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Original Investigation
Published: 05 February 2013

Prey selection and food habits of three sympatric large carnivores in a tropical lowland forest
of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot
K. Muthamizh Selvan1,
Gopi Govindhan Veeraswami 1,
Salvador Lyngdoh1,
Bilal Habib1 &
[…]
Syed Ainul Hussain1
- Show fewer authors

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1016/j.mambio.2012.11.009 1/27
12/11/2019 Prey selection and food habits of three sympatric large carnivores in a tropical lowland forest of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot | SpringerLink

Mammalian Biology volume 78, pages296–303(2013)Cite this article

Abstract
Prey selection and the feeding habits of tiger Panthera tigris, leopard Panthera pardus and Asiatic wild dog Cuon alpinus were investigated from
June 2009 to December 2011 in Pakke Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 422 scats were analyzed of which, 109 scats were of tigers, 150
were of leopard and 163 scats were of dholes. Multinomial Likelihood ratio test was used to estimate the prey selectivity of predators and Ivlev index,
Pianka index were used to estimate prey preference and overlap respectively. Biomass consumption for three sympatric predators varied from 254.3
kg for dholes to 599.1 kg for tigers. Sambar, barking deer, wild pig were preyed more than their availability by all the predators. Ivlev index shows
barking deer and sambar were preferred more than available prey for tiger where as leopard preferred sambar more than available and avoided barking
deer. Dhole preferred more than available wild pig and barking deer. There was a high overlap between tiger–leopard (85.3%) and tiger–dhole
(77.5%). To the best of our understanding, this study provides the first reliable information on prey selection and food habits of sympatric large
carnivores in a protected area of Eastern Himalayan tropical rainforest.

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1. Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani, PO Box 18, 248001, Dehradun, India

K. Muthamizh Selvan
, Gopi Govindhan Veeraswami
, Salvador Lyngdoh
, Bilal Habib
& Syed Ainul Hussain

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Selvan, K.M., Veeraswami, G., Lyngdoh, S. et al. Prey selection and food habits of three sympatric large carnivores in a tropical lowland forest of the
Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot. Mamm Biol 78, 296–303 (2013) doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2012.11.009

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https://link.springer.com/article/10.1016/j.mambio.2012.11.009 12/27
12/11/2019 Prey selection and food habits of three sympatric large carnivores in a tropical lowland forest of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot | SpringerLink

05 February 2013

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July 2013

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2012.11.009

Keywords

Tiger
Leopard
Dhole
Prey selection and Eastern Himalayas

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1. Acharya, B.B., 2007. The Ecology of the

Dhole or Asiatic Wild Dog (Cuon alpinus) in
Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh.
Ph.D. Thesis. Saurashtra University, Rajkot.

Google Scholar

2. Ackerman, B.B., Lindzey, F.G., Hernker,

T.P., 1984. Cougar food habits in southern
Utah. J. Wildl. Manage. 4 (8), 147–155.

Article
Google Scholar

3. Andheria, A., Karanth, K., Kumar, N., 2007.

Diet and prey profiles of three sympatric
large carnivores in Bandipur Tiger Reserve,
India. J. Zool. Lond. 273, 169–175.

Article
Google Scholar

4. Avinandan, D., Sankar, K., Qureshi, Q.,

2008. Prey selection of tiger (Panthera
tigritigris) in Sariska tiger reserve,
Rajasthan. J. Bombay Natl. Hist. Soc. 105,
247–254.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1016/j.mambio.2012.11.009 14/27
12/11/2019 Prey selection and food habits of three sympatric large carnivores in a tropical lowland forest of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot | SpringerLink

Google Scholar

5. Bagchi, S.P., Goyal, P., Sankar, K., 2003.

Prey abundance and prey selection by tigers
(Panthera tigris) in a semi-arid, dry
deciduous forest in western India. J. Zool.
Lond. 260, 285–290.

Article
Google Scholar

6. Bailey, T.N., 1993. The African Leopard:

Ecology and Behavior of a Solitary Felid.
Columbia University Press, New York.

Google Scholar

7. Bekoff, M., Daniels, T., Gittleman, J., 1984.

Life history patterns and comparative social
ecology of carnivores. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst.
15, 191–232.

Article
Google Scholar

8. Biswas, S., Sankar, K., 2002. Prey

abundance and food habit of tigers
(Panthera tigristigris) in Pench National
Park, Madhya Pradesh, India. J. Zool. Lond.
256, 411–420.

Article
Google Scholar

9. Borah, J., Deka, K., Dookia, S., Gupta, R.P.,

2009. Food habits of dholes (Cuon alpinus)
in Satpura Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh,
India. Mammalia 73, 85–88.

Article
Google Scholar

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1016/j.mambio.2012.11.009 15/27
12/11/2019 Prey selection and food habits of three sympatric large carnivores in a tropical lowland forest of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot | SpringerLink

10. Breuer, 2005. Diet choice of large carnivores

in northern Cameroon. Afr. J. Ecol. 43, 97–
106.

Article
Google Scholar

11. Brillouin, L., 1956. Science and Information

Theory. Academic Press, New York.

Google Scholar

12. Caro, T.M., Stoner, C.J., 2003. The potential

for interspecific competition amongAfrican
carnivores. Biol. Conserv. 110, 67–75.

Article
Google Scholar

13. Champion, H.G., Seth, S.K., 1968. A

Revised Survey of the Forest Types of India.
Manager of Publications, Government of
India, New Delhi.

14. Chauhan, D.S., 2008. Status and ecology of

leopard (Panthera pardus) in relation to prey
abundanc, land use patterns and conflicts
with human in Garhwal Himalayas. Ph.D.
Thesis, Forest Research Institute University,
India.

Google Scholar

15. Cohen, J.A., Fox, M.W., Johnsingh, A.J.T.,

Barnett, B.D., 1978. Food habits of the dhole
in south India. J. Wildl. Manage. 42, 933–
936.

Article
Google Scholar

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1016/j.mambio.2012.11.009 16/27
12/11/2019 Prey selection and food habits of three sympatric large carnivores in a tropical lowland forest of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot | SpringerLink

16. Cupples, J.B., Crowther, M.S., Story, G.,

Letnic, M., 2011. Dietary overlap and prey
selectivity among sympatric carnivores:
could dingoes suppress foxes through
competition for prey? J. Mammal. 92, 590–
600.

Article
Google Scholar

17. Datta, A., Rohit, N., Anand, M.O., 2008.

Occurrence and observation status of small
carnivores in two protected areas in
Arunachal Pradesh, North-east India. Small
Carnivore Conserv. 39, 1–10.

Google Scholar

18. Durant, S.M., 1998. Competition refuges and

coexistence: an example from Serengeti
carnivores. J. Anim. Ecol. 67, 370–386.

Article
Google Scholar

19. Edgaonkar, A., 2008. Ecology of the

Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) in Satpura
National Park and Bori Wildlife Sanctuary.
Ph.D/Dissertation, Saurashtra University,
Rajikot.

Google Scholar

20. Eisenberg, J.F., Lockhart, M., 1972. An

ecological reconnaissance of Wilpattu
National Park. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 101,
1–118.

Article
Google Scholar

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1016/j.mambio.2012.11.009 17/27
12/11/2019 Prey selection and food habits of three sympatric large carnivores in a tropical lowland forest of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot | SpringerLink

21. Farrell, L.E., Roman, J., Sunquist, M., 2000.

Dietary separation of sympatric carnivores
identified by molecular analysis of scats.
Mol. Ecol. 9, 1583–1590.

CAS
PubMed
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar

22. Fedriani, J.M., Palomares, F., Delibes, M.,

1999. Niche relations among three sympatric
Mediterranean carnivores. Oecologia 121,
138–148.

Article
Google Scholar

23. Floyd, T.J., Mech, L.D., Jordan, P.J., 1978.

Relating wolf scat contents to prey
consumed. J. Wildl. Manage. 42, 528–532.

Article
Google Scholar

24. Gittleman, J.L., 1985. Carnivore body size:

ecological and taxonomic correlates.
Oecologia 67, 540–544.

PubMed
PubMed Central
Article
Google Scholar

25. Hayward, M.W., Henschel, P., O’Brien, J.,

Hofmeyr, M., Balme, G., Kerley, G.I.H.,
2006a. Prey preferences of the leopard
(Panthera pardus). J. Zool. Lond. 270, 298–
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