EVALUATION OF THE SCHOOL ON-THE-AIR ON CROPS AND LIVESTOCK

TECHNOLOGIES IN ILOCOS NORTE

JAHNNELA FAITH D. BONILLA

RON CHESTER S. CORPUZ
MA. AURORA ESPERANZA T. NIÑO

THESIS

Department of Development Communication

College of Agriculture, Food, and Sustainable Development
MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
City of Batac 2906 Ilocos Norte

May 2019
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis manuscript entitled EVALUATION OF THE SCHOOL ON-THE-AIR

ON CROPS AND LIVESTOCK TECHNOLOGIES IN ILOCOS NORTE prepared and
submitted by JAHNNELA FAITH D. BONILLA, RON CHESTER S. CORPUZ, and
MA. AURORA ESPERANZA T. NIÑO in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Development Communication, is hereby endorsed.

FLORECITA Q. CORTERO MERCY R. GAÑO

Member Member

PATRICIA R. REYES
Adviser/English Critic

__________________________
Date Signed

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

Science in Development Communication.

FLORECITA Q. CORTERO JOSELITO I. ROSARIO

Department Chair Dean

____________________ ____________________
Date Signed Date Signed
 ABSTRACT

BONILLA, JAHNNELA FAITH D., CORPUZ, RON CHESTER S. and NIŇO,

MA. AURORA ESPERANZA T. 2019. Evaluation of the School on-the-Air on
Crops and Livestock Technologies in Ilocos Norte. Undergraduate Thesis. College
of Agriculture, Food, and Sustainable Development. Mariano Marcos State University.
City of Batac 2906 Ilocos Norte. 98 pages.

Adviser: Dr. Patricia R. Reyes

Generally, the study evaluated the SOA on crops and livestock technologies in

Ilocos Norte. Specifically, the study sought to: determine the listenership of the SOA

in terms of frequency and length of listening; determine the relevance and acceptability

of the information and technologies aired; determine the attitude of the SOA graduates

towards the radio program; determine the level of adoption of the information and

technologies aired; identify the problems encountered by the SOA graduates in

listening to the program; and determine the respondents’ suggestions on how to

improve the program and other information and technologies they need.

Data were gathered from 34 SOA graduates proportionately sampled from the

municipalities of Bacarra, Batac, Currimao, Solsona, and Vintar. An interview schedule

in Iluko was used to gather the needed data of the study. Data collected were tabulated

and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentages and

means.

Almost all the SOA graduate-respondents were females. Moreover, majority of

the respondents were considered to be middle-aged with a mean age of 52. As regards

to their educational attainment, all of them had gone to formal education. A greater

number of the respondents had finished college and had gone to college. In terms of

their sources of income, majority of the respondents were into farming.

 Results of the study showed that majority of the respondents seldom listened

to the radio program, meaning they listened to the program but only once a week. This

is because the signal was poor and they were busy with other farm-related works and

household chores that were in conflict when the program was aired. Moreover, majority

of the respondents listened to the program for 60 minutes, which is the duration of the

program.

Additionally, the respondents perceived the information and technologies aired

in the radio program as highly relevant and highly acceptable. This suggests that the

messages aired were helpful and useful to the listeners’ needs and conditions

especially in farming.

Moreover, the respondents had a favorable attitude towards the radio program.

This implies that the respondents had a positive feedback and liked what they heard

and how the technologies and information were aired. This further means that the radio

program met the information needed by the listeners in achieving their goals and in

improving their lives especially those who are living in the rural areas.

The adoption level of the information and technologies aired in the program

was only moderate. This means that the respondents did not practice all the

technologies discussed in the program. This may have been attributed to the nature

of the information and technologies, which were difficult to recall as shared by the

respondents, and the materials needed, which were not readily available.

Moreover, few of the SOA graduate-respondents acknowledged the presence

of problems in listening to the radio program such as poor signal and other farm-related

works and household chores that are in conflict with the airing of the program.
 Furthermore, majority of the respondents suggested that the length and

frequency of airing, presentation of topics, content of the program, language used, and

manner of interviewing be maintained. They suggested that the resource speakers

should be live so that they will understand the topics better than being recorded which

may tend to be formal and even fuzzy. During the discussion of the topics, it was

suggested that they should put some comedy segments to lighten the mode and mood

of learning. Some of the respondents shared that they need other information like:

marketing of goods and farm products, organic vegetable farming, rice varieties,

poultry raising, and tobacco production. Other topics suggested were: water melon

production, sesame seed production, proper utilization and management of farm

machineries, fishery, garlic production, and cooperatives.

 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION PAGE
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 5
Significance of the Study 6
Scope and Limitations of the Study 7
Operational Definition of Terms 8

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Literature and Studies 10

Listenership of Radio Programs 11
Listeners’ Perception on the Relevance 14
of Information Aired through
Radio Programs
Listeners’ Perception on the Acceptability 15
of Information Aired through Radio
Programs
Listeners’ Attitude towards Agricultural 16
Radio Programs

Respondents’ Adoption of Agricultural 18

Technologies
Problems Encountered by Community Residents 20
in Listening to Radio Programs
Suggestions to Improve Radio Programs 21

Synthesis 22
Conceptual Framework 25
Assumptions 28

METHODOLOGY
Research Design 29
Locale of the Study 29
Population and Samples 32
Respondents of the Study 33
Research Instruments 33
Data Gathering Procedure 33
Data Analysis and Interpretation 34
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION PAGE
SOA Graduate-Respondents’ Demographic Profile 35
Listenership of the SOA on Crops and Livestock 37
Technologies
SOA Graduate-Respondents’ Perception on the Relevance 39
of the Information and Technologies Discussed
in the Program
SOA Graduate-Respondents’ Perception on the Acceptability 44
of the Information and Technologies Discussed
in the Program
Attitude of the SOA Graduate-Respondents towards 49
the Program
Respondents’ Adoption Level on the Information 51
and Technologies Discussed in the SOA Program
Problems Encountered by the SOA Graduate-Respondents 62
in Listening to the Program
SOA Graduate-Respondents’ Suggestions to Improve the 63
Program
Other Information Needed by the SOA Graduate-Respondents 67

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings 69
Conclusions 75
Recommendations 76

LITERATURE CITED 79

APPENDICES 83
 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1 Respondents of the study from each sample town 32

2 SOA graduate-respondents’ demographic profile 36

3 Listenership of the SOA program on crops and livestock 38

technologies

4 SOA graduate-respondents’ perception on the relevance 40

of the Information and technologies discussed
in the program

5 SOA graduate-respondents’ perception on the acceptability 45

of the Information and technologies discussed
in the program

6 Attitude of the SOA graduate-respondents towards 50

the program

7 Summary of the respondents’ adoption on the information 52

and technologies aired

8 Adoption level of the SOA graduate-respondents on 53

the information and technologies discussed
in the SOA program

9 Problems encountered by the SOA graduate-respondents 63

in listening to the program

10 SOA graduate-respondents’ suggestions to improve 65

the radio program

11 Information/technology needed by the SOA graduates 67

 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1 Conceptual framework of the study 27
2 Map of Ilocos Norte showing the sites of the study 30
 APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE
A Human Resource Ethics Approval 83

B Informed Consent Form 84

C Letter Request for the Director, MMSU Extension 85

Directorate

D Request Letter for the Municipal Agriculture Offices 86

E Interview Schedule for the SOA Graduate-Respondents 87

F Photo Documentation of the Interviews Conducted During 97
the Data Gathering of the Study
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The first researcher is the last fruit of Mr. Felipe Agbayani Bonilla (+) and Ms.

Jocelyn Deleon-Duyao. She was born on January 1, 1999. She is blessed with a lone

sister named Franzel Monique Bonilla.

When she was one year old, her mother went abroad for them to have a better

future. Her father died at a very young age because of heart attack, so, her

grandparents took up the role of being the father and mother to her, together with her

sister.

Certainly, she was nurtured by the unconditional love of Mr. Francisco Bonilla

(+) and Mrs. Monica Bonilla, her grandparents and foster parents. Being the younger

one in the family, she always aspired to help her family and to succeed in life. This

motivated her to be stronger and tougher in every problem that she faced in her life.

She studied at Sta. Rosa Academy from Nursery to Grade 1 and was awarded

every year as one of the deserving pupils. Due to unexpected circumstances, she

transferred to Filipinas East Elementary school where she finished her primary

education. She has been a consistent deserving pupil, class president up to grade five

and competed in different contests like Science quiz, Math wizard, essay writing and

was one of the feature writers in their school paper. When she was about to finish her

elementary, she rebelled, which affected her studies. Because of this, she was not

able to make it to the top.

She finished her high school at Ilocos Norte National High School-Special

Program in the Arts. She had been always a participant in different competitions such

as one act play, photography, visual arts and more. She was also active in joining
seminars, trainings, and youth gatherings. She was also a member of the Rondalla

when she was freshman and sophomore. When she was a child, she always wanted

to become a lawyer. This was the reason why, after graduation, she wanted to go to

Manila and study there. But, difficulties and trials came her way, which is why she

ended up studying at the Mariano Marcos State University.

At first, she doubted to take up BS in Development Communication, but

because her aunt and grandfather inspired and motivated her, she decided to pursue

the course at the Mariano Marcos State University, City of Batac. After her on-the-job

training, she enrolled at Romaine Organics Agriculture Academy with the course of

Organic Agriculture Production NC II and graduated last December 23, 2018.

She has always been exposed to different kinds of people, especially adults,

which is maybe the reason why she became more confident and braver in facing

people and in overcoming all the giants that may come along her way.

Her shortcomings and downfalls are her foundation to keep on fighting and

fighting no matter how and what life leads her. She is the type of a person who is silent

especially when she gets hurt. She is, however, a kin observer.

Right now, she’s fighting the good fight of FAITH and trying all her very best to

get the highest peak of life. She is not just a dreamer but a chaser of dream. She is

strong and brave for she has her best sparring partner ever “JESUS”.

“Noon, batang walang saysay ang buhay, ngayon batang malapit nang makamit

ang tagumpay”! Pangako, lalaban parin ako hanggang sa dulo!

-JAHNNELA FAITH D. BONILLA

 The second researcher is Mr. and Mrs. Ronnel Corpuz’s last child. He was

born on the first day of Misa de Gallo in 1998 at #12, Lipay, Solsona, Ilocos Norte. The

author and his only brother were treated as twins since they were kids because they

have nearly the same face.

He completed his primary education at Lipay Primary School and intermediate

education at Talugtog Elementary School in Solsona. His name was consistent in the

honor roll until his father had a heart attack in 2008, which affected his performance in

school and led him to lie low. Moreover, during his secondary education at Talugtog

Solsona National High School, he was like “cursed” in the 11th spot in his class for four

years and never made up to the year-end awarding.

When he was a kid, he imagined himself wearing a pure white uniform with

stethoscope around his neck. But his parents wanted him to carry a bag of books, hold

a stick, and teach children on how to read, write, and count. Meanwhile, when his

secondary English teacher discovered his talent in writing and speaking, the table has

turned. He was motivated and taught to write for their school paper and joined

journalism stuffs. As he enrolled for his tertiary education, the author’s parents dictated

on what course he will take. He obeyed them, but he did not meet the cut-off for BS

Education. Because of this, he enrolled in Bachelor of Science in Development

Communication to pursue his passion to open more doors for other people and to uplift

their lives. Development Communication taught him how to realize, understand, and

appreciate the nature of communication to help resolve societal problems.

-RON CHESTER CORPUZ

 The third author is the youngest child of Mr. and Mrs. Crizaldy and Mary Ann

Niño. She was born on October 24, 1993 at #30, Monte, Paoay, Ilocos Norte.

She completed her elementary education at Evangelista Elementary School

and she continued her secondary education at Paoay Lake National High School

(PLNHS), Poblacion Campus. During her years at PLNHS, she was active in cultural

dancing, and choir for four years. Because of her active involvement in cultural dancing

she was awarded as the Most Outstanding Female Dancer of the Year.

In 2010, she took the entrance examination at the Mariano Marcos State

University to pursue her dream, to become a communication practitioner. But due to

financial problems, she needed to stop several times studying. However, due to her

eagerness to pursue her dream, she never stopped and continued her dream to

become a development practitioner in the near future.

While pursuing her degree, she encountered lots of challenges. There were

times in her college life that she wanted to give up because she was being belittled

and compared to others, which made her feel weak and hopeless. But because of her

desire to make her parents proud, by the guidance of the Lord, the help and motivation

of her family and relatives, Parish Youth Council (PYC) family, friends, teachers, love

ones, and most especially her Mama and Papa, who never gave up on her, she stood

up, believed in herself, and made herself strong. She then surpassed all the struggles

along the way to her dreams.

Her life was full of ups and downs and roller coaster struggles. She might be a

happy girl outside, but full of sadness inside. Despite of all these, she followed God’s

plan to her life, and continued to be strong and hopeful.

 After all the struggles and hardships she had encountered along her way, she

never let her relationship with God weaken, instead, it became stronger. She believes

that no matter how hard all the struggles and hardships in life, all these will become

her ladder to reach her dreams and to be a successful person in the future.

She has internalized the importance of DevCom where she was shaped and

became a better person. She learned that what comes easy won’t last long, and what

lasts long won’t come easy.

-MA. AURORA ESPERANZA T. NIÑO

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

After all the downfalls and trials that came along our way, we thank God for His

unending love and blessings which made us strong and still surviving. Thank you, Dear

Lord, for showing us your complete guidance to pursue this piece of work with the help

of your sons and daughters, namely:

Dr. Patricia R. Reyes, our thesis adviser, for making us realize our capabilities,

for motivating us to become more competent and realistic in doing things, for helping

us recognize and accept mistakes, and for molding us to become a better person.

Ma’am, thank you for playing a big role into our lives even if sometimes we disappoint

you. You are the reason for the success of this work, we will always be thankful for all

your patience and sacrifices for us. May the great Lord bless you as you continue

teaching and enlightening others;

Similarly, Dr. Florecita Q. Cortero, our panel member and chair of the

Department of Development Communication, for her motherly pieces of advice, for the

wisdom she shared to us and for all the precious lessons we learned from her. Ma’am,

thank you for empowering our personal and professional growth, which enabled us to

realize and appreciate the art of hardwork and patience. Napalaos unay ti

panagyamanmi ta adu iti inka naiburay kadakami a sursuro ken pammagbaga a

saanminto a malipatan;

Mrs. Mercy R. Gaño, our panel member, for her unending support,

constructive comments, and suggestions during the preparation and finalization of our

study. May your expertise and kindness be witnessed by more individuals like us,

Ma’am. Agyamyamankami iti kinasingpet ken kinaanusmo kadakami;

 Dr. Frederick F. Rodrigo, faculty of the Department of Development

Communication, for pushing us to break out from our comfort zones and reminding us

to focus and empower our critical thinking. Thank you, Sir, for your thought-provoking

way of training us. You have taught us so well;

Prof. Love Grace DC. Campano, another faculty of the Department of

Development Communication, for sharing her knowledge and for inspiring us to

succeed even in difficult situations. Ma‘am, thank you for your motherly pieces of

advice. May the great Lord shower you more blessings;

Prof. Emile Kathleen M. Aguilar, faculty of the Department of Development

Communication, for her motivation and guidance during the times we wanted to give

up. Ma’am, thank you for listening to our predicaments and for always cheering us up

and making us feel that we are not alone in every battle that we face. May the good

Lord bless you tremendously;

To our beloved dean of the College of Agriculture, Food and Sustainable

Development, Dr. Joselito I. Rosario, for patiently reviewing our thesis. Thank you,

Sir!;

To Dr. Aris Reynold V. Cajingal, Director of the University Extension

Directorate, for the support and for lending us unselfishly the vehicle of the directorate

for our data gathering;

To our dearest respondents and Municipal Agriculturists from Baccara,

City of Batac, Currimao, Vintar, and Solsona, thank you for opening your doors and

accommodating us during the conduct of this study. Your participation are so much

appreciated;
 To our DevCom family, thank you guys for all those midnight sessions,

laughters, and tears that we had shared together. Good luck to all of us and see you

around;

Jahnnela Faith D. Bonilla would like to thank the following:

To Tata (+) and Nana, for being my grandparents and foster parents. You are

the biggest reason why I never felt I was alone. Thank you for all your sacrifices,

patience, and for providing all my needs since I was still a kid. Thank you is not enough

to express how blessed I am to have you in my life. Thank you for making me strong

every day. I love you both!;

To Mama and Papa (+) for giving me life to cherish every moment. Thank you

for bringing me here into this world. Mama and Papa, even though you left us, always

remember that you will always have a special place in my heart. I am nothing without

you;

To my lone sister, Ate Monique, who served as one of my biggest

inspirations in doing this piece of work. Thank you for your understanding, love, care,

and for always cheering me up saying “Kayam deta” thank you for standing by my side

through thick and thin, for being my mother when our parents left us. I love you so

much, Ate Monique;

To Tita Ning and Tita Emy, Uncles and Cousins, thank you for giving us the

chance to live our life to its fullest. Thank you for all the sacrifices, love, and care you

provided since we were kids until now;

To Ron Chester a.k.a Beshy, thank you for staying with me from first year to

our senior years. Thank you for being my supportive thesis buddy and my biggest fan
in Arts and Photography. Even though we had lots of misunderstandings and

shortcomings, we still managed to do our work. I will surely miss you. I owe you a lot;

To Ate Mae, thank you for being one of my thesis buddies. Thank you for all

the patience and kindness that you showed me. Always remember what I told you,

learn to be independent and be strong;

To Ate Alyssa, Ate Ecka, Kuya Bangit, Ate Dinz, Granny Eya, for their

unending patience, love, and kindness. Thank you for standing by my side no matter

how bad the scenario is, for giving a shoulder to lean on, and for cheering me up and

believing in my capabilities. You will always have a special place in my heart;

To Ate Pau, Ate Ayi, Ate Aby, James, Ate Jes, Ate May, and Ate Majang,

for the moral support and for being there for me throughout the years. Guys, thank you

for all your motivation and encouragement whenever I feel like giving up;

To Ate May, Nay Monique and Kuya Mel and Kuya Ver, GOP Family for the

bright, sweet, kind, and generous siblings by heart, for looking after her as someone

who have the ability to make things worthy. Thank you for all your prayers, kindness,

and guidance;

To my Buddy/Confidant, for all the comforts when I was at the point of losing

my hope, for always making me laugh and feel that I have someone whom I can lean

on. Thank you for your understanding, love, trust, and honesty. Thank you for making

me feel not to be afraid and be passionate with my work, chase every moment, every

triumph and even failure. You’re the best; and

Above all, an eternal thanks to my silent partner, provider, best friend,

Heavenly Father, for His unending love, presence, and guidance in every step I went

through. Without you, I will never have the strength to carry on, the patience to try
again when things go wrong, and the chance to reach out for wisdom to look forward

to the future;

Ron Chester S. Corpuz would like also to extend his gratitude to the following:

First and foremost, I would like to thank God for guiding me to achieve my

biggest dream in life. Thank you so much Papa G!

To his parents, Daddy Ronnel and Mama Nita, thank you for uplifting me

whenever I was drowning, for giving attention when I felt like I am alone, and for making

things simple. Your presence make me calm and strong whenever I struggle and get

tired of giving my full effort. Daddy ken Mama, agyamanak iti an-anus ken suportayo

kaniak, uray adu iti pakakumikomanyo, adda kayo latta nga agdengdengngeg no

kasapulak iti pammagbaga ken pigsa ti patinakem. Ay-ayatenkayo unay!;

To his big brother, Christian, thank you for the support and for cheering me

up whenever I felt alone and tired. You are my best friend and will always be. I love

you, big bro!;

To his uncle Chris, thank you for spoiling me and of course for being such a

great inspiration. You never taught me on how to do things, but your footprints served

as a walk of pride and hope for me;

To Jahnnela Faith a.k.a Beshy, thank you for extending your hands whenever

I needed a person who would understand and accept my mood swings. You act like a

big sister eventhough your size doesn‘t define it. Even our eyes get sharp and wanted

to poke at each other, you are still there to tap my shoulder at the end of the day. You

introduced me into your world and so am I. I hope our friendship will last longer. God

bless you beshy!;

 To Ate Mae, in a short period of time, I‘ve known you as a kind and sweet lady

though your face says it all. We had each other‘s shoulder when we all needed one.

We appreciated our similarities and respect each other’s differences. God bless you,

Ate, as we all enter in a new world!;

To his leftover-ed chaka friends Myra, Mommy Eya, Ate Eka, Abegail, Ayi,

Ate Dinz, Alyssa, Pau, Kuya MJ, Ate Macron, Charmaine, Mark, Rhanie, thank you

for the years of friendship. Throughout those years we all shared a cup of tea, a slice

of cake, and a glass of black coffee. We savored all the flavors of life, it might taste

bitter but we all chose to put an icing into each blemish to preserve its beauty. We will

wave our hands but we will not face our backs together. Let us still look for each other,

don’t put our friendship inside a vintage chest. Let‘s cherish the memories for it defined

who we are right now. I love you chachaka! See you around and God bless you all;

Ms. Ma. Aurora Esperanza T. Niño would like to thank the following:

I would like to thank first the Almighty God, for the strength, guidance,

blessings, and for guiding and loving me always. Without His blessings, this

achievement would not have been possible;

To my family, my Papa and Mama, for always motivating me. I know how hard

for you to give me what I need for my schooling, but you were able to give more than

what I needed. Agyamanak ti napalaus unay a kinaanus, sakripisio, ken rigrigatyo a

nangpabasa kaniak. Kadagiti pammagbaga a kanayonyo nga ul-uliten nga agadalak

a nalaing para iti masakbayak, dakayo ti number one nga inspirasionko, Mama ken

Papa. Para kadakayo amin dagitoy ken siak to met ti agsubad kadakayo kadagiti adu

a rigrigatyo kaniak. Thank you so much and I love you both, Mama and Papa!;
 To my Kabsat, Paul who always gives me a ride going to school, especially

during overnight classes and for the pieces of advice which made me strong whenever

I was down.

To my cousins, most especially to Charise and Alvin, thank you for lifting me

up and for giving me hope when I was down. Adda kayo a mangpapaawan kadagiti

rigrigat ken stressko!;

To Ma’am Teodora Puyaoan, thank you Ma’am, for the unending support, and

for giving me always an inspirational advice. Agyamanak unay kenka, Ma’am kadagiti

oras a “down” na “down” nakon iti panagbasak. Addaka a mangpalpalag-an iti riknak.

You are one of the people who keep on pushing me to pursue my studies;

To Mang Fredo, thank you Kuya, ta sika ti maysa a nangpalag-an kadagiti

rigrigatko iti panagbasak. No masapulko ti tumaraytaray kadagiti mapan a pinagpa-

print kada adu a papanan ditoy University, ket ipabpabulodmo ti motormo Kuya. Thank

you so much;

To my PYC Family, most especially to Grace, Majo, Keymark, Sr. Pinky, Sr.

Cristy, Sr. Vangie, and Fr. Joel Barut, thank you for all the pieces of advice and for

the shoulders to lean on during times of my difficulties in school. Majo, you always say

that I am nothing but an incredible one because of my fighting spirit that I never gave

up. Thank you for pushing me so hard and for giving me positive vibes and for the

pieces of advice when my mind was in chaos.

To Sr. Pinky and Sr. Cristy, hindi ko man po masagot yung calling niyo sakin

na magmadre, but thank you for being one of my inspirations who shaped me to

become a better person, thank you for always listening to my problems, for giving me

advice and for giving me hope in my hopeless times. Dahil po sa mga advice niyo, isa
kayo sa mga nagpatibay sa akin sa aking pag-aaral. I will never stop serving God and

my Church.

To Jeselyn, Majang, Junro, and Shasha, my friends in crime, agyamanak

kadakayo iti napalaus ti inkay panangkadkadua kaniak iti pinagadalko. Dakayo ti

maysa kadagiti nangpatpatibker iti pkinakemko nga agadal. Shasha, thank you kenka

ti pinangipu-push mo kaniak a kanayon nga umay school no masadsadutak, ken

panangungungetmo kaniak no adda dagitay problemak iti school nga kimkimkimek.

To my boyfriend, Conrad, thank you for pushing me so hard to not give up

even if you’re in California and we are far from each other. You always say that “I can

do it, you believe in me”, thank you for making me strong, and for all of your words of

encouragement. I love you babe!

And to my thesis mates, Jahnnela and Ron, thank you for your understanding

hearts and for the pieces of advice. Thank you for accepting me in your group. I learned

a lot from you guys. I will always remember the challenges, and hard times that we

shared together.

j.f.d.b

r.c.s.c

m.a.e.t.n
 EVALUATION OF THE SCHOOL ON-THE-AIR ON CROPS AND LIVESTOCK
TECHNOLOGIES IN ILOCOS NORTE

Undergraduate thesis manuscript submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the degree, Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
from the College of Agriculture, Food, and Sustainable Development, Mariano Marcos
State University, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte. College Contribution No. 10-200.
Department Contribution No. 2019-01. Prepared under the guidance of Dr. Patricia R.
Reyes.

JAHNNELA FAITH D. BONILLA

RON CHESTER S. CORPUZ
MA. AURORA ESPERANZA T. NIÑO

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

In today’s modern world, there have been a lot of outlets when it comes to

information dissemination such as the social media or internet as a whole, television,

and radio. Social media have been prominent to all individuals across the world since

the modernization of technologies and inventions started to proliferate. Television has

a widespread location to inform, educate, and entertain people through various

programs which are relevant and timely for the viewers’ interests.

Radio, on the other hand, has been used extensively as an educational

medium in developing countries as well as a source of information which creates

widespread awareness to a certain community.

 It is considered as the most accessible of all the media and that most people

can be reached through radio, even in the poorest countries, at relatively low cost.

This is why radio has such enormous potential in the context of educational delivery.

As a matter of fact, radio is being used extensively as an educational medium in

developing countries such as on rural development, public health, literacy training, and

management courses in agriculture, in support to correspondence courses, family

planning, and civic and primary education (Vyas, Sharma and Kumar, 2002;

Nwaerondu and Thompson, 1987).

Moreover, according to Howard et al, (1983) cited in Gomez et al, (2007), radio

is an effective tool in disseminating information because of its attributes such as 1)

universality, which means it is readily available throughout the country; 2) popularity,

because it reaches audiences with low literacy levels especially those who are in far-

flung areas where the quality and standards of education may be inadequate; 3)

diversity, because it caters to a large number of listeners due to its wide range of

program content; 4) immediacy, because it excels in presenting live broadcasts of

news, sports, and other special events; and it enables broadcasters to report news or

events simultaneously as they happen and where they happen; and 5) the use of

sound, which allows full utilization of the human voice for communicating with the

audience. This helps in establishing rapport, and in the process, credibility is enhanced

and the interest level is sustained.

Relatively, educational radio also offers advantages which should be

considered when instructional planning is done such as the following: 1) the cost of

radio as well as unit production costs are relatively low; 2) it can be used to fulfill certain

teaching functions, i.e. to motivate learners and increase interest in specific topics and
has been proven as far as its pedagogical importance is concerned; 3) it can be used

in combination with other media such as print, face-to-face teaching, etc.; 4) it

transcends literacy barriers and yet is credible, because it addresses the single listener

personally; 5) high quality educational programming can be delivered to highly

diversified audiences located across broad geographical areas; 6) radio programs can

benefit weaker students when used as a supplementary tool; and 7) it can bring

previously unavailable resources to students (https://pcfd.dec.edu).

Several radio program formats are being catered to by radio stations across

the world in educating and informing community people. A commonly used program

format is the school on-the-air (SOA), wherein it is a form of capacity building for

listeners with common learning needs. It is a radio program designed with well-planned

lessons and presented systematically in a progressive manner to achieve desired

results under a teaching-learning situation. Enrollees or students listen to this program

in their own home or in groups. The SOA program makes use of non-formal education

techniques and processes to achieve behavioral objectives of learning. It is cheap,

fast, easy, and practical as a type of non-formal learning (Librero, 2001).

School on-the-Air on Crops and Livestock Technologies

The Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) Extension Directorate, in

cooperation with the College of Agriculture, Food and Sustainable Development

(CAFSD) and the College of Industrial Technology (CIT), conducted a School on-the-

Air (SOA) on “Accelerating the Promotion of Crops and Livestock Technologies in

Ilocos Norte” from March 2018 to November 2018. It was aired every Wednesday and

Friday from 12:00-1:00 in the afternoon at DWFB Radyo Pilipinas, Laoag City.

Likewise, it was aired in Radyo Piddig every Thursday and Saturday at 6:00 to 7:00 in
the morning. The SOA was conducted in coordination with the Office of the Provincial

Agriculturist (OPAG) and various local government units (LGUs) in Ilocos Norte such

as City of Batac, Vintar, Sarrat, Solsona, Paoay, Currimao, Badoc, Bacarra, San

Nicolas, Banna, Nueva Era, Marcos, Piddig, Pasuquin, and Dingras.

It aimed to: 1) improve existing crops and livestock-based farming systems

among 500 crops and livestock producers/raisers in Ilocos Norte; 2) produce and

distribute IEC materials on the packaged technology; 3) conduct field and cross-farm

visits to various producers/raisers; 4) create awareness on the effects of climate

change; 5) establish crop and livestock-based rural enterprises for increased

profitability and income among farmers; 6) help the producers/raisers augment their

income with the different value adding techniques on crops and livestock; and 7)

strengthen partnership with LGUs and other stakeholders to improve their production

(Extension Directorate, 2017).

Meanwhile, topics discussed during the seven month-airing of the program are

the following: for livestock - (1) climate change, (2) effects of prolonged dry spell for

livestock, (3) feeding requirement for livestock, and (4) livestock breed and housing;

for crops - (1) advantages and disadvantages of alternative feeds, (2) benefits and

advantages of eating brown rice, (3) crop insurance, (4) cultural management for rice,

(5) establishment, maintenance, utilization, and management of forage gardens, (6)

farm planning, budgeting, and record-keeping, (7) healthy rice, (8) palayamanan, (9)

rice planting, (10) rice situation in the Philippines, (11) silage production, (12) top 5

rice plant pests; other topics - (1) advantages of soil analysis, (2) common organic

farming practices: organic pest management, (3) ecological engineering: producing

new varieties of crops, (4) effects of burning hay, (5) El Nino phenomenon, (6) farmers’
practices on organic farming and effectiveness of foliar fertilizer, (7) fertilizer

application, (8) health management and silage production, (9) how to avoid rats, (10)

post-harvest technology for rice, (11) small ruminant feeds and feeding, (12) Urea

Molasses Mineral Block (UMMB) and concentrates as food supplement, (13) values

reorientation, and (14) weed control.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study evaluated the listenership towards the SOA in

accelerating the promotion of crops and livestock technologies in Ilocos Norte.

Specifically, the study sought to:

1. determine the listenership towards the SOA on crops and livestock

technologies in Ilocos Norte in terms of frequency and length of

listening;

2. determine the relevance and acceptability of the information and

technologies aired;

3. determine the attitude of the SOA graduates towards the radio

program;

4. determine the level of adoption of the crops and livestock technologies

aired;

5. determine the problems encountered by the SOA graduates in

listening to the program; and

6. determine the respondents’ suggestions on how to improve the

program and other information and technologies they need.

 Significance of the Study

Identifying the listenership of the SOA would provide a basis on how frequent

and how long the listeners are in tuning in to the program, hence, would give the

researchers a clearer view on what the management could do to improve or strengthen

the implementation of SOA program in the future. Meanwhile, determining the

relevance of the topics discussed in the program would provide information on the

usefulness of the topics on crops and livestock technologies, hence would provide a

basis on what to include and what not to in choosing topics.

On the other hand, determining the acceptability of the topics would help the

researchers to recognize and assess the listener‘s appreciation about the topics

discussed so that future SOA implementers and researchers could carefully plan the

contents of a certain radio program.

Moreover, determining the attitude of the listeners towards the program would

ensure the probability that the listeners would have a favorable predisposition to the

radio program. Hence, they could be more interested to listen to the program more

frequently and with more focused attention.

Meanwhile, determining the adoption level of the topics discussed would serve

as guide in pinpointing the aspects of the technology that are being utilized and not

utilized by the farmer-graduates. Hence, this would be used as basis in formulating

actions that could foster higher level of adoption of the technologies; and in turn would

be used as basis in coming up with more sustainable actions that can ensure the

adoption of technologies.

Then determining the problems encountered by the listeners would serve as

bases to the MMSU Extension Directorate to improve and redesign the presentation
of the program. Lastly, identifying the respondents’ suggestions on how to improve the

SOA would serve as take-off points for future implementers of SOA.

Moreover, results of the study would serve as bases in ensuring the

effectiveness of the school on-the-air in accelerating the promotion of crops and

livestock technologies in Ilocos Norte.

Lastly, the researchers themselves would be benefited by undergoing the

process of evaluating such school on-the-air. Their experiences would hone their skills

in planning, designing, and implementing SOA as well as they become more

competent in the conduct of researches in the future.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This descriptive survey study focused on the evaluation of the SOA on crops

and livestock technologies in Ilocos Norte. However, it did not include the management

and other aspects of the program.

Specifically, this study determined the listenership of the SOA on crops and

livestock technologies in Ilocos Norte in terms of frequency and length of listening,

relevance and acceptability of the topics discussed, SOA graduates’ attitude towards

the SOA, adoption level, problems encountered in listening to the SOA, their

suggestions on how to improve the SOA, and other information and technology that

they need.

As a limitation of the study, data gathered were dependent on the ability of the

listeners to recall the technologies/information aired and ability to provide concrete

information or responses on their perception, attitude, and adoption of the information

and technologies discussed.

 Operational Definition of Terms

The key terms in this study were operationally defined as follows:

School on-the-Air. This refers to the one-hour radio program used in

accelerating the promotion of crop and livestock technologies in Ilocos Norte aired by

MMSU Extension Directorate at various municipalities in Ilocos Norte.

Evaluation. This refers to the overall assessment of the school on-the-air in

accelerating the promotion of crops and livestock technologies in Ilocos Norte in terms

of listenership, attitude, and adoption. This also included the assessment and/or

identification of problems related to the listenership on the SOA, suggestions to

improve the radio program, and other information needed by the SOA graduate-

respondents.

Listenership. This refers to how well the graduates tuned in to the radio

program in terms of frequency and length of listening.

Frequency of Listening. This refers to how frequent the listeners did

in listening to the radio program. This was categorized as always and

seldom.

Length of Listening. This refers to how long the listeners were in

tuning in to the radio program.

Perception. This refers to how the graduates think about or understand the

topics discussed in the SOA in terms of relevance and acceptability.

Relevance. This refers to how the listeners perceive the importance of

the information aired in the radio program. This was categorized as highly

relevant, moderately relevant, and irrelevant.

 Acceptability. This refers to how the respondents like or dislike the

topics aired in the program. This was categorized as highly acceptable,

moderately acceptable, and unacceptable

Attitude. This refers to how the listeners think or feel about the SOA. This was

categorized as highly favorable, favorable, and not favorable.

Adoption Level. This refers to how well the listeners have actually followed

and practiced the technology discussed in their program. This was categorized as

high, average, low

Problems. These refer to the concerns of the listeners in listening to the SOA.

Suggestions. These refer to the recommendations of the SOA graduates on

how to improve the program.

 29

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents the literature and studies which have bearing to the

study. Specifically, the literature and studies section is subdivided into four topics,

namely: a) listenership and length of quality time of radio program; b) listeners’

perception on the relevance of the information aired; c) listeners’ perception on the

acceptability of the information aired, d) listeners’ attitude towards the agricultural radio

program; e) adoption of agricultural technologies; f) problems encountered by

community residents in listening to radio programs; and g) suggestions to improve the

radio program.

Literature and Studies

Radio is possibly the most important medium of communication in developing

countries. It is a portable source of real-time access to information. Radio is financially

very accessible. It is estimated that over 75 percent of households in developing

countries have access to a radio. Local radio has the potential to act as an actor for

development and as support for the promotion of good governance (UNESCO, 2018).

In the Philippines, radio (85 %) has the biggest audience share among all the

mass media, followed by television (74%) and print (32%). Philippine radio today has

become a huge, thriving industry (Guioguio, 2015).

Educational radio gradually gained popularity because it was seen as a

powerful tool to support education by supplementing printed texts with technology

(Sarma and Lama, 2017).

Additionally, Kuponiyi (2000) states that radio is one of the broadcast media

which the rural populations are very familiar with and which almost all experts identified
 30

to be the most appropriate for rural emancipation program. This is because radio beats

distance and has immediate effect on farmers. Despite the prevalence of digital

gadgets, radio is still as reliable as the day it took to airwaves. Radio remains the

chosen source of news and information, public service, and entertainment in the

Philippines (Ubaldo, 2018).

Moreover, Ginard (2000) said that rural radio offers both the reach and the

relevance to its listeners when the programs are generated in a community-based and

participatory fashion. More than any other mass communication medium, radio speaks

in the language and with the accent of its community. It is easy to understand the

appeal to listeners of having local issues discussed in the ‘accent’ of the local

community.

Likewise, radio is a good tool in communicating ideas to the rural people. It

carries news bulletins and special programs for rural people, house wives and children.

It is a good tool in the dissemination of agricultural information to the farmers. Radio

is suitable for creating general awareness amongst the people, help change their

attitude and reinforce learning. Furthermore, radio is extremely convenient for

communication in times of crises and urgent situation. People with no education or

very little education and those who are in a position to attend extension programs

personally, can take advantage of this medium (IJPAB, 2017).

Listenership of Radio Programs

Radio admittedly plays a very important role in the dissemination of farm

information to the farmers. Farmers tend to expose themselves to farm radio programs

which are in accordance with their existing attitude, values, needs, and interests

(Kumar, 2016)
 31

Radio listenership is defined by Maina (2013) as the frequency and length of

duration spent while listening to radio broadcast. This supports the description of

Emmanuel and Olabode (2013) of listenership that it is measured by computing the

scores derived from frequency of listening and the length of listening to a program.

Maina (2013), on the other hand, defined listenership as the various aspects of

listening to radio broadcasts such as: whether one listens to radio or not, time of the

day, reasons why listen to radio or not, radio stations that one listens to, motivation

into listening to radio as well as the impacts of one’s lives from radio listening.

According to the study of Okumagba (2017), findings showed that majority of

the respondents listened to agricultural programs aired and some of the listeners

indicated that the program was relevant to their agricultural information needs.

Likewise, majority of the respondents admitted that they gained some new knowledge

by listening to the program.

Moreover, the study of Librero (1985) cited in Garcia (1999) states that radio

programs can also be interesting to the audience by mentioning names and

experiences with specific listeners. The broadcaster must also be truly sincere and

genuinely concerned about the audience’s problems and aspirations. He even

stressed that broadcasting becomes more important of the diversity of development

issues and needs in the various regions of the country.

Furthermore, the study of Ismaila (2013) revealed that majority of the

population listened to radio regularly, especially adults and young ones. It was

revealed that many listeners are loyal to their favorite stations and are often tuned in

to a station for long periods. Listeners used and relate to radio in a very different way

compared to other media.

 32

The study of Emmanuel and Olabode (2013) likewise presented that most of

their respondents listened to agricultural broadcasts. A sizeable proportion listened

always while others listened occasionally. This suggests a wide listenership base for

agricultural broadcasts among rural respondents and implies that any useful

messages aired on agricultural program are likely to be well received.

Moreover, most listeners are actually doing something else while listening to

radio like driving and housework. Majority also are listening to radio on their own. Even

if they are listening when other people are around, it is still very rarely as a group

experience: they will have their own personal experience of the output which is not

shared with other people. Their inner eye and their feelings are doing the work (Radio

Advertising Bureau, 2013 in Ajaegbu, Akintayo, and Akinjiyan, 2015). This possibly

explains why individuals have preferences amongst the radio stations at their disposal.

The study of Swing (2004) showed that the respondents’ listenership to the

radio program was moderate. According to some of the listeners, they cannot listen to

the program because its airtime is in conflict with their farm activities. However, they

said that they listened to the radio program to acquire useful information that they can

apply in their day to day farm activities. They listened to the program to get additional

knowledge on the methods of producing additional and better harvest.

Additionally, Garcia (1999) found in her study that the graduate-respondents

had high listenership on the Gintong Ani School-on-the-air program. According to her

respondents, they listened to the program because they wanted to be kept abreast

of the latest technologies and information regarding their needs and problems in the

fields.
 33

Likewise, the study of Pugat (1996) on the “Rang-ay ti Barangay on-the-Air

radio program (1996) revealed that more than half of her respondents always listened

to the program because the information aired were perceived to be reliable. They said

that they had the chance to participate during the program through the telephone and

by sending letters, and they get updated fast with information through the program.

Listeners’ Perception on the Relevance of Information

Aired through Radio Programs

Relevance refers to the state when certain information is useful and responsive

to the audience’s needs. Listeners want information that is relevant to them because

they benefit from it (Swing, 2004).

The study of Swing (2004) indicated that information aired over the program

was perceived by the listener-respondents as very relevant. This finding implies that

the information aired over the program focused on those that are really useful to the

rice farming activities of the listeners. Each of the topics discussed in the program was

perceived by the respondents as very relevant. Thus, the information aired over the

program, somehow addressed the farmer-listeners’ needs.

Furthermore, Indasen’s (2006) study presented that majority of the

respondents perceived the Farmers Field School (FFS) topics on land preparation,

seed selection, integrated pest management, agronomical ecosystem analysis,

harvesting, waste management, and weed management as very relevant. This

suggests that the Farmers Field School (FFS) topics were considered as very

significant by the respondents because they believed that the topics

disseminated/taught to them were responsive to their needs related to farming. This

 34

further implies that the respondents viewed the Farmers Field School (FFS) topics as

very important in increasing their rice production/yield.

Listeners’ Perception on the Acceptability of Information

Aired in Radio Programs

Radio is a powerful medium of mass communication which speedily

disseminates agricultural information and technological know-how to the farming

community. Community radio is one that is operated in the community, for the

community, about the community, and by the community. Among the various media,

community radio has an important role to play as its focus is on local concerns and

aspirations. The interactive nature of its programming can be a powerful medium for

education and development (semanticscholar.org)

One of the important considerations in choosing the information to disseminate

is the acceptability. Acceptability refers to the behavior of the farmer-listeners whether

they accept or not the information being aired over the radio (Agulay, 1995).

The study of Pugat (1996) found that the radio program “Rang-ay ti Barangay-

on-the-Air” was fairly acceptable.

Moreover, the acceptability of the different elements of the radio program is

necessary to ensure listenership of a program. Results of the study of Menor (1995)

revealed that the day of broadcast and the time of airing should be in reference to the

listeners’ preference because they might be busy or they may be at work on the

scheduled airing of the program. This was supported by the results of the study of

Daga (1995) on farmers perception on the communication strategies used for the

Palay Seed Dispersal Project of the MMSU Extension Service”. According to her

respondents, the airing of the program is preferably in the evening, this is because
 35

there are some instances wherein the listeners go home late at night due to other

activities they need to attend to.

Listeners’ Attitude towards Agricultural Radio Programs

Farm broadcasting is one of the best media of communication. Radio can be

within the reach of a very large audience. Radio has a great potential of educating and

informing the farming community about scientific agricultural techniques, especially in

remote areas of the country. Agricultural programs broadcast through the radio are

designed in such a way that farmers understand them and make use of the

message/technology. However, the farmer’s listening behavior varies from farmer to

farmer. Hence, it is necessary to study the listening behavior of the farmers and their

expectations (Kumar, 2016).

According to Daramola (2003) in Radio Advertising Bureau (2013), attitude is

defined as a mixture of beliefs and emotion that predisposes a person to respond to

other people, object or institution in a positive or negative way. Likewise, attitude is a

mental and neutral state of readiness, organized through experience, exerting a

directive or dynamic influence upon the individual’s responses to all objects and

situations with which it is related (www.iiste.org).

According to Castillo (1997) cited in Garcia (1999), attitudes are the tendencies

to respond to things in particular ways. These include positive and negative perception,

emotional feelings and tendencies in relation to objects, people, and events.

The study of Salut (1995) cited in Alcaraz (2003) states that most of the

respondents had a highly favorable attitude towards their role in tobacco production.

This means that the more favorable attitude the respondents have towards their role,
 36

the more that they are willing to perform their role in tobacco farming because through

the use of the technology, they would be able to increase their income.

Additionally, Alcaraz (2003) found in his study that his respondents had a highly

favorable attitude towards both the dramatized and interview formats, respectively.

Although both formats elicited highly favorable attitudes from the farmer-respondents,

the dramatized format received a higher mean rating than that of the interview format.

Hence, almost all the farmer-respondents were convinced to apply the information

they picked from the broadcast material. This means that the attitude of the receivers

can help program planners to decide on what to do and how to do the program. Thus,

knowing the attitude of the audience makes the presentation of the program better.

Likewise, Garcia (1999) found in her study that all the respondents agreed that

the program can help solve their problems regarding farming, most especially on

grains (rice and corn), High Value Commercial Crops (HVCC), livestock, and fishery

production. They said that the topics aired are the technologies/information they

needed to know, particularly on the management of the farm. Moreover, they said that

the program had helped them in solving their problems because the information aired

were properly referred to proper authorities.

Furthermore, the study of Swing (2004) presented that her respondents’

attitude towards the radio program was highly favorable. Almost all of the respondents

had a positive response towards the radio program. According to the respondents,

they were persuaded to listen to the program because the topics were well-organized

and clearly-explained. Likewise, they disclosed that listening to the program was not

a waste of time because they enjoyed and learned something valuable. This implies
 37

that the program captivated the respondents’ attention and interest in listening to it.

Thus, it motivated them to listen to the program.

Respondents’ Adoption of Agricultural Technologies

Communication media are being used to transmit agricultural information to

farmers in line with national policy on agriculture. The communication media include

farm magazine, leaflets, newsletters, newspapers, pamphlets, radio, and television

among others. Among them, radio is the most preferred tool of mass communication.

It is observed that radio program is usually timely and capable of extending adequate

messages to the audience no matter where they may be as long as they have a

receiver with supply of power. The absence of such facilities as road, light, and water

are no hindrance to radio (Agwu, 2008).

Considering that radio is an essential medium that virtually every member of

the society benefits from, it is then an effective tool in disseminating technology for

adoption. Adoption occurs when the receiver has finally decided to use the information

as manifested in the behavior change. The more a person knows about a thing, it is

more likely that he is going to adopt or practice (Agonoy, 2007). Likewise, adoption of

the recommended technology can be full or partial. However, farmers often adopt only

the components of the technology which they think are relevant to them (Alibuyog et

al., 2011).

The study of Garcia (1999) on the “Gintong Ani School-the-Air Program” states

that her respondents had a moderate level of adoption on the information aired in the

program. This may mean that the information aired in the program were not fully

utilized or applied by the respondents.

 38

Adoption of new agricultural technology is seldom rapid, as a large number of

factors can affect the adoption process. This is because, new agricultural technologies

are often correlated with risks and uncertainties about proper application, scale

appropriateness and suitability with the prevailing environment, and importantly with

farmers’ perceptions and expectations. The study of Mottaleb (2018) on the perception

and adoption of a new agricultural technology: evidence from a developing country

indicated it is necessary to make the new technology compatible with local demand

and the environment, and importantly the price of the new technology must be

competitive with the existing alternatives. Although it is always assumed that the

market mechanism can influence the adoption and scaling up of a technology as

farmers are rational, in many cases initial support in the form of subsidies and technical

support can facilitate the scaling up process of a useful technology.

Moreover, the study of Adalem, Dakiling, and Rubio (2017) showed that the

beekeeping technology had a moderate adoption by the respondents. This suggests

that the technology as a whole was not fully utilized by the respondents due to some

high cost inputs needed in the adoption of the recommended materials which let them

to try alternative ways or practices.

Valenzuela (1992), in Agonoy (2007), pinpoints that fisher folks adopt a

technology because of its profitability. Technology must be socially humane to be

acceptable and adoptable and must contribute to a large extent in uplifting the quality

of lives of the people. It must also be consistent to the values and aspirations of the

people (Agonoy, 2007).

Problems Encountered by Community Residents

in Listening to Radio Programs
 39

Problems are inevitable in the implementation of any development program.

These, however, can be avoided or solved as long as project implementers are

proactive.

Radio listening and televiewing behavior of farmers revealed that lack of

“leisure time” was the primary reason restraining the respondents from listening to

farm broadcast regularly as large majority of the respondents expressed in the study

of Pattaneshetti (2010). Around one third of the respondents mentioned the time of the

broadcast as not convenient. Untimely information and use of technical words were

also problems. Some of the respondents likewise mentioned that broadcast duration

should be less and information aired was irrelevant.

Moreover, Sarwamangala and Sundaraswamy (1999) cited in Pattaneshetti

(2010) studied the usefulness of radio program as perceived by urban and rural

women. The results of the study revealed that household work and employment

outside the home were the two main personal problems faced by urban and rural

respondents in listening to radio.

Furthermore, Michael (2003) cited in Pattaneshetti (2010) found out in his

study that lack of use of local language by the mass media in communicating

agricultural information was ranked first as the major problem followed by lack of

follow-up of agricultural information. Additionally, it was found more number of

listeners reported lack or low signal as a major problem. The reason for this may be

that majority of the listeners did not get the network when they were listening to the

program in closed spaces like rooms and kitchens. Other problems mentioned by his

respondents were power cut and household work, which is in conflict to the time of

airing.
 40

Suggestions to Improve Radio Programs

Suggestions are important for the improvement of any radio program.

Suggestions refer to the recommendations of target beneficiaries to improve and

strengthen a program. .

In order for the respondents to always listen to agricultural programs, program

planners and implementers should air information on agriculture and other related

fields which are needed or considered important to the target audience (Agulay, 1995)

Meanwhile, it is also recommended that in order for the listeners to tune in to

the program, time of airing should be from 7:00 to 8:00 PM: length of the program

should not only be one hour; information needed by the listeners should also be

included; and frequency of airing should be twice a week (Pugat, 1999).

The study of Emmanuel and Olabode (2013) revealed that their respondents

recommended that agricultural broadcasts on radio should be continued although

programming should be improved to sustain listenership.

Moreover, the study of Menor (1995) revealed that his respondents suggested

that technical terms in the lecture should be explained and discussed well. This is for

the listeners to understand the topics/information/technologies being discussed and

presented, hence they can use or apply these in their lives. Another suggestion was

to use the magazine format because they found this format interesting, appropriate,

and lively.

Moreover, Menor (1995) said that more agricultural information should be

aired/ presented to update and strengthen the knowledge of the listeners. Likewise,

the information to be disseminated should satisfy or answer the listeners’ needs on

their agricultural works.

 41

Furthermore, since research studies found that perceived acceptability of the

different components of the program affects the respondents’ attitude towards the

program, it is recommended that these components of the program be carefully

planned and implemented to suit the likes of the respondents. Likewise, it was found

that reliability of information was significantly related with listenership and attitude;

hence, it is recommended that information aired in the program should be always

verified to make it more reliable and increase listenership, as well as ensure a

favorable attitude of the listeners toward the program (Pugat, 1999).

Additionally, in order for agricultural programs to be reliable, announcers who

are knowledgeable and credible should be assigned to host the program. This

means that announcers should not only have good voice but should also know and

understand what they discuss over the radio (Agulay, 1995).

Synthesis

Radio is one of the broadcast media which the rural populations are very

familiar with and which almost all experts identified to be the most appropriate for rural

emancipation program. This is because radio beats distance and has immediate effect

on farmers. Despite the prevalence of digital gadgets, there is this radio that is still as

reliable as the day it took to airwaves. Radio remains the chosen source of news and

information, public service, and entertainment in the Philippines.

Additionally, radio is considered as the most appropriate medium for rural

poverty reduction and rural emancipation programs. Rural radio offers both the reach

and the relevance to its listeners when the programs are generated in a community-

based and participatory fashion. More than any other mass communication medium,

radio speaks in the language and with the accent of its community. It is easy to
 42

understand that appeal to listeners of having local issues discussed in the ‘accent’ of

the local community.

Meanwhile, research studies show that development radio programs have high

listenership because listeners/farmers perceived that the information discussed are

relevant to their needs. This means that farmers or community residents listen to

programs that are responsive to their needs.

Moreover, the acceptability of the different elements of the radio program is

necessary to ensure listenership of a program. Results of studies indicate that the day

of broadcast and the time of airing should be in reference to the listeners’ preference

because they might be busy or they may be at work on the scheduled airing of the

program. The airing of the program is preferably in the evening, this is because there

are some instances wherein the listeners go home late at night because of other

activities they need to attend to.

The attitude of the listeners is likewise an important consideration in planning

and implementing a radio program. Attitude can be described as a mixture of beliefs

and emotion that predisposes a person to respond to other people, object or institution

in a positive or negative way. Research studies pinpoints that respondents had a highly

favorable attitude towards a program because they were persuaded to listen because

the topics were well-organized and clearly-explained. Likewise, they disclosed that

listening to the program was not a waste of time because they enjoyed and learned

something valuable. This means that listening to radio program that captivate their

attention and interest is something to reckon with.

Likewise, adoption of the recommended technology can be full or partial

because of some factors that can affect the adoption process. Farmers often adopt
 43

only the components of the technology which they think are relevant to them or adopt

only the components that are practical to them. For a technology to be adopted, it

should be relevant, profitable, consistent to the values and aspirations of the people,

and must contribute to a large extent in uplifting the quality of lives of the people.

Radio listening and televiewing behavior of farmers revealed that lack of

“leisure time” was the primary reason restraining the respondents from listening to

farm broadcasts regularly. Other problems encountered by community residents in

listening to development radio programs include: inconvenient time of broadcast;

untimely or irrelevant information; use of technical words; household work, which is in

conflict to the line of airing; and poor radio signal.

Furthermore, suggestions are important for the improvement of any radio

program. Suggestions refer to the recommendations of target beneficiaries to improve

and strengthen a program.

In order for the respondents to always listen to agricultural programs, program

planners and implementers should air information on agriculture and other related

fields which are needed or considered important to the target audience.

Conceptual Framework

Radio has been used extensively as an educational medium in developing

countries as well as a source of information which creates widespread awareness to

a certain community.

This research study used the diffusion of innovation theory which seeks to

explain how, why, and what rate new ideas and technology spread (Littlejohn and

Foss, 2005).
 44

This theory is known for its widespread manner of disseminating innovation

which offers intensive change to a certain group simultaneously. This is through the

use of mass media such as television, radio, print, and even social media.

Communication comes into the process when all the participants—both the facilitator

and the participants interact with each other. The needs are communicated through

this medium which will make the integration of knowledge easy to take place.

Furthermore, the diffusion of innovation theory analyses how the social

members adopt the new innovative ideas and how they make decision towards it. This

theory centers on the conditions which increase or decrease the likelihood that a new

idea will be adopted by members of a given culture. It likewise predicts that media as

well as interpersonal contacts provide information and influence opinion and

judgement (www.diffusuion of innovation_theory_rogers.pdf).

This theory has been used successfully in many fields including

communication, agriculture, public health, criminal justice, social work and marketing.

It is also used to accelerate the adoption of important public health programs and

agricultural technologies that typically aim to change the behavior of a social system.

Applying this theory would cut across the potentials of school-on-the-air; a tool

in providing farm recommendations to farmers that would improve their agricultural

productivity. Therefore, if a farmer adopts the lessons learned during the airing of the

program, he is assured of an increase in yield and income.

The paradigm of the study (Figure 1) shows the variables included such as

listenership of the program, acceptability and relevance of the topics discussed,

attitude of the respondents, adoption level of the technologies discussed, problems

encountered by the listeners; and suggestions to improve the radio program. It is

 45

believed that if the program has high listenership, the topics discussed are relevant

and acceptable, and the listeners’ attitude towards the program is favorable, there is

higher possibility that they use the technologies discussed in the program, which lead

to increased profitability and income.

46
 47

Assumptions

It was assumed that the respondents’ listenership towards the program is high.

If the respondents regularly listen to the radio program and with more quality time, it is

more likely that they learn a lot from it.

Additionally, it was assumed that if the respondents perceived the sets of

information/technologies discussed in the program as relevant and acceptable,

therefore they would apply or adopt these information/technologies to increase their

income in farming, which may eventually improve their quality of lives.

Moreover, it was assumed that if the respondents had a favorable attitude

towards the program, it is more likely that they would be interested to listen to the

program and would be willing to try the information/technologies aired.

Furthermore, it was assumed that if the respondents had adopted the crops

and livestock technologies, these would be beneficial to them and their livelihood.
 48

METHODOLOGY

The research design, locale, population and sample, respondents, research

instrument, data gathering procedure, data analysis, and interpretation are presented

in this chapter.

Research Design

This study used the descriptive-survey research design. The descriptive

research design would help in achieving a deeper understanding and a more involved

description of the overall listenership of the SOA as well as the relevance and

acceptability of the topics discussed, listeners’ attitude towards the program, their

adoption level of the technologies discussed, problems encountered by the listeners

in listening to the program, their suggestions in improving the program, as well as the

other information need of the SOA graduate-respondents.

Locale of the Study

The sites of the study were the municipalities of Bacarra, Batac, Currimao,

Solsona, and Vintar, Ilocos Norte (Figure 2). These municipalities were selected

because they have the most number of listeners of the school on-the-air.

Bacarra. It is a third class municipality of Ilocos Norte with a total land area of

25. 22 sq. m. It is one of the municipalities with the smallest land area in the province.

According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 32,215 people. The town is

bounded on the north by Pasuquin, on the east by Vintar, on the south by Laoag City,

and on the west by the West Philippine Sea. It is seven kilometers north
 49

Sample municipalities are

presented in red stars

Fig. 2 Map of Ilocos Norte showing the sites of the study.

of Laoag City and 494 kilometers north of Manila. Most of the population are engaged in

farming as their primary source of income. Bacarra is politically subdivided into 43

barangays. There were 46 enrollee-graduates of the SOA from this town.

City of Batac. It is a component city of Ilocos Norte. It is located at the

northwestern corner of Luzon Island about 11 kilometers from the eastern shores of the

West Philippine Sea, and is 17 kilometers from Laoag City. According to the 2015 census,

it has a population of 55,201 people. Most of the population are engaged in farming as the

primary source of income. Batac is politically subdivided into 43 barangays, 14 of which

constitute the poblacion. There were 110 enrollee-graduates of the SOA on crops and

livestock technologies in Ilocos Norte in this city.

Currimao. It is a fourth class municipality in the province of Ilocos Norte with an

area of 13.16 sq. m. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 12, 184. It is

surrounded by the town of Pinili on the southeast, the City of Batac on the northeast, the

West Philippine Sea on the west, and Paoay on the north. Most of the population are

engaged in fishing and farming as their primary sources of income. Currimao is composed

of 23 barangays. There were 51 enrollee-graduates in the SOA from this town.

Solsona. It is a third class municipality in the province of Ilocos Norte with a total

land area of 64.18 sq. m. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 24,121

people. It is located at the northeastern part of the province. One of the major sources of

income of the people in this town is farming. Solsona is composed of 22 barangays. There

were 47 enrollee-graduates of the SOA from this town.

Vintar. It is a first class and the largest municipality in the province of Ilocos Norte with an

area of 237.20 sq. m. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 32,220. It is
located at the northeastern part of Laoag City. Most of the population are engaged in

farming as their primary source of income. Vintar is composed of 34 barangays. From this

town, 83 community residents were enrolled and graduated in the SOA.

Population and Samples

In identifying the samples of the study, purposive and proportional sampling

procedures were used. It was purposive because respondents of the study were those

who were awarded a certificate of graduation for the SOA. Proportional sampling was

likewise used to get a fair representation of each municipality. Ten percent of the total

number of graduates from the identified towns was taken as samples of the study.

Table 1. Respondents of the study from each city/town.

CITY/TOWN NUMBER SAMPLE

OF NUMBER OF
LISTENERS LISTENERS
(10%)
Bacarra 46 5

City of Batac 110 11

Currimao 51 5

Solsona 47 5

Vintar 83 8

Total 337 34

Respondents of the Study

 The respondents of this study graduated from the SOA on Accelerating the

Promotion of Crops and Livestock Technologies in Ilocos Norte on November 14, 2018,

who had successfully completed the requirements for said SOA.

Research Instrument

In gathering data from the respondents, an interview schedule was used, which

composed of questions that gathered information on the listenership of the SOA,

acceptability, relevance, attitude towards the program, adoption level of the technologies

discussed, problems encountered by the listeners, suggestions given by the SOA listener-

graduates to improve the radio program, and their information needs. The items in the

research instrument were in Iluko to facilitate the conduct of interviews.

Moreover, the instrument was pretested to five listeners of the SOA in Paoay,

Ilocos Norte but were not included as respondents of the study.

Data Gathering Procedure

A request letter (Appendix C) was sent to the MMSU Extension Directorate to

formalize the intention to conduct the study and to gather background information of the

program. Also, request letters were forwarded to the Mayors through the Municipal

Agriculture Officers (MAO) requesting for the assistance of the SOA area coordinators to

coordinate with the listeners. The letters were sent to seek for their approval on the

conduct of the interview. Next, coordination with the respondents was done by providing

them an informed consent form. When the respondent confirmed his or her willingness to

participate in the study, the data gathering session proceeded as scheduled with the

listeners.
 In gathering the data, aside from note-taking and the use of the structured interview

schedule, the interview session were recorded using a voice recorder.

After gathering the needed data, these were double-checked based on the

transcripts and recorded notes to ensure the correctness and completeness of data.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

The documented interviews were tabulated and analyzed through frequency

counts, percentages, and means. All the presented data were interpreted narratively and

organized logically as patterned after the list of research objectives.

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents and discusses the data gathered from the SOA graduate-

respondents from Bacarra, Batac, Currimao, Solsona, and Vintar, Ilocos Norte.

Specifically, the findings are organized in the following sections: respondents’

demographic profile, listenership of the School-on-the-Air program, relevance and

acceptability of the topics aired; attitude of the SOA graduate-respondents towards the

radio program; level of adoption of the crops and livestock technologies aired; problems

encountered by the graduates in listening to the program; and respondents’ suggestions

on how to improve the program and other information and technologies they need.

SOA Graduate-Respondents’ Demographic Profile

The demographic characteristics of the respondents are presented in terms of their

gender, age, educational, attainment, and source of income.

As shown in Table 2, most (28 or 82%) of the respondents are males. There are

only six (18%) of them who are females. This result indicates that in terms of listenership

to the radio program, males listen to the program more because they know that they are

registered to the SOA as captive listeners and that they should learn the information being

aired. Moreover, this may mean also that as an enrollee of the program, it is their

responsibility to listen to the program.

As regards to their age, more than half (18 or 53%) of the respondents are middle-

aged (40- 59). There are 10 (29%) who are old (60 and above) and only six (18%) of them

are young (25- 39). Their mean age is 𝑥= 52. This means that most of the respondents

physical are generally middle-aged, hence, they still are in their prime years, still have
Table 2. SOA graduate-respondents’ demographic profile (n=34).

ATTRIBUTE FREQUENCY PERCENT

(%)
Gender
Male 28 82
Female 6 18

Age
Young (25-39) 6 18
Middle-aged (40-59) 18 53
Old (60 above) 10 29

Mean Age 52

Highest Educational Attainment

College graduate 13 38
College level 10 29
High school graduate 6 18
High school level 1 3
Elementary graduate 2 6
Elementary level 2 6

Source of Income
Farming 28 82
Barangay officials 2 3
Barangay Health Workers (BHW) 2 6
Businessmen 1 3
Government employee 1 6

good and mental facilities to be able to do physical and intellectual activities, especially

in in farming and livestock activities.

As to their educational attainment, all of them have gone to formal education. A

greater number of the respondents (13 or 38%) are college graduates, while 10 (29%) of

them have reached college level. Others finished high school (6 or 18%), finished

elementary and went to elementary but did not finish it, (2 or 6% each), and reached high

school but did not graduate from it (1 or 3%). Inasmuch as all the respondents have
attended formal education, this means that they could understand the information

presented in the SOA and are using these in their farming activities.

In terms of their sources of income, most (28 or 82%) of the respondents are into

farming. Others work as barangay health workers (BHW) and barangay officials (2 or 6%

each), while one (6%) each works as a businessman and a government employee. The

result implies that the SOA graduate-respondents have various sources of income. Most

of them, however, are working as farmers, hence, they can relate with the program and

can utilize the technologies that will improve their ways of farming, which could help

increase their profitability and income.

Listenership of the SOA on Crops and Livestock Technologies

Table 3 shows the listenership of the SOA program in terms of frequency and

length of listening.

Frequency of Listening

Majority of the SOA graduate-respondents (22 or 65%) seldom listened to the

program. According to the respondents, they were not able to always listen to the program

because of poor signal and other farm-related works and household chores that are in

conflict with the airing of the program. To cope with their absences, the SOA enrollees

take the initiative to ask for copies of the airings (record) and listen to it to cope with their

absences. Some of them personally visited the Extesion Directorate to ask for the e-

copies. There are instances that they go into group listening to ensure that all the airings

are listened to likewise, the line of communication between the program anchor and the

listener was opened. Meaning, they send messages thru txt, social media, etc.
Table 3. Listenership of the SOA program on crops and livestock technologies
(n=34).

LISTENERSHIP FREQUENCY PERCENT (%)

Frequency of Listening
Seldom 22 65
Always 12 35

Length of Listening
1 hour 26 76
30 minutes 6 18
45 minutes 2 6

There were, however, only 12 (35%) of them who always listened to the program.

The respondents told that the sets of information aired are reliable and responsive to their

needs in the farm, they gained additional knowledge on agriculture, and it helped increase

their yield and profit.

These results imply that majority of the respondents had difficulty in regularly

listening to the program because of other things they need to attend to and also because

of signal problem. This further implies that they may have missed some relevant

information/technologies needed in their farming activities, and this would also explain

why they had just an average adoption of information and technologies in their farms.

Length of Listening

Majority of the SOA graduate-respondents (26 or 76%) listened to the program for

60 minutes, which is the duration of the program, while others listened to the program for

30 minutes only (6 or 18%) and the rest for 45 minutes (2 or 6%). This result implies that

some of the respondents do not have enough time to listen to the program due to some
other works, thereby, they missed to listen and learn some of the topics discussed in the

program.

SOA Graduate-Respondents’ Perception on the Relevance of the Information

and Technologies Discussed in the Program

On the whole, the respondents perceived the SOA information and technologies

discussed in the program as highly relevant with a grand mean of 𝑥= 2.88 (Table 3). This

finding is supported by the individual means of each statement related to the SOA.

Climate Change
Information on climate change was rated as highly relevant with a cumulative mean

of 𝑥= 2.94. Specifically, the effects of El Niño were perceived as highly relevant with an

overall mean of 𝑥=2.97. The respondents said that they were able to identify the

appropriate variety of crops they need to plant and a solution to the problem like having

an alternative source of water (e.g. deep well). Moreover, the effects of climate change

was perceived to be highly relevant with an overall mean of 𝑥= 2.91. According to the

respondents, this information made them to be always ready to whatever situation that

may come and taught them on what to do during such situation.

Livestock

Information and technologies discussed on livestock were perceived to be highly

relevant with a cumulative mean score of 𝑥= 2.88. Specifically, all the statements on

livestock were rated as highly relevant with feeds and feeding, feeding requirements for

livestock, proper management of livestock, and silage production having the highest

overall mean score of 𝑥= 2.94 each. The respondents said that they were able to
Table 4. SOA graduate-respondents’ perception on the relevance of the information
and technologies discussed in the program (n=34)*.

INFORMATION AND CATEGORY OVERALL

TECHNOLOGY AIRED HR MR IR MEAN CD
F % F % F %
Climate Change
 Effects of El Niño 33 97 1 3 - - 2.97 HR

 Effects of Climate 31 91 3 9 - - 2.91 HR

Change
Cumulative Mean 2.94 HR
Livestock

 Feeds on feeding 32 94 2 6 - - 2.94 HR

 Feeding requirements 32 94 2 6 - - 2.94 HR

for livestock

 Proper management 32 94 2 6 - - 2.94 HR

of livestock

 Silage production 31 91 2 6 1 3 2.88 HR

 Effects of alternative
food resources -
for livestock 30 88 4 12 - 2.88 HR

 Livestock breed 29 85 5 15 - - 2.85 HR

and housing

 Urea Molasses Mineral

Block (UMMB) and 27 79 7 18 - - 2.76 HR
concentrates

Cumulative Mean 2.88 HR

Table 4 (Continued).
INFORMATION AND CATEGORY OVERALL
TECHNOLOGY AIRED HR MR IR MEAN CD
F % F % F %
Crops
 Ecological engineering: 33 97 1 3 - - 2.97 HR
production of new
varieties of crops

 Crop insurance 33 97 1 3 - - 2.97 HR

 Recommended rice 32 94 2 6 - - 2.94 HR
planting practices

 Organic farming 32 94 2 6 - - 2.94 HR

practices

 Top five pests in the 32 94 2 6 - - 2.94 HR

farm
 Palayamanan 32 94 2 6 - - 2.94 HR
 Healthy rice plant 32 94 2 6 - - 2.94 HR
 Effects of burning hay 31 91 3 9 - - 2.91 HR
 Weeding practices 31 91 3 9 - - 2.91 HR
 Getting rid of rats 30 88 4 12 - - 2.88 HR
 Organic pest 29 85 5 15 - - 2.85 HR
management

 Rice post-harvest 28 82 6 18 - - 2.82 HR

technology

 Management of forage 28 82 6 18 - - 2.82 HR

garden

 Rice situation in the 31 88 3 9 - - 2.82 HR

Philippines
 Foliar Fertilizer 28 82 6 18 - - 2.82 HR

Cumulative Mean 2.89 HR

Table 4. (Continued).

INFORMATION AND CATEGORY

TECHNOLOGY AIRED HR MR IR OVERALL CD
MEAN
F % F % F %
Use of Carrageenan Plant
Growth Regulator (CPGR)

 Benefits of using CPGR 31 91 3 9 - - 2.91 HR

 Utilization of CPGR 25 73 8 24 1 3 2.70 HR
Cumulative Mean 2.80 HR
Other Topic
 Values orientation 33 97 1 3 - - 2.97 HR

GRAND MEAN 2.88

CATEGORICAL DESCRIPTION Highly Relevant
HR (highly relevant) = 2.34 – 3.00
MR (moderately relevant) = 1.67 – 2.33
IR (irrelevant) = 1.00 – 1.66

distinguish the right food to give and proper treatment of the livestock because

they are just like human beings which need to be treated like princes and princesses.

Moreover, the Urea Molasses Mineral Block (UMMB) and concentrates were

perceived as highly relevant but with the lowest overall mean of 𝑥= 2.76. According to the

respondents, they appreciate this because it is used to fill up the nutrients that grass and

legumes cannot give. This will make the metabolism of animals become faster.

Crops

Information and technologies discussed on crops were highly relavant with a

cumulative mean score of 𝑥= 2.89. Specifically the topics – ecological engineering:

production of new varieties of crops, crop insurance, and soil management, were
perceived as higly relavant and got the highest overall mean score of 𝑥= 2.97 each. The

respondents said that the information of new varieties of crops gave them the idea on how

they can make their farm more productive, know the basics of crop insurance, and know

the proper management of soil.

Meanwhile, information and technologies on rice post-harvest technology,

management of forage garden, rice situation in the Philippines, and foliar fertilizer, though

rated as highly relevant, got the lowest overall mean score of 𝑥= 2.82. According to the

respondents, they were able to learn more techniques and new technologies that they can

apply in their farming activities to increase their crop production. They were also updated

on the situation of farming in the Philippines and that they were able to improve or

overcome their limitations as farmers.

Carrageenan Plant Growth Regulator (CPGR)

Information and technologies discussed on CPGR were rated as higly relavant with

a cumulative mean of 𝑥= 2.80. Specifically, the benefits of using CPGR and the utilization

of CPGR were perceived as highly relevant with an overall mean score of 𝑥= 2.91 and

𝑥= 2.70, respectively. The respondents shared that they were provided with information

that helped them to have more harvest and the roots of their crops became tougher and

stronger. This implies that if the farmers will apply this technology in their farms, their

production will increase, hence their income and profitability will also increase.

Other Topic

Information on values reorientation was also discussed. This was perceived as

highly relevant with an overall mean score of 𝑥= 2.97. According to the respondents, this
served as an eye opener to them about the right discipline in farming and the proper

behavior they should have before, during, and after farm activities.

SOA Graduate-Respondents’ Perception on the Acceptability of the Information

and Technologies Discussed in the Program

On the whole, the respondents perceived the acceptability of the information

discussed in the program as highly acceptable with a grand mean of 𝑥 = 2.89 (Table 5).

This finding is supported by the individual means of each statement related to the SOA.

Climate Change

The topic on the effects of El Niño was likewise perceived as higly acceptable with

an overall mean score of 𝑥= 2.97. The respondents said that through the information

shared, they were able to ready temselves, especially their crops. Hence, they became

more knowlegeable and updated on situations concerning the environment.

Information on climate change was rated as higly acceptable with a cumulative

mean of 𝑥= 2.94. Specifically, the effects on climate change was perceived to be highly

acceptable with an overall mean of 𝑥= 2.91. According to the respondents, these

information helped the farmers learn about the situation and were able to identify the

appropriate varieties of seeds to plant so that their harvest will not be ruined or that they

could have better harvest even with an impending change in weather. They added that it

was good for them to know the effects of this phenomenon so that they can prepare well

for some situations before these could happen.

Table 5. SOA graduate-respondents’ perception on the acceptability of the
information and technologies discussed in the program (n=34)*.

INFORMATION AND CATEGORY

TECHNOLOGY AIRED HA MA UA OVERALL CD
MEAN
F % F % F %
Climate Change

 Effects of El Niño 33 97 1 3 - - 2. 97 HA

 Effects of Climate 31 91 3 9 - - 2.91 HA

Change
Cumulative Mean 2.94 HA
Livestock

 Feeds on feeding 32 94 2 6 - - 2.94 HA

 Feeding requirements 32 94 2 6 - - 2.94 HA

for livestock

 Proper management 32 94 2 6 - - 2.94 HA

of livestock

 Silage production 31 91 2 6 1 3 2.88 HA

 Effects of alternative
food resources 30 88 4 12 - - 2.88 HA
for livestock

 Livestock breed 29 85 5 15 - - 2.85 HA

and housing

 Urea Molasses Mineral HA

Block (UMMB) and 27 79 7 18 - - 2.76
concentrates

Cumulative Mean 2.88 HA

Crops

 Ecological engineering: 33 97 1 3 - - 2.97 HA

production of new
varieties of crops
Table 5 (Continued).

INFORMATION AND CATEGORY

TECHNOLOGY AIRED HA MA UA OVERALL CD
MEAN
F % F % F %
Crops
 Crop insurance 33 97 1 3 - - 2.97 HA
 Soil management 33 97 1 3 - - 2.97 HA
 Recommended rice 32 94 2 6 - - 2.94 HA
planting practices

 Top five pests in the farm 32 94 2 6 - - 2.94 HA

 Palayamanan 32 94 2 6 - - 2.94 HA
 Healthy rice plant 32 94 2 6 - - 2.94 HA
 Organic farming 32 94 2 6 - - 2.94 HA
practices

 Effects of burning hay 31 91 3 9 - - 2.91 HA

 Weeding practices 31 91 3 9 - - 2.91 HA
 Getting rid of rats 30 88 4 12 - - 2.88 HA
 Organic pest 29 85 5 15 - - 2.85 HA
management

 Rice-post harvest 28 82 6 18 - - 2.82 HA

technology

 Management of forage 28 82 6 18 - - 2.82 HA

garden

 Rice situation in the 28 82 6 18 - - 2.82 HA

Philippines

 Foliar fertilizer 28 82 6 18 - - 2.82 HA

Cumulative Mean 2.89 HA
Table 5 (Continued).

INFORMATION AND CATEGORY

TECHNOLOGY AIRED HA MA UA OVERALL CD
MEAN
F % F % F %
Usage of Carrageenan Plant
Growth Regulator (CPGR)

 Benefits of using CPGR 31 91 3 9 - - 2.91 HA

 Utilization of CPGR 25 73 8 24 1 3 2.70 HA
Cumulative Mean 2.80 HA
Other Topic
 Values orientation 33 97 1 3 - - 2.97 HA

GRAND MEAN 2.89

CATEGORICAL DESCRIPTION Highly Acceptable
HA (highly aceptable) = 2.34 – 3.00
MA (moderately acceptable) = 1.67 – 2.33
UA (unacceptable) = 1.00 – 1.66

Livestock

Information and technologies discussed on livestock were perceived to be highly

acceptable with a cumulative mean score of 𝑥= 2.89. Specifically, feeds and feeding,

feeding requirements for livestock, proper management of livestock, and silage production

were perceived as highly acceptable and got the highest overall mean of 𝑥= 2.94. The

respondents said that they liked these sets of information because they learned to

distinguish the right and proper food they give to their livestock. They added that if they

will give such treatment to their livestock, their income and profit could increase.

Although, the UMMB and concentrates were also perceived as highly

acceptable, it had the lowest overall mean of 𝑥= 2.76. According to the respondents,

they like it very much because it makes their livestock fat or thin or normal weight but
healthy. It is also a great help for them because they can now give the right treatment

to their livestock.

Crops
Information and technologies discussed on crops were highly acceptable with

a cumulative mean score of 𝑥= 2.89. Specifically, ecological engineering: production

of new varieties of crops, crop insurance, and soil management were perceived as

highly acceptable with the highest overall mean score of 𝑥= 2.97 each from among the

topics on crops. According to the respondents, they were able to learn more

techniques and new technologies that they can apply in their farming activities to

increase their crop production. They were also provided with the latest information on

the situation of farming in the Philippines hence, they were informed and guided on

what to do in their farm works.

Moreover, rice-post harvest technology, management of forage garden, rice

situation in the Philippines, and foliar fertilizer were likewise perceived as highly

acceptable but, with the lowest overall mean score of 𝑥= 2.82 each. The respondents

shared that they were guided on how to take care of their rice product after harvesting

and on how to manage their forage garden. They were also updated on the situation

of rice farming in the Philippines hence, they were guided on what to do in their farm

works and resolve whatever situation or problem they would face.

Carrageenan Plant Growth Regulator (CPGR)

Information and technologies discussed on CPGR were perceived to be highly

acceptable with a cumulative mean score of 𝑥= 2.80. Specifically, the benefits of using

CPGR was perceived as highly acceptable with an overall mean of 𝑥= 2.91. According
to the respondents, through the use of this technology, the soil of their farm became

more fertile and their harvest had increased.

Moreover, the utilization of CPGR was perceived as highly acceptable with a

cumulative mean of 𝑥= 2.70. The respondents shared that this technology helped them

increase their production.

Other Topic

Information on values reorientation was also discussed. This was perceived as

highly acceptable with a mean score of 𝑥= 2.97. The respondents said that they like

this very much because they were reminded of the values that they need to have to

establish and maintain a smooth relationship with their co-farmers and to know them

more as partners in community development.

Attitude of the SOA Graduate-Respondents

towards the Program

The attitude of the listeners towards the program was assessed through a set

of nine questions. As shown in Table 6, the respondents’ attitude towards the program

was favorable with a grand mean of 𝑥= 1.95.

All (34 or 100 %) of the respondents agreed that the information and

technologies discussed helped them solve their problems in farming (2.00), the

information and technologies they need in farming and livestock management were

discussed (2.00), the information and technologies were beneficial (2.00), they were

motivated to utilize the information and technologies presented (2.00), and they were

happy that the University Extension Directorate continuously disseminate such kind of

information and technologies (2.00). According to the respondents, the information

and technologies aired helped them increase their harvest, provided them new
Table 6. Attitude of the SOA graduate-respondents towards the program (n=34).

ANSWER
ATTITUDINAL STATEMENT AGREE DISAGREE OVERALL CD
F % F % MEAN
 I like the information and technologies
discussed because they helped me 34 100 - - 2.00 F
solve my problems in farming.

 I am glad that the information and

technologies I need in farming and 34 100 - - 2.00 F
livestock management were discussed
in the program

 I appreciate the different technologies

discussed in the program because 34 100 - - 2.00 F
these are beneficial and helpful in
improving one’s life

 I am motivated to apply the different 34 100 - - 2.00 F

technologies presented in the program

 I am happy because the MMSU

Extension Directorate continues to 34 100 - - 2.00 F
disseminate these kind of information
and technologies.

 I enjoyed listening to the program 33 97 1 3 1.97 F

because the broadcaster/host is friendly
and very passionate in her work.

 I do not regret listening to the program

because I learned a lot which I can use 30 88 4 12 1.88 F
in my farming activities.

 I am not satisfied on how the 7 24 26 76 1.76 F

broadcaster/host delivered and
discussed the topics.

 I am not interested in listening to the

SOA due to its unorganized and unclear 1 3 33 97 1.97 F
delivery of the topics.

GRAND MEAN 1.95

CATEGORICAL DESCRIPTION Favorable
F (favorable) = 1.51 – 2.00
NF (not favorable) = 1.00 – 1.50
techniques in farming, and guided them on how they will take good care of their crops

and livestock.

However, almost all (33 or 97%) the respondents disagreed that they are not

interested in listening to the program due to its unorganized and unclear delivery of

the topics with a mean of 𝑥= 1.97. According to the respondents, on the contrary, they

love to listen to the program because the delivery of the topics are organized and clear.

Likewise, they were provided with knowledge and skills to increase their profitability

and income.

In addition, almost all (33 or 97%) the respondents enjoyed listening to the

program because the broadcaster/host was perceived as friendly and very passionate

in her work (𝑥= 1.97). The respondents told that the announcer has a good and clear

voice, hence, they loved listening to the program.

On the other hand, majority (26 or 76%) of the respondents disagreed that they

were not satisfied on how the broadcaster/host delivered and discussed the topics with

a mean of 𝑥= 1.76. According to the respondents, they were contented on how the

topics were discussed. They likewise said that the topics were easy to understand,

thus, they learned a lot from the program.

SOA Graduate-Respondents’ Adoption Level on the Information

and Technologies Discussed in the SOA Program

On the whole, majority of the respondents had a score ranging from 15-28

which is considered to be average (Table 7). This implies that the topics discussed

were adopted or practiced by the respondents, but only on a moderate scale. This

maybe because the topics aired were not timely in terms of the cropping season,

difficulty to recall the information, and unavailability of the recommended materials or

Table 7. Summary of the respondents’ adoption on the information and
technologies discussed in the program (n=34).

CATEGORY FREQUENCY PERCENT (%)

Low (0-14) 1 3
Average (15-28) 25 74
High (29-40) 8 23

inputs.

Organic Farming

Almost all the SOA graduate-respondents (31 or 91%) adopted the use of foliar

fertilizer (Table 8). According to the respondents, this will make their crops grow faster

and to produce more harvest. There were three (3 or 9%) of the respondents, however,

who did not adopt this practice. These respondents told that they were using other

types of fertilizers such as chemical-based or inorganic fertilizers.

Moreover, more than half of the respondents (18 or 53%) adopted the

production of Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ). According to them, rather than buying

chemical-based fertilizers, they used this because it lessened their expenses and

provided vitamins for the crops. The rest of the respondents (16 or 47%) were not

practicing this because they lack materials to produce and they are not knowledgeable

or familiar about this kind of fertilizer.

Additionally, some of the respondents (12 or 35%) adopted the recommended

proportion of fermented fruit juice (FFJ), which is 1-2 tablespoons/liter of water. This

is because, according to them, it was the recommended ratio. Majority (22 or 65%) of

them, however, told that they are using other proportions such as one tablespoon, 5-

10 tablespoons and 1 can of sardines of FFJ per liter of water. The respondents

revealed that they have difficulty recalling the recommended proportion hence, they
Table 8. SOA graduate-respondents’ adoption level of the SOA graduate-respondents on the information and technologies discussed in
the SOA program (n=34)*.

INFORMATION AND ADOPTED REASON F % NOT REASON F %

TECHNOLOGY AIRED ADOPTED
F % F %
A. Organic Farming

 Use of foliar fertilizers 31 91 This will make their 22 65 3 9 Using other types of 1 3
crops grow faster and fertilizer
this will produce more
harvest 10 29 No available material 2 6

 Production of fermented 18 53 It provides vitamins 18 53 16 47 No available 16 47

fruit juice fertilizer (FFJ) for the crops material particularly
papaya and squash
 Proportion of fermented
fruit juice and water (1-2 12 35 It is recommended 22 65 22 65 Using other proportion 22 65
spoons/liter)

 Production of fermented 14 41 Less expensive 7 21 20 59 No available materials 20 59

plant juice

 Proportion of fermented
plant juice (1-2 spoons/liter) 6 18 It is recommended 28 82 28 92 Using other proportion 13 38

Difficulty to recall 15 44
Table 8 (Continued).
INFORMATION AND ADOPTED REASON NOT REASON F %
TECHNOLOGY AIRED F % ADOPTED
F % F %
B. Silage Production
 Recommended grasses
for silage production
 Napier 13 38 These are 13 38 11 32 Using other types of 11 32
 Corn 11 32 recommended and 11 32 23 68 grasses 23 68
 Garami 7 21 are available 7 21 27 79 27 79
 Kumpitis 3 9 3 9 31 91 31 91

 Cuts of grasses for 26 76 It is recommended 26 76 8 24 They are using other 8 24

silage production (½ to cuts of grasses
1 inch)

 Material to dry the 15 44 This is the right 15 44 19 56 Others are using 19 56

silage (rice bran)
material for them to materials such as rice
use hay and molasses,
plastic, dried manure,
dried leaves, corn, and
salt.

 Number of days to 4 12 This is the 4 12 30 88 They have their own 30 88

ferment the silage (18 recommended days process and practice
days) before harvesting the
silage

 Moisture content of 10 29 This is the 10 29 24 71 Difficulty to recall the 24 71

good silage (65-70 recommended right moisture content
percent) moisture content for
producing a good
silage
 Table 8 (Continued).
INFORMATION AND ADOPTED REASON F % NOT REASON F %
TECHNOLOGY AIRED ADOPTED
F % F %
C. Pest Management
 Ways to control pests
 Biological control 28 82 They reduce the 12 35 6 18 Using other practices 21 61
 Crop rotation 3 9 presence of pests. (spraying insecticides
 Cleaning 3 9 and pesticides)

6 18 Difficulty to recall 6 18
 Proportion of herbal extract
and water (2 spoons) 6 18 It is recommended 6 18 28 82 They are not following 28 82
the recommended
proportion
D. Production and Utilization of
Urea Molasses Mineral Block
(UMMB) and concentrates
 Use of UMMB 13 38 Alternative food for 13 38 21 62 They have not tried 21 62
livestock using it
 Materials needed in making
UMMB
 Molasses 20 59 These are the 20 59 14 41 They are not using 14 41
 Rice Bran 11 33 recommended 11 33 these for their
 Urea 21 62 materials in making 21 62 livestock because of
 Salt 17 50 UMMB 17 50 the inputs needed
 Dicalcium Phos. 3 9 3 9
 Cement 3 9 3 9
Table 8 (Continued).
INFORMATION AND ADOPTED REASON F % NOT REASON F %
TECHNOLOGY AIRED ADOPTED
F % F %
 Time of using UMMB in
feeding livestock 13 38 This is the proper 2 6 21 62 They have their own 21 62
 After feeding time for livestock to time to feed their
livestock eat UMMB livestock

E. Proper Management of
Livestock

 Feeds for Livestock

 Grass 9 26 This is the 9 26 7 21 They are using 7 21
 Corn 7 21 recommended food 7 21 different food for
 Legumes 6 18 for livestock livestock
 Rice Bran 4 15
 Napier 1 3

 Use of indigenous This will lessen the They are using

microorganisms to clean 21 62 bad odor of the 21 62 13 38 detergents to clean 13 38
the livestock housing like shelter of livestock the livestock housing
vermin tea

 Regular vaccination of 25 74 This will make the 25 74 9 26 They did not practice 9 26
livestock livestock healthier due to financial
and to be free from constraints
sickness and
diseases
Table 8 (Continued).
INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY ADOPTED REASON F % NOT REASON F %
AIRED ADOPTED
F % F %

F. Use of Carrageenan Plant

Growth Regulator
 Use of CPGR 22 65 This will make the 22 65 12 35 Lack of supply 12 35
stem of crops (available when
stronger and requested)
tougher
 Frequency of using CPGR 12 35 It is the 12 35 22 65 Difficulty to recall 22 65
 Thrice per cropping recommended
season usage of CPGR

 Quantity of CPGR in a 16L It is the

capacity knapsack sprayer 11 32 recommended 11 32 23 68 Difficulty to recall 23 68
(300 mL) amount of CPGR

 Quantity of CPGR sprayer load 6 18 It is the 6 18 28 82 Difficulty to recall 28 82

per hectare (3L) recommended
quantity of CPGR

 Sprayer load per hectare (10 2 6 It is the 2 6 32 94 Difficulty to recall 32 94

sprayer load recommended
sprayer load per
hectare
*multiple response
just used their hunches for such situation.

On the other hand, less than half (14 or 41%) of the respondents adopted the

use of fermented plant juice (FPJ). They said that it is less expensive compared to

chemical-based or inorganic fertilizer other than being an environment-friendly

fertilizer. Majority (20 or 59%) of the respondents, however, are not using this because

they lack the materials needed to produce this kind of fertilizer.

Furthermore, almost all the respondents (28 or 82%) did not practice the

recommended amount of FPJ per liter of water. The respondents revealed that they

used other proportion (13 or 38%) and had difficulty recalling the recommended ratio

(15 or 44%).

Silage Production

Of the recommended grasses for silage production, feeding of Napier grass

and corn were practiced by some of the respondents, 13 (38%) and 11 (32 %),

respectively. The respondents said that these were recommended to them and are

available in their place thus, they do not have any problem in using these grasses.

For the respondents who did not practice using the recommended grasses, they

revealed that they are utilizing other grasses or materials such as carabao grass and

other food stuff like, vegetable residues, kakawate, rice bran, banana stem, trisenia,

kamote tops, and banana fruit.

In terms of the cuts of grasses for silage production, majority of the

respondents (26 or 76%) adopted the recommended size (1/2 to 1 inch). For those

who did not practice the recommended size (8 or 24%), they told that they are using

other sizes or were not strict on how they cut the grasses.
 Likewise, almost half of the respondents (15 or 44%) adopted the use of rice

bran to dry the silage. There were more than half (19 or 56%) of the respondents, on

the other hand, who used other materials like hay, molasses, plastic, dried manure,

dried leaves, corn, and salt. This is because in some cases, rice bran is not available.

As regards to the number of days to ferment the silage, majority of the

respondents (30 or 88%) did not practice the recommended number of days (18), only

four (12%) of them adopted it. The respondents said that they have other practices

in fermenting the silage like almost a month or more.

In terms of the moisture content of a good silage, which is 65 - 70 percent,

majority of them did not practice the recommended. According to the respondents,

they are not aware of this or they may have forgotten it. There were only 10 (29%) of

them who practiced the recommended moisture. This is because they believed that

the recommended one produces a good silage.

Pest Management

Most (28 or 82%) of the respondents adopted the organic way to control pests.

Only a few of them did not adopt biological control (6 or 18%), crop rotation (3 or 9%)

and cleaning (3 or 9%). The respondents revealed that they are not using these

because they have other practices in managing the pests of their crops like spraying

of insecticides and pesticides.

In terms of the proportion of herbal extract per liter of water (2 spoons/liter of

water), majority of the respondents are not practicing the recommended. The

respondents shared that they have tried using herbal extract but not the recommended

proportion. They revealed that they just estimate the proportion.

Production and Feeding of Urea, Molasses, Mineral
Blocks (UMMB) and Concentrates

Majority of the respondents (21 or 62%) did not adopt the use of UMMB and

concentrates but were able to recall the needed materials to practice such. This is

because of the inadequacy of the materials needed and due to financial constraints.

Only 13 (38%) adopted UMMB to feed their livestock because they said this is an

alternative healthy food for their livestock.

Additionally, majority of the respondents adopted the recommended materials

needed in making UMMB like urea (21 or 62%), and less than half for molasses (20 or

59 %). Other respondents used salt (17 or 50%), rice bran (11 or 33%), dicalcium (3

or 9%), and cement (3 or 9%). While the rest (14 or 41%) of the respondents are not

using these for their livestock because of the inputs needed.

In terms of feeding UMMB to livestock, majority (21 or 62) of the respondents

did not practice the recommended time of feeding (after feeding the livestock). This is

because they follow other schedule in feeding UMMB to their livestock like mornings

and afternoons. There were 13 (38%) of the respondents, however, who followed the

recommended time.

Proper Management of Livestock

Some of the respondents adopted the recommended feeds for their livestock

like grass (9 or 26%), corn (7 or 21%), legumes (6 0r 18%), rice bran (4 or 15%), and

Napier (1 or 3%). For those who are not using these, they said that they utilize other

feeds for their livestock like kakawate (Jathropa curcas) and kitchen residues like

vegetables.
 As regards to the use of indigenous microorganism in cleaning the housing of

livestock, majority (21 or 62%) of the respondents adopted this through the use of

vermin tea. According to them, this lessens the odor of the shelter of livestock. Some

of the respondents (13 or 38%) used detergents to clean the housing of livestock to

maintain the good odor and cleanliness of the housing.

For the regular vaccination of livestock, majority (25 or 74%) of the respondents

revealed that they adopted this. They told that this will make their livestock healthier

and be free from illnesses and diseases. There were nine (26%) of them, however,

who did not practice this due to financial constraints.

Use of Carrageenan Plant Growth Regulator (CPGR)

On the whole, the use of CPGR was adopted by majority of the respondents.

However, the other aspects of the technology like the recommended proportion of

CPGR per 16 liter capacity knapsack sprayer, frequency of using CPGR, quantity of

CPGR sprayer load per hectare and the number of sprayer load per hectare were not

adopted by majority or most of the respondents.

Specifically, CPGR was adopted by majority (22 or 65%) of the respondents

because this makes the stem of the crops stronger and tougher. This may eventually

increase their profit and income. There were 12 (35 %) of the respondents, on the

other hand, who did not practice this because of the inadequacy of supply. CPGR is

only available if requested.

In addition, majority (23 or 68%) of the respondents did not practice the

recommended proportion of CPGR per 16 liter capacity knapsack sprayer. They said

that they have difficulty recalling the right proportion hence, they used their instinct in
preparing CPGR. Only 11 (32%), on the other hand, adopted the proportion as

recommended in the SOA.

Likewise, majority (22 or 65%) of the respondents did not adopt the

recommended frequency of using CPGR, which is thrice per cropping season.

According to the respondents, they have difficulty recalling the recommended practice

or in some cases, this is not available. Only few of them (12 or 35%) had adopted this

practice.

As regards to the quantity of CPGR sprayer load per hectare, which is three

liters, majority (28 or 82%) of them did not practice the recommended amount because

they have forgotten the suggested amount. In addition, almost all (32 or 94%) of the

respondents did not adopt the recommended sprayer load per hectare. This is

because of their difficulty to recall the right and recommended amount.

These results indicate that several aspects of the technologies discussed

during the SOA were not practiced by the respondents because they failed to recall

these or the materials needed were not available. This may mean also that the

respondents were not able to write down these sets of information when they were

listening, hence they cannot accurately use the recommended technology, especially

those with measurements and proportions. Results also indicate that due to their non-

regularity length of their listening, they may have missed some of the topics discussed,

hence, they could not really adopt such technologies.

Problems Encountered by the SOA Graduate-Respondents

in Listening to the Program

Table 9 shows the problems encountered by the respondents in listening to the

SOA program. Of the 34 respondents, only few of them had problems as regards to
listening to the program. Less than half of the respondents (11 or 32%) shared poor

signal as their problem in listening to the program. These respondents are in the rural

barangays of Bacarra, Currimao, and Vintar, Ilocos Norte, which are far from the radio

station. Other problems of the respondents include: power interruptions (4 or 12%),

doing other chores (3 or 9%), conflicting schedule (3 or 9%) and not functioning radio

receiver (1 or 3%). These results indicate that the respondents, though few of them,

had concerns in listening to the program. This may mean also that though they wanted

to listen to the program regularly, they were hindered with these concerns.

Table 9. Problems encountered by the SOA graduate-respondents in

listening to the program (n=34)*.

PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED FREQUENCY PERCENT (%)

 Poor signal
 No current
 Doing other chores
 Conflicting schedule
 Not functioning radio
*Multiple responses
11 32
4 12
3 9
3 9
1 3

SOA Graduate-Respondents’ Suggestions

to Improve the Program

Length of Airing

As shown in Table 10, majority (26 or 76 %) of the respondents preferred to

maintain the usual length of the program’s airtime, which is one hour, while seven (21

%) of the respondents suggested that the program should have a longer airtime in

discussing or explaining the information and technologies. This is to have more

time in providing a detailed presentation of the topics, hence, these become clearer

and more understandable to them. One (3%) of the respondents, however,

suggested to make the airtime of the program shorter, to be 30 minutes only. This is

because they have a lot of things to do in their farm or in their house, hence a shorter

airing is preferred.

Content of the Program

Majority (22 or 65 %) of the respondents are satisfied with the content of the

program. However, some (12 or 35 %) of the respondents wanted to include other

topics in the program such as proper operation/utilization and management of farm

machineries and tobacco production. This is for them to learn more about crops and

to improve their skills and expertise in farming.

Arrangement of the Program’s Content

Majority (26 or 76%) of the respondents were satisfied on the arrangement of

the content of the program. There were four (12%) of the respondents, however, who

suggested to include ice breaker activities to make the program livelier, more

interesting, and more exciting.

Frequency of Airing
More than half (18 or 53%) of the respondents told to maintain the program’s

frequency of airing because they are satisfied with it. Others suggested to make it

twice a week (7 or 21%), everyday (6 or 17%), thrice a week (1 or 3%), and four times

a week (1 or 3%). According to the respondents, if the airing is every day or more

frequent, the more information and technologies are to be discussed, hence, they will

learn more information and technologies that will help them improve their farming

practices.
Table 10. SOA graduate-respondents’ suggestions to improve the radio program
(n=34)*.

SUGGESTION FREQUENCY PERCENT

(%)
 Length of Airing
 Maintain 26 76
 Longer air time 7 21
 Should be 30 minutes only 1 3
 Content of the Program
 Maintain 22 65
 Other topics to be included 12 35
 Arrangement of Program’s Content
 Maintain 26 76
 Include ice breaker activities 4 12
 Frequency of Airing
 Maintain 18 53
 Twice a week 7 21
6 17
 Daily airing
1 3
 Thrice a week 1 3
 Four times a week
 Language Used
 Maintain 21 62
 Iluko only 5 15
5 15
 Filipino
2 6
 English
 Manner of Interviewing
 Maintain 22 65
 Live 6 18
6 18
 Recorded
 Presentation of Topics
 Maintain 24 71
 Integrate humor while 2 6
discussing
 Other Suggestions
 Conduct of training/seminar 4 12
 Use of social media 2 6
1 3
 Improve signal
1 3
 Free farming inputs 1 3
 Distribution of leaflets
*Multiple responses
Language Used

Majority (21 or 62%) of the respondents suggested that the use of the Iluko

language should be maintained because it is easier for them to understand. On the

other hand, others suggested that the language to be used should only be Iloko so

that everything is understandable (5 or 15%) and should be in Filipino or use our

national language (5 or 15%). The use of Iloko language only was suggested because

there were times that lecturers or subject matter specialists used some English terms

in explaining their topics. There were two (6%) of the respondents, however, who

suggested to use the English language to make the program more formal.

Manner of Interviewing

Majority (22 or 65%) of the respondents said that the style of interviewing,

should be maintained because it helps them to understand the topics. According to

them, the interview portion was very conversational and the host always ensured that

all possible questions were answered by the lecturer. Additionally, few of the

respondents suggested that interviews should be live (6 or 18%) to have a better

interaction with the interviewee and for them to be able to ask questions directly to the

lecturer. Others (6 or 18%) told that it is just fine with them that interviews be recorded.

Presentation of Topics

Majority (24 or 71%) of the respondents said that they are contented on how

the topics were discussed in the program because these were clearly presented and

were understandable. Two (6%) of the respondents likewise suggested that humor

should be integrated while discussing to entertain them also while being informed and

educated.
Other Suggestions

Some (4 or 12%) of the respondents likewise suggested the conduct of

trainings or seminars while two (6%) recommended the use of the social media like

livestreaming of the program and the use of Facebook and group chat to facilitate their

interaction with the broadcaster. Moreover, one each (3%) of the respondents

recommended the following: improvement of signal, free farming inputs, and

distribution of leaflets.

The results imply that there are aspects of the SOA on crops and livestock that

need little modifications as suggested by the respondents.

Other Information Needed by the SOA Graduate-Respondents

As shown in Table 11, some of the respondents shared that they need other

information like marketing of goods and farm products (7 or 21%), organic vegetable

farming (4 or 12%), rice varieties (2 or 6%), poultry raising (2 or 6%), and tobacco

production (2 or 6%). Other topics suggested were: water melon production, sesame

seed production, proper utilization and management of farm machineries, fishery,

garlic production, and cooperatives. This result indicates that the respondents, though

only a few of them, have other needs, that if possible, should be addressed. This

further means that they wanted to learn the production of other crops and other

aspects of farming to give them enough information since it is their primary livelihood.

Table 11. Information/technology needed by the SOA graduate-respondents

(n=34)*.

Information/technology needed FREQUENCY PERCENT (%)

 Marketing of goods and farm products 7 21
 Organic vegetable farming 4 12
 Rice varieties 2 6
 Information/technology needed FREQUENCY PERCENT (%)
 Poultry raising 2 6
 Tobacco production 2 6
 Water melon production 1 3
 Sesame seed production 1 3
 Proper utilization and management 1 3
of farm machineries
 Fishery 1 1
 Garlic production 1 3
 Cooperatives 1 3
*Multiple response
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Generally, the study was conducted to evaluate the School on-the-Air (SOA)

on crops and livestock technologies in Ilocos Norte. The evaluation was focused on

the listenership of the program and perceived relevance and acceptability of the

information and technologies aired, attitude of the SOA graduates towards the radio

program, and level of adoption of the information and technologies aired. Moreover,

the problems encountered by the SOA graduates in listening to the program, their

suggestions to improve the program and other information and technologies they need

were also determined.

A total of 34 randomly-selected SOA graduate-listeners of the program served

as respondents of the study. They were identified through purposive and proportional

sampling to get a fair representation of each sampling municipality. These

respondents came from the towns of Batac, Baccarra, Vintar, Solsona, and Currimao,

Ilocos Norte.

An interview schedule was used to gather the needed data from the

respondents. Data gathered were tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistical

tools such as frequency counts, percentages, and means.

Summary of Findings

SOA Graduate-Respondents’ Demographic Profile

Majority of the respondents were males. This result indicates that in terms of

farming activities, males are the ones who are more involved and active, hence more

of the graduates of the SOA were males.

 As regards to their age, more than half of the respondents were middle-aged.

This means that most of the respondents are generally middle-aged, hence, they still

are in their prime years, still have good physical and mental facilities to do physical

and intellectual activities, especially in farming.

As to their educational attainment, all of them have gone to formal education.

A greater number of the respondents were college graduates. Inasmuch as all the

respondents have attended formal education, this may mean that they could

understand the information presented in the SOA and could accurately apply these in

their farming activities.

In terms of their sources of income, majority of the respondents were into

farming. Others worked as barangay health workers (BHW) and barangay officials.

The result implies that they can relate with the program and can utilize the technologies

that will improve their ways of farming, which could help increase their profitability and

income.

Listenership of the SOA in Accelerating the Promotion

of Crops and Livestock Technologies

Majority of the SOA graduate-respondents seldom listened to the program.

According to the respondents, they were not able to always listen to the program

because of the following reasons: poor signal and there are other farm-related works

and household chores that are in conflict with the airing of the program. This result

implies that majority of the respondents had difficulty in regularly listening to the

program because of other things they need to attend to and also because of signal

problem.
 Moreover, majority of the SOA graduate-respondents listened to the program

for 60 minutes, which is the duration of the program, while others listened to the

program for 30 minutes only and the rest for 45 minutes. This result implies that some

of the respondents do not have enough time to listen to the program due to some other

works.

SOA Graduate-Respondents’ Perception on the Relevance

of the Information and Technologies Discussed
in the Program

The respondents perceived the information and technologies discussed in the

program as highly relevant. All the topics discussed such as climate change, livestock,

crops, use of Carrageenan Plant Growth Regulator (CPGR), and other topic like values

orientation were rated as highly relevant. This result implies that the respondents

believed that the topics discussed in the program are important and are needed in their

farm activities.

SOA Graduate-Respondents’ Perception on the Acceptability

of Information and Technologies Discussed in the Program

The respondents perceived the information and technologies discussed in the

program as highly acceptable. All the topics discussed such as climate change,

livestock, crops, use of Carrageenan Plant Growth Regulator (CPGR), and other topic

like values orientation were rated as highly acceptable. This means that the

respondents liked and were interested on the information and technologies presented

in the program, hence, they accepted these as true and correct.

Attitude of the SOA Graduate-Respondents
towards the Program

The respondents’ attitude towards the program was favorable. All of the

respondents agreed that the information and technologies discussed helped them

solve their problems in farming, these were properly discussed, hence perceived as

beneficial, they were motivated to utilize the information and technologies presented,

and they were happy that the University Extension Directorate continuously

disseminate such kind of information and technologies. According to the respondents,

the information and technologies aired helped them increase their harvest, provided

them new techniques in farming, and guided them on how they will take care of their

crops and livestock and their environment, as a whole. This result indicates that the

respondents had a favorable predisposition towards the topics discussed in the

program. This may mean also that none of the topics were in conflict to their existing

beliefs and values.

SOA Graduate-Respondents’ Adoption Level on the

Information and Technologies Aired in the SOA Program

The adoption level of the information and technologies aired in the program

was moderate. This means that the respondents did not practice all the technologies

discussed in the program. This may have been attributed to the nature of the

information and technologies, which were difficult to recall as shared by the

respondents, and the materials needed, which were not readily available.
Problems Encountered by the SOA Graduate-Respondents
in Listening to the Program

Of the 34 respondents, only a few of them had problems as regards to listening

to the program. Less than half of the respondents shared poor signal as their problem

in listening to the program. These respondents are in the rural barangays of Bacarra,

Currimao, and Vintar, Ilocos Norte, which are far from the radio station. Other

problems of the respondents include: power interruptions, having other chores,

conflicting schedule and not functioning radio receiver.

SOA Graduate-Respondents’ Suggestions to Improve

the Radio Program

Length of airing. Majority of the respondents preferred to maintain the usual

length of the program’s airtime, which is one hour. Some of the respondents

suggested that the program should have a longer airtime to discuss or explain the

information and technologies. This is for the topics to be clearer and more

understandable to them.

Content of the program. Majority of the respondents were satisfied with the

content of the program. However, some of the respondents wanted to include other

topics in the program such as proper operation/utilization and management of farm

machineries and tobacco production. This is for them to learn more about other crops

and to improve their skills and expertise in farming.

Arrangement of the program’s content. Majority of the respondents were

satisfied on the arrangement of the content of the program. Some of them suggested
to include ice breaker activities to make the program livelier, more interesting, and

more exciting.

Frequency of listening. More than half of the respondents told to maintain

the program’s frequency of airing because they are satisfied with it. Others suggested

to make it twice a week, every day, thrice a week, and four times a week.

Language used. More than half of the respondents suggested that the use of

Iloko language should be maintained because it is easier for them to understand. On

the other hand, others suggested that the language to be used should only be Iluko so

that everything is understandable and should be in Filipino to use our national

language.

Manner of interviewing. Majority of the respondents said that the style of

interviewing, which is very conversational, detailed and comprehensive discussion of

topics, should be maintained. Additionally, few of the respondents suggested that

interviews should be live to have a better interaction with the interviewer and for them

to be able to ask questions directly to the lecturer. Others likewise suggested that it is

fine with them that interviews are recorded.

Presentation of topics. Majority of the respondents said that they were

contented on how the topics were discussed in the program because these were

clearly presented and were understandable. Others suggested that humor should be

integrated to entertain them also while being informed and educated.

Other suggestions. Some of the respondents likewise suggested the

conduct of trainings or seminars while a few of them recommended the following:

improvement of signal, free farming inputs, and distribution of leaflets.

 Other Information Needed by the SOA Graduate-Respondents

Some of the respondents shared that they need other sets of information like

marketing of goods and farm products, organic vegetable farming, use of the social

media, rice varieties, poultry raising, and tobacco production. Other topics suggested

were: water melon production, sesame seed production, proper utilization and

management of farm machineries, fishery, garlic production, and cooperatives.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions and implications

were drawn:

1. As to listenership of the SOA program, the respondents seldom listened to the

program due to poor signal and other important activities they needed to attend

to during its airing. This means that the airtime of the program is, most of the

time, in conflict to their other activities. However, if the time of airing of the

SOA was not in in conflict with their other activities, then they would have been

eager and wanted to listen to the program as long as they have the time;

2. The information and technologies discussed in the program were perceived as

highly relevant and highly acceptable. This means that the topics presented

were exactly the needs of the respondents and these conformed to their likes

and interest especially in their farming needs and activities;

3. The respondents had a favorable attitude towards the program. This implies

that the respondents liked all the aspects of the program like the information
 and technologies discussed, presentation and delivery of the topics, and the

personality of the broadcaster;

4. The respondents had a moderate adoption of the information and technologies

discussed in the program. This is because of some reasons which hindered

them to adopt the information and technologies aired such as difficulty to recall

the recommended technologies, the unavailability of the materials needed,

need for additional inputs, and the presence of other farm practices. This result

indicates that there are factors and aspects of the technology which affected

the adoption of the technology particularly on the proportion of fermented plant

juice, production of silage, use of herbal extract as pesticide, use of UMMB,

and use of CPGR;

5. The respondents encountered some problems in listening to the SOA program

such as poor signal and conflicting schedule. This may mean that despite the

fact that the respondents wanted to listen to the program regularly, they were

limited by the circumstance that the program had a poor reception in their area

and the presence of other concerns that were incompatible to the airing of the

program; and

6. Though majority of the respondents told to maintain the different aspects of the

program, some of them provided suggestions to improve the over-all

presentation of the program. This indicates that despite the fact that the

program has a positive feedbacks from the SOA graduate-respondents, there

is still a room for improvement.

 7. Other topics were suggested by the respondents such as water melon

production, sesame seed production, proper utilization and management of

farm machineries, fishery, garlic production, and cooperatives. This result

indicates that the respondents have other needs. This further means that they

wanted to learn the production of other crops and other aspects of farming to

give them enough information since it is their primary livelihood.

Recommendations

Based on the conclusions of the study, the following recommendations are

forwarded:

1. Inasmuch as majority of the listeners seldom listened to the radio program

due to poor signal and of other farm-related works and household chores

that are in conflict with the airing of the program, it is recommended that

the program planners and implementers should consider airing the

program in another radio station that has a stronger or better signal in the

target areas. For the conflict in schedule, it is recommended that the

Extension Directorate may conduct a survey again on the listening

preferences of prospective SOA enrollees;

2. Since the information and technologies aired were highly relevant and

highly acceptable, it is recommended that the program planners and

implementers should strive to continue disseminating valuable information

and technologies that are relevant and acceptable to any group of clientele

so that their commitment to support the program is sustained;

3. Considering that the respondents had a favorable attitude towards the

program, it is suggested that the planners and implementers of the program

should continue disseminating information that are useful and interesting

to them;

4. Inasmuch as there are aspects of the technologies discussed that were not

adopted by the respondents due to difficulty to recall the recommended

technologies, unavailability of materials needed, additional inputs, and the

presence of other practices, it is suggested that these should be carefully

studied and properly addressed to ensure complete adoption of the

technologies;

5. Since the respondents suggested some ways of improving the radio

program, it is recommended that these be studied and considered for the

improvement of the program; and

6. Inasmuch as the respondents suggested the inclusion of other topics in the

program, it is recommended that these should be tackled in the next SOA

program of the Extension Directorate to address their other information

needs.
 LITERATURE CITED

Thesis

ADALEM, J. A. L., DAKILING, J. A., RUBIO, M. J. B., 2017.Communication Initiatives

Responsive to the Adoption of Beekeeping Technology in the City of Batac.
Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Mariano Marcos State University. City
of Batac, Ilocos Norte. 79 pp.

AGONOY, A. F., 2008. Evaluation of the Communication Campaign and Social

Mobilization Program (2nd Phase) in Magnuang, Batac, Ilocos Norte.
Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Mariano Marcos State University.
Batac, Ilocos Norte. 99pp.

AGULAY, M.C. 1995. Perception of Farmer-Listeners on the Agricultural Programs of

AM Radio Stations in Ilocos Norte. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis.
Mariano Marcos State University, Batac, Ilocos Norte. 77pp.

ALCARAZ, O. C. 2003. Production and Evaluation of Two Farmcasting Formats for

the Lingkod Bayan Palaytandaan at Iba Pa Radio Program of Philrice-Batac.
Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Mariano Marcos State University,
Batac, Ilocos Norte. 57pp.

ALIBUYOG N. R., MEMORACION K. M., 2011. Awareness, Attitude, and Perceptions

towards the Coral Reefs Conservation Campaign Program in Currimao,
Ilocos Norte, Philippines. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Mariano
Marcos State University, Batac, Ilocos Norte. 94pp.

CASTILLO, T.R. 1997. Evaluation of the University-On-The-Air Radio Program of the

Mariano Marcos State University in the Second District of Ilocos Norte.
Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, Mariano Marcos State University, Batac,
Ilocos Norte. 99pp.

DAGA, E.W. 1995. Farmers’ Perception on the Communication Strategies Used for
the Palay Seed Dispersal Project of Extension Services. Unpublished
Undergraduate Thesis. Mariano Marcos State University, Batac, Ilocos
Norte.94pp.

GARCIA, J. P. 1999. Evaluation of the Gintong Ani School On-the-Air Program

(SOAP) of the Ilocos Norte Provincial Agriculture Office. Unpublished
Undergraduate Thesis. Mariano Marcos State University, Batac, Ilocos
Norte. 68 pp.
HOWARD, D. 1983. Survey of Listenership of DZLB. Unpublished Masteral Thesis.
University of the Philippines at Los Banos. 54pp.

INDASEN, M. B. 2006. Evaluation of the 2004 Farmers Field School (FFS) on Rice of
the Department of Agriculture (DA) in Ilocos Norte. Unpublished
Undergraduate Thesis. Mariano Marcos State University, Batac, Ilocos Norte
87pp.

MENOR, R.B. 1995. An Evaluation of the Pul-oy Kadagiti Barangay Radio Program of
Mariano Marcos State University. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis,
Batac, Ilocos Norte. 66pp.

PUGAT, L.G. 1996. Evaluation of the Rang-ay ti Barangay On-the-air Radio Program.
Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Mariano Marcos State University,
Batac, Ilocos Norte. 79pp.

SALUT, M.G. 1995. Development and Evaluation of an Iluko Version of a Video as a

Training Tool on Seaweeds Production. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis.
Mariano Marcos State University, Batac, Ilocos Norte. 90pp.

SWING, N. A. 2004. Evaluation of the Lingkod Bayan Palaytandaan at Iba Pa Radio

Program of PhilRice-Batac, Ilocos Norte. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis.
Mariano Marcos State University. 55pp.
Books

LIBRERO, C. 2001. Writing About Development for a Radio Audience Philippine

Foundation of Rural Broadcasters. Retrieved from http://doonuniversity.ac.
in. 22 pp. on February 15, 2019.

LITLEJOHN, W. and FOSS, A. 2000. Theories of Human Communication. Canada:

Wardsworth. 45.pp

Journals

MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION DIRECTORATE. 2007.

School-on-the-Air Proposal. City of Batac, Ilocos Norte.

MAINA, NYAKAIRU. 2013. An Assessment of the Frequency of Listenership of Radio

Broadcast Messages by Primary School Pupils and Teachers in Municipality
South Division of Nyeri Central District. Retrieved from repository.
uonbi.ac.ke/Maina-an-assessment on March 11, 2019.
 Internet

AGWU, F. 2008. Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technologies via Radio Farmer

Programme by Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria Disseminated. Retrieved
from http:// www.academia.edu on March 4, 2019.

EMMANUEL, A. A. and OLABODE, B.I. 2013. Listenership of Radio Agricultural

Broadcasts in Southern Nigeria. Retrieved from https://www.Research
gate.net/ publication/ 263269121 on March 3, 2019.

GINARD, G. 2000. Rural Radio in Agricultural Extension: The Example of Vernacular

Radio Program on Soil and Water Conservation in. Ghana. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/4253998 on March 5, 2019.

GUIOGUIO, R. V. 2015. An Overview of the Mass Media Situation in the Philippines.

Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/overview-mass-media situati
on- pilippinesreneguioguio on November 20, 2018.

IJAB. 2017. The Effectiveness of Media Exposure on Mushroom Production

Technology to Farmers and its Relationship to Certain Variates. Retrieved
from webworldbank.org/archieve/website 00236B/WEB/RAD_01.HTM on
January 21, 2019.

KUMAR, M.N. 2016. Farmer’s Perception towards Farm Radio Programme.

Retrieved from http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/5810040383 on
February 20, 2019.

KUPONIYI, M. M. 2000. Radio Listening Habits among University Students and their
Attitude towards Programmes. Retrieved from http://www.historyofradio
wiki.org on January 17, 2019.

MOTTALEB, K. 2018. Perception and Adoption of a New Agricultural Technology:

Evidence from a Developing Country. Retrieved from www.elsevier.com
/locate/techsoc on March 12, 2019.

NWAERONDU. F. AND THOMPSON, G. 1987. The Use of Educational Radio in

Developing Countries Lessons from the Past. Retrieved from http://
wordbank.org. on January 17, 2019.

OKUMAGBA, S.K. 2017. A Study of the Impact of Agricultural Programmes on

Targeted Audience in Nigeria. Retrieved from http://internationalscholars
journals.org/ download.php on January 17, 2019.

PATTANASHETTI, M. 2010. Awareness and Listening Behavior of the Listeners of

Krishi Community Radio Station. Retrieved from http:// www. th10117.pdf. on
February 3, 2019
RADIO ADVERTISING BUREAU. 2013. A study of Redeemers University Students.
Retrieved from www.iiste.org. on March 11, 2019.

SARMA, B. and LAMA, B. 2017. Radio as an Educational Tool in Developing

Countries: Its Evolution and Current Usages. Retrieved from https://www.
researchgate r.net/publication/322355675 on March 11, 2019.

VYAS, P. SHARMA B. KUMAR, T. 2002. Radio Listening Habits among University

and Their Attitude towards Programmes. Retrieved from http://www.
iiste.org/conference/upcoming-conferences-call-for-paper/ on February 22,
2019.

UBALDO, A. P. 2018 Listeners’ Profiles: Perspectives and Challenges in Radio

Scenery. Retrieved from http://pana.com.ph/dont -count-it-just-yrt-radio-still-
gets-turnedon/ on November 20, 2018

UNESCO. 2018. Empowering Local Radio with ICTs. Retrieved from

https://en.unesco.org/radioict/press/developing-communities-through-radio
on February 22, 2019

https://pcfd.dec.wi.edu. Retrieved: November 20, 2018.

https://www.semanticsscholar.org. Retrieved: February, 19, 2019.

www. iiste. org. Retrieved: February, 27, 2019.

www.diffusion of innovation_theory_rogers.pdf
 APPENDIX A
HUMAN RESOURCE ETHICS APPROVAL
Plain Language Statement for the Key Informants
MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Agriculture, Food, and Sustainable Development

_____________________

Research Project: Evaluation of the School on-the-Air on Crops and Livestock

Technologies in Ilocos Norte.

We are BS in Development Communication students of the College of Agriculture,

Food, and Sustainable Development of the Mariano Marcos State University. A research
project is a partial fulfillment of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Development
Communication (BSDC).

We are conducting such research under the guidance of Dr. Patricia R. Reyes.
We would like to invite you to participate in our research project as key informants.
The details of our project are presented below.

Our research focuses on the evaluation of the listenership towards the SOA in
accelerating the promotion of crops and livestock technologies.

Being guided with five objectives, this quantitative research shall: (1) determine
the listenership of the SOA on crops and livestock technologies in Ilocos Norte in terms of
frequency and length of listening; (2) determine the acceptability and relevance of the
information and technologies aired (3) determine the attitude of the SOA graduates
towards the radio program; (4) determine the level of adoption of the crops and livestock
technologies aired; (5) determine the problems encountered by the SOA graduates in
listening to the program; and (6) determine the respondents’ suggestions on how to
improve the SOA and the information and technologies they need.

With your permission as key informants, we will conduct collective communication

activities using camera and audio recorder. We will also conduct an interview schedule
with you. Before transcribing, proceedings will be used in the research and you will be
requested to validate such. If you have queries regarding the research project, feel free to
contact us by this number (09204127242). You can also consult our professor, Dr. Patricia
R. Reyes regarding your concerns to our research.

Respectfully yours,

(SGD)Jahnella Faith D. Bonilla

Ron Chester S. Corpuz
Ma. Aurora Esperanza T. Niño
 APPENDIX B
INFORMED CONSENT FORM

I, ____________________________________of_______________________hereby
agree to be a respondent of this human research study entitled EVALUATION OF
THE SCHOOL ON-THE-AIR ON CROPS AND LIVESTOCK TECHNOLOGIES IN
ILOCOS NORTE. I have read the Plain Language Statement for Respondents relevant
to the said research project and I understand that the focus of the research is on the:

EVALUATION OF THE SCHOOL ON-THE-AIR ON CROPS AND LIVESTOCK

TECHNOLOGIES IN ILOCOS NORTE.

I acknowledge that:

1. The objectives, methods, and anticipated benefits of the research study, have
been explained to me.

2. I voluntarily and freely give my consent to participate as a respondent in such

research project.

3. I understand that the findings will be used for research and curriculum
development purpose only.

4. My personal identity as a respondent will be kept confidential in reporting the

research results.

5. I am free to withdraw my consent at any time during the study, in which event my
participation in the research project will immediately cease and any information
obtained from me may not be used anymore.

Signature: ____________________

Date: ________________________
 APPENDIX C

Republic of the Philippines

MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Agriculture, Food and Sustainable Development
City of Batac 2906 Ilocos Norte
Department of Development Communication
___________________
DR. ARIS REYNOLD V. CAJIGAL
Director
MMSU Extension Directorate

Attn: MRS. MERCY R. GAÑO

Chief, Applied Communication Division

Sir:
Good day in Christ Jesus!
We are fourth year BS Development Communication students of the Mariano
Marcos State University. This semester, we are working on a study titled, “Evaluation
of the School on-the-Air on Crops and Livestock Technologies in Ilocos Norte”.
In this regard, may we earnestly request for some information regarding the
radio program which include the following:

 Topics discussed during the SOA program and its lecturers

 Names of the resident-enrollees and area coordinators including their
home addresses

We look forward to your favorable response to our requests.

Thank you very much. God bless!

Very respectfully yours,

Jahnnela Faith D. Bonilla

Ron Chester C. Corpuz
Ma. Aurora Ezperanza T. Niño
Student - Researchers
Noted:
PATRICIA R. REYES
Adviser, DC 200
 APPENDIX D

REQUEST LETTER FOR THE MUNICIPAL AGRICULTURE OFFICERS

Republic of the Philippines

Mariano Marcos State University
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, FOOD, AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
City of Batac 2906 Ilocos Norte

DEPARTMENT OF DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION

____________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________

ATTENTION: _________________________
Municipal SOA Coordinators

Sir/Madam:
Good day in Christ Jesus!
We are fourth year BS Development Communication students of the Mariano
Marcos State University. This semester, we are working on a study titled “Evaluation
of the School on-the-air on Crops and Livestock Technologies in Ilocos Norte”.
In this regard, may we earnestly request your assistance to help us locate the
SOA enrollee-graduates in your municipality/city.
We look forward to your favorable response to our request.
Thank you very much. God bless!

Very respectfully yours,

Jahnnela Faith D. Bonilla

Ron Chester S. Corpuz
Ma. Aurora Esperanza T. Niño
Student - Researcher

NOTED:

PATRICIA R. REYES
Thesis Adviser
 APPENDIX E

Interview Schedule for SOA Graduate-Respondents

Interviewer: _____________________________________
Date of Interview: ________________________________
Time Started: ___________________________________
Time finished: ___________________________________

I. Personal nga impormasion

Nagan:__________________________________________________________
Pagtaengan:______________________________________________________
Kinatao:_________Lalaki__________Babai
Kangatuan a nagun-od nga adal:______________________________________
Kangrunaan a pagsapulan: __________________________________________
Edad: ___________________________________________________________

II. Panagdengngeg iti School-on-the-air on Crops and Livestock Technologies

(Frequency of listenership on the SOA)

Direksion: Kur-itan ti nailatang nga espasio para iti sungbat kadagiti

sumaganad a saludsod:

1. Iti uneg ti maysa a lawas, mamin-anokayo nga agdengngeg iti School-on-the-air

program on Accelerating the Promotion of Crops and Livestock Technologies in Ilocos
Norte?

___ kanayon (mamindua iti makalawas)

___ masansan (maminsan iti makalawas)

Dadduma pay a sungbat, ilanad:

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
________________.

2. Kasano ti kabayagyo nga agdengdengngeg iti School-on-the-air program on

Accelerating the Promotion of Crops and Livestock Technologies in Ilocos Norte?
____ Maysa nga oras (60 mins.)
____ 45 a minuto (45 mins.)
____ 30 a minuto (30 mins.)
____ 20 a minuto (30 mins.)
Dadduma pay: _________________________________
69
 70

II. Pannirigan kadagiti topiko/impormasion/teknolohia a naipatangatang iti programa (Listeners’ perception on the
relevance and acceptability of the topics discussed in the program)

Direksion: Kur-itan ti nailatang nga espasio para iti sungbat kadagiti sumaganad a saludsod:

KINAIMPORTANTE DAGITI TOPIKO KINAAKSEPTAR DAGITI TOPIKO

3- Importante unay 3 - Akseptarek unay
2- Importante 2 - Saanko maakseptar
1- Saan nga importante 1 - Saanko unay a maakseptar

TOPIKO KINAIMPORTANTE DAGITI TOPIKO KINAAKSEPTAR DAGITI TOPIKO

3 2 1 RASON 3 2 1 RASON

Climate change

Epekto ti climate change wenno

panagbaliw-baliw ti klima

Epekto iti El Niño

Livestock

Breed ken umno a balay dagiti

dinguen

Epekto dagiti alternatibo a food

resources para kadagiti dingo

Umno a panangpakan kadagiti

dinguen
 71

TOPIKO KINAIMPORTANTE DAGITI TOPIKO KINAAKSEPTAR DAGITI TOPIKO

3 2 1 RASON 3 2 1 RASON

Dagiti masapul nga ipakan iti

dinguen

Tarabay iti naballaigi a

panagtaraken iti dinguen

Panagaramid iti binuro a ruruot

Crops

UMMB ken concentrates

Rice post-harvest

Panangmanehar iti forage garden

Ecological engineering:
Pannakaiburay kadagiti baro a
barayti ti pagay
Situasion iti pagay ditoy Pilipinas

Rekomendado a wagas iti

panagmula iti pagay

Organiko a panangmanehar kadagiti

peste
 72

TOPIKO KINAIMPORTANTE DAGITI TOPIKO KINAAKSEPTAR DAGITI TOPIKO

3 2 1 RASON 3 2 1 RASON

Organiko a wagas iti panagtalon

Ti makunkuna a Foliar fertilizer

Ammuen ti Crop insurance

Pannakamanehar ti daga iti

pagtalonan

Lima (5) a klase ti peste iti

pagtalonan

Palayamanan

Kasayaatan a panagpadakkel iti

nasalun-at a pagay

Epekto iti panagpuor iti kataltalonan

 73

Panangpaksiat kadagiti peste a bao

iti pagtalonan

TOPIKO KINAIMPORTANTE DAGITI TOPIKO KINAAKSEPTAR DAGITI TOPIKO

3 2 1 RASON 3 2 1 RASON

Umno a wagas ti panangpaksiat iti

ruot

Carrageenan Plant Growth

Regulator (CPGR)

Benepisio iti panagaramat iti CPGR

para iti adu nga apit iti pagay

Panagaplikar iti CPGR

Dadduma pay a Topiko

Values orientation
 74

III. Karirikna dagiti nagturpos iti pannakaisayangkat iti SOA (Attitude of the Listeners towards the Program).

Direksion: Kur-itan ti nailatang nga espasio para iti sungbat kadagiti sumaganad a saludsod:
SALUDSOD UMANA SAAN RASON
MONG NGA UMANA-MONG

1. Makatulong dagiti impormasion ken teknolohia a mangsolbar

kadagiti problemak iti panagtalon

2. Maragsakanak ta naiburay dagiti impormasion/teknolohia a

kasapulak iti panagtalon ken iti panagtaraken iti dingwen.

3. Naapresiarko dagiti baro a teknolohia ket makatulong iti panagdur-

as.
4. Diak maguyugoy nga agdengngeg iti Eskuela ti Tangatang ta gapu
ta saan a naurnos ti panagsasaruno wenno pannakailawlawag dagiti
nadumaduma a topiko.
5. Babaen daytoy nga eskuela ti tangatang a programa, naguyugoy
man toy riknak a padasen dagitoy a teknolohia.

6. Saan a nasayang ti orasko a dimdimngeg gapu ta adu ti nasursurok

ken mausarko dagitoy iti sumaruno a panagtalonko.

7. Maallukoy ti riknak a dumngeg iti Eskuela ti Tangatang gapu ta

nasinged ti pannakikadua ti brodkaster kadakami nga
 75

agdengdengngeg,a kasla isuna ket maysa a gayyem wenno kabsat

a mannalon.
8. Diak magustuan ti panangilawlawag ti brodkaster kadagiti topiko.

9. Maragsakanak iti agtultuloy a pinagisayangkat ti MMSU Extension

iti daytoy a SOA.
76
IV. Pannakaadaptar kadagiti topiko/impormasion/teknolohia a naidatag iti SOA
(Adoption level of the crops and livestock technologies aired in the SOA
program).

Direksion: Sungbatan dagiti sumaganad a saludsod maipanggep iti

panagadaptar kadagiti topiko/impormasion/teknolohia.

A. Organiko a Wagas ti Panangtaripato kadagiti Mula ken Taraken a Dinguen

1. Agus-usarkayo kadi iti likido wenno foliar a ganagan?
Wen _____
Saan _____
Apay? _______________________________________________

2. Agar-aramidkayo kadi iti Fermented Fruit Juice wenno FFJ a ganagan?

Wen _____
Saan ______
Apay? ________________________________________________

3. Mano a kutsara iti Fermented Plant Juice wenno FPJ ti ilaokmo iti
maysa a litro iti danum?
___________________________________________________________.

4. Agar-aramidkayo kadi iti Fermented Plant Juice wenno FPJ?

Wen ____
Saan ____
Apay? __________________________________________________

5. Mano a kutsara iti FPJ ti ilaokmo iti maysa a litro ti danum?

_____________________________________________________________

B. Panagaramid iti Binuro a Ruruot

1. Ania dagiti ruruot a mabalin a buruen?
_____________________________________________________________

2. Kasano ti kadadakkel ti pannakagalip-galip wenno pannakatadtad dagiti

aramaten a ruot?
_____________________________________________________________

3. No nabasa wenno naagneb dagiti ruot, ania dagiti mabalin nga ilaok
a mangsagepsep iti dam-egna?
_____________________________________________________________
 4. Mano nga aldaw ti palabsen tapno maartem dagiti ruruot?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

5. Kasano ti kadam-eg dagiti maartem a ruruot tapno napintas ti kalidadna?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

C. Panangmanehar kadagiti Peste iti Kataltalonan

1. Ania dagiti wagas a mangpaksiat kadagiti peste a makadadael iti mula?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

2. Ania dagiti gagayyem nga insekto a mausar iti panangpaksiat kadagiti

peste?
_____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

3. Mano a kutsara ti herbal extract ti maaramat nga inayon iti maysa a

litro iti danum?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

D. Panagaramid ken Panagpakan iti Urea Molasses Mineral Block

(UMMB) ken Concentrate

1. Agpakpakankayo kadi iti UMMB kadagiti tarakenyo a dinguen?

________ Wen
________ Saan
Apay? _______________________________________________________

2. Ania dagiti kasapulanyo iti panagaramid ti UMMB?

_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. Ania nga oras ti mabalinyo a panagpakan iti UMMB kadagiti dinguen?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
E. Tarabay iti naballigi a Panagtaraken iti Dingo?
1. Ania dagiti ipakpakanyo kadagiti tarakenyo a dinguen?
___________________________________________________________
Apay? _____________________________________________________
 2. Iti panagdalus, mabalin kadi ti agpasuyot iti vermin tea wenno IMO?
_______ Wen
_______ Saan
Apay? _____________________________________________________

3. Regularyo kadi a pabpabakunaan dagiti tarakenyo a dinguen?

_______ Wen
_______ Saan
Apay?
___________________________________________________________

F. Panagaramat iti CPGR.

1. Agus-usarkayo kadi iti CPGR?

_______ Wen
_______ Saan
Apay?
__________________________________________________________
2. Kasano ti kaadu ti CPGR nga ilaok iti 16L capacity a knapsack sprayer?
_____________________________________________________________

3. Mamin-ano a daras ti panagaplikar iti CPGR?

_____________________________________________________________
4. Mano a litro iti kada ektaria ti panagaplikar iti CPGR??

_____________________________________________________________

5. Mano a sprayer load ti mausar a CBGR kada ektaria?

_____________________________________________________________
V. Dagiti problema a mainaig iti panagdengngeg ti programa (Problems
encountered by the SOA graduates in listening to the program).

Direksion: Sungbatan dagiti sumaganad a saludsod maipanggep iti

problema mainaig iti panagdengngeg iti programa.

1. Adda kadi dagiti problema a napasaranyo pakaseknan iti inkay

panagdengngeg iti programa?

Adda ____
Awan _____
No adda, ania dagitoy?.
_____________________________________________________________

VI. Suhestion tapno mapapintas pay ti pannakaidanon ti SOA radio program

kadagiti natudingan nga agdengdengngeg (SOA graduates’
suggestions).

AYTEM SUHESTION
1. Kaatiddog ti
pannakaipatangatang ti
programa

2. Linaon ti programa
3. Panagsasaruno dagiti
topiko

4. Kasansan ti
pannakaipatangatang ti
programa kada lawas

5. Istilo ti panagipadamag

6. Istilo ti panag-interview

7. Pannakatratar dagiti
topiko

VII. Dadduma pay a kasapulan nga impormasion ken teknolohia.

Pakilista:
 APPENDIX F
Photo Documentation of the Interviews Conducted During
Data Gathering of the Study

1 2

4 5

Fig. 1-6. The researchers together with the adviser (in pink blouse), Dr. Patricia R.
Reyes, and the Department Chairman of DevCom at the same time a panel member
(in brown blouse), Dr. Florecita Q. Cortero, interview the SOA graduate-respondents
during the research moniroring and evaluation in Brgy. Tabug, City of Batac, Ilocos
Norte.
 7 10 11
0

8 9 12
13

14
0

15

Fig. 7-15.The student-researchers interview the SOA graduate-respondents from the towns of Ilocos
Norte such as Bacarra, Currimao, Solsona, and Vintar.