MNINGUID5.

QXD 8/29/01 2:12 PM Page 3

A Reference Guide to Mining Machine Applications

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This document is a reference for
assessing machine applications and
haul road conditions on project sites.
It contains practical benchmarks that
are achievable with correct and well-
managed machine applications. It also
provides guidance on assessing haul
road design and maintenance that
supports sound industry practices.
Note:
Every effort has been made to ensure that the
information in this document is correct, represents
practical and realistic advice, and achievable benchmark
targets. Caterpillar Global Mining welcomes corrections,
comments and suggestions for future revisions.
Basic Application Benchmarks and
Operating Techniques
Trucks .......................................................1
Loading Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Motor Graders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Track-type Tractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Scrapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Drills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Basic Haul Road Design and
Maintenance
Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Miscellaneous
Management Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Hauling System Application Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Support Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
References/Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . back cover
MNINGUID5.QXD 3/14/02 9:34 AM Page 5

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 1

TRUCKS
Exchange Time Good (target) 0.7 minutes (42 seconds)
Correct Loading Correct Loading
Acceptable 0.9 minutes (54 seconds) Incorrect Loading Incorrect Loading
Exchange time is the elapsed time from when
the loaded truck first moves until the next truck
receives its first load.

Load Placement Lateral Center load above hoist cylinders.

Longitudinal Centered near centerline of body.
General No substantial amount of material on headboard.
Enough freeboard to minimize spillage from sides
through corners and from the rear on grades.
Target 66%/33% load split on front/rear axles.

Things to Watch for Truck Position Spotted in correct position by loader operator
rather than where truck operator decides to stop.
Can be spotted by horn or by first pass.
Positioned to help facilitate faster cycles:
 At 45° for wheel loaders

 Depending on loading technique

for shovels and backhoes
Not parked with rear tires up on foot of pile.
No excessive lining up or waiting for loading tool.
Safety Truck parked with Parking Brake ON, Trans. in ‘N’
(Retarder may be applied in addition to Parking Brake,
but Parking Brake must be applied whenever truck is
stopped more than momentarily.)
Body Wear-through of liner plates.
Ensure correct alignment of body pads.
Tires Tires offer a valuable insight into road and Tire Tip
pit conditions. Visit the tire ‘graveyard’ and look for scrapped tires with
Look for sidewall cutting, impact, cutting in the tread significant tread percentage remaining. Ask why, identify
face, erosion and cracking in the bead/flange area, etc. causes and work to improve life and tread utilization.
Check TKPH (TMPH)* for all chosen haul profiles.

* TKPH - Tonne Kilometers Per Hour (Tons Mile Per Hour)

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Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 2

Rope Shovels Hydraulic Front Shovels Hydraulic Backhoes Wheel Loaders

LOADING TOOLS (Mass Excavation)

Optimum Bench Height Top of boom Just above boom/ Length of stick, or between Bucket hinge pin height
sheaves stick pivot truck siderail and ducktail at maximum lift

Cycle Times 28-32 seconds 27-30 seconds 24-28 seconds 30-40 seconds
(avg. 31 seconds) (avg. 28 seconds) (avg. 26 seconds) (avg. 38 seconds)

Bucket Fill Factor 100-105% 90-100% 90-110% 90-110%

in Well-shot Rock

Most Efficient Pass Match 3-4 passes 4-6 passes 4-6 passes 4-6 passes

First pass must be a good pass (operator has entire truck exchange to get it FULL). Ensure truck is correctly ‘spotted’
by loader with first pass or the horn.

Favorable Site Conditions  Working a single face of  Selective digging: can  Bench height (worth 10-  Level, dry, smooth,
the correct height also efficiently mine 15% extra production firm floors
 Stable/level floor multiple targets over too high)  Sufficient crossfall and

 Wide benches  Tight load area with  Truck below HEX drainage in high rainfall
(to facilitate truck tight material (worth 15-20% over areas to minimize tire
maneuverability)  Can work in poor floor same-level loading) damage and slip
 Well-shot material conditions  Tight load area, with  Well-fragmented

 Angle tracks slightly tight material materials that

to face  Short swing — 60° minimize crowding
(worth 5% over time, particularly in
90° swing) the toe area of the cut
 Lower face profile

 Multi-face loading

 Poor underfoot  Excessive tramming  High benches  Poor/wet underfoot

Adverse Site Conditions
Avoid  Low benches  Excessive tramming  Tight load areas
 Unstable benches
 Tire damage due to
 Low angle of
poor clean-up
repose material
MNINGUID5.QXD 3/14/02 9:34 AM Page 7

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 3

LOADING TOOLS
Things to Watch for

Rope Shovels  70–90° max. swing  Power cable maintenance Hydraulic  Too high a bench height reduces productivity, leads

 Never operate a bare edge Backhoes (ME**) to poor floors and increases spillage.
 Efficient support-machine activity to keep floor clean  Keep a tight digging zone and swing no more than
60°. Ideally, work no more than 45° on either side of
Hydraulic Front  When material allows load from the top down, strip the center (i.e. work over idlers).
Shovels the top, and load from the center. Finally, clean up
 Remove farthest pass during truck exchange;
the floor.
maintain “key cut” (pass in fornt of inside track)
 Keep a tight digging zone and minimize swing angle.
to establish straight wall.
Ideally, work no more than 45° on either side of the
 Settingbackhoe perpendicular to the face provides
center (i.e.work over idlers).
good working area, but avoid digging too far into
 Settingshovel perpendicular to the face provides
the face. This increases reach to truck, and puts the
good working area, but avoid digging too far into
machine close to the edge.
the face.
 Settingbackhoe parallel to the face may reduce time
 Setting
shovel parallel to the face may reduce
relocating, but keep cut in line with inside track and
time spent relocating, but watch for high, unstable
no more than 45° over outside track.
benches that might collapse and damage
 Watch for a poorly blasted toe that increases time in
the machine.
 Load
the face and accelerates GET wear.
over the left side of the truck, and only consider
double-side loading if truck operators can spot Wheel Loaders  Enterpile straight-on with the bucket floor parallel
themselves with minimal delays. to the pit floor.
 Avoidexcessive prying and corner loading; don’t  Frame straight when digging
swing into the pile.  Lift bucket before crowding
 Maximize GET* tip contact and minimize bowl  Bucket full when lift arms are horizontal
contact (boom up and curl bowl through material).
 Keep time in face below 0.2 minutes (12 seconds)
 Define and maintain dig pattern (right to left or
 Only 1.5 wheel turns from face to truck
left to right).
 Never operate a bare edge

* GET - Ground Engaging Tools

** ME - Mass Excavation
MNINGUID5.QXD 3/14/02 9:34 AM Page 8

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 4

MOTOR GRADERS
Things to Watch for
General Grade in second or third gear (6-11 km/h, 4-7 mph).
For 24H, maintain first gear for all major grading
work. Maintain first gear for ripping applications
in all machines.
Keep edges sharp for better penetration.
Ensure cutting edges maintain protection
of moldboard; change edges ahead of
moldboard damage.
Blade
Position
Tip Angle Top of the moldboard should typically be
50 mm (19.6 in.) ahead of the cutting edge (i.e., blade
tipped forward and edge at 90° to road surface).
Maintaining a constant tip angle in operation
minimizes cutting edge wear.
Blade Angle Use widest possible pass width but
increase blade angle if material flows
around leading edge.
When using the graderbit system
or a serrated edge, use a blade
angle of 10° maximum.
For further information, consult
H-series Motor Grader Application
Guide AEGQ0945.
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Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 5

TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS
Things to Watch for
General Blade
Operation Excessive tramming between jobs. Position On dual-tilt machines, begin cut with blade tilted forward for
Loose or missing track hardware. better penetration, then begin to lay blade back when about
half full. Continue to fill blade while laying back until blade is
Ripping full and racked fully back.
General Rip downhill wherever possible.
When ripping for scrapers, rip in the same direction, GET Penetration ripper tip reinforcing ribs must face upward;
as the scrapers will load. they ship on the shank with the rib down.
Generally, speeds of 1.5-2.5 km/hr (.9-1.5 mph) at 2/3 throttle Ensure GET pins, retainers and bolts are installed correctly
will give the most economical production, with reduced and are not missing.
speeds in shock/impact conditions. Never operate a bare shank.
For further information, consult The Handbook of Ripping
Ripper AEDK0752.
Position Begin pass with ripper tip rearward, then pull tip
forward/under the tractor after tip penetrates ground.
Ripper shank should always be lying backwards SCRAPERS
when ripping.
Excessive track slippage and blunt tips are good indicators Loading
that ripper position is not correct. Time Good: 0.4-0.5 minutes (24-30 seconds)*
Dozing Average 0.6-0.7 minutes (36-43 seconds)*
General Use slot dozing wherever possible, and doze from the front of * Open bowl/push-loaded Wheel-Tractor Scraper (shorter
the cut. Work to the rear, moving back 11⁄2 to 2 machine lengths time for tandem, longer time for single-powered)
each additional pass. Consult publications for self-loading
Slot depth to be a maximum of 2/3 blade height. (elevating/auger) and push-pull machines.
Take advantage of any available slope. For further information, consult Making the
Steer with the blade when dozing, not the steering clutches. Most of Scraper Potential AEGQ2380 and
Track slap in the middle of a cut is a good indicator that the Optimum Scraper Load Time AEGC0195.
clutches are being used rather than blade controls.
Minimize corner loading and prying and impact; maintain
a steady dozing pressure.
MNINGUID5.QXD 8/29/01 2:13 PM Page 10

The primary controls of a drill rig are pulldown force and rotational speed. Rates of penetration and rotation torque are functions
of ground conditions and these settings.

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 6

25,000-40,000 lb/ 40,000-60,000 lb/ 60,000-110,000 lb/ Track Drills

DRILLS 111.25-178 kn Pulldown 178-267 kn Pulldown 267-489.5 kn Pulldown

Typical Machines Driltech DK25, DK40 Driltech DK55 Driltech DK75, Driltech Gator
in this Class Ingersoll-Rand DM30, DM45 Ingersoll-Rand DM50, DML DK90, DK1190 Ingersoll-Rand ECM 370,
Reedrill SK30, SK45 Reedrill SK50 Ingersoll-Rand DM-M2, ECM 470, ECM 580, ECM 660,
DM-M3, DM-H, Pit Viper 35 ECM 680, ECM 690, CM 695
P&H 250XP, 100XP Tamrock (most models)
Depths Up to 40 m/43 yd Up to 60 m/65.6 yd Up to 100 m/109 yd Up to 50 m/54 yd
multi-pass multi-pass multi-pass multi-pass
10-12 m/11-13 yd 12-16 m/13-17 yd 14-18 m/15-19 yd 8-10 m/8.75-10.9 yd
single pass single pass single pass single pass

Hole Sizes (Generic) 100-200 mm/3.9-7.8 in 150-250 mm/5.9-9.8 in 200-350 mm/7.8-13.7 in Up to 150 mm/5.9 in

Rotation Speeds: Coal 120-150 rpm 100-130 rpm 80-110 rpm 80-120 rotary

Rotation Speeds: 100-120 rpm 80-110 rpm 70-90 rpm Up to 40 rpm hammer
Hard Rock (up to 40 rpm hammer)

Penetration: Coal* 40-60 m/hr/ 40-80 m/hr/ 40-100 m/hr/ 30-50 m/hr/
43.7-65.6 yd/hr 43.7-87.4 yd/hr 43.7-109.4 yd/hr 32.8-54.6 yd/hr

Penetration: Hard Rock + 10-30 m/hr/ 10-40 m/hr/ 10-50 m/hr/ 10-30 m/hr
10.9-32.8 yd/hr 10.9-43.7 yd/hr 10.9-54.6 yd/hr 10.9-32.8 yd/hr

Favorable Site Conditions Level floor

Unbroken ground from rework or back break Table notes: * Penetration rates in coal can vary significantly depending upon
Minimal water ingress rotation speed, drill bit used, pulldown pressure applied and intact
rock strength. Penetration rates in coal are more affected by
Regular pattern spacing operator skill level than down-hole conditions or rock type.
Minimal fracturation of ground + Penetration rates in hard rock are almost directly proportional to
Limited tramming intact rock strength. Rule of thumb: the harder the rock, the lower
Adequate maneuvering space the penetration rate.
MNINGUID5.QXD 8/29/01 2:13 PM Page 11

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 7

DRILLS
Things to Watch for

Excessive
Vibration The drill bit is bouncing off the bottom of the
hole, which may knock out the carbide tips on
the cones, causing excessive wear.
Drill
“Plunging” Drill “plunging” occurs when the pulldown
hydraulics enter into an oscillation. This
can be eliminated by better control of
pulldown pressure.
Excessive
Pulldown
Pressures Excessive pulldown causes damage to the drill
bit by overloading, and wears items such as
pulldown chains, ropes, cylinders, motors, the
mast structure and rotation motors.
Excessive
Rotation
Speeds Excessive rotation speeds can cause premature
wear of the drill bit from overheating.
Chip/Cutting
Size Chip/cutting size gives the best indication of
drilling function. Cuttings may vary from pea
to golf ball size, depending on drill size and
rock type. Fine powder indicates grinding
rather than cutting.
Correctly Leveled
Machine and
Level Floors A correctly leveled drill and a flat floor are
vital to ensure all holes are drilled parallel
and collar elevations are maintained. Every
one degree of tilt/roll moves the toe of the
hole by 1 m per 10 m drilled/1.1 yd per 11 yd
drilled. Over a 50 m/55 yd hole, the toe can be
out by up to 5 m/5.5 yd. This has a huge effect
on fragmentation when blasted, particularly in
the toe area which can seriously affect ease of
digging, GET wear and machine productivity.

Bailing
Velocity Bailing velocity is often incorrect, but should be
set between 1500-2500 m/min/1640-2734 yd/hr.

Low bailing velocity causes cuttings to fall back,

blocked drill bits and collapsed holes behind the
drill bit. Chips don’t eject far enough from the
hole collar. High bailing velocity causes
excessive wear of the drill bit, drill steel, and the
underside of the drill deck, and wastes energy
that is not required to adequately do the job.
MNINGUID5.QXD 8/29/01 2:13 PM Page 12

Basic Haul Road Design 8

Horizontal and General To maximize safe working, corners and crests

Vertical Alignment must be designed to allow machine operators
to see and avoid hazards when traveling at normal
operating speeds. These calculations must be
completed using worst-case scenarios (i.e. the 1
smallest obstacle, longest stopping distance,
highest expected speeds, wet roads, etc.).
10

Cross-slopes On Flats Apply the minimum slope to maintain drainage for expected rainfall conditions.
If rainfall and site profile allow, consider a 2% constant crossfall with loaded
trucks running on the uphill side of the road. This is recommended ahead of
centerline crowning as it helps maintain tire load sharing.
If expected rainfall demands a slope greater than 2%, or the site profile does
not allow constant crossfall, use a centerline crowned road profile. A crowned
profile allows better control of rainfall and erosion, and maintains safe operating
conditions when the haulroad is wet and slippery.
On Grades Minimal cross-slope is required unless rainfall is very heavy,
as drainage is provided by downgrade. 2° constant crossfall

Grade General Grades should be smooth and of consistent grade

percentage to minimize transmission shifts and
maintain high average speeds.

Correct Incorrect

Corners Radii Use maximum practical corner radius and keep the radius as smooth and
consistent as possible.
Super-
elevation Employ if speeds exceed 15 km/h/9.3 mph as per Performance Handbook (PHB)
recommendations (see Tables section). Super elevation greater than 10% should
be used with caution due to the danger of side slippage in wet conditions.
MNINGUID5.QXD 3/14/02 9:34 AM Page 13

Basic Haul Road Design 9

Road Width One-way (Straights/

Corners) A minimum of three truck widths is recommended.
Two-way (In Straights) A minimum of 3.5 truck widths.
Two-way (In Corners) A minimum of four truck widths.
One-way (Straights/Corners)
Bench Width General Truck to clear loader under full acceleration. Two-way (In Straights)
Minimum width = machine turning radius +
safety berm width. Two-way (In Corners)

Drainage General Must be able to adequately carry away

maximum expected rainfall with a minimum
of puddling, pot-holing or entry of water into Bench Width
the road sub-base.

Safety Berms All locations Berm should be a minimum 1⁄2 wheel height at
(windrows) the dump edge and along all haul road/highwall
edges. Check against local mining regulations.

Rolling Resistance For Off-Highway Trucks running radial-ply tires,

assume a minimum RR (rolling resistance) of:
 1.5% for a hard, well-maintained, permanent
haul roads
 3% for a well-maintained road with little flexing

 4% for a road with 25 mm/1 in tire penetration

 5% for a road with 50 mm/2 in tire penetration

Tire penetration  8% for a road with 100 mm/4 in tire penetration

 14% for a road with 200 mm/8 in tire penetration

In practice, a 5% increase in rolling

resistance can result in up to a 10%
1/2 wheel height
decrease in production and a 35%
increase in production costs.

Drainage
MNINGUID5.QXD 8/29/01 2:13 PM Page 14

Basic Haul Road Maintenance 10

Rules of Thumb Can you travel comfortably at 60 km/h/37 mph on haul

road in a pick-up truck?
Does the haul road begin at the loading face
and end at the dump?
Can you travel at a reasonable speed up to the dump zone?

Soft/Wet Areas It is far more practical to fully remove wet/soft spots in

the haul road completely and refill than to continually
try and maintain. Fix it once, fix it right!

General—Dust Watering to remove the hazard of dust also helps

maintain compaction and strength of the road base.
Consider using a ‘checkerboard’ intermittent watering
pattern on slopes to reduce the risk of slippage
during braking.

Analysis Tools ASA Use ASA analysis to assess machine Fleet Use FPC to compare actual cycle times with
(Application application severity: Production theoretical values.
Severity  To identify locations/features on the road and Cost (FPC)  Are trucks achieving predicted speed on grades?
Analysis) for improvement.  Are trucks cycling in predicted cycle times?
 To quantify the severity of the haul from strut
 Are truck wait times at the loader in the
pressure data.
predicted range?
 To illustrate transmission shift frequency and
gear on grade. If not, investigate possible causes:
 To identify brake/retarder application  Rough/slippery roads causing operators to slow.
(frequency and location).  Higher rolling resistance than planned/expected.
Vital Use VIMS to help manage machine application:  Tight corners forcing machine to slow.

Information  Datalogger data (export to ASA) to quantify haul  Poor visibility due to dust or obscured views.
Management road conditions.  Pinch points, STOP signs at intersections, etc.
System (VIMS)  Better payload management to optimize speed
on grade.
 Check event logs for high brake temps., engine
overspeeds, etc.
MNINGUID5.QXD 8/29/01 2:13 PM Page 15

Visual Inspections While Driving the Haul Road 11

Loading Zone The floor should be smooth, with adequate water removal,
kept clear of rock debris fallen from the face and from trucks
as they leave the zone. Ensure trucks are not backing up
onto rocks fallen from the face or driving off over rocks
spilled during loading as this damages tires and powertrain
components and adversely affects payload accuracy.
Avoid tight, high speed turns as trucks return to the
load area.
Can the truck leave the loading zone under full and
continuous acceleration, or is the loading zone too
tight, too rough or too congested with other machines
to allow this to occur?

Loading Zone
Main Haul Road The haul road should be well-maintained and smooth with
sufficient drainage and free from potholes, ruts and gullies. It
should also have a smooth/constant grade. Is there adequate
passing room (road width) and corner radius (super-elevated if
necessary) etc., that allows safe and reliable operation at the
highest possible road speed?
Is spillage that falls from moving trucks removed quickly?
Are there signs of rubber being deposited on tight or
rocky turns?
Are operators applying high braking forces to negotiate corners?
Can the truck achieve expected road speeds for all segments?

Dump Zone The floor should be smooth, allowing trucks to maintain high
speed until they reach the dump zone, entering parallel to the
edge and braking in a straight line before turning and stopping
to reverse to the dump.
Safety berms of regulation height along the entire edge.
MNINGUID5.QXD 8/29/01 2:13 PM Page 16

Miscellaneous 12

MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES

Present machine application issues to mine
management in a language they understand;
i.e. Productivity (lost or gained), and Cost per Ton.
Identify the potential to improve productivity.
 Better bucket fill factors through:
• Improved fragmentation
• Correct GET selection and maintenance
Use Cat® Software Tools [FPC (Fleet Production and Cost),
EMF (Earth Moving Fundamentals software), DOZSIM
(Dozer productivity simulation software)] and others to:
 Compare theoretical with actual:
• Grade speeds
• Cycle times
• Total machine/fleet productivity

• Correct bench heights

 Model the effects on total production through
• Correct loader orientation to face
changes to:
• Average road speeds
 Faster loader cycle times through: -higher on-grade speeds
• Correct orientation to face -reduced rolling resistance
• Correct truck placement -reduced corner severity
• Improved material condition -removal of speed limits
• Improved bucket fill factors

 Higher • Reduced truck exchange times

average Off Highway Truck road speeds through:
• Smoother roads (including loading • Reduced fuel consumption

and dump zones) • Improved component life and

-use VIMS/TPM (Truck Payload Measurement) machine/fleet availability
• Minimize rolling resistance • Improved tire life/reduced tire costs

• Better haul road designs that:

-reduce switchbacks
-remove cross-overs with STOP signs
-allow constant speed/gear on grades
• Better payload control to ensure
highest possible gear on grade
-use VIMS/TPMS (Truck Payload Management
System) with VIMS Supervisor
MNINGUID5.QXD 8/29/01 2:13 PM Page 17

Miscellaneous 13

HAULING SYSTEM APPLICATION ZONES SUPPORT EQUIPMENT

Consider whether the most economic earthmoving system is being Tractors, Consider the benefits outlined in
used in the application. The following values are rules of thumb, ‘Management Strategies’ when
Wheel Dozers, correct use of support machines
but will vary with underfoot conditions, material type, required
production rate, and operator skill: Motor Graders and allows optimum machine
Water Trucks productivity, minimum impact on
major component lives,
maximum tire life, maximum haul
road life, and most importantly,
maximum operational safety.
Dozers: 0 to 100 m (0 to 350 ft)
Also consider that wheel dozers
are typically more cost-effective
than track-type tractors in lighter
applications such as haul road and
shovel clean-up, and offer greater
Load and Carry: 50 to 120 m (150 to 400 ft) speed for better coverage and
improved flexibility.

Scrapers: 120 to 1200 m (400 to 4000 ft)

Articulated Trucks: 120 to 1200 m (400 to 4000 ft)

Rear Dump Truck: 120 to 1500 m (400 to 5000 ft)

Wagon/Hauler: 1200 to 10 000 m (4000 to 35,000 ft)

MNINGUID5.QXD 8/29/01 2:11 PM Page 2

REFERENCES/FURTHER READING
Caterpillar Performance Handbook (PHB)
FPC — Fleet Production and Cost software
EMF — Earthmoving Fundamentals software
Load Study Forms — available upon request

Literature:
Handbook of Ripping AEDK0752
5130 / 5230 Applications Guide AEDK0128
H-series Motor Grader Application Guide AEGQ0945
994 Bucket Selection Guide AEDK0268
Making the Most of Scraper Potential AEGQ2380
Optimum Scraper Load Time AEGC0195
GET Inspection and Maintenance Guide PEXT8033
GET Service Guide PEGP7030

Videos:
24H Motor Grader Introduction TEVN3797
*24H Operating Techniques AEVN4741/AEVP4741
*5130B/5230 Front Shovel Application
Techniques AEVN4380/AEVP4380
*5130B/5230 ME Application Techniques AEVN4381/AEVP4381
994 Operating Tips AEVN2947
*GET Operating Tips PEVN4009/PEVP4009
* Denotes videos in PAL system format. Others are available in NTSC only.

www.CAT.com
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Printed in U.S.A.
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