliparamba P.O., Malappuram DT.,
Tel:91-562-2603691-93 Kerala-673634
Email:imhh@sancharnet.in (SIS Library Membership No. 46)
(M 98-2001)(SIS Library Membership No. 4)
Director Librarian
H.P. University, Summer Hill, Shimla (India)
Ranchi Institute of Neuro Psychiatry
(M 98) (SIS Library Membership No. 12)
and Allied Sciences, Kanke,
Ranchi-834006 (India) Librarian,
Tel.: 91-651-223776,2455813 Kurukshetra University,
(SIS Library Membership No. 5) Kurukshetra-136119
(SIS Library Membership No.40)
Director
T.N. Rao College, Nr Sul Campus, Librarian,
Kalwad Road, Maharshi Dayanand University Library ,
Rajkot-360005, (Gujrat) Rohtak -124 001 (Haryana)
(SIS Library Membership No. 50) (SIS Library Membership No.39)
Librarian Principal
Mysore University Library, Akal College of Education for Women,
University of Mysore, Fatehgarh chhanna,
Manas Gangotri, Dist. Sangrur-148001, (Punjab)
Mmysore-570006 (SIS Library Membership No. 48)
Principal,
Librarian Arya Mahila Degree College,
Saurashtra University Library, Chetganj, varanasi-221001
University Campus, Tel:91-542-2411893 (LM 2006)
Kalawad Road, (SIS Library Membership No. 36)
Rajkot–360005
Tel: 91-281-2278501to 2278512 Principal
(SIS Library Membership No. 14) Avila College of Education,
Aquinas Grounds,
Librarian
Eda Cochin,
Technical Library & Documentation,
Cochin-682006,
IFFCO, Aonla Unit, PO.
IFFCO Township,
Bareilly-243403 (India) Principal
(M 97) (SIS Library Membership No. 15) DAV College for girls,
Jagadhari Road,Yamuna Nagar-135001 (India)
Sri. R. Ravichandran
Tel : 91-171-23728152,23724674
Senior Librarian,
Technical Teachers Training Institute,
Taramani P.O. Chennai-600113 Principal
Tel.:91-44-22541054,22542959, DAV College,
E-mail : ritsouth@giasmd01.vsnl.net.in Sector — 10, Chandigarh — 160011
(SIS Library Membership No. 16) (SIS Library Membership No. 45)
Librarian Principal
Shibli National College, Desh Bhagat College, Dhuri,
Azamgarh (UP) Distt. Sangrur (India)
Ph.: 05463-222840 Tel. : 91-1675-2265027 (LM 2000)
(SIS Membership No.11) (LM :SIS Library Membership No. 22)
Librarian Principal
University Business School, Dhirendra Mahila Maha Vidyalaya,
Panjab University, Karmajeet Pur, Sunder Pur,
Chandigarh-160014, (India) Varanasi-221005
(M 98) (SIS Library Membership No. 17) Tel.: 91-542-2575787 (M 2003)
Library-in-charge
Sahara Behaviour Change Principal
Communication Center, Government Bikram College of Commerce,
240 F, Basarat pur east, Patiala (Punjab)
B.R.D. Medical College Road, (M 2001)(SIS Library Membership No. 24)
Gorakhpur 273001
UP (INDIA) Principal
Tel: 91-551-2283305(O); 9335227310, Government Man Kunwar Bai Arts &
Email : swfbccgkp@rediffmail.com Com. Women’s College,
Email:shak_mishra77@rediffmail.com Jabalpur (M.P.)
(SIS Library Membership No.41) (M 2002) (SIS Library Membership No. 25)
Librarian In Charge, Principal

Vivekanand Central Library, Govt. P. G. College
VBS Purvanchal University, Bhiwani — 127021 (Haryana)
Jaunpur-222001 (SIS Library Membership No. 44)
Email:vclpu@yahoo.co.in,
Vidyutel@ yahoo.co.in, Principal
(SIS Library Membership No. 18) Lakshmibai Natioanal College of Physical Education
P.B.No. 3, Kariavattom,
Magzine World Thiruvanathapuram-695 581
Station Road, Near Gopal Talkies, Tel.: 91-471-2418712
Anand-388001 Fax : 2418769
Email : achal@icenet.net E-mail : lncpe@csnl.com
(Supplying to SP Univ Kheda) (SIS Membership No.33)
Principal Principal
K.S. Saket Post Graduate College, Vrundavan Institute of Nursing Education
Ayodhyaya, Faizabad-224001 (India) College of Nursing,
Tel:91-5278-2232305 Pitruchaya Near Sai Service,
(M 2000) (SIS Library Membership No. 26) Porvorim, Bardez,
Goa — 403501
Principal, (SIS Library Membership No. 43)
Matushri Virbaima Mahila Arts College,
Kalawad Road, Mahila Chowk, Prints India, Prints House,
Rajkot-360001(Gujrat) 11 Darya Ganj,
Ph.: 91-281-2451603 (W) 2479257 (H) New Delhi-110002
(SIS Library Membership No. 27) Fax: 23275542,
Tel: 91-11-23268645, 23257864,
Principal (SIS Library Membership No. 32)
PPG College of Nursing,
9/1 Keeranatham Road, Surya Infotainment Products Pvt Ltd.
Sarayanampatty (P.O.), Subscription Department,
Coimbatore-641035 91, Mahatma Gandhi Road,
(SIS Library Membership No. 47) Bangalore-560001
Email: sipmag@touchtelindia.net
Principal (SIS Library Membership No. 35)
Rajaury Library, P.N. College,
C: Free Distribution
Khurda - 752057 (Orissa), (India)
(M 2000)(SIS Library Membership No. 28) The Registrar of Newspapers for India
West Block-8, Wing No.2, R.K.Puram,
Principal New Delhi-110066
Saurashtra Gyanpith Operation Co-ordinator
Arts & Commerce College, Barrala, PsycINFO,
Dist. Junagarh-362020 (Gujrat) American Psychological Association
(SIS Library Membership No. 51) P.O. Box : 91600, Washington,
DC 20090-1600 (USA)
Principal
SBAS, Khalsa College, Sandaur, The District Magistrate,
Distt. Sangrur (Punjab) (India) Ranchi
(LM 2000) (SIS Library Membership No. 29)
Documentation Officer,
Principal Indian Council of Social Science Research
ST. Xavier’s College, INU Institutional Area,
Mapusa, Goa-403507 Aruna Asaf Ali Road,
Email:xavierscollege@sancharnet.in Post Box No. 10528,
Tel:91-832-2262356(O), New Delhi -110067 (India)
2293305( Principal Residence)
(SIS Library Membership No. 38) Rekha Mittal,
Scientist- E1,
Principal, Indian National Scientific
Dr. Uttam Rudrawar, Ph.D. Documentation Centre,
Smt. Vatsalabai Naik Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, 14, Satsang Vihar Marg,
Talab Lay0ut, PUSAD, New Delhi-110067
Dist: Yavatmal- 445204
(Maharastra) Assistant Librarian,
Tel: 46115 (W), 46124(H) English Section,
Email: smtvnmmv@rediffmail.com National Library,
(SIS Library Membership No. 31) Belvedore Road, Calcutta
Principal, Librarian
Sree Narayana Guru College National Medical Library
N.H. 47, K.G. Chavadi, Ansari Road, New Delhi
Coimbatore-641105
(Tamilnadu, India) B.N. Puhan, Ph.D.,
Ph.: 91-422-2656371, 91-422-2656527 Department of Psychology,
(SIS Library Membership No. 34) Utkal University,
Bhubaneswar-751004, ( Orissa)
Principal
Vaidyaratnam P. S. Varier Ayurveda College Swami Nirmalanand Saraswati,
Kottakkal, P.O. : Edarikode, Director YRF, Bihar Yoga Bharati,
Distt. Malappuram, Kerala 676501 Ganga Darshan, Fort,
(SIS Library Membership No. 42) Munger - 811201, (Bihar)
The Editor, A. K. Keshary, Ph.D.,

Psychology and Developing Societies, Chartered Accountant
Dept. of Psychology, B-6, Brijenclave Colony, Sunderpur,
University of Allahabad, Varanasi-221005
Allahabad-211002
Telefax: 91-532-2461358, Nilanjana Sanyal, Ph.D.
Email: editors@indiasage.com Professor, Department of Psychology
University of Calcutta
The Editor, 92 A. P. C Road,
Personality study and Group Behavior, Kolkata-700009
Dept. of Psychology, Email: sanyal_nilanjana2004@rediffmai.com
Guru Nanak Dev University, Tel:91-33-24642083,
Amritsar-143005 Cell: 91-9830112145
Consultants: A. K. Srivastava, Ph.D.
John Baby, Ph.D. 7/105B, Durga Niwas,
Professor and Head, Swaroop Nagar, Kanpur-208002
Dept of Psychology, Cell:9415429024
Calicut University,
M. S. Thimmappa, Ph.D.
CALICUT Tel: 91-4942403238
49, 5th Main, Anjaneyanagar,
Vinay K. Jain, CA, Banashankari 3rd Stage,Bangalore-560085 (India)
Jain Vinay Kumar & Co., Tel.: 91-80-26692075 (H)
1280,Vakilpura, Delhi-110006
Tel. : 91-11-23267440(W) Yasho V. Verma, Ph.D.
Mob.: 9868109259 (LM 99) Vice President-HR & MS, LG Electronics India (P)Ltd.,
Plot No. 51, Udyog Vihar,
K. V. Kaliappan, Ph.D. Surajpur-Kasna Road,
48, 8th Cross Street, Shenoy Nagar, Greater Noida-201306 U.P., (India)
Chennai--600030 (India) Tel. : 91-11-9124569635, 24560900-940,
Tel. : 91-44-26260571 (H) E-Mail : yvverma@lgeil.com
New Members
Miss. Prachi Saxena Miss. Garima Gupta Akansha Dubey
Research Scholar, Research Scholar, Research Scholar,
C/O Dr. Rakesh Pandey, C/O Dr. Rakesh Pandey, C/O Dr. Rakesh Pandey,
Associate Professor, Associate Professor, Associate Professor,
Department of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Department of Psychology,
Banaras Hindu University. Banaras Hindu University. Banaras Hindu University.
Varanasi-221005 Varanasi-221005 Varanasi-221005
Cell: 91-9410498080 Cell: 91-9838703607 Cell:91-542-2211309
E-mail:prachisaxena.bhu@gmail.com E-mail:garimaguptabhu09@yahoomail.com E-mail:akansha.dubey31@gmail.com
(SIS Life Membership 343) (SIS Life Membership 344) (SIS Life Membership 345)
FM = Fellow Member, LM = Life Member, M = Member

123
Advance Workshop
on
“The Application of Rorschach and Somatic

Inkblot Series in Personality Assessment,
Diagnostic Evaluation, Therapeutic Intervention,
Screening and selection ”
To be held
During Feb, March and April 2011
At
RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi
Advent Inst. of Management, Udaipur
Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra
Please contact if you are interested to attend at

any of the above Institution:
Prof.B.L.Dubey: email: bldubey@gmail.com

Prof.Amool R.Singh, email:sisamool@yahoo.com
Prof.Naveen Gupta: dr_naveengupta@yahoo.com
Prof.Umed Singh, email: umed.psy@gmail.com
124
SIS CENTER, Anchorage, Alaska(USA)
Dear SIS Members and friends,
We wish you all a HAPPY NEW YEAR. May the HOLIDAY SPIRIT provide
peace, prosperity and happiness to every one in our extended family.
You will be pleased to learn that both SIS-I and SIS-II instruments are
available on Website for online assessment. If you want to use these
techniques for personality assessment, clinical diagnostic/treatment or
research, you are welcome to contact us regarding any help we might be
able to provide.
You are invited to view these on the following websites:
http://122.160.96.85:1001/SIS/Test
http://psyche.dubay.bz
We will welcome comments, suggestions and any constructive criticism

about the above mentioned SIS applications.
Please note down my new emails for future contact.
Email: bldubey@gmail.com
We also invite your contributions to our SIS Journal, related to projective

psychology and mental health.
Looking forward to hearing from you in the New Year!
Sincerely
Wilfred A. Cassell, Bankey L.Dubey and Amool R.Singh

Email: siscassell2@yahoo.com
Email: bldubey@gmail.com
Email: sisamool@yahoo.com
125
Important Announcement
Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D., Director, RINPAS

Professor and Head,
Department of Clinical Psychology,
RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi - 834 006 (India)
E-mail : sisamool@yahoo.com
has taken charge of the office of
Editor In Chief
SIS
JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY & MENTAL HEALTH
From January 2006
Institutional Members
(Libraries of National and International Universities)
are requested to send their
Annual Subscription/Dues
to
Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D., Director, RINPAS

Professor and Head,
Department of Clinical Psychology,
Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry and Allied Sciences (RINPAS),
Kanke, Ranchi - 834 006 (India)
The Subscription Cheque should be made in favour of

“SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health”
payable at Ranchi (India)
126
SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY IS PUBLISHING ITS JOURNAL

SIS JOURNAL OF
PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY & MENTAL HEALTH
a half yearly publication in January and July.

It started in 1994 and has published 33 issues in 17 years.
The Journal is available on Society’s
Web Site at http: //www.somaticinkblots.com
The Journal from Volume 1-17 is available in C D
(Acrobat and Page Maker)
Members of Somatic Inkblot Society can get it on a nominal payment of
US $50 (for Overseas Members) and Rs.1500/- (for Indian Members).
The Individual and Institutional Members of Somatic Inkblot Society/
SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health
Can get the current issue and future issues of the Journal
through Electronic mail free of charge
Please indicate if you wish to get the Journal in
Hard Copy or through Electronic mail
To:
Bankey L. Dubey, Ph.D., DPM,

Editor Emeritus, SIS J. of Proj. Psy. & Mental Health,
E-mail : bldubey@gmail.com
Web Site at http: //www.somaticinkblots.com
OR
Wilfred A. Cassell, M.D., FAPA.

Director SIS Centre
Editor Emeritus, SIS Journal of
Projective Psychology and Mental Health,
4501 E, 104th Avenue,
Anchorage, Alaska - 99507 (USA).
Email: siscassell2@yahoo.com
127
THE SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY
I wish to be a Member __________ a Life Member ________ of the Somatic Inkblot

Society. Please submit this request to the Membership Committee.
NAME __________________________________________________Birth date __________
(Print or type) First Middle Last
__________________________________________Zip ______________________________
Business/Office Address : ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________Tel. : (W)__________________________H)__________________
EDUCATION
Degree Year Institution Major Field of Study
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
EMPLOYMENT : Current position, employer, dates (Graduate Students indicate area
of study and degree toward which you are working).
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
MEMBERSHIP : ____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE IN PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT :
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
SPONSOR (S)
Name Address Telephone
1._________________________________________________________________________
2._________________________________________________________________________
SIS subscription payable every year in January through Cash/Cheque at par/Demand Draft in favour of
“SIS Jr of Proj Psy and Ment Health” payable at Ranchi. I certify that the information provided above
is accurate and correct. An APPLICATION FEE Cheque is enclosed for Foreign Members $50 & Life
Membership $ 400. For Members in India Rs. 300/- & Life Membership Rs. 2500/- Institutional Membership
Rs. 1000/- Institutional Life Membership Rs. 10000/-
Total Cheque $/Rs.__________________Drawn at_________________________
Signature of applicant : __________________________ Date :________________
PLEASE RETURN with your cheque to :
Dr. Amool R. Singh,Ph.D., Director, RINPAS, Prof. & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke,
Ranchi-834006 (India).
Foreign members send their subscription cheque to B.L. Dubey, Ph.D. Editor Emeritus, 4406 Forest
Road, Anchorage, AK-99517 (USA).
N.B. : Please add Rs. 50 ($10) as one time registration fee; and Rs. 70 ($10 foreign Member) if you
are sending subscription through out station cheque.
128
PROFESSIONAL QUALITY VHS VIDEOTAPES (SPECIFY NTSC, PAL

OR SECAM), AS WELL AS AUDIO TAPES AND TRANSCRIPTS OF INTERVIEWS
ARE AVAILABLE FOR TEACHING/CLINICAL PURPOSE.
Police case—”Witnessing an Accident”

Vietnam Veteran — “Unresolved Guilt”
Therapeutic Dream Stimulation
Anniversary Reaction to Miscarriage
Grieving a Still Birth : Conversion Reaction
Fear of Cancer and Hypochondriasis (includes Rorschach imagery)
Alcohol and Cocaine Dependent : Father/Son Incest :
Teen-age Alaska Native’s Death by Gas Inhalation
Suicide Behaviour in Adolescent Alaska Native
Nightmare Vision (Sexually Abused Adolescent Girl and Absence of
Father Figures in Black Adolescent Boy)
Auschwitz Revisited
Neuropsychological Reactions to Life Threatening Accident & SIS
Occupational Stress and the SIS
The use of the SIS as an Aid in Meditation while Grieving a Miscarriage
SIS-Video (A&B Series), SIS-II Images in CD, SIS-I Videotape and
SIS-Living Images
A Walk Through The Garden of Life and many more, Audio & Videotapes
SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health in
C D (Acrobat and Page Maker) from Volume 1-17
Contact :
SIS Centre, 4501 E, 104th Avenue, Anchorage, Alaska - 99507 (USA).
E-mail : bldubey@gmail.com
Web Site : http://www.somaticinkblots.com
for getting the above material
129
ANNOUNCEMENT
The Somatic Inkblot Society is a Non-Profit International Organization

with headquarters in India. The Indian Govt. has recognized it as a
Corporation for Income Tax purposes where relief is given to donators
and advertisers under section 80G of Income Tax.
In America, a comparable non-profit organization similarly named the

Somatic Inkblot Society gives Income Tax relief for residents of the
United States.
Please help the Society by Donation/Advertisement for it’s smooth

functioning.
President,
Somatic Inkblot Society
APPEAL
Members of Somatic Inkblot Society
are requested to kindly send their
Annual dues before the
31st of January each year
to :
Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph. D.
Director, RINPAS
Prof. & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology,
RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006 (India).
E-mail: sisamool@yahoo.com
Tel. : 91-651-2233687(H), Mob.: 91-9431592734,
The Subscription Cheque should be made in favour of
“SIS Jr of Proj Psy and Ment Health” payable at Ranchi (India)
130
STATEMENT SHOWING OWNERSHIP AND OTHER

PARTICULARS ABOUT SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE
PSYCHOLOGY AND MENTAL HEALTH
PLACE OF PUBLICATION : Dept. of Clinical Psychology,

RINPAS,Kanke,Ranchi-834006.
India
PERIODICITY OF PUBLICATION : Half Yearly
EDITOR’S
PRINTER’S Name : Amool Ranjan Singh
PUBLISHER’S
NATIONALITY : Indian
ADDRESS : Dept. of Clinical Psychology,

RINPAS,Kanke,Ranchi-834006.
India
OWNER : SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY
I, Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh, hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to
the best of my knowledge and belief.
Sd/
Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh, Editor-in-Chief
SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health
Published by Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh on behalf of Somatic Inkblot

Society at Annapurna Press & Process, Opp. Big Bazar, 5, Main Road,
Ranchi-834 002, Jharkhand (India), Ph. : 2331800
Editor-in-Chief : Amool Ranjan Singh

Volume 18, Number 1, Pgs. 01-122, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health 2011

34 Jan 2011 PDF

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ISSN 0971-6610

Editorial:Changing Personal and Professional SIS Perspectives 01-03

Childhood PTSD Roots of Borderline Personality 04-13

Gender Differences in SIS-I Profile of Normal Population 14-21

In Pursuit of the Aboriginal Child’s Perspective via a Culture– 22-27

‘It might be what I am’: Looking at the use of Rorschach in 28-38

Poly-trauma Survivors: Assessment using Rating Scales and SIS - II 39-49

Human Figure Drawings of Normal Indian Adults 50-61

SIS-I Profile of Psychosexual Dysfunction 62-68

Evaluating Ego-Strength in Depression on SIS-I Indices 69-76

Oedipus: The Deep Rooted Reality to Homosexuality 77-88

Impact of Meaning in Life and Reasons for Living to Hope 89-102

Membership Directory 103-122

Official Publication of the Somatic Inkblot Society

Somatic Inkblot assessment, psychotherapy and mental health. The journal

Society and personality assessment in clinical, counseling, cross-

SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE

EDITORS EMERITUS : EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS :

Rank Journal Country Language

Journal in ProQuest Listing

“Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,

Wilfred A. Cassell, M.D., FAPA, APC.

Childhood PTSD Roots of Borderline Personality Disorder-

Originally he sought treatment in a state of despondent suicidal ideation recurrence at age of

“First dream #1:

Personal assessment of dream #1:

Interpreting His “Prolific” Dream:

In summary, this psychophysiologic model hypothesizes complex rapidly fluctuating patterns

Gender Differences in SIS-I Profile of Normal Population

The SIS is a semi-structured projective diagnostic instrument and an adjunct to psychotherapy.

Material and Method:

Gender Male 41%(82)

Age 18-30 yrs. 52.5%(105)

31-45 yrs. 47.5%(95)

Education Upto 5th Class 21% (42)

5th to 12th Class 44.5%(89)

12th Plus 34.5%(69)

Domicile Rural 46.5%(93)

Total Number of Responses (TR):

Total Blot Area (TBA):

Common Blot Area (CBA):

Male (n=82) Female (n=118)

Total Number of Responses 37.4 13.07 41.64 10.82

Total Blot Area 28.72 10.90 26.17 11.88

Common Blot Area 56.59 12.17 57.38 11.82

Uncommon Blot Area 13.54 11.76 14.96 11.74

White Background Area 2.84 3.11 2.50 2.45

Shape Appropriate 81.52 14.09 81.95 9.86

Shape Inappropriate 9.36 13.70 7.98 7.67

Human Action 4.43 4.41 5.89 6.06

Color Chromatic 0.68 1.61 0.60 1.22

Color Achromatic 0.36 1.08 0.34 0.89

3-Dimensional 3.77 2.83 3.21 3.39

Human Complete 9.05 5.34 10.57 6.43

Human Part 6.50 6.54 7.50 5.38

Animal Complete 24.16 6.89 22.14 7.95

Animal Part 5.85 4.66 5.76 5.43

Internal Organs 17.33 8.95 17.21 9.13

Most Common Responses 16.30 7.79 14.65 6.23

Image Rejection 1.56 5.60 1.03 7.69

TR 111.48 84.70 -3.220**

TBA 101.24 99.44 -0.217

CBA 110.27 86.44 -2.867**