ResearchGate Effect of Ferrocene as a Fuel Additive on Four Stroke Diesel Engine Performance 105 ‘eomertosonina is pape was une Sh HANHInternational OPEN @ ACCESS Journal ISSN: 2249-6645 OfModern Engineering Research (IJMER) Effect of Ferrocene as a Fuel Additive on Four Stroke Diesel Engine Performance Mr M Sarath Chandra’, Mr Madhu $7 *(Mechantcal Engnneenng Department, CMR College of Engineering and Technology, India Email: medasamasarath @gmatl com) ** Mechaneal Engneenng Department, CMR College of ‘Engneerng and Technology, Juda Email stroopakeha25@gnail.com) ABSTRACT: Ferrocene is used as an antiknock adébtive to replace lead allyls. The Ant knocking and soot suppressing property of Ferrocene (Fe(CH,)) catalytic ackon, lightened a method for the manual coke clean up which increase the effective fuel combustion and life time of the combustion parts of the engine without effecting the process but energiang the purpose. The metastable Ferrocene nucleate enables further burnout of the carbon deposits in the combustion chamber. This paper presents the evaluation and postive effect of adding the optimal percentage of ferrocene in the diesel. The performance of the diesel engine 15 tested and compared vath ckfferent blends of ferrocene in the diesel. The Experimental results show that the addition of the ferrocene optimal percentage to the fuel val enable to increase the break thermal efficiency, decrease the specific fuel consumption of the engine and pinking LINTRODUCTION Engine techuologies axe increasing very fast and also the education level of the people for a rofessonal way to operate the engine. The only parameter that cennat be influenced dieetly isthe availbibity ofa good and economical fel. Eepecielly for modem four suoke engines wath high output, the combustaity of the fuel is of paramount importance to achieve reliable operation of the engine. One way to improve the combustion ofthe fuel in the engine, without altering the specification ofthe uel, is to istoduce @ chemical additive. Fenocene has the fomnula (CsHjFe, « molecular weight of 18604, end is an orange crystalline substance thats isolble in water but soluble i oxgeni solvents an fuel. Ferrocene - Preparation: Fenocene, (C.H,)sFe, was fast discovered in 1951. Until this tine organometallic compounds containing Métel-Caabon bonds were restricted to Grignaid Reagents (R-MgB), Zrse's Salt anda few miscellaneous others. Attempting to prepare Fubvelene via a Gngnard Reagent, TJ. Keely and PL. Peulson formed Dicyelopentadienyiuoa, or Ferocene, instead 2 (CH) MgBr-+FeCy (CoH) + Fe-( CoH); + MgB + MgC ig I: Image of Cyclapentadienyl zon Fenocene and its numerous derivatives have no laige-scele applications, but have many niche uses that exploit the unusual structure (ligand scaffolds, pharmaceutical candidates), robustness (ant-nock formulations, precursors to materils) and redox (reagents and redox standards) CMR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, Kandlalaya (7), Medchal Road, Ppdevabad-SO1401 BOT Page2" National Conference On Developments, Advances & Trendsin Engineering Science [NC- DATES?K16] John J. Kracklauer [I]has observed « method of conditioning diesel engines. The diesel fuel containing dicyelopentedienyl iron thereof for a period of time sufficient o eliminate cazbon deposits fiom the combustion surfaces of the engine and to eliminate cazbon deposits fiom the combustion surfaces of the engine and to deposit a layer oftton oxide on the combustion surfaces, which layer is effective to prevent futher buildup of catbon deposits. In Effect of Fersocene on ctalysis combustion [] experimental results show that ferocene can increase the combustion rate effectively and reduce kindling temperature by SO*C. Results (SJobtained with an acetylene diffusion flame show that iron oxide incorporated in the soot particles acts as catalyst to promote soot ‘bumout atthe tip of the flame. As per the conclusions{4| the addition of fenocene to the laminar jet diffusion flame acted as expected by reducing the number and mass of soot particulate, The ferocene acted as a catalyst ‘moxidizing the soot and fuel, the more fenocene aded tothe flame the more it aided in oxidation to the pomt that vintually all hytocaibons end soot had been oxidized 4) Nucleates before andl after soot inception The catalysis combustion process canbe explained as the transition etal ion Fe” attaches to the surface ofthe coke particles ancl the intemal surface of the tiny holes atthe coke surface, which makes the coke active swface increasing, The transition metel ion Fe™* reacts withthe oxygen in the ges flow and forms the metastable oxidized state. The metastable oxicized state acts asa oxygen camer, letting the oxygen travels to the surface of the coke particle by ebsomption and digression process. The coke particle breaks fo nano scale carbon clusters and the coke combustion process canbe extremely accelerated end fons CO, The deoridized Fe element reacts with the oxygen in the flu and again repeats the above catalysis process. During this reaction cyele, the tition metal ion Fe” as the fumction of oxygen transferring. ti) Acdition of exomatic rings the remained putt of fenocene (C)H.)' let the engine to decrease the knocking tendency. Decreasing knocking tendency order is paraffins, napthenes, ancl exomsetic hyerocerbons ‘The complete sef of reecton steps and the kinetic parameters have to be known together with ell partial yresrmes to predict the exact behavior ofeach individual engine end combustion Step 1: Combustion of Ferrocene and fuel oil ‘The combustion of fuel el leads to caxbon dioxide, cazbon monoxide and carbon (soot) CH, +2 0:0 CO, COs, Catton ‘The combustion products of Fertocene are iron oxides and carbon dioxide Fe(GH); + 00 Fe,0+ CO; .. ‘The main combustion product of Fenocene is ion oxide Fe2O3 (and slight amounts of FeO), Step 2: Soot reduction activity of Ferrocene Jhon oxides and soot rect to cezbon monoxide or carbon dioxide and iron 2Fe,0)+3C0 4Fe+3COy Fe0+C0 CO+Fe Step 3: Reactivation ofthe catalytic activity Thon and oxygen reac to iron oxide 4Fe+30,0 2Fe,0; and the catalytic eyele can start again. The mechanism described above indicates thatthe active compound is Fe203 thats the base of the catalytic cycle can start again. Ignition quality is a measure of the sbility of fuel to ignite promptly after injection. A fuel which ignites slowly causes diesel knock. The Chemical structue desired in petroleum fuels for Cl engines is opposite to that of desivable for spark ignition engines. The best fuels for the CI engine are highly paraffinic with average nolecular weights greater than those of gasolines. The enfiknock quality and ignition quality are opposed to each other. There seems to exist a simple, liar relation between the charactenstic numbers, octane number (ON) and cetane number (CN) is given ON=120-26N ON=150-2.5CN and it varies around S74. Gasoline has got antiknock qualities, but does not ignite readily. As such, gasoline is not suitable for use in diese] engines. Sharp oscillations of jresswe are noted duing combustion With the addition of ferrocene the calculated cetane index is getting decreased with the increase in percentage of fenocene ‘Therefore a nunber of additives axe added to improve its combustion characters prevents engine Inocking by increasing octane number, reacts with eazbon and sulphur residue and removes fiom the cylinder, as an antioxidant prevents gum formation, overcomes catalytic effects of dissolved copper, prevents commosion impart color for identification The addition of ferrocene will increase the combustion rate, decrease the knocking tendency. It is vapoutised above 100°C and hence can be easily added into industrial installations. [tis one of the most stable organic metal complexes at high temperatwes, which will not be decomposed til 400° C. According to some previous report [], ferrocene and deuvatives axe very effective in catalysis of liquid and solid fuel It is nontoxic, which is not common in most organic metal complexes. Compared to other orgenic aetal complexes, its relatively cheaper. CMR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, Kandlakoya (V7, Medchal Road, Fhderabad- 501401 Bil Page2" National Conference On Developments, Advances & Trendsin Engineering Science [NC- DATES?K16] Il. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY Solubility of ferrocene in diesel: ‘The samples of fermocene axe 0.15g, 0.20g, 025g, 0.30g, 0-40g, 0.50g aze mixed to 10n diese individually. ‘The mixtue is sized and left fore day. At atmospheric temaperatuze the diese dissolves tll 3% of fertocene completely, for 4% and above the precipitate of fenocene is observed Hence the satwated dissolving percentage of ferrocene in diesel is inbetween 3-4% only ee — me Fig 2: Image of Solubility of Ferrocene igh Image ofeaturaeddisering -entage of Ferrocene in diese ‘The Gross calorific values for different blends of ferrocene were observed tobe decreasing from 1% of fenocene blend to 3% of ferrocene blend in diesel which does not affect the engine performance Fig 4: Tabular form of calorific values for the blends. ‘SNo._| Test Pate Diesel OF Tafemocene Wfenocene | W7efenocene T [Density at 150] 08264 OSs Osasa OST (lec) T | Gross Calonifie value | T0230 TOIT TOO 9950 (Ecalllg) J] Calculated —Cetane a0 3 7 Index ‘On dbserving thee ura slightunciease in denaily, decrease in ie gross calorific and caleulated cetene index, Itindicates clearly thatthe blends withthe higher percentages of ferrocene are not suitble because there is @ rnuch decrease inthe calorific value that of from diesel Experimentation ‘A.single cylinder fow stoke diesel engine (SHP, 1500 rpm) of kvloskar was run with different peroentages of ferrocene from 0% to 3% by weight. The performance of the engine is observed. The Breek thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption and brake power are compared with each blend including diesel ‘The above mentioned fou stroke diese] engine is run with diesel, 1%, 2% and 3% of ferrocene blends. The Load (EW), speed (rpm), time taken for 10ce of fuel consumption were taken atthe variation of the loads fiom O to 10ig and the Break: Thermal Efficiency, Specific fuel consunption and break power axe calculated and tabled, based on the formulae O+a 2nNewe 1)B.P= KW 0 Whee edie ofbreakdrum=0 246m, din of rope “0020 W=9 Sines spa) 2) SFC= Me/BP 3) Break thermal efficiency= BP/heat input III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Break Power: ‘The break power ofthe diesel and 1%ferrocene blend axe competitive whereas that of and 3% ate having, lower power because the calonific value of the fenocene blended diesel are decreasing with the increase in femocene percentage. And Calculated Cetane Index is also decreasing indicating dectease in ignition quality. As result 1% fenocene blend is better and suggestible for use CMR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, Kandlalaya (7), Medchal Road, Ppdevabad-SO1401 BIT Page2" National Conference On Developments, Advances & Trendsin Engineering Science [NC- DATES?K16] 3 2 —diesel 14 —1%ferrocene 0. —2%ferrocene 0 2 4 6 8 10—3%ferrocene Fig 5: Break Power vs Lead (X axis Load, V axis Break Power) Specific fuel consumption: ‘The order of decreasing specific fuel consumption is cbserved tobe 2 catalytic action of ron oxide improves the effective fuel combustion. But in the case of 2 and 3% blends is Iaving high SFC because the calonfic value of the fuel is low that of from diesel. The cetane index i also low hich decrease the Ignition Quality of the fue. 15 5 —diesel 14 —1%ferrocene 05 ~ 2%ferrocene 0+ — 3%ferrocene 0 2 4 6 8 10 Fig 6: SEC vs Load ( axis- Load, Vaxis- SFO) Break Thermal Efficiency : ‘The Break themual efficiency of 1Ysferrocene blend got the highest value near to 30% followed by 2% 3% Dlenls and diesel. And the input power follows the reverse order, ———— —diesel 20 5 1%ferrocene 04 —2%ferrocene 0 2 4 6 8 10 —3%ferrocene Fig 7: Break Thermal Efficiency vs Lead (X axis- BTE, V axis- Break Power) IV.CONCLUSION ‘The experimental results and discussions shows that there is a positive effect of adding the optimal percentage of ferrocene inthe diesel. For 1% ferrocene blended diesel has more thermal efficiency (29.77%) and the specific fuel consumption is lower compared to other is 0.283 Kg/KCW-lx. Therefore the optimal percentage is between 1% to 2% that is 1Oppm to 20ppm of ferrocene inthe fuel. Not only it umproves the effective fuel combustion but also decreases the knocking tendency due to the presence of aromatic molecules. The knocking tendency decreases with the increase in the ferrocene percentage. The Break Thermal efficiency improves and the specific fuel consumption decrease CMR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, Kandlalaya (7), Medchal Road, Ppdevabad-SO1401 BT Page2" National Conference On Developments, Advances & Trendsin Engineering Science [NC- DATES?K16] REFERENCES: Journalpapers: 1] A Patent on Method of Conditioning diesel engine: US 4880220 A-by Jobat Kracklaner D2} dian Jounal of Heat and Mass Trevufer:Efet af Ferocene on Catalysis Combuston'oy Min Xo, Ying Zou & Hsing [) The afect of Foracene addition on partile formation and buenout in combustion process by M Kasper, Sate, KSiegmam ad Uimated [A] Berg Counal: A Comparision ofenlne backpass cleaning teclnologies: Detonation Acoustic aud Comentonal ‘Sieamor Air Sootblovngby A, Tofa Me Conmiek. [5] Antes on The soot and sale Probleme by Dz Albrencht Kanpp [6] Review on catale scavenging eféct ful conination, by Madiu S. PG Scholar Books (7) ermal combustion engines by KK Ramalingaan CMR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, Kandlalaya (7), Medchal Road, Ppdevabad-SO1401 Sa Page