Fuzzy logic

Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic

in which the truth values of variables may
be any real number between 0 and 1
inclusive. It is employed to handle the
concept of partial truth, where the truth
value may range between completely true
and completely false.[1] By contrast, in
Boolean logic, the truth values of variables
may only be the integer values 0 or 1.
The term fuzzy logic was introduced with
the 1965 proposal of fuzzy set theory by
Lotfi Zadeh.[2][3] Fuzzy logic had however
been studied since the 1920s, as infinite-
valued logic—notably by Łukasiewicz and
Tarski.[4]

It is based on the observation that people

make decisions based on imprecise and
non-numerical information, fuzzy models
or sets are mathematical means of
representing vagueness and imprecise
information, hence the term fuzzy. These
models have the capability of recognising,
representing, manipulating, interpreting,
and utilising data and information that are
vague and lack certainty.[5]

Fuzzy logic has been applied to many

fields, from control theory to artificial
intelligence.

Overview
Classical logic only permits conclusions
which are either true or false. However,
there are also propositions with variable
answers, such as one might find when
asking a group of people to identify a
color. In such instances, the truth appears
as the result of reasoning from inexact or
partial knowledge in which the sampled
answers are mapped on a spectrum.

Both degrees of truth and probabilities

range between 0 and 1 and hence may
seem similar at first, but fuzzy logic uses
degrees of truth as a mathematical model
of vagueness, while probability is a
mathematical model of ignorance.[6]

Applying truth values

A basic application might characterize

various sub-ranges of a continuous
variable. For instance, a temperature
measurement for anti-lock brakes might
have several separate membership
functions defining particular temperature
ranges needed to control the brakes
properly. Each function maps the same
temperature value to a truth value in the 0
to 1 range. These truth values can then be
used to determine how the brakes should
be controlled.[7]

Linguistic variables

While variables in mathematics usually

take numerical values, in fuzzy logic
applications, non-numeric values are often
used to facilitate the expression of rules
and facts.[8]
A linguistic variable such as age may
accept values such as young and its
antonym old. Because natural languages
do not always contain enough value terms
to express a fuzzy value scale, it is
common practice to modify linguistic
values with adjectives or adverbs. For
example, we can use the hedges rather
and somewhat to construct the additional
values rather old or somewhat young.

Fuzzification operations can map

mathematical input values into fuzzy
membership functions. And the opposite
de-fuzzifying operations can be used to
map a fuzzy output membership function
into a "crisp" output value that can be then
used for decision or control purposes.

Process
1. Fuzzify all input values into fuzzy
membership functions.
2. Execute all applicable rules in the
rulebase to compute the fuzzy output
functions.
3. De-fuzzify the fuzzy output functions
to get "crisp" output values.

Fuzzification

Fuzzification is the process of assigning

the numerical input of a system to fuzzy
sets with some degree of membership.
This degree of membership may be
anywhere within the interval [0,1]. If it is 0
then the value does not belong to the
given fuzzy set, and if it is 1 then the value
completely belongs within the fuzzy set.
Any value between 0 and 1 represents the
degree of uncertainty that the value
belongs in the set. These fuzzy sets are
typically described by words, and so by
assigning the system input to fuzzy sets,
we can reason with it in a linguistically
natural manner.

For example, in the image below the

meanings of the expressions cold, warm,
and hot are represented by functions
mapping a temperature scale. A point on
that scale has three "truth values"—one for
each of the three functions. The vertical
line in the image represents a particular
temperature that the three arrows (truth
values) gauge. Since the red arrow points
to zero, this temperature may be
interpreted as "not hot"; i.e. this
temperature has zero membership in the
fuzzy set "hot". The orange arrow (pointing
at 0.2) may describe it as "slightly warm"
and the blue arrow (pointing at 0.8) "fairly
cold". Therefore, this temperature has 0.2
membership in the fuzzy set "warm" and
0.8 membership in the fuzzy set "cold".
The degree of membership assigned for
each fuzzy set is the result of fuzzification.

Fuzzy logic temperature

Fuzzy sets are often defined as triangle or

trapezoid-shaped curves, as each value
will have a slope where the value is
increasing, a peak where the value is equal
to 1 (which can have a length of 0 or
greater) and a slope where the value is
decreasing. They can also be defined
using a sigmoid function.[9] One common
case is the standard logistic function
defined as

which has the following symmetry

property

From this it follows that

Fuzzy logic operators

Fuzzy logic works with membership values

in a way that mimics Boolean logic. To this
end, replacements for basic operators
AND, OR, NOT must be available. There are
several ways to this. A common
replacement is called the Zadeh operators:

Boolean Fuzzy

AND(x,y) MIN(x,y)

OR(x,y) MAX(x,y)

NOT(x) 1–x

For TRUE/1 and FALSE/0, the fuzzy

expressions produce the same result as
the Boolean expressions.

There are also other operators, more

linguistic in nature, called hedges that can
be applied. These are generally adverbs
such as very, or somewhat, which modify
the meaning of a set using a mathematical
formula.
However, an arbitrary choice table does
not always define a fuzzy logic function. In
the paper,[10] a criterion has been
formulated to recognize whether a given
choice table defines a fuzzy logic function
and a simple algorithm of fuzzy logic
function synthesis has been proposed
based on introduced concepts of
constituents of minimum and maximum. A
fuzzy logic function represents a
disjunction of constituents of minimum,
where a constituent of minimum is a
conjunction of variables of the current
area greater than or equal to the function
value in this area (to the right of the
function value in the inequality, including
the function value).

Another set of AND/OR operators is based

on multiplication

x AND y = x*y
x OR y = 1-(1-x)*(1-y) =
x+y-x*y

comes from this:

x OR y = NOT( AND( NOT(x),

NOT(y) ) )
x OR y = NOT( AND(1-x, 1-y)
)
 x OR y = NOT( (1-x)*(1-y) )
x OR y = 1-(1-x)*(1-y)

IF-THEN rules

IF-THEN rules map input or computed

truth values to desired output truth values.
Example:

IF temperature IS very cold

THEN fan_speed is stopped
IF temperature IS cold THEN
fan_speed is slow
IF temperature IS warm THEN
fan_speed is moderate
 IF temperature IS hot THEN
fan_speed is high

Given a certain temperature, the fuzzy

variable hot has a certain truth value,
which is copied to the high variable.

Should an output variable occur in several

THEN parts, then the values from the
respective IF parts are combined using the
OR operator.

Defuzzification

The goal is to get a continuous variable

from fuzzy truth values.
This would be easy if the output truth
values were exactly those obtained from
fuzzification of a given number. Since,
however, all output truth values are
computed independently, in most cases
they do not represent such a set of
numbers. One has then to decide for a
number that matches best the "intention"
encoded in the truth value. For example,
for several truth values of fan_speed, an
actual speed must be found that best fits
the computed truth values of the variables
'slow', 'moderate' and so on.

There is no single algorithm for this

purpose.
A common algorithm is

1. For each truth value, cut the

membership function at this value
2. Combine the resulting curves using
the OR operator
3. Find the center-of-weight of the area
under the curve
4. The x position of this center is then
the final output.

Forming a consensus of
inputs and fuzzy rules
Since the fuzzy system output is a
consensus of all of the inputs and all of
the rules, fuzzy logic systems can be well
behaved when input values are not
available or are not trustworthy.
Weightings can be optionally added to
each rule in the rulebase and weightings
can be used to regulate the degree to
which a rule affects the output values.
These rule weightings can be based upon
the priority, reliability or consistency of
each rule. These rule weightings may be
static or can be changed dynamically, even
based upon the output from other rules.

Early applications
Many of the early successful applications
of fuzzy logic were implemented in Japan.
The first notable application was on the
subway train in Sendai, in which fuzzy
logic was able to improve the economy,
comfort, and precision of the ride.[11] It has
also been used in recognition of hand-
written symbols in Sony pocket
computers, flight aid for helicopters,
controlling of subway systems in order to
improve driving comfort, precision of
halting, and power economy, improved fuel
consumption for automobiles, single-
button control for washing machines,
automatic motor control for vacuum
cleaners with recognition of surface
condition and degree of soiling, and
prediction systems for early recognition of
earthquakes through the Institute of
Seismology Bureau of Meteorology,
Japan.[12]

Logical analysis
In mathematical logic, there are several
formal systems of "fuzzy logic", most of
which are in the family of t-norm fuzzy
logics.

Propositional fuzzy logics

The most important propositional fuzzy

logics are:
Monoidal t-norm-based propositional
fuzzy logic MTL is an axiomatization of
logic where conjunction is defined by a
left continuous t-norm and implication is
defined as the residuum of the t-norm.
Its models correspond to MTL-algebras
that are pre-linear commutative
bounded integral residuated lattices.
Basic propositional fuzzy logic BL is an
extension of MTL logic where
conjunction is defined by a continuous t-
norm, and implication is also defined as
the residuum of the t-norm. Its models
correspond to BL-algebras.
Łukasiewicz fuzzy logic is the extension
of basic fuzzy logic BL where standard
conjunction is the Łukasiewicz t-norm. It
has the axioms of basic fuzzy logic plus
an axiom of double negation, and its
models correspond to MV-algebras.
Gödel fuzzy logic is the extension of
basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction
is Gödel t-norm. It has the axioms of BL
plus an axiom of idempotence of
conjunction, and its models are called G-
algebras.
Product fuzzy logic is the extension of
basic fuzzy logic BL where conjunction
is product t-norm. It has the axioms of
BL plus another axiom for cancellativity
of conjunction, and its models are called
product algebras.
Fuzzy logic with evaluated syntax
(sometimes also called Pavelka's logic),
denoted by EVŁ, is a further
generalization of mathematical fuzzy
logic. While the above kinds of fuzzy
logic have traditional syntax and many-
valued semantics, in EVŁ is evaluated
also syntax. This means that each
formula has an evaluation.
Axiomatization of EVŁ stems from
Łukasziewicz fuzzy logic. A
generalization of classical Gödel
 completeness theorem is provable in
EVŁ.

Predicate fuzzy logics

These extend the above-mentioned fuzzy

logics by adding universal and existential
quantifiers in a manner similar to the way
that predicate logic is created from
propositional logic. The semantics of the
universal (resp. existential) quantifier in t-
norm fuzzy logics is the infimum (resp.
supremum) of the truth degrees of the
instances of the quantified subformula.

Decidability issues for fuzzy

logic
The notions of a "decidable subset" and
"recursively enumerable subset" are basic
ones for classical mathematics and
classical logic. Thus the question of a
suitable extension of them to fuzzy set
theory is a crucial one. A first proposal in
such a direction was made by E.S. Santos
by the notions of fuzzy Turing machine,
Markov normal fuzzy algorithm and fuzzy
program (see Santos 1970). Successively,
L. Biacino and G. Gerla argued that the
proposed definitions are rather
questionable. For example, in [13] one
shows that the fuzzy Turing machines are
not adequate for fuzzy language theory
since there are natural fuzzy languages
intuitively computable that cannot be
recognized by a fuzzy Turing Machine.
Then, they proposed the following
definitions. Denote by Ü the set of rational
numbers in [0,1]. Then a fuzzy subset s : S
[0,1] of a set S is recursively enumerable
if a recursive map h : S×N Ü exists such
that, for every x in S, the function h(x,n) is
increasing with respect to n and s(x) = lim
h(x,n). We say that s is decidable if both s
and its complement –s are recursively
enumerable. An extension of such a theory
to the general case of the L-subsets is
possible (see Gerla 2006). The proposed
definitions are well related with fuzzy
logic. Indeed, the following theorem holds
true (provided that the deduction
apparatus of the considered fuzzy logic
satisfies some obvious effectiveness
property).

Any "axiomatizable" fuzzy theory is

recursively enumerable. In particular, the
fuzzy set of logically true formulas is
recursively enumerable in spite of the fact
that the crisp set of valid formulas is not
recursively enumerable, in general.
Moreover, any axiomatizable and complete
theory is decidable.
It is an open question to give supports for
a "Church thesis" for fuzzy mathematics,
the proposed notion of recursive
enumerability for fuzzy subsets is the
adequate one. In order to solve this, an
extension of the notions of fuzzy grammar
and fuzzy Turing machine are necessary.
Another open question is to start from this
notion to find an extension of Gödel's
theorems to fuzzy logic.

Fuzzy databases
Once fuzzy relations are defined, it is
possible to develop fuzzy relational
databases. The first fuzzy relational
database, FRDB, appeared in Maria
Zemankova's dissertation (1983). Later,
some other models arose like the Buckles-
Petry model, the Prade-Testemale Model,
the Umano-Fukami model or the GEFRED
model by J.M. Medina, M.A. Vila et al.

Fuzzy querying languages have been

defined, such as the SQLf by P. Bosc et al.
and the FSQL by J. Galindo et al. These
languages define some structures in order
to include fuzzy aspects in the SQL
statements, like fuzzy conditions, fuzzy
comparators, fuzzy constants, fuzzy
constraints, fuzzy thresholds, linguistic
labels etc.
The knowledge graph Weaviate uses fuzzy
logic to index data based on a machine
learning model called the Contextionary.

Comparison to probability
Fuzzy logic and probability address
different forms of uncertainty. While both
fuzzy logic and probability theory can
represent degrees of certain kinds of
subjective belief, fuzzy set theory uses the
concept of fuzzy set membership, i.e., how
much an observation is within a vaguely
defined set, and probability theory uses the
concept of subjective probability, i.e.,
likelihood of some event or condition. The
concept of fuzzy sets was developed in
the mid-twentieth century at Berkeley [14]
as a response to the lacking of probability
theory for jointly modelling uncertainty and
vagueness.[15]

Bart Kosko claims in Fuzziness vs.

Probability[16] that probability theory is a
subtheory of fuzzy logic, as questions of
degrees of belief in mutually-exclusive set
membership in probability theory can be
represented as certain cases of non-
mutually-exclusive graded membership in
fuzzy theory. In that context, he also
derives Bayes' theorem from the concept
of fuzzy subsethood. Lotfi A. Zadeh
argues that fuzzy logic is different in
character from probability, and is not a
replacement for it. He fuzzified probability
to fuzzy probability and also generalized it
to possibility theory.[17]

More generally, fuzzy logic is one of many

different extensions to classical logic
intended to deal with issues of uncertainty
outside of the scope of classical logic, the
inapplicability of probability theory in many
domains, and the paradoxes of Dempster-
Shafer theory.

Relation to ecorithms
Computational theorist Leslie Valiant uses
the term ecorithms to describe how many
less exact systems and techniques like
fuzzy logic (and "less robust" logic) can be
applied to learning algorithms. Valiant
essentially redefines machine learning as
evolutionary. In general use, ecorithms are
algorithms that learn from their more
complex environments (hence eco-) to
generalize, approximate and simplify
solution logic. Like fuzzy logic, they are
methods used to overcome continuous
variables or systems too complex to
completely enumerate or understand
discretely or exactly. [18] Ecorithms and
fuzzy logic also have the common
property of dealing with possibilities more
than probabilities, although feedback and
feed forward, basically stochastic weights,
are a feature of both when dealing with, for
example, dynamical systems.

Compensatory fuzzy logic

Compensatory fuzzy logic (CFL) is a
branch of fuzzy logic with modified rules
for conjunction and disjunction. When the
truth value of one component of a
conjunction or disjunction is increased or
decreased, the other component is
decreased or increased to compensate.
This increase or decrease in truth value
may be offset by the increase or decrease
in another component. An offset may be
blocked when certain thresholds are met.
Proponents claim that CFL allows for
better computational semantic behaviors
and mimic natural language.[19][20]

Compensatory Fuzzy Logic consists of

four continuous operators: conjunction (c);
disjunction (d); fuzzy strict order (or); and
negation (n). The conjunction is the
geometric mean and its dual as
conjunctive and disjunctive operators.[21]

IEEE STANDARD 1855–2016 –

IEEE Standard for Fuzzy
Markup Language
The IEEE 1855, the IEEE STANDARD 1855–
2016, is about a specification language
named Fuzzy Markup Language (FML)[22]
developed by the IEEE Standards
Association. FML allows modelling a fuzzy
logic system in a human-readable and
hardware independent way. FML is based
on eXtensible Markup Language (XML).
The designers of fuzzy systems with FML
have a unified and high-level methodology
for describing interoperable fuzzy
systems. IEEE STANDARD 1855–2016
uses the W3C XML Schema definition
language to define the syntax and
semantics of the FML programs.

Prior to the introduction of FML, fuzzy

logic practitioners could exchange
information about their fuzzy algorithms
by  adding to their software functions the
ability to read, correctly parse, and store
the result of their work in a  form
compatible with the Fuzzy Control
Language (FCL) described and specified
by Part 7 of IEC 61131.[23][24]

See also
Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system
(ANFIS)
Artificial neural network
Defuzzification
Expert system
False dilemma
Fuzzy architectural spatial analysis
Fuzzy classification
Fuzzy concept
Fuzzy Control Language
Fuzzy control system
Fuzzy electronics
Fuzzy subalgebra
FuzzyCLIPS
High Performance Fuzzy Computing
IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems
 Interval finite element
Machine learning
Neuro-fuzzy
Noise-based logic
Rough set
Sorites paradox
Type-2 fuzzy sets and systems
Vector logic

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External links
Formal fuzzy logic – article at
Citizendium
IEC 1131-7 CD1 IEC 1131-7 CD1 PDF
Fuzzy Logic – article at Scholarpedia
Modeling With Words – article at
Scholarpedia
Fuzzy logic – article at Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Fuzzy Math – Beginner level
introduction to Fuzzy Logic
Fuzziness and exactness – Fuzziness
in everyday life, science, religion, ethics,
politics, etc.
Fuzzylite – A cross-platform, free open-
source Fuzzy Logic Control Library
written in C++. Also has a very useful
graphic user interface in QT4.
Online Calculator based upon Fuzzy
logic – Gives online calculation in
 educational example of fuzzy logic
model.
More Flexible Machine Learning – MIT
describes one application.
Semantic Similarity MIT provides
details about fuzzy semantic similarity.

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